Black River Corridor: Visions for Restoration and Recreational Use

Home , Athlone Power Station, Black River (Cape Town), Elsieskraal River, Liesbeek River

Cape Town, South Africa 15 December, 2011

Table of Contents

Preface 3

The State of the River: an Overview 4

Revitalizing Urban Rivers: the Background 7

The First Step: Non-motorized Transportation Pathway 9

Future Opportunities 15

What Now? Conclusions and Recommendations 17

References 19

Special thanks to Juan Nomdo, Crispin Barrett, and Clive James from the City of The Black River Cape Town’s Department of En- vironmental Management, which sponsored the project. They Pathway Book: worked closely with the authors of this pathway book: Michael A Preface Della Donna, James Sareault, Katrina Boynton, and Kiara Grav- el. All are American university The goal of this project was to continue with a multi-phase revi- students from Worcester Poly- aid the City of Cape Town in cre- talization project for the Black technic Institute completing an ating a vision for park and recre- River Corridor. Interactive Qualifying Project at This project was made possible by the City of Cape Town ational spaces throughout the their university’s Cape Town Pro- The Black River is a polluted Black River Corridor to improve ject Centre. Also special thanks and Worcester Polytechnic Institute and neglected waterway, yet the the socioeconomic potential of to the advisors of the team Scott corridor also has a lot of worth- the river. This pathway book pre- Jiusto and Steven Taylor who while attributes already such as sents ideas and recommenda- were instrumental to the success the location and the presence of tions on the future of the Black of the project. desire lines. Since people are River. It also strings together the using the corridor despite the many different visions of scat- river’s condition, it justifies estab- tered stakeholders and interest lishing a pathway to promote the groups in hopes that a collective potential in this area. Case stud- effort on the river will form. To ies from around the world exem- fulfill these visions, a pathway is plify the plausibility of restoring a the primary goal. A pathway river in poor condition by first along the Black River will bring implementing a pathway. The awareness to the public on the present river conditions are ex- state of the river and generate plored to understand obstacles community involvement for and opportunities in revitalizing groundwork restoration efforts. the corridor. To preserve the The route of the path and poten- continuity of the path, ideas to tial economic opportunities within overcome certain barriers are these visions are discussed to also included. provide recommendations for an The project team and sponsors on the Black River. From left to right, interdepartmental task force to Kiara Gravel, James Sareault, Mike Della Donna, Crispin Barrett,

ed waste. Consequently, some sents a variety of opportunities by stadiums, golf courses, and sections of this catchment are for uses of the river. private businesses that can all highly polluted. The Black River is one such section. Despite its The State of the River: uncleanliness, however, the river holds great potential for the community. The Black River is Although it is a very short An Overview river, the Black River flows currently a detriment to through a wide range of Cape Town communities. The waters the region when it could of the Black River flow through Rivers are natural water- er Salt River catchment system, the affluent Southern Suburbs, be an asset. ways that run through cities all which drains water from both the low-income areas in the across the world. They are of- Table Mountain and the Cape Cape Flats, and the industrial- ten accompanied with econom- Flats into Table Bay. As a river ized areas in the eastern City Additionally, there is a lot of contribute to the success of the ic developments such as facto- system with many contributors, Bowl and Northern Suburbs. potential to develop the area in area. A developing urban park ries and plants which, while the Salt River catchment has The variety of neighbourhoods connection with existing city area, called the Two Rivers creating jobs, also pollute the served as an outlet for unwant- that the river flows through pre- assets. There are several near- Urban Park, can serve as a water sources. As a result, recreational outlet for nearby many urban river restoration residents. The Black River and efforts have evolved in a post- the surrounding river corridor industrial world. Communities can also be used to connect have realized the consequenc- people who have traditionally es of neglecting and abusing been separated. All of these rivers. Sites that could be flour- factors can combine to help ishing, inviting areas have been make the Black River corridor a devalued, and the need for better place for the people of change has arisen. Recogniz- Cape Town, but this will not ing such efforts for change, this happen without the effort to project is initiated to understand improve the area. Rehabilitat- the communal relationships and ing the Black River will be an powerful efforts from past river integral part of the success of restoration examples to then any plan to advance the com- create a feasible, sociable area munities around the river. Due benefiting multiple groups. to high levels of pollution, how- One particular waterway ripe ever, the Black River can hardly for restoration is Black River. be utilized by anyone in its cur- Located in Cape Town, West- rent state. ern Cape, South Africa, the Black River is part of the great- Map of the Salt River catchment (Purple) with the Black River highlighted (Yellow) 4

Two Rivers the area and encourage sustain- The Pollution pollution are evident. Litter is and not suitable for human con- able development. This opens scattered along the banks and tact. The levels of faecal coli- In its present state, the refuse flows down the river. form create a serious health Urban Park the area up for recreational ac- Black River is a river of prob- Invisible to the naked eye, risk to anyone who comes into Already, the City of Cape Town tivities, cultural and heritage ap- lems. Decimated by many types chemical contamination flows contact with the river. Other is working with the Two Rivers preciation, and environmental of pollution, the river is unusa- through the waters for its entire pollutants such as E. coli also Urban Park Committee, a local prosperity. TRUP extends from ble by the communities around length. Additionally, environ- degrade the water quality in the NGO, to develop Two Rivers the confluence of the Black and it. Even small amounts of direct mental pollution, which comes river. The exact source of this Urban Park, or TRUP. TRUP is Liesbeek Rivers in the north and contact with the river can cause in the form of invasive plant pollution is very difficult to track an area of land that stretches the N2 /M5 interchange in the serious health problems. As a species, is overwhelming the down, but we can be sure that between the banks of the Black south and contains all of the result, the river is a detriment to local ecosystem and creating a the vast majority of the toxins River and the Liesbeek River land between the banks of these the region when it could be an myriad of problems. Together, originate in the Elsieskraal and and is being used to create a two rivers. ("Two Rivers Urban asset. these troubles harm the people Vygekraal rivers. A narrower multipurpose park. The develop- Park Contextual Framework and The Black River’s problems and the environment around the section of the Black River runs ment of this urban park aims to Phase 1 Environmental Man- begin with the effluence in the river mostly through affluent suburbs enhance the natural potential of agement Plan") river. From just looking at the In its present state, the wa- to meet Elsieskraal and river, vast amounts of physical ters of the Black River are toxic Vygekraal and form the larger The Black River hasn’t al- Associates, 2002). This meth- ways been in the harsh condi- od disrupts local ecosystems tion that it is in today. It was an but prevents the weather from important source of water for destroying the area’s infrastruc- herd animals, and remained ture. Because of this and pollu- mostly unchanged through the tants from further upstream, the mid-20th century. With the con- river has declined in health until struction of the Black River it reached its current condition. Parkway and canalization of the Despite canalization of the riv- river to prevent flooding, the er, the river can overflow its path of the Black River that we banks during the heavy rains of know today was created. The winter. As the seasons change, Black River is a mostly human- however, the rains dissipate engineered river; its current and the flow of water through course is caused by dredging the Black River reduces. The that was intended to prevent water depth becomes extremely serious flooding. Historically, it shallow during the dryer sum- would have looked like a series mer months, only reaching of low lying wetlands that would roughly 30 cm in height. This flood together during winter. In very dynamic water height sce- 1943, the City of Cape Town nario poses many problems for took preventative measures to traditional aquatic navigation, control the flooding by canaliz- and limits the ability of people ing most of the river (Aikman to traverse the black river. Maps indicating the river health of the Salt River catchment 5

