2014 Minerals Yearbook CHILE

U.S. Department of the Interior October 2017 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Chile By Susan Wacaster

Chile’s position in the world’s mineral economy was that of a accounted for by the mining sector—4.9% by state-owned leading producer of copper, gold, iodine, lithium, molybdenum, Corporación National del Cobre (CODELCO) and 5.1% by natural nitrates, rhenium, silver, and zinc. In 2014, Chile private mining operations. The mining sector’s contribution to continued to be the world’s leading producer of mined copper, Government revenue between 2003 and 2013 averaged about accounting for 31% of the total; iodine, 66%; and rhenium, 20% annually but had been decreasing since 2008. The decrease 56%. Chile was the world’s second-ranked producer of lithium, was directly related to a downturn in international prices for accounting for 36% of total mine production after Australia copper. Since 2012, the average annual rate of growth of the (with less than a 1% difference), and mined boron (ulexite), price of refined copper on both the London Metal Exchange accounting for 10% of total production after Turkey (which and the New York Metal Exchange decreased by an average accounted for 70% of world production). Chile was the world’s annual rate of 8%. In turn, the average annual rate of growth third-ranked producer of molybdenum, accounting for 17% of of copper mine production in Chile increased by 3% per year. world production after China (37% of world production) and Mining sector activities contributed significantly to other the United States (24%); and the fifth-ranked producer of mined economic sectors in Chile. The mining sector consumed up silver, accounting for 6% of world production after Mexico to one-third of the electric power generated in Chile in 2014; (19%), China (15%), Peru (14%), and Australia (6%). Chile accounted for about 55% to 60% of sea freight exports in 2013 was estimated to have accounted for 3% of the world’s mine and 2014, respectively; and contributed $43 billion to the output of potash [potassium oxide (K2O equivalent)]; 3.0%, salt construction sector between 2008 and 2013 (Comisión Chilena (sodium chloride); 2%, gold; and 2%, sulfur (Apodaca, 2016; del Cobre, 2015, p. 151–152; SR Comunicaciones, 2014, p. 42; Bolen, 2016; Brininstool, 2016; Crangle, 2016; George, 2016a, b; 2015, p. 60; Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Jasinski, 2016; Jaskula, 2016; Polyak, 2016; Schnebele, 2016). Caribe, 2016). In 2014, the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of Chile was $258 billion, which was the sixth-ranked GDP in the region Government Policies and Programs after Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, and Colombia, and accounted for 4% of the GDP of the countries of Latin America The Government of Chile, through the Ministerio de Minería and the Caribbean. Chile’s per capita GDP of $14,418 was [Ministry of Mines], exercises control of the mineral industry seventh in the Latin America and Caribbean region, but the per through state-owned companies and regulatory agencies, capita GDP varied greatly by administrative region in Chile, including the Chilean Copper Commission (COCHILCO), primarily as a function of the magnitude of the mining industry CODELCO, Empresa Nacional de Minería [National Mining across the country. In 2014, the year-on-year rate of growth Co. (ENAMI)], and Empresa Nacional del Petróleo [National of real GDP increased by 1.9% compared with that of 2013 to Petroleum Co. (ENAP)]. COCHILCO was created in 1976 $258 billion (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el by law No 1349. The legal framework for mining in Chile is Caribe, 2016). based on the country’s Organic Constitutional Law on Mining Concessions of 1982 and the Chilean Mining Code of 1983. Minerals in the National Economy On June 16, 2005, the Government passed law No. 20026 to establish a mining-specific tax (royalty), which modified After decreasing gradually since the early 2000s, the value of both the applicable Mining Code (law No. 18248) and mining as a percentage of Chile’s real GDP has remained constant the 1974 foreign investment statute, known as Decree at 12% from 2011 through 2014, and the value of copper mining Law 600 (D.L. 600). D.L. 600, which is an optional investment remained constant at 11% of real GDP during the same time mechanism available to foreign companies, corporations, states, period. In 2014, the value of mineral sector production in Chile and individuals; international organizations; and Chilean entities decreased by 6% compared with that of 2013 to $29 billion. The and individuals domiciled abroad, facilitated almost 60% of value of copper mine production alone accounted for $28 billion. the foreign capital entering Chile between 1974 and 2011. In The amount of primary copper produced from smelters decreased 2014, the Senate Finance Committee voted to abolish D.L. 600. by 4% in 2014 compared with 2013, and refined copper The mining industry was opposed to abolishing the provision (electrowon and primary copper) output decreased by 4% (table 1; owing to the potential for decreased foreign investment in the Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2015, p. 60; Comisión Económica sector. D.L. 600 was used frequently by the mining sector, as it para América Latina y el Caribe, 2016). grants investors a fixed corporate income tax rate for 10 years In 2013 (the most recent year for which data were available), for mining projects worth at least $50 million. The issue had the Government’s general tax revenue from all sectors of the not been resolved by yearend 2014 and was to be debated in economy amounted to $54 million,1 about 10% of which was Congress in 2015 (Abarca, 2014a, b; Carcelen and Lewin, 2015; Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016c; Foreign Investment 1Where necessary values have been converted from Chilean pesos (CLP) to Promotion Agency, 2016). U.S. dollars (US$) at an average rate of CLP570.37=US$1.00 for 2014.

