Transition Minerals Tracker Human rights policies & practices of companies key minerals for the low-carbon transition

Background MAIN CONCERNS RAISED IN ALLEGATIONS REGARDING , COBALT, LITHIUM, According to the World Bank, six minerals expected to experience a signi cant rise MANGANESE, NICKEL, AND ZINC MINING in demand as the world transitions to a low-carbon economy include copper, cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. 26 Environmental impacts GROWTH IN MINERAL DEMAND 2°C and 4°C Climate Scenario 26 Access to water

Cobalt Health impacts +100% +1000% 14 14 Indigenous peoples’ rights Copper + + 100% 300% 12 Tax avoidance

Lithium Labour rights +100% +1000% 10 8 Deaths Manganese +100% +1000% 7 Free, prior & informed consent

Nickel Beatings & violence, intimidation & threats +100% +1000% 5

Land rights Zinc 4 +100% +300% 4 Corruption SOURCE: World Bank, The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future, Jun 2017 (climate scenarios refer to limiting global temperature increase to 2°C or 4°C respectively) 2 Access to information 2 Livelihood impacts Business & Human Rights Resource Centre collected data on the human rights policies and practices of the top ve companies mining these key 1 Rape & sexual abuse minerals. See our top-line ndings below. For more information including further data and case studies, see our Transition Mineral Tracker. NOTE: One allegation may be linked to multiple issues Cobalt TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED Cobalt is used in energy storage COMPANY HQ LOCATION COBALT OPERATIONS TO COBALT (NUMBER) technologies, such as batteries HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER required for electric vehicles. China Molybdenum China DRC 8

have allegations Gécamines DRC DRC 8 4 /5 related to their cobalt mining Switzerland DRC, Australia, Canada 11

Norilsk Nickel 4 (Nornickel) Russia South Africa, Russia

have a human Vale Brazil Canada, New Caledonia 0 4 /5 rights policy in place *ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

NOTE: Some companies that don’t have allegations speci cally related to their cobalt mining operations, have other human rights allegations recorded on the Resource Centre’s database. The high number of allegations and companies with human rights policies raises concerns about a disconnect between policies and practice on the ground.

Copper TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place Copper is used in wind, solar panels COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED COMPANY HQ LOCATION COPPER OPERATIONS TO COPPER (NUMBER) and in electric vehicles. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER

BHP Billiton Australia Australia, , Peru 8

have allegations Codelco Chile Chile, Ecuador 8 54 /5 regarding their Chile, Indonesia, copper operations Freeport-McMoRan USA 6 Peru, USA Australia, Chile, Glencore Switzerland 32 DRC, Peru, Zambia have a human Grupo Mexico Mexico Mexico, Peru 5 4 /5 rights policy in place *ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

NOTE: Copper mining had the most allegations recorded of all minerals. The high occurrence of allegations raises concerns about a disconnect between policies and practice on the ground.

Lithium TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place Lithium is used in energy storage COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED COMPANY HQ LOCATION LITHIUM OPERATIONS TO LITHIUM (NUMBER) technologies, including electric HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER vehicle batteries. Albemarle USA Australia, Chile, USA 2

Jiangxi Ganfeng China Argentina, Ireland 1 have allegations Lithium 5 /5 regarding their lithium operations Livent Corporation USA Argentina 1

Sociedad Quimica y Chile Chile 2 Minera de Chile (SQM) only one company Tianqi Lithium China Australia, Chile, China 3 1/5 has a human rights Corporation policy in place *ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

NOTE: All of the top 5 companies operate in the lithium triangle between Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. All human rights allegations were related to this region. Manganese TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place

Manganese is used in wind turbines COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED and energy storage technologies. COMPANY HQ LOCATION MANGANESE OPERATIONS TO MANGANESE (NUMBER) HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER

Assmang South Africa South Africa 1 have allegations related to their Consolidated UK Australia, Ghana 0 3 /5 manganese Minerals operations ERAMET France Gabon 3

have a human South32 Australia Australia, South Africa 0 3 /5 rights policy in place Vale Brazil Brazil 2

*ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

Nickel TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place Nickel is used in wind turbines, COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED COMPANY HQ LOCATION NICKEL OPERATIONS TO NICKEL (NUMBER) solar panels and in electric vehicles. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER

Anglo American UK Brazil 0

have allegations BHP Billiton Australia Australia 0 3 /5 related to their nickel Australia, Canada, mining operation Glencore Switzerland 1 New Caledonia

Norilsk Nickel Russia Russia, South Africa 4 (Nornickel) have a human Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, Vale Brazil 9 5 /5 rights policy New Caledonia in place *ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

NOTE: Some companies that don’t have allegations speci cally related to their nickel mining operations, have other human rights allegations recorded on the Resource Centre’s database

Zinc TOP 5 COMPANIES USE IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY Policy or commitment in place Zinc is used in wind turbines COUNTRIES OF ALLEGATIONS RELATED COMPANY HQ LOCATION ZINC OPERATIONS TO ZINC (NUMBER) and solar panels. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ICMM* MEMBER VP** MEMBER China Minmetals China Australia, China 1 Corporation

Argentina, Australia, Canada, have allegations Glencore Switzerland 15 5 /5 related to their Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Peru zinc mining Sumitomo Japan Bolivia 1 Corporation

Teck Resources Canada Peru, USA 7 have a human Vedanta 4 /5 rights policy UK India, Namibia, South Africa 3 in place Resources

*ICMM: International Council on Mining & Metals **VP: Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights

NOTE: The high occurrence of allegations raises concerns about a disconnect between policies and practice on the ground.