can have negative impacts on or missed, it will return the fol- the ecosystem of the river. lowing year (Juries). When trash gets caught in the Currently there are very few water hyacinth it can cause recreational users of the river, stagnant areas of the river that due to its toxicity and inaccessi- are breeding grounds for mos- bility. Local fishermen are able quitoes and other pests (Juries). to catch some of the invasive Currently in Cape Town the fish in the river, but must hold water hyacinth is contained in them in a tank, changing the Water hyacinth overrunning the Black River in the summer months the fresh water areas of the water every day for almost a Cape Flats. It cannot survive in week before they are able to Black River that is the focus of not the main cause of sustained and wattle all have taken root in salt water and dies when it is consume them. Even then the this document. The Black River toxic water in the tributaries of the region. Carp, catfish and washed out to sea. Every year toxicity of the fish is questiona- upstream of this confluence is the Black River. tilapia have all overrun the na- the city spends millions of rand ble. Local children are warned nowhere near as toxic as it is In addition to the chemical tive Cape galaxia. None of these on the removal of this invasive against playing near the river, after it meets with the other two pollutants, another problem fac- invasive species, however, are species. Currently, the most and its banks are inaccessible. rivers. From this we can deter- ing the Black River is physical as damaging as the water hya- common method of removal is A lot needs to change in order to mine that the main sources of debris and litter. Litter flows cinth. to have people manually remove improve this problematic river pollution are along the El- downstream from the El- The water hyacinth is a high- the plant from the river and corridor. sieskraal and Vygekraal rivers. sieskraal and Vygekraal rivers ly invasive plant that originated leave it to dry on the banks until (River Health Programme, 2005) where it is joined by refuse from in the Amazon River of South it can be collected and dis- Looking upstream, it is easy the banks of the Black. The litter America. It reproduces ex- posed. If any plant is left behind to try and place a large portion is deposited through illegal tremely rapidly, doubling in vol- of the blame on the Athlone dumping, blown in by strong ume roughly every twenty days. Waste Water Treatment Works. winds, and carried in through This growth is increased in pol- Although the plant is currently storm-water runoff. This litter luted systems with high concen- over strained and operating at a and debris gets caught up along trations of nutrients. It can re- near maximum capacity, the the banks and sides of the river, produce asexually, so that even effluent that it releases into the much of the time it gets snagged a small amount left behind can river is still within city standards in clusters of water hyacinth, re-infect the entire system (Jordaan, 2011). The reason creating a tangled mess of inva- (Juries). that the Athlone WWTW is sive plants and trash. Water hyacinth grows so strained is that problems with Invasive plants and animals thick that it can cause blockages sediment build-up in the waste make up a third type of pollu- in the river, even damaging and grey water pipe system tion—biological. When some bridges if it grows around the have caused an excessive species spread to an area with support structures. If a large amount of flow to be diverted excess nutrients, they can thrive enough section of river is cov- towards the Athlone plant in- so much that they choke out ered, it can even affect the tem- stead of the nearby Cape Flats indigenous vegetation and take perature of the water, lowering it plant. The Athlone WWTW is over the area. Kikuyu, poplars by a considerable amount. This Water hyacinth builds up on a pipe across the Black River 6