Chile—2014 7.1 In 2006, the Government passed the Fiscal Responsibility acid plants, and 2 years for other industrial emission sources of Law (FRL), and in 2007, the Economic and Social Stabilization arsenic. Existing emission sources are required to capture 95% Fund (ESSF) was established to manage revenues from mining of their sulfur and arsenic emissions. For new emission sources, royalty payments and from CODELCO. The ESSF was emissions are to be limited to 2% or less of the weight of the established with an initial contribution of $2.6 billion, most of sulfur received by the new sources and 0.024% or less of the which was from a similar fund that managed payments from weight of the arsenic received. Under the agreement, maximum the copper sector. The purpose of the ESSF is to finance budget hourly stack emission rates are to be implemented for existing deficits and to pay public debt when adverse economic cycles and new emission sources, and continuous emissions monitoring result in decreased revenue from mining. The market value systems that are in accordance with U.S. Environmental of the ESSF had decreased since 2009 to about $15 billion by Protection Agency standards are to be installed within 1 year yearend 2014 (Ministerio de Hacienda, 2015a, b). of the date of publication of the new regulations (Beveridge & Chile’s main environmental law, law No. 19.300, was Diamond, P.C., 2013). approved on March 9, 1994, and was supplemented on December 7, 2002, by Decreto Supremo 95, which requires Production environmental impact statements for any new investment projects that involve either exploration for or extraction Reported production of many metals decreased in 2014 of the country’s natural resources (including minerals). In compared with that of 2013 (and, in some cases, for multiple July 2011, the Chilean Congress approved law No. 20.551 years), including the total of copper products, mined gold, pig to regulate the closure and environmental remediation of iron, and crude steel, whereas others increased significantly, mine sites and installations, and the law entered into force on such as lead, silver, and zinc. The gross weight and the iron November 11, 2012. On June 18, 2012, the Chilean Congress content of iron ore and concentrate production increased by approved law No. 20.600, which established new environmental 10% and 4%, respectively, compared with 2013. Iron ore and courts charged with the resolution of any complaints relating concentrate production increased since 2010 owing to domestic to emissions, decontamination plans, environmental damage capacity expansion. Lead production increased in 2013 and remediation measures, and environmental disputes (Carcelen and 2014 by 346% and 46%, respectively, owing to increased Lewin, 2015; Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, 2016). grade in mined ores. Molybdenum production increased in The Superintendencia del Medioambiente de Chile [Council 2013 and 2014 by 10% and 26%, respectively, as a byproduct of Ministers for Sustainability] (SMA) is a decentralized of copper mine production. In 2014, total copper production agency under the Ministerio de Medioambiente (Ministry of the decreased by less than 1% compared with that of 2013, but Environment). The SMA administers, coordinates, and organizes from 2010 to 2013, total copper production decreased at an the control and monitoring of environmental issues in the average annual rate of 5%. In 2014, gold mine production country. The agency became fully functional in 2012. Since that decreased by 10% after having increased each year from 2010 time, the SMA has been responsible for fines against Barrick to 2013. Pig iron and crude steel production decreased by 26% Gold Corp. of Canada for water contamination at the Pascua and 15%, respectively, in 2014 after even greater decreases Lama project; Anglo American plc of England for deforestation in 2013. Production of some industrial minerals increased by at the Soldado copper mine; and Antofagasta Minerals for the large amounts as is typical with commodities for which demand destruction of an archaeological site near the Los Pelambres can be sporadic based on local demand. In 2014, production of copper mine. The SMA twice attempted to close CODELCO’s calcium carbonate powder, coquina, guano, and peat increased Ventanas operation because of emissions violations, but the by greater than 100% compared with that of 2013 (table 1). Environmental Court of Santiago struck the measure down both times. CODELCO agreed to pay $320,000 to plaintiffs, to Structure of the Mineral Industry make a greater investment in environmental mitigation, and to construct a new school for the community of Puchuncaví that CODELCO was the world’s leading copper-producing would be located farther from the mine than was the old school company, by tonnage, and the leading Government- (O’Neill, 2014). owned company in the mineral industry, by number of In 2012, the Ministry of the Environment published a active projects or operations. CODELCO’S wholly owned proposal for stricter limits on emissions of arsenic, mercury, domestic producing assets included the Gabriel Mistral open particulates, and sulfur dioxide by sources for which pit mine in Antofagasta; El Teniente Division in Libertador Government permits are issued, including copper smelters. General Bernardo O’Higgins, Radomiro Tomic Division, and In May 2013, the SMA approved Agreement No. 8, which Ministro Hales in Antofagasta, which operated from open establishes standards for emissions from copper processing pit and underground reserves; and the Andina Division in facilities by imposing requirements on existing and new Valparaiso and Chuquicamata Division in Antofagasta, which emission sources. An emission source of arsenic is defined as a operated from open pit, underground, and tailings reserves. location where the thermal treatment of mineral or metallurgic Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX–EW) units were compounds of copper or gold takes place and where arsenic active at Chuquicamata, El Teniente, Ministro Hales, and content in the monthly feedstock is more than 0.005% by Radomiro Tomic. The company also held 100% ownership weight. For existing sources, limits were to be met within in the Potrerillos refinery and smelter in Atacama and the 5 years, or 3 years for facilities with double-contact sulfuric Ventanas refinery and smelter in Valparaiso. CODELCO held

