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Kandidatuppsats Ett dolt narrativ En kognitiv studie av Richard Linklaters film Waking Life (2001) Författare: David Lundqvist Handledare: Elisabet Björklund Examinator: Tommy Gustafsson Termin: VT13 Ämne: Filmvetenskap Nivå: Kandidat Innehållsförteckning Inledning ...........................................................................................................................3 Syfte och frågeställningar .................................................................................................4 Metod ................................................................................................................................5 Teori ..................................................................................................................................6 Filosofiska och analytiska avgränsningar ...................................................................... 11 Disposition och analysöversikt ...................................................................................... 12 Waking Life i korthet .................................................................................................... 13 Rotoscoping ................................................................................................................... 13 Analys ............................................................................................................................ 15 Scen 1-5 ...................................................................................................... 15 Scen 6-8 .......................................................................................................20 Scen 9-21 .................................................................................................... 21 Scen 22-26 .................................................................................................. 23 Scen 26-30 .................................................................................................. 24 Scen 31-42 .................................................................................................. 24 Scen 43-44 .................................................................................................. 27 Sammanfattning ............................................................................................................. 29 Referenser ...................................................................................................................... 31 2 3Inledning När det kommer till information som åskådaren måste absorbera och bearbeta så är Richard Linklaters film Waking Life från 2001 en av de mer utmanande inom amerikansk film. Min uppsats visar indirekt på detta. Jag kommer nämligen att undersöka filmens handling, och då mer specifikt dess narrativa konstruktion. Men den undersökningen kommer endast att fokusera på en liten del av filmen i sig. Filmen presenterar, diskuterar och anknyter till ett brett utbud av olika filosofiska ämnen, där min analys endast kommer att fokusera på två av dessa ämnen. Alla de filosofiskt förankrade tankar som handlingen i Waking Life består av tenderar också att överta den del av filmens handling som jag tänker uppmärksamma. Allt ifrån existentialism till metafysik, socialfilosofi till politik, och i en scen till och med filmteori sysselsätter åskådaren och dennes förståelse för vad som händer i filmen. Linklater, som har regisserat, skrivit manus och även spelat en roll i filmen, har dock en öppen inställning till att kalla filmen för filosofisk. "When people say, 'Oh, it's a bunch of people talking philosophy,' I'm like, 'Naaaaw, that's not it. There's a lot of different situations and dramatic scenes and all kinds of weird stuff. It's only like half thought or philosophy."1 Det är lätt att hålla med Linklater om man ser till vad filmens enda protagonist (huvudkaraktär) går igenom, vilket i första hand är en rad konversationer med en rad människor där samtalen trots sin filosofiska natur kan framstå som ganska lättsamma. Många av dessa konversationer är samtidigt endast monologer som protagonisten observerar, precis som åskådaren själv. Till en början kan många av dessa möten kännas som direkt tagna ur livet. Detta är också ett vanligt återkommande tema i Linklaters filmer, som till exempel Slacker (1991), Dazed and Confused (1993) och Before Sunrise (1995). Filmens handling och de filosofiskt kryddade konversationerna gör dock protagonistens resa i Waking Life till något helt annat än vanlig. Det tydligaste filosofiska temat i filmen är drömmar och hur vi uppfattar dessa. För att förstärka känslan av att filmen utspelar sig i drömmarnas värld så valde Linklater att först filma alla scener och sen efteråt med hjälp av flera animatörer färglägga hela filmen med hjälp av en teknik som kallas rotoscoping. Resultatet blir att hela filmen känns som en dröm, fast samtidigt en verklig sådan. Relationen mellan drömmar och verklighet är ett tema som flertalet ganska nyutkomna filmer har använt sig av. När det kommer till stil och effektskapande så tenderar dessa filmer precis som Waking Life att i olika grad vara nyskapande. Ofta utspelar sig handlingen i dessa filmer också i vad man kallar klardrömmar, det vill säga en dröm där man så småningom blir medveten om att man drömmer. Inception (Christopher Nolan, 2010) och Vanilla Sky (Cameron Crowe, 2001) är två exempel där drömmar mer tydligt presenteras för åskådaren. Ett par exempel på filmer där handlingen mest kan anknyta till drömmar, då de utspelar sig i alternativa världar eller verkligheter, är What Dreams May Come (Vincent Ward, 1998), detta trots dess antydande titel, och The Matrix 1 Spence D.,"Interview with Richard Linklater", Oktober 