unteer committee garnered support for the project by taking influential members of the pub- Revitalizing lic on tours of the river. Once the river was in the minds of the public, they were able to make heavy use of volunteer Urban Rivers: planting and clean-up efforts. Today the South Platte thrives both ecologically and economi- the Background cally, and contains over one Pathways along the South Platte and Bronx Rivers hundred miles of trails (Renn, (Kiser, 2003; Trxr4kds, 2008) 2008). The Bronx River also had a The last two decades have ing many birds to migrate else- etation to grow and encourages ers results in large, costly pro- lot in common with the Black seen a shift in attitude and poli- where. wildlife to inhabit the area. jects. River. The Bronx River has cy with regard to urban rivers in Canalization can also have As a result of the large neg- During the initial back- been so extensively modified developed and emerging coun- negative effects on floodplains. ative impact that canalized riv- ground research phase of this by humans that it was impossi- tries around the world. Begin- While people may want to ad- ers can have on their environ- project, two rivers were identi- ble to return it to its natural ning in the industrial age and just floodplains in order to allow ment, the general trend in pub- fied that related closely to the state. The Bronx River restora- continuing for most of the twen- development of nearby lands, lic policy over the last two dec- Black River. These two rivers tion was truly community driv- tieth century, urban river sys- this is not a sustainable prac- ades has been to remove the were the South Platte River in en. Restoration efforts began tems were canalized in an at- tice. Floodplains actually pro- canals and restore water flows Denver, Colorado, USA, and with youth and church groups tempt to control water flow vide a benefit to the surround- to their natural conditions. the Bronx River in New York organizing small scale litter through cities. Rivers were en- City, New York, USA. These clean-up operations. These gineered to adjust their paths, two rivers both shared similar efforts drew public attention to control flooding and bank traits to the Black River, and and eventually the Bronx River erosion, and to improve system the restoration efforts of these Alliance was formed. This drainage. Costly projects were To validate river rivers gave critical insight into group has initiated many im- undertaken to adjust nature for how to revitalize an urban river. provements, including the re- the benefit of man. restoration, The South Platte River be- planting of native species and Every benefit of river canali- fore it underwent a restoration the establishment of multiple zation, however, also came people need to closely resembled the Black pedestrian trails. These trails with a detriment. The negative River in its present state. It have transformed the Bronx impacts of canalization on the appreciate a was a seasonal river that be- River into a popular recreation ecosystem are vast. Concrete came very shallow in the sum- destination in the surrounding prevents plants from growing in river’s potential mer, but caused flooding is- urban area (Renn, 2008). the streams, which eliminates sues in the winter. It also ran Most South Africans are the food supply for first-order to improve through a heavily industrialized concerned with environment consumers and subsequently area. The regeneration of this and the policies regarding it the entire food chain. This is river started as a community ("Angus Reid Public Opinion"). devastating to the local ecosys- ing lands by allowing the river Combining this process with an based effort with the formation However this alone may not be tem, eliminating fish and caus- to deposit nutrients into the effort to reduce pollution in riv- of the Platter River Develop- enough to justify spending so soil. This enables riverside veg- ment Committee. This all vol- much money on such a project.

In order to validate a vast river desire line itself. Similarly, the restoration process, people path should be able to connect Pathway Location need to appreciate the specific with other outlets transportation river and its potential to im- in order to establish a link with prove. This starts by getting other areas. people out along the banks of By linking several areas the river. along a pathway or network of The easiest and most effec- pathways, people have free tive way of accomplishing this access to travel to areas that is through the construction of a may once have seemed inac- non-motorized transportation cessible. This can create op- pathway. Building a riverside portunities for people, potential- pathway encourages pedestri- ly in the form of trade, employ- an traffic along the river and ment, or even recreation. As opens the area up to bicycle seen in the case study, con- traffic as well. In doing so, the necting people, even if only by pathway serves to provide an foot, can result in socioeco- outlet for recreation as well as nomic benefits for the commu- a course for transportation nities. Such potential creates a (Winter, 2011). strong incentive for people to Pathways are most effective use a path, which subsequently when they allow people to pur- increases the safety of the Desire lines play an important role el. The desire lines for the Black River sue the activities of their daily path. in the planning of urban pathways. De- are sometimes visible through aerial lives without hindrance or fear A pathway’s usage and its sire lines are imaginary lines that rep- photography, but in certain areas they for safety. Due to the consist- safety are directly correlated. resent the desire of people to navigate are much easier to locate on site at encies in the day to day lives of As more people use a given many people, directional trans- path, would-be criminals face a certain areas, and are indicated by ex- ground level. The desire lines along portation along a path is usual- greater risk to commit crimes in isting informal pathways and trails that the Black River can be seen in the pho- ly steady in the long run. In are- the area and crime is reduced. people use when there is no formalized tographs on this page. Some of these as without formal pathways, Additionally, more people using pathway. paths are not particularly easy to repli- such movement is usually visi- a path makes it easier to justify The usage of these pathways is crit- cate because they cross obstacles ble in the form of beaten paths. spending more money on addi- ical to their existence, both from a se- such as roads or rail tracks illegally. In The route of this informal tional security measures, per- curity and maintainability point of view. these cases, an alternative crossing path, or the “desire line”, is an haps by hiring a security guard established region of high traf- or installing alarms or cameras. [Burgess, 2011] Without use, the path mechanism must be built in order to fic and is generally the best By creating a safe pathway for will be unsafe, unused, and it will be provide safe passage to the other side place to create a pathway people to move about along the hard to justify the costs necessary to of the obstacle. (Burgess, 2011). The pathway river, the communities around maintain them. In order to encourage may be built away from the de- the river will have their atten- constant use of these pathways, they sire line in order to avoid a tion drawn to the pollution prob- need to be constructed along pre- floodplain or some other dy- lem and they will be motivated existing routes that people wish to trav- namic obstacle, but it should to bring about a change. always be accessible from the

scenic, meandering pedestrian pathway. In order to achieve the goal of The First Steps: getting people along the river, the non-motorized transportation pathway should be designed to provide both an efficient means Non-motorized of transportation as well as a safe venue for recreation. The design includes a footpath and a Transportation Pathway bicycle path as well as accessory installations such as footbridges, lighting, and emergency security systems. Due to time related As discussed in Chapter Two, the Liesbeek River have already constraints, the scope of this pro- the first step to take towards revi- explored the recreational poten- ject was concentrated on the talizing a river corridor is to bring tial for a riverside pathway. larger Black River. Therefore the the public’s attention to the river. Along the Liesbeek, a pedestrian pathway is bounded by the con- The goal of this chapter is to mo- fluence of the Vygekraal and El- bilize people to use the land sieskraal, which marks the be- A possible route for the non-motorized transportation pathway around the Black River. In order ginning of the Black River at one to facilitate this goal, a non- end, and the confluence of the Depending on the geography of and opportunities. The pathway motorized transportation path- Black and Liesbeek Rivers at the a given section, these sections will join with existing pathways way should be constructed along other end, which marks the be- may be adjacent to each other or along the Elsieskraal River and the river. Two major uses for ginning of the Salt River. may be separated. This flexibility use the existing footbridge over such a pathway have been iden- in design allows for the utility of the Black River itself to connect tified: transportation and recrea- each path to be maximized. The the communities of Pinelands tion. The Vision bicycle path will provide a more and Maitland with Observatory, Area residents are already The path will run along the direct route between destinations Mowbray and Rondebosch on using land along the river for length of the river, but removed and the pedestrian footway will the opposite side of the River. both of these purposes. Along several meters from its edge. allow for leisurely walks. Connecting these communities the banks, area residents can be Leaving space between the river The pathway will connect may create new business oppor- seen walking along formal and and the path allows for people to communities that have previous- tunities and stir economic devel- informal pathways. Interviewing Non-motorized Transportation see the river while walking and ly been isolated by both physical opment of the areas. An on- these residents showed us that Pathway along the Liesbeek River will let people lounge close to the and social barriers. Residents going study by the City of Cape nearly everyone who walked river without interruption from from communities in the Cape Town indicates the possibility of along the Black River was either pathway winds through a grassy people using the path. Keeping Flats have had their movement a redevelopment project on the from or traveling to a community park area while a bicycle path the path off the edge of the river hindered by obstructions such as site of the old Athlone Power adjacent to the river, and was provides a more direct path also allows people to use the railroads and highways. This Plant ("City of Cape Town official using the river because it provid- through the park. The bicycle path closer to winter, when rains causes communal separation website - local government ser- ed a more direct route than could path provides a middle ground can cause river levels to rise and hinders potential for eco- vices"). Connecting with this be achieved by following walka- between the direct, albeit loud considerably. nomic growth. A pathway around community would serve to ble roadways. and potentially dangerous, road- The path will have two sepa- these obstructions serves to in- strengthen the pathway even A secondary use for the pathways for motor vehicles and the rate sections for use; one for pe- crease people’s accessibility to more. way is recreation. The Friends of destrians and one for bicycles. new areas and to new people 9