7.2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 minority ownership in operations with Anglo American plc at of the country’s exports of mineral products decreased to the Los Bronces and El Soldado Mines; Freeport McMoRan $43 billion in 2014 from $45 billion in 2013, and the value Inc. at El Abra Mine; and Compania Minera Mantos De Oro (a of the country’s imports of mineral products decreased to subsidiary of Kinross Gold) at La Coipa Mine (table 2). $8 billion in 2014 from $9 billion in 2013. Since at least 2003, Mitsubishi Corp. of Japan was a leading foreign investor in the annual value of refined copper exports, including cathodes numerous mining projects and operations in Chile, with various and fire-refined and semifinished products, increased steadily minority shares of equity ownership. In terms of active operations, until 2011 (excluding 2009), when it reached about $26 billion, Mitsubishi held a 5% share in the Los Pelambres Mine, but decreased gradually through 2014 when the value of refined which was operated by Antofagasta Plc; a 20.4% share in the copper exports was 4% less than in 2011. From 2003 through Los Bronces and El Soldado Mines, the SX–EW units, and the 2012, refined copper accounted for an annual average of 57% Chagres smelter, all of which were operated by Anglo American of the value of all copper exports. In 2013 and 2014, however, plc; a 25% share in each of the Algarrobo, El Romeral, and refined copper accounted for about 47% of the value of copper Cerro Negro Norte Mines, and the Candelaria Mine, which were exports. The total value of Chile’s refined copper exports from operated by Compania Minera del Pacifico S.A.; a 25% share 2003 through 2014 was about $205 billion (Banco Central de in the Los Colorados Mine, which was operated by Compañia Chile, 2015, p. 31, 32, 59, 60; Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016a). Minera Huasco S.A.; and a 25% share in the Huasco pellet The value of annual exports of bulk copper products, plant, which was operated by CAP S.A. (table 2). including cement, concentrate, and secondary copper, increased Antofagasta Minerals S.A. (AMSA), which was a subsidiary gradually from at least 2003 through 2013 (excluding 2009), of Antofagasta Plc, was the leading private domestic mining when it reached $16.6 billion, but decreased in 2014 to company, one of the top 10 copper-producing companies in the $16.3 billion. From 2003 through 2012, the value of bulk copper world, and the company with the greatest number of mining exports accounted for an annual average of 32% of the value of operations and projects in Chile after CODELCO and Mitsubishi. all copper exports, but in 2013 and 2014, bulk copper accounted Antofagasta held a 50% equity interest in the Zaldivar Mine and for 42% and 43%, respectively, of bulk copper exports. From SX–EW unit in Antofagasta; a 60% interest in the Los Pelambres 2003 through 2014, the total value of bulk copper exports was Mine in Coquimbo; a 70% interest in the Centinela Sulfide about $136 billion. From 2003 through 2012, the annual value and Centinela Oxide operations in Antofagasta; and a 100% of blister copper accounted for between 6% and 9% of the value ownership interest in the Michilla Mine and SX–EW unit of copper exports, and the total value of blister copper exports in Antofagasta through its subsidiary Minera Michilla S.A. during that period was about $31 billion. From 2003 through Molibdenos y Metales S.A. (MOLYMET) was a globally ranked 2014, the total value of copper exports from Chile, including producer of molybdenum, ferromolybdenum and, rhenium. The blister, bulk, and refined copper, was about $371 billion company owned two plants in Chile, including MolymetNos in (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016a). Santiago Metropolitan Region and Complejo Industrial Molynor The Asia and the Pacific region was the leading recipient of in Antofagasta (table 2). Chile’s copper exports since at least 2010. In 2014, the value of In 2014, Lundin Mining Corp. of Canada completed its Chile’s copper exports to the region was about $26 billion, of acquisition of 80% of the Candelaria-Ojos del Salado copper which China received 54% (or about $14 billion—which was mining operation and supporting infrastructure from Freeport- about the same as in 2013) compared with an annual average McMoRan for $1.8 billion in cash and the balance in contingent of 51% from 2010 through 2012. Chile’s exports of refined payments to equal $2 billion. Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., copper to China were valued at $7.4 billion and accounted Ltd. and Sumitomo Corp. of Japan retained the remaining 20% for 53% of Chile’s total refined copper exports to the Asia ownership. This was the highest value acquisition (for which and the Pacific region in 2014; the country’s exports of bulk information was available) in Chile in 2014. Franco-Nevada copper to China were valued at $5.2 billion (37%); and blister Corp. of Canada completed the acquisition of Candelaria’s copper, $1.4 billion (10%). From at least 2010 through 2014, gold and silver stream from Lundin. Franco-Nevada provided the value of Chile’s refined copper exports to China decreased an upfront payment of $648 million in cash for which it was to at an average annual rate of 5%, whereas that of blister copper receive 68% of the payable gold and silver from 100% of the increased by 20%; the value of bulk copper exports fluctuated, mine until about 22 metric tons (t) of gold and about 370 t of but resulted in an average annual rate of growth of 9%. For the silver [reported as 720,000 troy ounces of gold and 12 million period 2010–14, the total value of copper exports to China from troy ounces of silver) had been delivered to Franco-Nevada, Chile was $67.5 billion (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016b). and then the stream would be reduced to 