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Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: an Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2005 Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: An Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting Catherine Emma Crawley University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Crawley, Catherine Emma, "Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: An Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1907 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Catherine Emma Crawley entitled "Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: An Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Edward Caudill, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Paul Ashdown, Suzanne Kurth, Bonnie Parnell Riechert Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Catherine Emma Crawley entitled “Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: An Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Edward Caudill Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Paul Ashdown Suzanne Kurth Bonnie Parnell Riechert Accepted for the Council: ____Anne Mayhew ___________ Vice Chancellor and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Framing the Genetic Engineering Debate: An Examination of Frames and Sources in Local Newspaper Reporting A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Catherine Emma Crawley August 2005 Copyright © 2005 by Catherine Emma Crawley All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my parents, with love and gratitude, Heather Susan Jefford Crawley and Michael Federick Crawley iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people who have helped in the process of creating this dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Edward Caudill, for his help in completing this dissertation. His efforts to challenge and refine my thinking processes and forms of expression are deeply appreciated. I would also like to acknowledge the help and support from other committee members. Sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Paul Ashdown, whom I am fortunate enough to have known and been guided by as a mentor for 18 years. It was Dr. Ashdown’s gentle persistence that drew me back into journalism and academia after eight years away. Thanks also to Dr. Bonnie Parnell Riechert, who first sparked my interest in framing during her thought-provoking Health Communication course. Dr. Riechert’s groundbreaking work in frame analysis and science communication inspired my research in this area. Thanks are also due to Dr. Suzanne Kurth, whose interest in and commitment to exploring social theories of news media I also share. Without my committee’s guidance and patience, this dissertation would not have been possible. I also extend my deepest gratitude to the College of Communication and Information at the University of Tennessee for its generosity in funding my studies through a Karl A. and Madira Bickel Scholarship. Thanks also to the American Council on Germany for providing me with a fellowship to explore the biotechnology debate in Germany and Europe. The discoveries made through the fellowship helped ferment my interest and desire to explore news media discourse on biotechnology. iv Special thanks also goes to Bob Muenchen, Manager of the University of Tennessee Statistical Consulting Center. Always friendly and approachable, Bob provided invaluable assistance with my statistical data. He demonstrated a keen interest in my topic and in exploring the most appropriate methodological approach. I am grateful too for the support and advice from my colleagues, Dr. Astrid Sheil and Dr. Thomasena Shaw, who showed me the way, both pragmatically and enthusiastically. Last, but certainly not least, my deepest thanks and gratitude to my husband, Dr. Richard Neil Weinstein, who helped me through the process of my dissertation by offering his support, encouragement, kindness, and patience. A lifetime with you will always be too short. Despite all the assistance provided by my committee and others, I alone remain responsible for the content of the following, including any errors or omissions, which may unwittingly remain. v ABSTRACT The study contributes to understanding of how a scientific controversy – genetic engineering – is treated in news stories in local newspapers. The findings provide quantitative evidence that local newspaper coverage of genetic engineering issues is framed in diverse and complex ways. Additionally, the analyses reveal that oppositional viewpoints exist in some local newspapers, perhaps more so than in national news. In contrast to studies of biotechnology news content in the national, elite press, this study suggests that a range of voices and interpretations about biotechnology do in fact exist in news media coverage of biotechnology in the United States, at least in some local newspapers. The research specifically focuses on news media framing of genetic engineering and how stakeholders in the debate influence those frames. A computer-assisted content analysis was conducted on local newspaper coverage related to agricultural biotechnology. Semi-structured interviews with dominant stakeholders were conducted to augment quantitative evidence of news frames. Methodologically, the dissertation introduces and elaborates the use of computer- assisted content analysis to determine frames related to biotechnology. The WordStat computer program was employed to systematically identify and analyze frames and frame changes over time. Moreover, unlike previous framing studies that have used cluster analysis, this study details the usefulness of factor analysis in statistically validating frames. This study identifies and compares news frames in local newspapers in Northern California and in the St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch . News articles that contained vi keywords pertaining to genetically modified organisms (crops and food) from January 1992 to December 2004 were obtained for the analysis from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database. A total of 1,134 news articles from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch was collected; 860 of these news articles were retained for analysis. A total of 508 news articles from four Northern California newspapers was collected; 296 of these news articles were analyzed. Additionally, quantitative analyses of dominant stakeholders mentioned in both the Missouri and Northern California news articles were conducted. To supplement the quantitative findings, interviews with nine of the dominant stakeholders, or news sources, identified in the news articles investigated the stakeholders’ involvement in shaping news media coverage of agri-food biotechnology issues. Substantively, this study offers some understanding of the place of dissenting voices in localized debates on genetic engineering. The discovery that local news frames stories on biotechnology in greater complexity raises larger questions about the importance and value of local and community news. Thus, the study addresses the vital need for investigating news content in local news media. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. BACKROUND ON THE BIOTECHNOLOGY CONTROVERSY ………….1 Unique State and Local Concerns…………………………………………6 News Media and Biotechnology…………………………………………..8 Purpose and Significance of Study…….……………………………..….13 Methodological Considerations………………………………………….14 Structure of the Dissertation……………………………………………..16 II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………...17 Part I: Theoretical Foundation…………………………………………...17 Framing – Early Conceptions……………………………………17 Framing the News……………………………………………….19 Framing As Strategic Action…………………………………….23 Frame Sponsorship in News…………………………………….25 Geographic Factors in Framing………………………………….30 Frame Evolution…………………………………………………34 Unique Properties of the Science Beat…………………………..36 Part II: Empirical Dimension……………………………………………39 The Biotechnology Story – The Beginnings…………………….41 The Mid-1990s: Agri-Food Biotechnology Enters the Market………………………………………………..………….44 Empirical Studies of News Coverage……………………………49 News at the Local Level…………………………………………54 Previous Research on Sources/Actors…………………………...57 Introduction to Research Questions……………………………………..62 Research Questions………………………………………………………63 Research Question
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