Pathway Considerations: Railway Crossing

Creating a safe way for pedes- -routed to go through an existing like one that would be used for trians to cross a rail line poses station underpass. The station motorized vehicles, with a gate an interesting problem. Unlike underpass requires no existing that is lowered when a train is cars, trains cannot stop in time if modifications and the highway approaching. This option pro- they spot an obstruction in their overpass limits the extent of vides a formalized crossing path. Therefore, creating a safe new construction, because the point for the tracks that would way to cross rail lines means power lines are already lowered reduce the chances of a pedes- keeping pedestrians out of the under the over pass, which also trian tripping over the tracks, or Park and walk in a currently empty lot in path of the train as much as reduces the chances of vandal- crossing as a train is approach- Sydbrandpark, near Hazndal Station possible. The first way to cross ism. The third and most danger- ing. A public recreation area that is for a multi-river pathway network. is to go past the tracks with a ous option, yet most cost effec- open to people of many commu- As mentioned previously, the site bridge or underpass. This is the tive at any point is to put in a nities also serves to integrate of the old Athlone power station safest way, because it removes pedestrian rail crossing, much them in an unimposing way. The is being examined for redevelop- pedestrians from the path of the construction of the pathway may ment. This site is only a short train entirely. This method does allow people who have been iso- way upstream and could be con- come with some faults howev- lated since the beginning of nected to this pathway system, apartheid era politics to mix with greatly increasing its value. It er. Constructing an overpass those of other areas. also serves as a public access would make overhead power The walkthrough of this path- point for the path. In addition, lines more accessible to vandal- way will begin upstream, and this spot provides access from ism, and it might not be cost then travel downstream towards Hazendal rail station and the effective for that area. Also, if the ocean. community of Hazendal itself. There is a large vacant lot the crossing is constructed using stairs, it would be an obsta- adjacent to the river that pro- Hazendal Park vides multiple development op- cle for cyclists. The second pos- The proposed starting point portunities. The main vision for for a non-motorized transport sibility is to use or modify an this space is a park and walk, existing crossing such as a pathway along the river is near similar to the park and walk are- the Hazendal rail station. This as along the Liesbeek Pathway. highway overpass or a station point is significant because it This would provide a place for underpass. The highway over- marks the confluence of the pedestrians to store their vehi- pass could be extended to ac- Vygekraal and Elsieskraal Riv- cles while using the path. Anoth- commodate a separate pedestri- ers. This is beneficial to the er possibility for this area is a an route, or the path could be re Black River pathway because it small playground. In addition to opens up potential opportunities these permanent fixtures, this 10