40%. Franco-Nevada In 2014, Japan received 19%, or about $4.8 billion, of the agreed to pay an ongoing price of $400 per troy ounce of gold copper exported to the Asia and the Pacific region, which was a and $4 per troy ounce of silver for each troy ounce delivered, decrease of 1% compared with that of 2013. From 2010 through with a 1% increase per year after the third full year of deliveries 2012, the value of Chile’s copper exports to Japan accounted (Lundin Mining Corp., 2014; Franco-Nevada Corp., 2016). for an annual average of 20% of the total to the region. Chile’s exports of refined copper to Japan were valued at $170 million Mineral Trade and accounted for 4% of Chile’s total refined copper exports to the Asia and the Pacific region in 2014; the value of bulk copper In 2014, the total value of exports from Chile was about exports was $4.7 billion (96%); and there were no reported $77 billion, and that of imports was about $72 billion. The value exports of blister copper to Japan. From 2010 through 2014, the

Chile—2014 7.3 value of Chile’s refined copper and bulk copper exports to Japan Anglo American’s majority-owned Los Bronces operation fluctuated, but resulted in average annual rates of growth of (which was also known as Anglo American Sur and Disputada) 24% and 1%, respectively. The total value of all Chile’s copper and Compañia Minera Doña Inés’ Collahuasi Mine each exports to Japan for the period 2010–14 was $25.2 billion accounted for 8% of the country’s mined copper production (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016b). in 2014. Los Bronces, which started operating in 1922, had Although the value of molybdenum exports from Chile accounted for between 5% and 8% of the country’s annual increased to about $1.3 billion, or by 54%, in 2014 compared mined copper production since 1960, and it produced a total with that of 2013, the annual value of molybdenum exports of 7 Mt of copper from 1960 through 2014. In 2011, an had been decreasing dramatically since 2007, when the value expansion project was completed at Los Bronces that increased was $3.3 billion. From 2003 to 2007, the annual value of the production capacity by almost 300,000 metric tons per molybdenum exports had increased greatly (from $335 million in year (t/yr) to 490,000 t/yr, and annual production increased by 2003) (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016a). 58% in 2012 compared with that of 2011. Collahuasi’s first full In 2014, the value of nonmetallic mineral exports from Chile year of operation was in 1999; it produced more than 400,000 t was about $2.2 million, which was a decrease of 6% compared of mined copper annually through 2014; accounted for between with that of 2013, and in 2013, the value of nonmetallic mineral 5% and 9% of the country’s annual mined copper production exports decreased by 11% compared with that of 2012. Prior since 1999; and produced a total of 7 Mt of copper (including to 2012, the value of nonmetallic mineral exports increased the 48,000 t it produced in 1998 during commissioning) from steadily, with the exception of 2009, and the average annual 1999 through 2014 (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016e). rate of growth from 2006 through 2011 was 24%. In 2014, In 2014, El Teniente was CODELCO’s leading copper- the country’s leading exported mineral product, by value, producing mine, accounting for 27% of the company’s mined was iodine, which accounted for 32% of the total, followed copper and 8% of the country’s total. El Teniente, which by potassium chloride, 20%; potassium nitrate, 15%; lithium commenced production in 1917, was among Chile’s oldest carbonate, 10%; and rock salt, 5%. The total value of these five continually operating copper mines. The total amount of mined leading nonmetallic mineral commodities accounted for 82% of copper produced from El Teniente since 1960 was 16 Mt. the total exported in 2014 and accounted for an annual average Copper production from the mine accounted for between 22% of 77% of the total from 2006 through 2013 (Comisión Chilena and 35% of CODELCO’s annual total and between 7% and del Cobre, 2016d). 32% of the country’s annual total between 1960 and 2014. In 2014, Chuquicamata, which commenced operation in 1915, and Commodity Review Radomiro Tomic, which commenced operation in 1997, each accounted for 6% of the country and 20% of CODELCO’s total Metals mined copper output (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016e). Copper production from the Collahuasi, Chuquicamata, El Copper and Molybdenum.—In 2014, mine production Teniente, Los Bronces, Los Pelambres, and Radomiro Tomic of copper decreased by 1% to 5.8 million metric tons (Mt) Mines together accounted for 92% of the mined copper in Chile compared with that of 2013. Mine production from large-scale in 2014. These same mines accounted for 84% of the 48,770 t companies was 5.5 Mt, or 95% of the total. Private mining of mined molybdenum produced in 2014. CODELCO mines companies accounted for 69% of mined copper total, and accounted for 63% of the total molybdenum production, about CODELCO, 31% of the total. Production from private one-half of which was from the Chuquicamata and Radomiro companies was composed of copper in concentrates (68%) Tomic Mines, and the remainder was from the Salvador and and cathodes (32%); that from CODELCO was composed of Andina Mines (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016e). cathodes (57%), concentrates (35%), and blister (8%). Medium- Gold.