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Change Monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area 2012-2017 Trend Report

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Change Monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area 2012-2017 Trend Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Shoreline Position (1D) and Coastal Topographical (2D) Change Monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area 2012-2017 Trend Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2018/1739 ON THE COVER Upper: Oblique photo of Critical Zone Post-Hurricane Sandy at Sandy Hook Gateway National Recreation Area, November 5, 2012. Photo Credit: USGS, Morgan, K. L. M. November 5, 2012. Lower: Oblique photo of Critical Zone at Sandy Hook Gateway National Recreation Area, October 6, 2014. Photo Credit: USGS, McManus C. October 6, 2014. Shoreline Position (1D) and Coastal Topographical (2D) Change Monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area 2012-2017 Trend Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2018/1739 Norbert P. Psuty Kelly Butler Katherine Ames Andrea Habeck Sandy Hook Cooperative Research Programs N.J. Agricultural Experiment Station Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey 74 Magruder Road Highlands, New Jersey 07732 September 2018 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available in digital format from the Natural Resource Publications Management website. If you have difficulty accessing information in this publication, particularly if using assistive technology, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Psuty, N. P., K. Butler, K. Ames, and A. Habeck. Shoreline position (1D) and coastal topographical (2D) change monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area: 2012-2017 trend report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2018/1739. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 646/148466, September 2018 ii Contents Page Figures.................................................................................................................................................... v Tables .................................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................ xv Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Site and Situation ................................................................................................................................... 3 Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on Shoreline Position and Coastal Topography ........................... 5 Natural Impacts .............................................................................................................................. 5 Anthropogenic Impacts .................................................................................................................. 8 Shoreline Position Surveys (1D) .......................................................................................................... 11 Timing of Shoreline Position Surveys .......................................................................................... 11 Collection of Shoreline Position and Development of Metrics of Change .................................. 12 Shoreline Position Metrics of Change .......................................................................................... 13 Sandy Hook Unit ..................................................................................................................... 13 Jamaica Bay Unit ..................................................................................................................... 19 Staten Island Unit .................................................................................................................... 34 Coastal Profile Surveys (2D) ............................................................................................................... 55 Defining Profile Features and Datums ......................................................................................... 55 Timing of Coastal Topography Surveys ....................................................................................... 55 Uncertainty: Profile Distance, Elevation, and Cross-section Area ............................................... 57 Coastal Topography Metrics of Change ....................................................................................... 57 Sandy Hook Unit ..................................................................................................................... 57 Jamaica Bay Unit ..................................................................................................................... 76 Staten Island Unit .................................................................................................................... 98 Interpretation of Trends ..................................................................................................................... 127 Trends of Full Shoreline Dataset ................................................................................................ 128 iii Contents (continued) Page Information for Management and Recommendations ....................................................................... 129 Changes to the Protocol ..................................................................................................................... 131 Problems/Concerns ............................................................................................................................ 133 Data Archives ..................................................................................................................................... 135 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................. 137 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Location and extent of the monitored shoreline positions and direction of alongshore transport at Gateway National Recreation Area Units. ....................................................... 2 Figure 2. Daily water level variation at Sandy Hook, New Jersey Tide Gauge, with storm water levels surpassing the threshold value of 2.0 m above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Figure 3. Relationship of 1983-2001 tidal epoch water levels to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, to the 1929 National Geodetic Vertical Datum, and to a representative beach profile at Sandy Hook. ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Sample of vectors of change produced by Shoreline Change Mapper to represent magnitude and direction of annual shoreline change for a sampling of transects at Breezy Point Oceanside, Gateway National Recreation Area, Spring 2016 – Spring 2017...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Features and descriptive characteristics of the Sandy Hook Unit, Gateway National Recreation Area survey site................................................................................................... 14 Figure 6. Distribution of annual and 5-year shoreline change at Sandy Hook Unit, Gateway National Recreation Area...................................................................................................... 16 Figure 7. Histogram of vectors of shoreline change, 5-year trend from Spring 2012 to Spring 2017 at Sandy Hook Unit, Gateway
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