DOCSLIB.ORG

Microorganisms from Aphid Honeydew Attract and Enhance the Efficacy of Natural Enemies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microorganisms from Aphid Honeydew Attract and Enhance the Efficacy of Natural Enemies ARTICLE Received 30 Nov 2010 | Accepted 11 May 2011 | Published 14 Jun 2011 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347 Microorganisms from aphid honeydew attract and enhance the efficacy of natural enemies Pascal D. Leroy1, Ahmed Sabri2, Stéphanie Heuskin3, Philippe Thonart2, Georges Lognay3, François J. Verheggen1, Frédéric Francis1, Yves Brostaux4, Gary W. Felton5 & Eric Haubruge1 Aphids are one of the most serious pests of crops worldwide, causing major yield and economic losses. To control aphids, natural enemies could be an option but their efficacy is sometimes limited by their dispersal in natural environment. Here we report the first isolation of a bacterium from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum honeydew, Staphylococcus sciuri, which acts as a kairomone enhancing the efficiency of aphid natural enemies. Our findings represent the first case of a host-associated bacterium driving prey location and ovipositional preference for the natural enemy. We show that this bacterium has a key role in tritrophic interactions because it is the direct source of volatiles used to locate prey. Some specific semiochemicals produced by S. sciuri were also identified as significant attractants and ovipositional stimulants. The use of this host-associated bacterium could certainly provide a novel approach to control aphids in field and greenhouse systems. 1 Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. 2 Walloon Center of Industrial Biology, University of Liege, B40, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium. 3 Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. 4 Department of Applied Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. 5 Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.D.L. (email: [email protected] or [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 2:348 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347 phids are pests that, by their rapid growth and their ability to Here we show that a bacterium from the microflora of the pea spread, constitute major problems for crop production1. The aphid A. pisum honeydew (a host­associated bacterium) produces Ause of chemical treatments, unfortunately still widespread, semiochemicals that act as effective attractants and ovipositional leads to the selection of resistant individuals whose eradication stimulants for the hoverflyE. balteatus. These findings could lead to becomes increasingly difficult2–5. Natural enemies such as preda­ the generation of new methods for aphid biological control. tors and parasitoids could be an option6–9, but their efficacy is some­ times limited by their dispersal in natural environment as they are Results generally highly mobile insects. Identification of the honeydew volatile compounds. Because When feeding on the plant phloem sap, aphid excretes large honeydew was suspected to emit semiochemicals, volatiles from amounts of honeydew, a complex mixture of sugars, organic acids, honeydew samples were collected by solid­phase microextraction amino acids and some lipids10–12. The composition of honeydew is (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography­mass spectrometry driven by the host plant that the aphid is feeding on but also by (GC–MS). Fifteen volatiles were identified from crude honeydew the aphid itself, including its primary symbionts. Indeed, sugars and including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, a pyrazine, a monoterpene amino acids found in the honeydew reflect the phloem sap compo­ and acids (Table 1). sition12 but additional sugars are also synthesized by the sap feeder10. Essential amino acids are also provided by endosymbiotic bacteria to Origin of the volatile compounds. Because of the possible sources correct the very low and unbalanced concentrations of amino of volatile compounds could be bacterial, a global study of the pea acids in the phloem sap13,14. aphid (A. pisum) honeydew flora was conducted. Two cultivable This excretory product is considered as a food complement bacteria were isolated and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA for many aphid natural enemies15–17 and the volatiles that are sequences as Staphylococcus sciuri (Bacilles: Staphylococcaceae) released are supposed to act as kairomones for parasitoids and and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Pseudomonadales: Moraxellaceae). predators18–24. However, the identification of the semiochemicals The prevalences of the two strains were respectively 3×106 and or volatiles released from natural honeydew has not yet been 9×106 CFU per ml. established25. Because honeydew is mainly composed of sugars Because S. sciuri has been previously found from gut flora of and amino acids, this excretion constitutes an excellent growth some laboratory aphid species and to verify whether