—Gold production decreased in Chile in 2014 for scale mines produced about 246,000 t of copper in cathodes the first time since 2010. Since 2005, the amount of gold (48%) and concentrates (52%). Small-scale mines accounted for produced annually varied by 6% or less, with the exception about 67,000 t of copper production. The amount of copper that of 2011 and 2012, when it increased by 14% and 11%, was produced as a byproduct of gold mining was about 2,300 t, respectively. Total reported gold production since 2005 was of which large-scale operations accounted for 38%, followed by about 436 t. Gold production was conducted primarily in the small-scale operations (35%), and medium-scale operations (27%) Antofagasta, Atacama, and Coquimbo regions. In 2014, 85% (table 1; Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 2015, p. 35–38). of the gold produced in Chile was sourced from these three Minera Escondida Ltda.’s Escondida Mine continued to regions. Other gold-producing regions included Aysén del be Chile’s leading copper mine, accounting for 20% of the General Carlos Ibáñez, Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, country’s total mined copper production in 2014. Since the Metropolitana de Santiago, and Valpariso. About 27 t, or 59%, mine’s first full year of operation in 1991, production from of the gold produced in Chile in 2014 came from mines where Escondida accounted for between 16% and 28% of Chile’s total gold was the primary commodity. Most of the remainder came copper production annually. Total mined copper production from operations where copper was the primary commodity, but from Escondida (including about 9,000 t of copper produced in also from mines where silver or zinc was the primary commodity 1990 during commissioning) through 2014 was 22 Mt of copper, (Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 2015, p. 40‒42). which accounted for 21% of all mined copper produced in Chile Of the 46 t of gold produced in Chile in 2014, about 22.5 t from 1991 through 2014 (Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016e). was produced by large-scale gold-mining operations. Of that

7.4 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 amount, gold in dore accounted for 95%, and the remainder important are borax and kernite (sodium borates) and ulexite was gold in concentrate. Gold production from medium-scale and colemanite (calcium borates). Sources of borates in Chile gold mines amounted to 3.4 t in 2014, of which 85% was gold are primarily ulexite associated with Andean salars (geothermal in dore and the remainder was gold in concentrate. Small-scale brine fields and caliche deposits with iodine, lithium, and gold mines produced 1.2 t of gold in 2014. Gold produced from nitrates) and the Pampa del Tamarugal regional aquifer in the mines where copper was the primary commodity amounted to northern part of the country. From the mid-1850s through the 18.7 t, of which large-scale mines accounted for 91%; medium- 1960s, Chile was a leading producer of borates, but production scale mines, 6%; and small-scale mines, 3% (Servicio Nacional nearly stopped in the 1970s when borax, colemanite, and other de Geología y Minería, 2015, p. 44). boron compounds began to be produced in the United States and Iron Ore and Iron and Steel.—Compañia Minera del Turkey and later in Argentina. Borate deposits in Chile include Pacifico S.A. (75% owned by CAP and 25% owned by Salar Aguas Calientes Norte, Salar Aguas Calientes Sur, Salar Mitsubishi Corp.) was the leading producer of ferrous metals de Ascotan, Salar de Atacama, Salar Colpitas, Salar Maricunga, in Chile in 2014. The company’s assets and operations in the Salar Perdanales, Salar Punta Negra, Salar Quisquiro, and Salar country included open pit mines and tailings mines and projects de Surire (Kistler and Helvaci, 2006, p. 171, 178‒180). in Antofagasta and Atacama and the Huasco pellet plant in From 2005 through 2013, between 98% and 100% of the Atacama. The combined proven and probable reserves of annual production of borates in Chile was accounted for by these assets as of yearend 2014 totaled about 7 Gt of iron. The ulexite. In 2014, however, ulexite accounted for 84% of the company reported another 2 Gt of iron contained in measured, total. The decrease was owing to decreased production of indicated, and inferred resources (Compañia Minera del ulexite rather than the production of any other form of borate Pacifico S.A., 2015, p. 32‒33). compound. In 2014, production of ulexite from Antofogasta In 2014, CAP’s Cerro Negro Norte Mine started commercial (Region II) was 47,815 t and that from Arica and Parinacota operations and added 4 Mt to the company’s annual capacity. (Region XV) was 448,417 t, the sum of which was about 300 t The gross weight of total production for the year from CAP less than the total reported for the country in 2013 (table 1; was about 13 Mt. Production included 3.4 Mt of pellet feed Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2015, p. 95, 119). from the Copiapo Valley plants; 1.7 Mt of self-fluxing pellets, Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A. (SQM) explored, 4.8 Mt of pellet feed, 93,000 t of direct-reduction pellets, and mined, and processed caliche ore and brine deposits in northern 86,000 t of pellet chips from the Huasco Valley plants; 1.2 Mt Chile. At the Salar de Atacama, the company extracted brines of pellet feed, 266,000 t of fines, and 3,000 t of lumps from the with high concentrations of boron, lithium, potassium, and El Romeral Mines in the Elqui Valley; 825,000 t of sinter feed sulfates to produce bischofite (magnesium chloride), boric acid, from the Cristales and the Los Colorados Mines; and 371,000 t lithium compounds, potassium chloride, and potassium sulfate. of lumps from the El Algarrobo Mine and 82,000 t of lumps Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide were produced at from the Cristales Mine. As of yearend 2014, CAP held 1,236 the company’s plant near the city of Antofogasta. SQM held active mining concessions that covered 183,760 hectares (ha) a total of 11,458 concessions on 2.9 million hectares (Mha) in in the Antarctic, Antofagasta, Atacama, Bio Bio, Coquimbo, northern Chile. Of that total, 11,033 concessions and 2.8 Mha Magallanes, and Maule regions and 403 active exploration were exploitation concessions, and the remainder was held for licenses in Antofagasta, Atacama, Aysén General Carlos Ibañez, exploration. The majority of the concessions were primarily for Coquimbo, and Los Lagos. CAP’s steel company, Compañía nonmetallic mining purposes, but an unspecified number were Siderúrgica Huachipato S.A. (CSH), was the only integrated for metallic mining (Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A., steel company in Chile. In 2014, the company produced 2015, p. 11, 38). 