location could serve micro- The first major issue for the would grant them entry to the trance points. If it is determined same extent as if there was no enterprises by providing a week- club is safety of the pedestrians path. The advantages of this that some type of barrier is re- wall at all, because not much ly bazaar site for artisans. crossing through the course. It is system are that by acquiring this quired, there are several options. vegetation would be required. The site is very open for the possible that an errant golf ball key, path users could indemnify A high fence is the most se- most part, with good visibility in could strike an unaware pedestri- the course and its patrons cure option, but is also aestheti- Interchange Park all directions. Lights would be an and cause injury that would against liability from potential cally displeasing and difficult to After traveling through the required to ensure safety along leave either the golfer or golf injury. This would also ensure conceal. This would prevent an- golf club, the path moves though the path at night, as well as club liable. The second issue is that path users are educated and yone on the path from accessing Raapenberg pump station. The keeping the N2 underpass well ensuring the safety of the golfers knowledge about the risks of the rest of the course, but would advantages of using this pre- lit. Apart from lighting, the area on the course against malicious such a path. Another advantage partially negate the path as a existing pathway are that the should be relatively safe, with persons and vandals. The third of this system is that it places a way to enjoy the natural beauty pump station is already main- close proximity to Hazendal rail issue relates more to the game sense of responsibility on the key of the land surrounding the river. tained by the city and there is station that will have security of golf itself. The sport of golf holder to act accordingly while Another option is to use land- already an asphalt pathway personnel. This area would be a maintains an atmosphere of qui- on club grounds. If an electronic scaping vegetation, such as along this section. This part of good location to implement an et and calm to aid in the concen- access system where to be put trees, bushes, and shrubbery to the path would be mostly a con- emergency phone system. tration of the players. There is in place; the benefits would be create a dense barrier. This is duit section, providing a route concern that allowing pedestri- even greater. With an electronic more aesthetically pleasing, but between the golf course and In- ans access to a path along this system, the course would know does not physically prevent peo- Rondebosch terchange Park. Adding trees playing field would disrupt this which users were on the path at ple from entering the course and along the banks of the river Golf Course atmosphere. The solution to the- a given time, and have an ac- may block the golfers’ view of the would make the walk more Continuing on from Hazendal se issues lies in the construction cess log that would show when river. One advantage of this pleasant and add shade for pe- moves the path either through or of both the access points to the people entered and exited the method is that it better separates destrians. around Rondebosch golf path and the path itself. The en- course. This greatly increases pedestrians without putting up an Crossing Raapenberg Road course. Going around the golf trance points to this pathway the sense of responsibility that impenetrable wall. It may prove to access the section referred to course causes less debate but is would either need to be access users of the path feel. This also to be difficult to plant so much in this document as Interchange undesirable in terms of increas- controlled or carefully monitored. means that access could be vegetation along the path Park is currently very difficult for ing public access to the river. Actively monitoring the en- granted or revoked on a user by though. This moves us to the pedestrians and cyclists. Safe It is imperative to the goal of trance allows for much more user basis, and that the keys third option. crossing is difficult because of the pathway that it runs as close freedom than the access control could be renewed on a yearly This option is a hybrid of the the high rate of speed of traffic as possible to the river, which option and is much better for the basis. other two options. It would con- along the road. The following means crossing through Ron- goal of the path, because it pro- The construction of the path sist of a low fence or wall, 75 to are two possible options for safe debosch golf club. Placing the motes unrestricted public access itself also contributes to benefi- 100 cm tall, which would provide passage over the road. pathway through the course also to the river. It would involve ei- cial use by all parties in- continuous separation between The first option is to put in a increases the visibility of the ther a guard or a camera that volved. The optimal path the path and playing field along traffic robot to stop traffic and course in terms of public, and will would identify all incoming path through the course would be a the entire length of the riv- allow pedestrians through. This help spur public interest in the users through an unrestricted monitored, open path with no er. This would reinforce the psy- is the easier option, but may not river, which will in turn help the access point. Signage would fences or restrictions. This is the chological aspect of the barrier be possible due to heavy traffic club as a riverside stakeholder. need to be posted warning users most visually appealing ap- and clearly denote possible ma- flow. The more complicated op- Proposing a public pathway of the path about the dangers of proach and supports the theme levolent persons who cross tion which has less of an effect through a golf course will often errant golf balls. of public access and discourage- it. This low, unobtrusive fence or on traffic is to put a pedestrian cause turmoil, however. Golf An access controlled ment of barriers. This path wall would be supplemented by overpass across the road. This Club members were resistant to area would be protected by a would need to be monitored, with landscaping trees or bushes that could be implemented as an ex- any access to their club by any- gateway to the path. Users of the level of observation roughly would serve to preserve some tension to the existing M5 over- one other than golfers. the path would need to obtain corresponding inversely to the level of separation between path pass. some sort of access key that level of access control at the en- and playing field, but not to the 11

stop and rest if needed. The addition of benches gives people a chance to stop and enjoy the wildlife and natural beauty of the area. Planting more trees or putting in a sports field would also increase the desira- bility of the area. Planting trees helps with social awareness and the environment as well as teaching others about a sustainable ecosystem. Labelling the trees along the walkway provides an educational oppor- Computer rendering of a pathway behind a vision for a redevelopment of tunity, similar to the signs post- Oude Molen Eco-Village, developed in conjunction with Worcester ed in Kirstenbosch Botanical Polytechnic Institute’s Cape Town Project Centre (Brandmier et al., 2011) Gardens. There, all the flowers, trees and other vegetation are labelled with names and a de- terminal point for the path at Two Rivers Urban scription of the plant, as well as this time. To continue the path Park Recreational areas in Interchange Park common uses. This type of here would mean construction signage promotes tourism and of a large pedestrian overpass provides educational opportuni- across the N2, or an underpass Maitland Garden Village Once over the road, it is rel- would be placed adjacent to the ties for students. beneath the N2. At this section, atively easy to access both pathway to allow pedestrians to The park could serve as a the overpass is preferable to an & Oude Molen Eco Village sides of the river because of an underpass using the existing The second half of the river existing bridge across the river bridge over the river. The runs straight through Two Riv- that could be modified to be bridge has a very low level of ers Urban Park. There are more pedestrian friendly. clearance over the water, and many entrances into this area, With the addition of the pro- moving under the N2 at that including an existing Two Riv- posed pathway, access will be point would necessitate the ers Urban Park archway locat- provided via the park and walk construction of another under- ed in the parking lot of Vincent next to the golf course and Ha- pass or over pass several me- Pallotti Hospital. It is also pos- zendal rail station. The park tres away to cross the M5 off sible to enter from Oude Molen provides a place to relax and ramp. The overpass over the Eco Village, Perseverance could be the site of many differ- N2 could be moved slightly east road, and the Valkenberg pe- ent land based activities. There so as to cross all eight lanes at destrian bridge. The pathway is also a small pond in the mid- once. Until one of these pro- in this location runs along the dle of the park that is ecologi- jects is completed, the park will river as well as making a circuit cally rich and could be the site serve as a temporary termina- for people to enjoy the wet- of a future bird hide. The path- tion point and path users will be lands. This area enjoys a di- way around this area would able to continue by driving to verse ecological system that form a complete circuit, to allow the next section. could be the site of multiple bird park users to jog or stroll hides. around the area. Benches Artist rendition of the future of Interchange Park 12