this bacte­ medium for microorganisms that actively contribute to the pro­ rium as well as A. calcoaceticus are present in the honeydew flora of duction of volatile compounds26. Many investigations using gas wild aphids, the honeydew flora of ten aphid natural species was chromatography and mass spectrometry have illustrated the analysed (Supplementary Table S1). S. sciuri was isolated from ability of bacteria to produce volatile compounds27–29; however, two aphid species: Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) feeding on their ability to attract insects has been demonstrated in only a Cucurbita pepo L. (1×103 CFU per ml) and Amphorophora idaei very few studies30–33. In biological control, bacterial volatile com­ (Börner) feeding on Rubus idaeus L. (2×103 CFU per ml). The bacte­ pounds can serve as signals and act as semiochemicals, attracting rium A. calcoaceticus was identified from one aphid species: Aphis or repelling different insects27. fabae (Scopoli) feeding on Carduus nutans (Nyman) (1×104 CFU Among aphids’ enemies, the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus per ml). These results indicated that S. sciuri and A. calcoaceticus (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is recognized as a very efficient occur naturally among natural aphid populations and that these aphidophagous predator. This syrphid is considered as the most bacteria are not contaminants from laboratory handlings. abundant natural enemy in agroecosystems and natural habitats34,35, To determine whether bacteria were responsible for the emis­ as the most efficient aphid predator36 and is associated with many sion of semiochemicals, SPME and GC–MS analyses were per­ different aphid­plant complexes 37. Furthermore, E. balteatus larvae formed on different honeydew samples. Only a few volatiles were feed on a large variety of aphid species and are voracious feeders, detected when the honeydew was filtered to eliminate the bacteria, often eating hundreds of aphids during their development38. At the or when sterile honeydew was reinoculated with the A. calcoaceticus adult stage, they have an excellent efficiency in locating aphid colo­ bacterium (Table 1). However, nearly all the volatiles previously nies, using both vision and semiochemicals released from their prey found in crude honeydew were detected in the honeydew reinocu­ or from infested plants23,38,39. lated with S. sciuri (Table 1). When the 863 medium was inoculated Table 1 | Honeydew volatile compounds. Retention Volatile compounds Crude Sterilized S. sciuri- A. calcoaceticus- 863 liquid S. sciuri- A. calcoaceticus- time honeydew honeydew reinoculated reinoculated medium inoculated 863 inoculated 863 (min) honeydew honeydew liquid medium liquid medium 1.44 Propanone 9.25 ± 2.99 24.62 ± 6.78 10.27 ± 3.20 17.45 ± 5.86 25.63 ± 9.34 15.58 ± 6.46 24.27 ± 10.54 1.76 2,3-Butanedione 2.31 ± 1.26 40.54 ± 13.43 3.56 ± 1.78 15.32 ± 4.63 14.15 ± 5.71 3.14 ± 1.74 31.47 ± 9.55 2.23 3-Methylbutanal 14.01 ± 3.24 5.64 ± 2.65 17.36 ± 6.93 8.98 ± 2.96 2.32 2-Methylbutanal 12.92 ± 1.33 8.79 ± 1.97 9.56 ± 5.61 12.76 ± 4.26 3.24 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone 0.78 ± 0.24 4.77 ± 2.38 3.12 ± 1.29 2.76 ± 1.32 3.19 ± 1.34 6.21 ± 2.45 3.29 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 0.89 ± 0.39 5.64 ± 2.73 1.05 ± 0.64 3.36 3-Methyl-1-butanol 12.32 ± 5.58 4.57 ± 1.03 34.22 ± 13.45 24.75 ± 12.75 15.54 ± 5.47 4.37 2-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 14.41 ± 1.39 21.61 ± 7.32 4.61 3-Methyl-2-butenal 10.73 ± 2.71 15.82 ± 3.65 14.46 ± 6.34 5.65 Butanoic acid 6.24 ± 3.45 24.43 ± 8.65 5.67 ± 2.76 12.89 ± 4.67 9.22 3-Methylbutanoic acid 4.56 ± 0.45 8.67 ± 3.12 9.53 ± 3.56 9.88 2-Methylbutanoic acid 6.73 ± 5.55 7.31 ± 3.57 9.76 ± 2.87 10.54 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 0.31 ± 0.16 1.86 ± 0.89 0.70 ± 0.27 3.10 ± 1.14 1.87 ± 0.98 16.04 Limonene 2.81 ± 0.17 33.1 ± 12.87 19.92 Benzeneethanol 1.73 ± 0.50 2.06 ± 1.07 4.45 ± 1.75 0.89 ± 0.13 3.60 ± 1.43 7.88 ± 2.67 Relative proportions (% ± s.e.m., n=5) of the volatile compounds collected by solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 2:348 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. natUre commUnications | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347 ARTICLE with the S. sciuri bacterium, the same results were obtained because most of the crude honeydew volatile compounds were detected (Table 1). This strongly indicated that the active honeydew volatiles 6 are mainly produced by S. sciuri. 4 5 1 2 3 Origin of S. sciuri and A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soybean Mosaic Virus