697,000 t of liquid steel and 673,000 t of finished steel, which Iodine, Nitrates, and Potassium Compounds.—The caliche was a decrease of about 19% and 22%, respectively, compared ore deposits in northern Chile are the country’s source of iodine with production in 2013. The company’s steel production and the world’s largest commercially exploited source of natural processes included blast furnace reduction of iron ore to produce nitrates. In 2014, six Chilean companies accounted for about 56% liquid steel for flat and rolled products, 95% of which was of the total global sales of iodine, of which SQM accounted for distributed to the domestic market in 2014. Deliveries of steel about 26%. Other companies included Atacama Chemical S.A. products in 2014 totaled 701,031 t, which was 158,445 t less (Cosayach), controlled by the Chilean holding Inverraz S.A.; than in 2013. In September 2013, CSH suspended the operation ACF Minera S.A.; Algorta Norte S.A. (a joint venture between of one of its blast furnaces, and stopped production of hot-rolled Inversiones Minerales S.A. and Toyota Tsusho Corp.); products. The company reported that it did so in order to focus SCM Bullmine and RB Energy (controlled by Atacama Minerals its business on long products for the mining and construction Chile Minera) (table 2; Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile industries (Compañia Minera del Pacifico S.A., 2014; 2015, S.A., 2015, p. 11, 22). p. 17, 26, 34, 36). In 2014, SQM operated the Pedro de Valdivia and the Nueva Victoria Mines. Operations at the company’s Pampa Blanca site Industrial Minerals and El Toco Mine were temporarily suspended for optimization work at the facilities. At the Pedro de Valdivia Mine, caliche Boron.—Borates are defined as esters or salts of boric acid, ore was crushed to create both coarse and fine fractions. The which are compounds containing boric oxide. Many minerals coarse fraction was processed using closed-circuit vat leaching to contain boric oxide, but those that are commercially most selectively dissolve the contents into solutions containing iodine

Chile—2014 7.5 and nitrates. The concentrated solution was cooled to produce Lithium.— SQM produced lithium carbonate at its Salar sodium nitrate crystals, which were separated from the brine using del Carmen facilities near Antofogasta. The annual production basket centrifuges, and then sent to the processing plant. The brine capacity of the lithium carbonate plant was 48,000 t/yr. The was pumped to the iodine facilities where iodide was separated in company also produced lithium hydroxide at the facility and a solvent extraction plant, and the remaining brine was returned to the production capacity was 6,000 t/yr. Rockwood Lithium Ltd. the vat leaching process. The fine fraction was leached at ambient of Germany had an estimated 22% of the global market share, temperature with water. After the solvent extraction process, the the total of which came from its operations in Chile and the brine was pumped to solar evaporation ponds in Coya Sur for United States (Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A., 2015, the concentration of nitrates. Production capacity at the Pedro de p. 23‒24). Valdivia facility alone was about 500,000 t/yr of sodium nitrate. First Potash Corp. (previously known as Pan American The crystallized sodium nitrate was an intermediate product that Lithium Corp.) of Tucson, Arizona, held rights covering 22 ha was further processed at the company’s Coya Sur and María at Laguna Brava, Laguna Escondida, La Laguna, Laguna Verde, Elena production plants to produce sodium nitrate, potassium Lagunas Jilgueros, Rio de la Sal-Llanta, Salar Ignorado, Salar nitrate, and sodium potassium nitrate (Sociedad Química y de Wheelwright, Salar de Maricunga, Salar Piedra Parada, Minera de Chile S.A., 2015, p. 29‒31). and Salar de Perdernales. The company changed its name to Iodine in the caliche leach solution was in the form of iodate. First Potash in 2012 and directed its business focus towards Part of the iodate solution was reduced to iodide using sulfur development and marketing of potassium from brines. In 2013, dioxide. The resulting iodide was combined with the remainder First Potash finalized an agreement with Minex Ventures VII of the untreated iodate solution to release elemental iodine of Colorado to develop the Salar de Perdernales (Perdernales). in low concentrations. The iodine was then extracted from Minex committed to a $2.5 million investment over 2 years for solution and concentrated as iodide using a solvent extraction a 45% share. Perdernales was the second largest salar in Chile, and stripping plant at the Pedro de Valdivia and Nueva Victoria and First Potash owned mineral concessions of 5,100 ha and facilities and at the Iris blowout plant at the Nueva Victoria had submitted applications for water exploration rights covering facility. The concentrated iodide was oxidized to solid iodine, about 1,500 ha at the property (Nasdaq Globe Newswire, 2013; which was then refined through a smelting process and SR Comunicaciones, 2015, p. 166). pelletized. Iodine production operations at the Iris plant were Minera Li Energy SpA (Li3) (a subsidiary of Li3 Energy restarted in August 2014 after being suspended in October 2013. Inc.) was developing the Maricunga project in Antofagasta. In 2014, SQM’s total iodine production was 9,602 t of which The project consisted of the SLM Litio concessions covering 5,987 t was from the Nueva Victoria and Iris facilities; 3,242 t 1,438 ha, and the Cocina concession covering 450 ha. In from the Pedro de Valdivia facility; and 373 t from the María 2011, Li3 completed an acquisition of 60% of the Sociedades Elena facility. The Nueva Victoria facility was also used for Legales Mineras de Litio 1 of Maricunga’s Sierra Hoyada recycling iodine from the potassium iodide contained in the (a group of six private companies that collectively owned the liquid crystal display (LCD) waste solutions imported from the SLM Litio 1‒6 concessions). In 2012, as part of the bidding Republic of Korea and other SQM facilities. The total capacity process for a special lithium operations contract, Li3 formed a at the iodine