tion of the Black River. As tourism makes up a Oude Molen Eco-Village large portion of Oude Molen’s economy, a beau- tiful, useful river would greatly benefit the village. Oude Molen Eco Village is situated on the Black River, on the former site of the Valkenberg New additions to the community could be can- Hospital complex. This places it a short dis- tered around the river. The coming regenera- tance from downtown Cape Town in Pinelands. tion plan for OMEV could certainly take into ac- OMEV began in 1997 as an effort to create a count improvements in the Black River and how community of ecological micro-enterprises. So it is used as a resource for the community. far this includes a café, horse stables, a youth education garden, artist workspace, backpacker lodges, and educational institutions. The property is currently owned by the Western Cape Province, which is preparing a regeneration plan guide property development. The goal of this Future recreational possibilities in Two Rivers Urban Park plan is to generate state revenue and advance other social goals (Jiusto 2011). Across Perseverance road, the Raapenberg Bird Sanctu- Oude Molen Eco Village is another riverfront the path will continue along the ary. The Valkenberg Hospital community that is a stakeholder in the revitaliza- river behind Maitland Garden complex contains a number of Village. This spot would serve buildings with significant historic as an excellent recreational value, and heritage tours could venue for residents of the com- be an asset to the area that munity to relax. Existing Two would also draw tourists. De- Rivers Urban Park framework spite this, the hospital manage- Maitland Garden Village gram put in place, and as a major stakeholder, documents have suggested an ment is unlikely to welcome the would need to be consulted when creating a informal “kick-around” field at level of through traffic expected Maitland Garden Village (MGV) lies on the vision. A revitalized river could potentially spur the edge of the driving range, on this pathway. Ideally, wet- Black River between Oude Molen Eco Village an increase in jobs, due to new opportunities for protected from golf balls by a land access should be immedi- and the confluence of the Black and Liesbeek businesses and maintenance. Large plots of barrier system. ate from the end of the bridge, Rivers. MGV is a historically coloured communi- undeveloped land are located adjacent to both without having to first cross ty, and as such must deal with remnants of the river and MGV, creating a situation in which Valkenberg Hospital and through the hospital. This can years of inequality under Apartheid. Problems the community best interests lie in revitalizing be accomplished by discon- that arise from this include high unemployment, the river. Raapenberg Bird Sanctu- necting the hospital fencing drug and alcohol abuse, geographic and social ary from the end of the bridge to isolation, poorly maintained housing, and limited Next, the path continues allow pedestrians to exit onto youth opportunities. At the same time, MGV also across Valkenberg Bridge. The the proposed pathway There houses a primary school, crèche, soccer field, bridge currently enters the are two proposed path options and community group. Even though the village Valkenberg Hospital complex to continues form this faces many problems, crime levels are low directly, so a pedestrian moving point. Path option one would (Jiusto 2011). over the bridge would exit into be to move along the fence of As a riverfront community, MGV stands to the hospital complex, and then the Valkenberg complex, even- benefit greatly from any river restoration pro- need to cross through the com- tually meeting up with the cur- plex and exit in order to reach rent entrance of the Raapen- 13

Pathway Considerations: Horses Pathway Considerations: Security

As the path moves through presence in this area offering a the Vincent Pallotti wetland be- safer atmosphere for the path. hind Oude Molen Eco Village, it The second impact is path- is important to consider the way construction. Brick and equestrian aspect of the com- Timber boardwalk don’t hold up munity. As readers may or may very well under constant use by not be aware, there is an enter- horses because of the horses prise located in Oude Molen metal horseshoes. Also, some that maintains a significant precast concrete pavers with number of horses. This impacts large enough gaps can poten- pathway construction in two tially injure the horses. There- important aspects: security, and fore, special considerations Reed Bed Security Bird Hide Security Blue Light construction material of the have to be made when select- pathway. The first impact is a Considerations Considerations Security Alarms ing a construction material for positive one. Horses are much this section of the pathway, more suited for patrol of the Passing through the Raapen- Bird Hides are a valuable Blue light emergency inter- such as using a horse friendly wetlands than either people on berg Bird Sanctuary places the resource in terms of ecological coms are commonly deployed paving material or establishing across college campuses and foot or wheeled transportation. path adjacent to wide areas of education and tourism. Bird a separate track for horses. serve to provide quick communi- With Oude Molen’s continual marshland. This marshland hides allow people a place to cation with security personnel. horse rides and lessons, there contains very tall reed beds and watch birds without disturbing These systems often contain will be a constant, highly mobile poses a unique security con- them while offering shelter from some combination of intercom or cern. During the winter months, the elements. Unfortunately, telephone, and a light or siren. berg wetlands. Path option two run down, and not very accessi- the marshes flood and prevent due to the latter feature, it is When activated, they connect to is to travel along the edge of ble. There is an informal path- access to the reed beds. During necessary to make sure that an emergency line that allows the river until Observatory way running from this entrance the summer months however, these hides do not become a communication with a dispatcher Bridge. Both of these paths to Observatory Bridge, and and alerts security personnel. the waterline recedes to the cen- temporary residence for some- should move around the marsh there are two bird hides in this They may also activate a flash- areas that are home to multiple location. The two bird hides ter of the marshland, leaving the one, as well as mitigating van- ing blue light or siren to notify species of birds. The path are not well known to the pub- tall reeds near the edge dry. dalism and violence. One way potential aggressors that securi- along the river is more desira- lic, and receive few visi- These tall dry reed beds have to do this is to remotely monitor ty personnel have been alerted ble because it retains the goal tors. The proposed path for this proven to facilitate muggings each hide. An intercom and and are on the way. These lo- of the path in providing river point would clean up the en- and assaults. One solution to camera could let a guard know cations can also be monitored access to the public and has trance to this area, and formal- by camera to provide anoth- less of an ecological impact by ize the pathways. Another goal this problem is to add a barrier, when birdwatchers wished to not disturbing birds that have would be to add signage indi- such as a fence, that substan- use the hide, and the guard er layer of safety while dis- built nests along the fence. cating the existing bird hides as tially increases the difficulty of would be able to monitor the use couraging misuse and ne- At this point the path enters well as the new ones. In this either entering or leaving the of the hide and maintain the gating false alarms. the Raapenberg Bird Sanctu- sense the signs could create a marsh. safety of the area. ary. The existing entrance is flow and purpose for this sec- 14

