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Infectious Arthritis in Patientswith Rheumatoid 40)2 Annals ofthe Rheumatic Diseases 1992; 51: 402403 Infectious arthritis in patients with rheumatoid Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.51.3.402 on 1 March 1992. Downloaded from arthritis Lourdes Mateo Soria, Joan Miquel Nolla Sole, Antonio Rozadilla Sacanell, Jose Valverde Garcia, Daniel Roig Escofet Abstract The poor outcome of patients with RA with Eleven cases of infectious arthritis occurring joint infection has been recognised in most of in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are the reported series, but the death rate and reported. Staphylococcus aureus was the multiple joint infection have declined in recent causative organism in eight patients. Strepto- years. 1 2 coccus anginosus and Streptococcus agalactiae We report here 11 cases of joint infection in in one patient each, and Mycobacterium patients with RA observed in our service during tuberculosis in two patients. The mean the last nine years. duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 16 days in patients with pyogenic arthritis. The diagnosis of joint infection caused by Myco- CASE REPORTS bacterium tuberculosis was especially delayed Between 1981 and 1989, 11 patients with RA (57 days). Four patients died; they were found whose disease was complicated by infectious to have a longer time to diagnosis and two of arthritis were identified in our rheumatology them had multiple joint infection. Although service. During this time more than 350 patients Staphylococcus aureus is the microorganism with RA were treated at our hospital. Patients most often affecting patients with rheumatoid who had prosthetic joint infection have not been arthritis, infection caused by Mycobacterium considered in this study. tuberculosis must also be considered in such The table gives details of the 11 patients. patients. Seven patients were women. The ages ranged from 47 to 72 years (mean 60 years) and the duration of RA from 1 to 25 years (mean 14-5 Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are years). Most of the patients had progressive, especially susceptible to bacterial infection, and deforming arthritis and all had erosive changes joint infection is a well recognised complication, when studied radiographically. Rheumatoid often causing death, which might be related to a factor was present in the serum of all but one http://ard.bmj.com/ delay in diagnosis and treatment.' patient. Seven of the patients had rheumatoid nodules and all were receiving corticosteroids Rheumatology Service, In 1958, Keligren et a19 first reported the Hospital de Belhvitge association of septic and rheumatoid arthritis in (6-methylprednisolone, 4-6 mg/day) by mouth "Princeps d'Espanya", 12 patients. Since then, over 400 cases have at the time of the initial joint infection. University of Barcelona, been and the occurrence of septic Microorganisms were isolated from the and L'Hospitalet de reported,2 Liobregat, Barcelona, arthritis in patients with RA ranges' from 0 3 to synovial fluid in all patients; blood cultures Spain 3%. The mechanisms causing the increased were positive in four patients. The nine patients on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. L Mateo Soria vulnerability to infection reported in patients with bacterial arthritis were treated with peni- J M Nolla Sole A Rozadilla Sacanell with RA have not been identified, but skin cillin or cloxacillin injected intravenously, J Valverde Garcia defects, glucocorticoid treatment, previous whereas those with tuberculous infection D Roig Escofet articular damage, and primary defect of received treatment by mouth. Correspondence to: the immune system have been considered.' 8 10 Patients 6 and 8 died of septic shock during Dr Lourdes Mateo Soria, C/Vilardeli 44 46 Esc A 5 2, Staphylococcus aureus has been the causative the first day of admission to hospital. Patient 1, Department of Medicine, organism in 75% of reported cases,'-7 but after eight weeks of antibiotic treatment, Rheumatology Service, 1 2 08014 Barcelona, Spain. streptococci, Gram negative bacilli,'3 underwent a rapid deterioration and died of 15 Accepted for publication bacteroides species, fungi, and mycobacteria'4 multisystem failure. Patient number 9 died of a 3 May 1991 have also been isolated. myocardial infarction the day before she was Clinical features of 11 patients with rheumatd arthritis with joint infection* Patient Age Sex RF Rheumatoid Duration Disease Steroids* Organism joint Fever No (years) nodules of RA stage affected present present (years) 1 47 F + Yes 15 IV Yes S. anginosus Knee Yes 2 58 M + Yes 1 II Yes S. agalactiae Knee Yes 3 47 F - No 25 III Yes S. aureus Metatarsal No 4 55 M + Yes 2 II Yes S. aureus Shoulder Yes 5 49 F + Yes 12 III Yes S. aureus Wrist Yes 6 62 F + Yes 15 III Yes S. aureus Polyarticular Yes 7 66 F + No 23 III Yes S. aureus Knee No 8 72 M + Yes 19 III Yes S. aureus Polyarticular No 9 69 F + No 11 III Yes S. aureus Knee Yes 10 68 M + Yes 17 III Yes M. tuberculosis Knee No 11 72 F + No 20 III Yes M. tuberculosis Knee No Infectious arthritis in patients with RA 40)3 discharged from hospital, with complete patients with tuberculous arthritis had symp- resolution of joint infection. toms for a long time before diagnosis, as is usual in this infection. Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.51.3.402 on 1 March 1992. Downloaded from The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was Discussion increased in all our patients, but it is of no Patients with longstanding, debilitating RA have diagnostic value in distinguishing infection a particular susceptibility to acute pyarth- from RA activity. Blood cultures were positive rosis. These patients may have a lowered in four of 11 patients (36%), similar to the resistance to infection in general, and those who reported occurrence. are receiving long term corticosteroid treatment Death as a result of pyarthrosis occurred in are especially susceptible. The use of cortico- three of our patients (27%), two with multiple steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs in these joint infection. Surgical joint drainage was patients can mask local symptoms in addition performed in five of our patients, all with to fever, contributing to the delay in diag- optimal results. Arthroscopy has been shown to nosis. 1 '2 49 The clinical features of pyarthrosis, be helpful in joint drainage,' 2 but comparative particularly with multiple joint infection, may studies are necessary. be impossible to distinguish from those of an Our experience shows that infection must be exacerbation of RA, resulting in a delay in the considered in all patients with RA who show a appropriate treatment. Pyarthrosis must be deterioration in their clinical course or when suspected in all patients with RA who show a activity concentrates in one joint. As in our deterioration in their clinical course, and series, infection caused by Mycobacterium tuber- prompt aspiration of the inflamed joints with culosis should be considered in countries which microscopic examination and culture of the still have high rates of tuberculous infection. fluid is imperative. The time elapsed before the start of treatment seems to be an important factor in prognosis. " 1 Goldenberg D L. Infectious arthritis complicating rheu- Some workers have noticed that patients who matoid arthritis and other chronic rheumatic disorders. were untreated for one week or more had a Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 496-502. poorer those treated 2 Gardner G C, Weisman M H. Pyarthrosis in patients with much prognosis than rheumatoid arthritis: a report of 13 cases and a review ofthe promptly.2 4 In our series, the four patients literature from the past 40 years. Am Med 1990; 88: 503-11. who died were not diagnosed until some time 3 Kraft S M, Panush R S, Longley S. Unrecognized staphylo- after infection (mean 27-5 days) and two had coccal pyarthrosis with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthrins Rheum 1985; 14: 196-201. multiple joint infection. The death rate among 4 Rowe I F, Deans A C, Keat A C S. Pyogenic infection and patients with RA with joint infection is now rheumatoid arthritis. Postgrad MedJ 1987; 63: 19-22. 5 Rimoin D L, Wennberg J E. Acute septic arthritis com- considered' 2 to be between 20 and 25%, but in plicating chronic rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1966; 196: those patients with multiple joint infection2 4 it 617-21. 6 Karten I. Septic arthritis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. may be as high as 55-60%. Ann Intemn Med 1969; 70: 1147-58. The knee is the most commonly affected 7 Myers A R, Miller L M, Pinals R S. Pyarthrosis complicating http://ard.bmj.com/ rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1969; ii: 714-6. joint, accounting for 42% of the infected joints 8 Van Albada-Kuipers G A, Linthorst J, Peeters E A J, et al. reported."- In our patients the knee was Frequency of infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus patients with osteoarthritis or soft tissue affected in 54%, followed by the wrist, ankle, rheumatism. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 667-71. and shoulder. Staphylococcus aureus account for 9 Keligren J H, Ball J, Fairbrother R W, Barnes K L. Suppurative arthritis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. over 75% of cases of pyarthrosis in patients with BMJ 1958; i: 1193-200. RA.1-7 The rest are caused by various strep- 10 Huskisson E C, Hart F D. Severe, unusual, and recurrent infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann RheanDis 1972; 31: tococcal strains," 12 Gram negative bacilli,'3 118-21. on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. anaerobes in addition to fungi, and myco- 11 Morley P K, Hull R G, Hall M A. Pneumococcal septic arthritis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1987; 46: bacteria.' 14 A number of cases ofatypical myco- 482-4. bacterial septic arthritis, associated especially 12 Houston B D, Crouch M E, Finch R G.
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