    -- CALIFORNIA D EP AUM ENT OF cdfa FOOD & AGRICULTURE ~ California Pest Rating Proposal for Soybean mosaic virus Current Pest Rating: none Proposed Pest Rating: C Kingdom: Orthornavirae; Phylum: Pisuviricota Class: Stelpaviricetes; Order: Patatavirales Family: Potyviridae; Genus: Potyvirus Comment Period: 6/15/2020 through 7/30/2020 Initiating Event: On August 9, 2019, USDA-APHIS published a list of “Native and Naturalized Plant Pests Permitted by Regulation”. Interstate movement of these plant pests is no longer federally regulated within the 48 contiguous United States. There are 49 plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes) on this list. California may choose to continue to regulate movement of some or all these pathogens into and within the state. In order to assess the needs and potential requirements to issue a state permit, a formal risk analysis for Soybean mosaic virus is given herein and a permanent pest rating is proposed. History & Status: Background: The family Potyviridae contains six genera and members are notable for forming cylindrical inclusion bodies in infected cells that can be seen with light microscopy. Of the six genera, the genus Potyvirus contains by far the highest number of important plant pathogens Named after Potato virus Y, “pot-y-virus” particles are flexuous and filamentous and composed of ssRNA and a protein coat. Most diseases caused by potyviruses appear primarily as mosaics, mottling, chlorotic rings, or color break on foliage, flowers, fruits, and stems. Many cause severe stunting of young plants and drastically reduced yields with leaf, fruit, and stem malformations, fruit drop, and necrosis (Agrios, 2005). Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins for people and animals, and a source of biofuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Aphids by the Predatory Midge Aphidoletes Aphidimyza in the Presence of Intraguild Predatory Bugs and Thrips
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Biological Control of Aphids by the Predatory Midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza in the Presence of Intraguild Predatory Bugs and Thrips G.J. Messelinka, C.M.J. Bloemhard and R. Vellekoop Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture P.O. Box 20, 2265 ZG Bleiswijk The Netherlands Keywords: Myzus persicae, Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus, sweet pepper, intraguild predation, hyperpredation, apparent competition, mixed diets Abstract In organically grown sweet peppers, aphids are the most important pest. The wide range of natural enemies of aphids, that are commercially available, is not a guarantee for successful control but rather an indication that this problem is difficult to tackle. Strategies for control vary among organic growers and it is still not known which natural enemy complexes give the best results. When releasing natural enemies for aphid control, it is important to consider the possible interactions with other pest species and natural enemies present. Within man-made natural enemy communities for multiple pest control, direct and indirect interactions occur which can enhance or disrupt biological control, such as predators eating other predators, behavioural changes, plant responses or apparent competition. Here we investigated the effects of the generalist predatory bugs Orius laevigatus and Orius majusculus on biological control of green peach aphids, Myzus persicae, by the predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza in the absence or presence of thrips. Our results showed that intraguild predation of aphidophageous midges by generalist predatory bugs is a realistic phenomenon, but the risk of disruption of aphid control seems to be limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E
    Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011E-1011 OklahomaOklahoma CooperativeCooperative ExtensionExtension ServiceService DivisionDivision ofof AgriculturalAgricultural SciencesSciences andand NaturalNatural ResourcesResources OklahomaOklahoma StateState UniversityUniversity Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011 Eric J. Rebek Extension Entomologist/ Ornamentals and Turfgrass Specialist Michael A. Schnelle Extension Ornamentals/ Floriculture Specialist ArthropodArthropod PestPest ManagementManagement inin GreenhousesGreenhouses andand InteriorscapesInteriorscapes Insects and their relatives cause major plant ing a hand lens. damage in commercial greenhouses and interi- Aphids feed on buds, leaves, stems, and roots orscapes. Identification of key pests and an un- by inserting their long, straw-like, piercing-suck- derstanding of appropriate control measures are ing mouthparts (stylets) and withdrawing plant essential to guard against costly crop losses. With sap. Expanding leaves from damaged buds may be tightening regulations on conventional insecti- curled or twisted and attacked leaves often display cides and increasing consumer sensitivity to their chlorotic (yellow-white) speckles where cell con- use in public spaces, growers must seek effective tents have been removed. A secondary problem pest management alternatives to conventional arises from sugary honeydew excreted by aphids. chemical control. Management strategies cen- Leaves may appear shiny and become sticky from tered around