ing them with important recreational open space. A park and walk at this area would also allow communities farther away to utilize the park and the path. This would also mean that each end of the path would have its own park and walk, allowing users of the path more flexibility. It also places the ends of the park near two different rail stations, Hazendal and Koeberg. Currently this section is dominated by construction debris from development on the M5 itself. Obviously the debris and equipment storage here is temporary, and in some ways the existing damage to the environment allows the revitaliza- The historical appeal of Valkenberg Hospital can be used to create a tion process for this section to tourist attraction start from scratch with a lot of potential. A park at this location tion of pathway, establishing and Liesbeek Rivers, marking could make use of a number of some kind of bird watching cir- the beginning of the Salt River different amenities, such as bird cuit by guiding bird watchers which is outside the scope of hides, owl boxes, picnic bench- and tourists to different bird this project. This park will serve es, or playground equipment. hides. as the terminal point for the The team also spoke to a com- This section has the poten- path on this end, because con- munity member who advocated tial to connect the communities tinuing further down the river a camping location at the site. of Maitland, Observatory, Oude would lead into a heavily indus- Overall, this site would serve as Molen, and Maitland Garden to trialized area of private land, an asset to surrounding com- Two Rivers Urban Park, the and continuing the pathway munities, and draw pedestrians proposed city wide non- would mean crossing several to the pathway. motorized transport network, multiple-line rail bridges. De- and areas upstream such as spite this, discussion with com- Athlone, Hazendal, and munity members has uncov- Sybrandpark. ered interest in green initiatives Berkley Park near the Salt River area, includ- The final section of the path ing plantings, beautification ef- is located across Observatory forts, and generating green en- Bridge between the river and ergy through tidal forces. the M5. This section approach- Creating a park at this point es the confluence of the Black allows connectivity with the community of Maitland, provid- 15

Water that was once unhealthy of dams in the Black River, environmental impact can support activities such as however, this could change. assessment would need to be fishing or swimming. Dams could increase the depth completed in order to determine of the river so that it is the sustainability of these In order to bring the river to navigable by boaters and deep actions. If desired, flood gates The Potential: a usable state, river clean-up enough to swim in. A dam could help control the effects of must target all three types of would restrict water flow for a flooding in the event of severe pollution that plague the river short period of time as the rainfall. Any such project will today: physical, chemical and Future Opportunities water level rises, and then allow require careful planning to environmental. The presence of the water to flow similarly to the make sure that the ability of the just one type of pollution will way it did before construction. river to resist flooding is not negatively impact the potential There are also benefits such as hindered. As noted in Chapter of the river for recreation; After public awareness of pathway and the land in the increased oxygen in the water Two, there are positive aspects sometimes this presence will the Black River becomes well Black River corridor, however, downstream of the dam, and to floodplains, so any render recreational activities established, additional projects such capital expenditures are the potential to generate engineering project that adjusts totally unfeasible. Litter, found will likely be easier to justify justifiable to the government as electricity by using the water to the floodplain will have to take along the banks of the river as from a political standpoint. economically redeeming. power turbines. Should the this into consideration. well as in the water itself, can These projects can aim to water level rise to a level where The first project proposed is be removed easily and without Although these projects may develop the area for it would impact low lying a clean-up of the river. Removal requiring much additional require a significant capital recreational use or create bridges or other constructions, of existing pollution and equipment. The removal of investment, they open up the commercial opportunities. it may be beneficial to dredge elimination of pollution sources invasive plant species will river to a wide range of These projects are generally the river so that the water can can begin to provide a better require extra effort to make activities. These activities may larger in scope and would flow past the obstacles without future for the river. By sure that none of the plants serve the people of the require significant funding to creating damage. As with all of improving water quality, many remain, but a clear waterway is surrounding communities by complete. After the public these major projects, an opportunities begin to open up. needed for transportation opening up economic begins to use the formal through the river. Clean-up of the chemical pollution is the most complicated aspect to clean up, as the contamination comes from a multitude of sources along different tributaries. (River Health Programme, 2005) Despite the complexity in improving the river quality, it is an essential step in unlocking the potential of the Black River. The second project is to engineer a sustainable flow for the river. Because the water is so shallow in the summer months, it is not possible to use The Blas Brisoli dam on the river Malargüe, in Malargüe, Argentina the river for many aquatic River cleanup efforts along the Liesbeek River activities. With the introduction (Flores, 2007) 16

open a rental business to serve kilometres and deep enough Cape Town has been improving tourists in the area as well as water to navigate by boat. infrastructure throughout the watercraft enthusiasts. Interest Having an Olympic-sized city. An Olympic bid in the in using the river as an aquatic rowing course improves Cape future is not out of the realm of trail has already been Town’s chances of hosting the possibility; one of the main demonstrated by local interest summer Olympic Games. A reasons for not submitting a bid groups. The Peninsula regulation-sized course could in the past was that the old Paddlers, a group of volunteers also attract athletes for an Green Point stadium would that crossed the Cape international competition, have had to have been Peninsula using only water similar to the Henley Royal replaced (Abermann, 1993). A ways, paddled up the Black Regatta in London or the Head new stadium has already been River in kayaks to raise of the Charles in Boston. City built for the World Cup. This awareness of the plight of the officials indicated that research type of infrastructure upgrading river (Lee, 2011). has been done on the feasibility is conducive to maintaining of a course of this type, but the Cape Town’s place on the Another idea brought to light project team was unable to world stage. A water taxi currently transports tourists between the Central Business by community members was obtain the report. District and the V&A Waterfront the implementation of an Olympic rowing course. This Beginning with preparations requires at least two straight for the FIFA World Cup in 2010, opportunities or by just non-tourist areas. This would providing simple enjoyment, but increase the customer base for either way these projects will be businesses in the Cape Flats creating a positive impact on district near the end of the taxi the area and the city as a route. These areas traditionally whole. do not see much tourist traffic; a water taxi would encourage One of the first projects that tourists to visit the area. If the community members expressed taxi proves to be economically interest in was establishing a efficient, it may be a viable route for a water taxi. By option for mass transit of lower making stops at frequently income residents. visited locations, the existing water taxi on the Roggebaai Kayaking and canoeing Canal between the V&A have been suggested by Waterfront and the Cape Town multiple community members International Convention Center as recreational opportunities has been proven as a popular that they would like to pursue. tourist attraction. This project Suggestions ranged from being could involve expanding the able to canoe down to the existing route used by the ocean towing a surfboard to Roggebaai taxi or establishing being able to cross the entirety a separate route. Continuing of the peninsula using only The Sydney International Regatta Centre, an Olympic rowing course in the existing service to Athlone rivers. As kayaking and Stadium would encourage canoeing become more popular Sydney, Australia (Hectic18, 2007) tourist travel to these otherwise on the river, it will be possible to 17