2001, http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/10/20/interview- with-richard-linklater# (2013-05-23) 3 (Andy och Lana Wachowski, 1999). Kopplingen till drömmar är i de sistnämnda alltså inte lika tydlig. What Dreams May Come handlar först och främst om vad som händer efter döden samtidigt som filmen vilar på religiösa uppfattningar, bland annat kring himlen och helvetet. För att ta den mer välkända filmen The Matrix som exempel så kan den datasimulerade värld som människorna är uppkopplade till jämföras med en dröm där folk ännu inte är medvetna om att de drömmer. De filmer där drömmar mer ligger i fokus, det vill säga Inception och Vanilla Sky, använder sig av diverse narrativa knep som kan tänkas förbrylla åskådarens förståelse av filmen handling. Detta kan ses som passande då drömmar till sin natur ofta är ganska svårförstådda. Att experimentera med hur en film kan berättas är heller inget nytt för Richard Linklater. Hans filmer har ofta ett slumpmässigt narrativ där en scen kan gå till en annan utan att nödvändigtvis ha en tydligt koppling till varann. Han förstärker sen även det slumpmässiga med att ta upp många olika ämnen i sina filmer. Waking Life är inget undantag. När han själv i en intervju fick frågan ”What is the role of narrative in film?” så svarade Linklater så här: Narrative in film. That's like, I don't know, that's, always been a challenge. [...] While I'm always moved by stories, I don't know if I'm a great story teller. You know, like characters and... Well, maybe story, I think I'm a storyteller but I don't know about traditional plot elements. Waking Life kind of challenges the whole notion of [...] what a story is. I think it's a story. [And] it bugged me, forever, while I was doing press, or having to read about it, and people saying 'Oh there's no story, there's no narrative'. And I'm like what are you talking about? There's very much a narrative. It kind of sneaks in there. But once you realize what it is, or if you ever watch the film a second time, you would realize it's there from the very beginning. Like alot of things in life. You know, it's there all along. It's just when you become aware of it. It's always out there.[---]2 Jag tänker i den här uppsatsen att försöka klargöra detta narrativ. Syfte och frågeställningar Mitt syfte är att genom en analys utifrån David Bordwells bok Narration in the Fiction Film från 1985 undersöka och tydliggöra den narrativa konstruktionen i Waking Life. Jag kommer här utgå ifrån två av filmens för handlingen betydelsefulla hypoteser, vad jag kallar huvudhypoteser. Den ena, som är den mest uppenbara huvudhypotesen, är att filmens protagonist drömmer. Den andra huvudhypotesen, som under en längre tid håller sig mer dold för åskådaren, är att han egentligen är död. Jag kommer därför att försöka hitta tidiga ledtrådar i filmen gällande den andra 2 Fox Searchlight, "Richard Linklater: Searchlab Lecture", September 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=cpig00-fxU8 (2013-05-23) 4 huvudhypotesen för att på så sätt lyfta fram den i jämförelse med den första. Temat för min andra huvudhypotes är för övrigt något som kan ses i alla de fem filmer jag hittills har nämnt. Bordwells narrativa teorier är baserade på kognitiv psykologi, som ofta ställs i motsats till psykoanalytiska teorier. ”When cognitive psychologists talk about perception, they are usually referring to the basic cognitive processes that analyse information from the senses.”3 I min analys kommer jag därför i hög grad att söka efter information i Waking Life som kan påvisa hur åskådaren kan tänkas upptäcka och uppfatta mina två hypoteser. Jag vill på så vis samtidigt undersöka hur användbara Bordwells teorier kan tänkas vara såväl som diverse begränsningar de kan tänkas ha. Jag har valt att dela in Waking Life i 44 scener. Alla dessa scener kan nämligen ses som separata filmklipp, stycken eller avsnitt där filmens
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  • Cinemetrics Across Borders

    Cinemetrics Across Borders

    CINEMETRICS ACROSS BORDERS APR 30-MAY 3, 2015 University of Chicago Presented by Cinemetrics Across Boundaries: A Collaborative Study of Montage, a project of the Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society. Co-sponsored by the Film Studies Center, the Franke Institute for the Humanities and the Chuck Roven Fund for Cinema and Media Studies. THURSDAY, APRIL 30 Afternoon session held at the Neubauer Collegium 5701 South Woodlawn Avenue 2:45 p.m.-3:00 p.m. Registration 3:00 p.m.-3:30 p.m. Welcoming Remarks Jonathan Lear Roman Family Director, Neubauer Collegium for Culture and Society, University of Chicago Opening Remarks Yuri Tsivian (Faculty Director, Cinemetrics Across Boundaries: A Collaborative Study of Montage, University of Chicago) 3:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. Screening: Boyhood (2014) Directed by Richard Linklater, editing by Sandra Adair 6:30 p.m. Reception FRIDAY, MAY 1 May 1-3 sessions held at the Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts 915 East 60th Street, Room 201 9:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Coffee Keynote Address 10:00 a.m.-11:15 a.m. Cutting Boyhood Sandra Adair, A. C. E. 11:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m. Panel One Latest Trends Barry Salt (London Film School) Methods of Time-series Analysis of the Shot Structure of Hollywood Film Jordan DeLong (Indiana University Bloomington) 1:00 p.m.-2:15 p.m. Lunch 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m. Panel Two On the Heterogeneity of Cinematography in the Films of Aki Kaurismäki Jaakko Seppala (Helsinki University) Red Herrings and the Drama Factor: Cinemetrics and Reality Television Christina Peterson (Eckerd College) 4:00 p.m.-6:30 p.m.