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Attraction of the Cabbage Looper Moth (Trichoplusia Ni (Hübner)) to Wild-Type and Transgenic Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-10-2017 9:00 AM Relative Attraction of the Cabbage Looper Moth (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)) to Wild-type and Transgenic Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) William J. Laur The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Ian Scott The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Dr. Jeremy McNeil The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Biology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © William J. Laur 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Laur, William J., "Relative Attraction of the Cabbage Looper Moth (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)) to Wild-type and Transgenic Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5078. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5078 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The cabbage looper moth (CLM), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an agricultural pest that has developed resistance to many frequently used insecticides, so alternative methods are required to reduce greenhouse CLM populations. Host plant volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are used by female CLMs as cues for host location and oviposition. I hypothesized that changes in host plant VOC production, through genetic modification, could alter host location behaviour by CLMs. These changes in VOCs have potential to give rise to highly attractive transgenic trap crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Biology and Ecology
    STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE CABBAGE MOTH, MAMESTRA BRASSICAE L. (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE) by AQUILES MONTAGNE Ingeniero Agronomo (Venezuela) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London and the Diploma of Imperial College Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Ascot Berkshire September 1977 TABLE OF CONTENT Page ABSTRACT ' GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2 SECTION 1 THE BIOLOGY OF M. brassicae 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 General Description of the Stages 6 1.3 Life History and Habits 8 1.4 Laboratory Studies on the Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of the Immature Stages 25 1.4.1 Materials and methods 25 1.4.2 Results and discussion 26 1.5 Laboratory Studies on Longevity and Fecundity 36 1.5.1 Materials and methods 36 1.5.2 Results and discussion 37 1.5.2.1 Longevity 37 1.5.2.2 Fecundity and Fertility 38 ' 1.6 Section General Discussion 47 SECTION 2 STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF LARVAL DENSITY ON M. 50 brassicae 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Review of Literature 50 2.3 Material and Methods 59 ii Table of Contents (Continued) Page 2.4 Results and Discussion 60 2.4.1 Colour variations in larval stage 60 2.4.1.1 Larval colour types 60 2.4.1.2 The colour of larvae reared at various densities 62 2.4.2 The pattern of larval and pupal development 66 2.4.2.1 The duration of larval development 66 2.4.2.2 The pattern of larval growth 71 2.4.2.3 The duration of prepupal and pupal periods 72 2.4.2.4 Larval and pupal mortality 75 2.4.2.5 Sex ratio
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control
    Chapter 1 Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control Joyce E. Parker, William E. Snyder, George C. Hamilton and Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55044 1. Introduction There is growing public concern about pesticides’ non-target effects on humans and other organisms, and many pests have evolved resistance to some of the most commonly-used pesticides. Together, these factors have led to increasing interest in non-chemical, ecologically- sound ways to manage pests [1]. One pest-management alternative is the diversification of agricultural fields by establishing “polycultures” that include one or more different crop varieties or species within the same field, to more-closely match the higher species richness typical of natural systems [2, 3]. After all, destructive, explosive herbivore outbreaks typical of agricultural monocultures are rarely seen in highly-diverse unmanaged communities. There are several reasons that diverse plantings might experience fewer pest problems. First, it can be more difficult for specialized herbivores to “find” their host plant against a back‐ ground of one or more non-host species [4]. Second, diverse plantings may provide a broader base of resources for natural enemies to exploit, both in terms of non-pest prey species and resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the plant themselves, building natural enemy communities and strengthening their impacts on pests [4]. Both host-hiding and encourage‐ ment of natural enemies have the potential to depress pest populations, reducing the need for pesticide applications and increasing crop yields [5, 6]. On the other hand, crop diversification can present management and economic challenges for farmers, making these schemes difficult to implement.