bers of the task force to famil- iarize themselves with the material is so long that doing so Now What? would be impractical. The expert could serve as a sort of human database, not neces- Conclusions & sarily containing all the an- swers, but knowing how to point people with questions in the right direction and understand- Recommendations ing the common themes in vari- ous river restoration pro- The current state of the river rounding area. Areas like Two jects. Familiarization with previ- is harmful to both the environ- Rivers Urban Park are being ous restoration efforts is key to ment and the people that reside held back by the river. The exe- making critical decisions about around its banks. The water is cution of the revitalization of this effort moving forward. toxic and filled with the same this river has the potential to litter that lines its banks. The support Cape Town in fulfilling Increase the communi- local vegetation has been large- its role as the World Design ly replaced by alien species that Capital of 2014. With South ty’s involvement and use up essential nutrients and Africa looking to submit a bid Urban Parks can be major attractions for tourists and residents alike awareness of the river. choke out indigenous plant life. for the 2024 Olympic Games, a (Fano,2004) This is a complicated, multi- The few areas that are pleasant feasible venue for aquatic com- faceted goal that includes many are largely inaccessible, and petitions may make Cape Town different steps. The most major the areas that are accessible a more appealing candidate. ble for the sponsor of this vi- their separate projects that they step, which is also the main are poorly maintained and lack Such a venue could also allow sioning project, the City of Cape are working on, designating focus of this document, is mak- recreational facilities. According Cape Town to host international Town Department of Environ- representatives to join the task ing the river as accessible to to the South African Constitu- competitions independent of a mental and Heritage Manage- force will allow these depart- the public as possible by creat- tion, everyone has the right to gigantic event such as the ment to achieve significant re- ments to work on a large pro- ing a path along the river. The an environment that is not Olympics. There are a multitude sults on their own. The authors ject without designating a lot of role of the task force in this will harmful to their health or well- of future possibilities for the of this document recommend resources. Outlined below are be to push the project for- being and to have the environ- Black River Corridor. an interdepartmental task force recommended actions for the ward. Another important step is ment protected for the benefit of The Black River has great be convened whose mission is task force to accomplish to- to increase awareness of the present and future generations. future potential. It could be- to instigate and oversee restor- wards its ultimate goal of revi- general public. In reviewing The current state of the Black come a major asset for subur- ative actions with respect to the talizing the river. other studies of river restoration River infringes on this right. It ban Cape Town. It could be- river. This task force would in- efforts, a significant source of doesn’t have to be this way, come an attraction to both clude members from several Appoint a river restora- funding came from private and though. Cape Town residents and tour- different departments in the corporate donations. Along The City of Cape Town ists, similar to New York City’s city, and work closely with both tion expert to guide the with this, a large amount of la- needs to begin the process of Central Park. There are places the province and community task force bour capitol was saved through rehabilitating the Black River along the river that could be action groups such as the The amount of information community based clean-up and now. The current state of the developed into superior recrea- Friends of the Black and available about previous river planting operations. Funding is river is detrimental to ongoing tional areas with minimal effort. Vygekraal Rivers. Although in- restoration is enormous. The critical in restoration projects development efforts in the sur- Unfortunately, it is not possi- dividual departments may have time it would take for all mem- and often although some capital

is required to start, continued Only after these sources of pol- hough there are certainly costs operations and restoration lution are identified is it possible associated with the project, the- thrive through community sup- for them to be neutralized. Pub- se are greatly outweighed by port. licizing the sources of pollution the benefits that the project will can begin to create public pres- achieve. The revitalization of sure to eliminate them. the Black River corridor is an Begin construction of investment in the future of the pathway at Two Develop an environ- Cape Town. Rivers Urban Park. mental education pro- Choosing this location as a starting point has many ad- gram about the river. vantages. The pathway could When the source of pollution be created in conjunction with is the public itself, a different the on-going development of approach to eliminating the pollution is required. In the case of TRUP. This area also has rela- Informal settlement upgrading will be an essential part of eliminating a group of people chronically tively few obstacles to construc- pollution sources. tion—there are existing bridges contributing to the pollution problem, it is necessary to de- to allow for passage across the be mitigated, and community Black River and the M5 which velop an education program to Improve riverside in- stop this. By educating the peo- well being can be improved. could be utilized for the path- formal settlements way and there are no private ple who live and work along the river, particularly in the up- In some places, however, an By taking these steps to- developments that would have educational program will not be wards rehabilitating the Black to be circumvented along this stream areas, the river health can be improved in a sustaina- enough. At least one of the trib- River, the City of Cape Town is area. Opening up these bridges utaries that flows into the Black acknowledging a current prob- and creating a formalized path- ble manner. River also passes by an infor- lem and taking initiative to solve way through TRUP can begin mal settlement. These areas of it. Although it may not be the the process of connecting the low-income informal housing easiest project to complete, it surrounding communities. pose a unique threat to the should be completed for the health of an adjacent riv- sake of the people of Cape Eliminate the sources er. Although the people of that Town. community may depend on the While the difficulties in start- of pollution in the river. river, they must be able to use ing this restoration are formida- While some members of the it sustainably. Currently they ble, the benefits of revitalizing task force are beginning the may be using it for waste dis- the Black River are enormous. creation of a pathway, other posal as well as a source of A revitalized river would provide members should look into the water. Even if they aren’t ac- a stimulus to the area in terms causes of the river’s problems. tively abusing the river, urban of property values. A safe non- This could come in the form of runoff in these environments is motorized transport route along a point-source, such as a pipe far worse than formalized urban the river would help alleviate from a factory spilling effluent areas. By upgrading and for- congestion in the traffic system. into the river, or it could be in malizing these areas and con- Easily accessible parks would the form of a line-source, such “Zibi bins,” part of the City of Cape trolling policy regarding river provide a recreational outlet for as runoff from a highway that Town’s recycling education program usage, the level of impact these people to enjoy nature. Alt- runs along the side of the river. areas have on river health can 19

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