    [Show full text]
  • In Partnership with CATERPILLAR PESTS OF
    In partnership with CATERPILLAR PESTS OF BRASSICA CROPS – 21st May 2019 Summaries of sightings of diamond-back moth and silver Y moth in several northern European countries in 2019 can be found here: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/research/pests/plutella/sightings2019/. These are moths captured or seen and reported on 'biodiversity monitoring' websites. The summaries of ‘citizen science’ moth sightings in the UK and on the continent will be supplemented by on- farm monitoring of diamond-back moth by several members of the Brassica Growers Association. Large numbers of diamond-back moths arrived in the UK on Friday 17th May https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/research/pests/plutella/sightings2019/. The moths were first seen along the east coast of England but may have moved since then. This seems to have been the only ‘pulse’ of moths so far as lower numbers have been seen since then. If they arrive in brassicas then it is likely that the female diamond-back moths will lay eggs quite rapidly. You can get some idea of how long the eggs might take to hatch from the table on this web page https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/research/pests/plutella/. On-farm monitoring of diamond-back moth by members of the Brassica Growers Association and others Date Location Number of moths Number of traps 30 April Lancashire 1 2 7 May Lancashire 15 6 14 May Cornwall 1 2 14 May Lancashire 7 6 17 May Wellesbourne 1 2 20 May Scotland Moths seen in crops - 21 May Lancashire 11 6 In partnership with Citizen Science – sightings of diamond-back moth and silver Y moth Sightings of diamond-back moth and silver Y moth reported on websites since mid-April 2019 are summarised below.
    [Show full text]
  • International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods 424 Poster Presentations ______
    POSTER PRESENTATIONS ______________________________________________________________ Poster Presentations 423 IMPROVEMENT OF RELEASE METHOD FOR APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) BASED ON ECOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES Junichiro Abe and Junichi Yukawa Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University, Japan ABSTRACT. In many countries, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) has been used effectively as a biological control agent against aphids, particularly in greenhouses. In Japan, A. aphidimyza was reg- istered as a biological control agent in April 1999, and mass-produced cocoons have been imported from The Netherlands and United Kingdom since mass-rearing methods have not yet been estab- lished. In recent years, the effect of imported A. aphidimyza on aphid populations was evaluated in greenhouses at some Agricultural Experiment Stations in Japan. However, no striking effect has been reported yet from Japan. The failure of its use in Japan seems to be caused chiefly by the lack of detailed ecological or behavioral information of A. aphidimyza. Therefore, we investigated its ecological and behavioral attributes as follows: (1) the survival of pupae in relation to the depth of pupation sites; (2) the time of adult emergence in response to photoperiod during the pupal stage; (3) the importance of a hanging substrate for successful mating; and (4) the influence of adult size and nutrient status on adult longev- ity and fecundity. (1) A commercial natural enemy importer in Japan suggests that users divide cocoons into groups and put each group into a plastic container filled with vermiculite to a depth of 100 mm. However, we believe this is too deep for A. aphidimyza pupae, since under natural conditions mature larvae spin their cocoons in the top few millimeters to a maxmum depth of 30 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Insect Pest of Willow –Wood Used for Manufacture of Cricket Bat
    Major insect pest of willow RASHTRIYA KRISHI Volume 14 Issue 1 June, 2019 55-56 ISSN–0974–0759 | Article |Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in| Major insect pest of willow –Wood used for manufacture of cricket bat industry Muneer Ahmad Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (J&K) India (Email: [email protected]) Cricket bat industry of traditional tools with modern technology. India : Traditional Indian Kashmiri bats require constant knocking and oiling to cricket bats are made in the make the bat good enough to use in a cricket match. regions of Jammu and Knocking makes the fibres of the willow blade compress Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, together, which helps the bat bear the impact of the ball. Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh Another major aspect of taking care of such bats is oiling. and Rajasthan. In Kashmir Oil is applied on the back, toe, front and edges of the bat they are made out to make it more durable and to ensure the fibres get knitted of willow found in northern properly.Some of the areas where these bats are made in India. Some bats made in Kashmir are Anantnag, Baramula and Pahalgam.There Kashmir are of international are many Pests which attack willow plant in Kashmir. standards and are/were used One among them is giant willow Aphid. by national players. Fig. 1: Kashmir willow Tuberolachnus salignus (Giant Willow Aphid) Kashmiri willow bats: The cricket bat Identification and distribution: Tuberolachnus willow used in making these salignus are very large aphids with a body length of 5.0- bats was brought in by the British, who ruled India, during 5.8 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Giant Willow Aphid (Tuberolachnus Salignus) on Apple Trees in Close Proximity to Infested Willows
    Poster Abstracts 319 Monitoring giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) on apple trees in close proximity to infested willows D.R. Wallis and P.W. Shaw Plant & Food Research, Old Mill Road, Motueka 7198, New Zealand Corresponding author: [email protected] The giant willow aphid, was first found in New Zealand in 2013 and is now established throughout the country. An orchardist in the Tasman district reported infestation of his commercial block of young ‘Envy’ apple trees after harvest in May 2016, adjacent to two large willow trees heavily infested with giant willow aphid. Regular observations commenced soon after to determine seasonal activity, apple tree infestation, timing and impact and any alternative host plants or possible natural enemies. Key observations since are that the giant willow aphids appear in late September on willow shoots near the base of the tree reaching low numbers before disappearing again in late November. At this time, a ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata), where observed in the willows and on other plants nearby. In late December the aphids reappeared on the willows and numbers built to a peak in late February and remained on the willows until leaf fall. The aphids were not seen on the apple trees in any significant numbers until February when infestation and feeding continued until late autumn. After two seasons of infestation, the apple trees closest to the infested willows are now visibly ‘sick’ with yellowing leaves, stunted growth, reduced fruit production and branches blackened with sooty mould. Insect pests in stored grain: a Canterbury example J.B. Drummond1, J.W.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Iáe Comparative Host Plant Range Studies Ofthebluealfaifa
    STMSÍ^- ^ iáe Comparative Host Science and Education Administration Plant Range Studies Technical Bulletin oftheBlueAlfaifa Number 1 639 Aphiid, Acyrthosiphon Kon do/Sh in ji, and the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon Pisum (l-iarris) (IHomoptera: Aphid idae) O :"-.;::>-"' C'" p _ ' ./ -• - -. -.^^ ■ ■ ■ ■ 'Zl'-'- CO ^::!:' ^. ^:"^"^ >^. 1 - «# V1--; '"^I I-*"' Í""' C30 '-' C3 ci :x: :'— -xj- -- rr- ^ T> r-^- C".' 1- 03—' O '-■:: —<' C-_- ;z: ë^GO Acknowledgments Contents Page The authors wish to thank Robert O. Kuehl and the staff Introduction -| of the Center for Quantitative Studies, University of Materials and methods -| Arizona, for their assistance in statistical analysis of Greenhouse studies -| these data. We are also grateful to S. M. Dietz, G. L Jordan, A. M. Davis, and W. H. Skrdia for providing seed Field studies 2 used in these studies. Statistical analyses 3 Resultsanddiscussion 3 Abstract Greenhouse studies 3 Field studies 5 Ellsbury, Michael M., and Nielsen, Mervin W. 1981. Classification of hosts studied in field and Comparative Host Plant Range Studies of the Blue greenhouse experiments 5 Alfalfa Aphid, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, and the Pea Conclusions Q Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Literature cited 5 Aphididae). U.S. Departnnent of Agriculture, Technical Appendix 7 Bulletin No. 1639, 14 p. Host plant ranges of the blue alfalfa aphid (BAA), Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, and the pea aphid (PA), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were investigated on leguminous plant species. Fecundities of BAA and PA were determined on 84 plant species from the genera Astragalus, Coronilla, Lathyrus, Lens, Lotus, Lupinus, Medicago, Melilotus, Ononis, Phaseolus, Pisum, Trifolium, Vicia, and Vigna in greenhouse studies. Both aphids displayed a broad reproductive host range extending to species in all genera tested except Phaseolus.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Insects, Spiders and Mites in Vegetable Crops: Workshop Manual Loopers Chrysodeixis Spp
    Important pests in vegetable crops This section gives descriptions of common pests found in Australian vegetable crops. They are listed according to the insect order they belong to. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) Heliothis (corn earworm, tomato budworm, native budworm) Helicoverpa spp. Heliothis larvae feed as leaf eaters and bud and fruit borers on a wide range of plants, including many weeds. Adults lay round, domed, ribbed eggs that are cream when newly laid, turning brownish (‘brown ring’ stage) as they mature. Larvae grow up to 40 mm long and vary in colour from green through yellow and brown to almost black, with a pale stripe down each side. The moths have a wing span of 35–45 mm. Heliothis moth at rest These are some examples of heliothis damage to vegetable crops: • On lettuce and brassicas, larvae feed on the outer leaves or tunnel into the heart of the plant. • In tomato crops, eggs are laid on the leaves, flowers and fruit. Young larvae burrow into flowers causing them to fall and they cause pinhole damage to very young tomato fruit. Older larvae burrow into the fruit, creating holes and encouraging rots to develop. • In capsicum, larvae feed on the fruit and the seed inside the fruit. Eggs are laid mainly on leaves, but also on flowers and buds. Heliothis eggs on tomato shoot • In sweet corn, eggs are laid on the silks and leaves. Larvae feed on the developing grains on the cob, sometimes on the leaves and often inside the tip of the corn cob. • In green beans and peas, the larvae feed on the flowers, pods and developing seed inside the pods.
    [Show full text]