production plants was about 13,300 t (Sociedad consortium with POSCO and Daewoo International Corp. of Química y Minera de Chile S.A., 2015, p. 29‒31). the Republic of Korea and Mitsui & Co. Ltd. of Japan for the SQM produced potassium chloride and potassium sulfate SLM Litio 1. Li3 apparently did not win the bidding round for from the brines of the Salar de Atacama, and since 2009, the the Cocina concessions, but the Government annulled the award company’s end-product capacity had increased to at least to the winner because it had in some way failed to comply 2 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr). Brines from the Salar de with the rules of the bidding process. As a result, Li3 acquired Atacama were pumped to solar evaporation ponds that produced 100% of the Cocina concessions. Li3 planned to produce crystallized salts containing magnesium, potassium, and sodium. lithium carbonate from the Cocina concessions and potassium Potassium and sodium salts were treated to separate potassium chloride from the SML Litio concessions on the Maricunga chloride by grinding, flotation, and filtering processes. (SR Comunicaciones, 2015, p. 189‒190). Potassium salts containing magnesium were treated at cold leach plants where magnesium was removed. Potassium chloride Mineral Fuels and Related Materials was transported to Coya Sur to be used in the production of potassium nitrate, and excess potassium chloride was sold to Coal.—In 2014, coal remained the primary source for the third parties. Byproducts of the potassium chloride production production of thermal energy in Chile, and the country typically process include brines remaining after removal of the potassium imported about 90% of its required demand. Coal was primarily chloride, which were used to produce lithium carbonate or produced in Magallanes. Production in 2014 increased by 44% reinjected into the Salar de Atacama; sodium chloride that was compared with that of 2013 and by 308% in 2013 compared deposited at sites near the production facility; and other salts with that of 2012 owing to the commencement of operations at containing magnesium chloride. SQM’s potassium sulfate Mina Invierno, which added 4 Mt of annual production capacity production capacity was 340,000 t/yr, of which 95,000 t to the coal industry (table 1; Servicio Nacional de Geología y corresponded to potassium chloride. This capacity was part Minería, 2015, p. 104). of the total plant capacity of 2.6 Mt/yr (Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A., 2015, p. 31‒33).

7.6 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 Reserves and Resources References Cited

Table 3 includes the most current reported reserves for copper, Abarca, Juan Andres, 2014a, Chile’s lower house votes to abolish DL 600 gold, iodine, iron, molybdenum, nitrates, and silver. In recent provision: Business News Americas [Santiago, Chile], April 23. Abarca, Juan Andres, 2014b, Trend—The comings and goings of Chile’s years, most reported reserve values for mineral commodities DL 600: Business News Americas [Santiago, Chile], July 30. in Chile have been sourced from the Anuario de la Minería Antofagasta Minerals S.A., 2015, Proyecto Antucoya—¿Que es el Proyecto [Annual Minerals Yearbook] which was released by the Servicio Antucoya? [Antucova Project—What is the Antucova Project?]: Antofagasta Nacional de Geología y Minería [National Geology and Mining Minerals S.A. (Accessed February 5, 2016, at http://web.antucoya.cl/#/ ProyectoAntucoya.) Service (SERNAGEOMIN)]. The agency reformatted its 2014 Apodaca, L.E., 2016, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity minerals yearbook and mineral reserves were not included. Summaries 2016, p. 162–163. Most of the data in table 3 reflect the values reported by Banco Central de Chile, 2015, Indicadores de comercio exterior—Cuarto SERNAGEOMIN in its 2013 minerals yearbook. trimestre de 2014 [Foreign trade indicators—Fourth quarter of 2014]: Santiago, Chile, Banco Central de Chile, February, 264 p. Beveridge & Diamond, P.C., 2013, Environmental law portal—Ministry Outlook of the Environment publishes stringent emissions standards for copper foundry and arsenic emission sources: Beveridge & Diamond, P.C. Numerous projects were under construction or in the feasibility (Accessed June 20, 2014, at http://www.environmentallawportal.com/ chile-environmental-developments-q2-2013.) stage in 2014, which was to enhance Chile’s world-class Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, 2016, Decreto 95—Modifica standing in terms of development potential. BHP had two Reglamento del Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental [Modifications major investments in projects at the Escondida Mine, including to Regulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment System]: Biblioteca construction of an oxide leach pad system that would extend the del Congreso Nacional de Chile, November 29. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=205385&idParte=8140862& operation life of the Escondida plant and allow it to maintain a idVersion=.) processing rate of 67,500 metric tons per day; and the company’s Bolen, W.P., 2016, Salt: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Organic Growth project, which was expected to result in Summaries 2016, p. 140–141. increased processing capacity through construction and expansion Brininstool, Mark, 2016, Copper: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016, p. 54–55. of concentration plants (Business News Americas, 2014). Business News Americas, 2014, Outlook—What to expect for Chile’s mining Antofagasta Minerals S.A.’s Antucoya copper project, industry in 2015: Business News Americas [Santiago, Chile]. (Accessed which is located 125 km northwest of the city of Antofagasta, February 5, 2016, at http://subscriber.bnamericas.com/Subscriber/en/features/ was expected to ramp up production in 2015 and to attain mining/outlook-what-to-expect-for-chiles-mining-industry-in-2015.) Carcelen, Jerónimo and Lewin, Matías, 2015, Latin Lawyer Reference— commercial production in early 2016. At yearend 2014, Chile—Mining 2015: Latin Lawyer. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at construction at Antucoya was nearly complete. Antucoya’s mine http://latinlawyer.com/reference/topics/46/jurisdictions/3/chile). plan is for an open pit, heap-leach mine and SX–EW operation, Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2015, Anuario de estadísticas del cobre y which is expected to produce 80,000 t/yr of cathodes from otros minerals 1995‒2014 [Copper and other minerals yearbook statistics 1995‒2014]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 166 p. the oxide zone of the porphyry deposit during a 20-year mine Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016a, Base de datos electronicos—Exportacones life. The project was owned jointly by Antofagasta (70%) and de cobre y subproductos—Exportaciones por tipo de product y empresa Marubeni Corp. of Japan (30%). The joint venture also expected [Electronic database—Exports of copper and byproducts—Exports by type to bring the Encuentro copper, gold, and molybdenum project of product and company]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena del Cobre. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.cochilco.cl:4040/boletin-web/ into production in 2016. Encuentro is located 145 km northeast pages/tabla20/buscar.jsf.) of Antofagasta City and was expected to average 49,000 t/yr of Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016b, Base de datos electronicos—Exportacones cathodes for 8 years, which would be processed at the Centinela de cobre y subproductos—Exportaciones según destino [Electronic database— facility. Coro Mining Corp. of Canada’s Berta copper and Exports of copper and byproducts—Exports according to destination]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena del Cobre. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at molybdenum expansion project, located 36 km south of Diego http://www.cochilco.cl:4040/boletin-web/pages/tabla20/buscar.jsf.) de Alagro in Antacama, was expected to begin commissioning Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016c, Decreto Ley No 1349/76 in late 2015. The mine was a past producer that was closed in [Decree Law No. 1349/76]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena del 2013 and was acquired by Coro from a private claim holder. The Cobre. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at https://www.google.com/ webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=cochilco+le operation was expected to produce 5,000 t/yr of copper cathodes y+1349+law+1976.) from the oxide zone of the deposit for 8 years (Antofagasta Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016d, Estadísticas de la mineria no metallica— Minerals S.A., 2015; Coro Mining Corp, 2016). Exportaciones fisicas por pais de destino 2005 a 2014 [Non-metallic Other projects were at various stages of development and mining statistics—Physical exports by destination country 2005 to 2014]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena del Cobre. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at had anticipated startup dates between 2016 and 2019, including http://www.cochilco.cl:4040/boletin-web/pages/tabla15/buscar.jsf.) the Esperanza Sur copper, gold, and molybdenum project in Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 2016e, Producción cobre de mina por empresa Antofagasta, which was also owned by Antofagasta Minerals [Copper mine production by company]: Santiago, Chile, Comisión Chilena and Marubeni; the Productora copper, gold, and molybdenum del Cobre—Anual. (Accessed February 3, 2016, at https://www.cochilco.cl/ Paginas/Estadisticas/Bases%20de%20Datos/Producci%C3%B3n-Minera.aspx.) project in Atacama, which was jointly owned by Hot Chili Ltd. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2016, of Australia, CAP, and Mitsubishi Corp.; and CODELCO’s CEPALSTAT—Statistics and Indicators—Economic—real sector— molybdenum processing plant at Mejillones, which was National accounts—Annual—In dollars: United Nations Economic expected to produce molybdenum oxide, ferromolybdenum, Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean database. (Accessed January 2, 2016, at http://estadisticas.cepal.org/cepalstat/web_cepalstat/ rhenium, copper cement, and 98% sulfuric acid. estadisticasIndicadores.asp?idioma=i.)

Chile—2014 7.7 Compañia Minera del Pacifico S.A., 2014, Material information as of Ministerio de Hacienda, 2015a, Fondo de Estabilización Económica y Social September 30, 2014: Santiago, Chile, Compañia Minera del Pacifico S.A., [Economic and Social Stabilization Fund]: Ministerio de Hacienda. September 30, 2 p. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.hacienda.cl/fondos-soberanos/ Compañia Minera del Pacifico S.A., 2015, Annual operating summary—2014: fondo-de-estabilizacion-economica-y.html.) Santiago, Chile, Compañia Minera del Pacifico S.A., p. 32‒33 (Accessed Ministerio de Hacienda, 2015b, Informe Ejecutivo mensual a Marzo de January 17, 2016, at http://eng.cap.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/cap_ 2015 [Monthly executive report to March 2015]: Ministerio de Hacienda. annual_report_2014.pdf.) (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.hacienda.cl/documento/descargar/ Coro Mining Corp., 2016, Nora & Berta: Coro Mining Corp. (Accessed id/14011.) February 5, 2016, at http://www.coromining.com/s/nora_berta.asp.) Nasdaq Globe Newswire, 2013, First Potash Corp. announces earn-in and Crangle, R.D., 2016, Boron: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity joint venture, and grant of options under new corporate stock option plan, Summaries 2016, p. 38–39. January 18. (Accessed December 28, 2015, at http://globenewswire.com/ Foreign Investment Promotion Agency, 2016, What is DL 600?: Comité news-release/2013/01/18/517230/10018530/en/First-Potash-Corp- de Inversiónes Extranjeros [Foreign Investment Committee]. (Accessed Announces-Earn-In-and-Joint-Venture-and-Grant-of-Options-Under-New- January 23, 2016, at http://www.ciechile.gob.cl/dl-600/que-es-el-dl600/) Corporate-Stock-Option-Plan.html.) Franco-Nevada Corp., 2016, Candelario: Franco-Nevada Corp. (Accessed O’Neill, Eilís, 2014, Chile finally gets tough on mining industry: Earth Island February 2, 2016, at http://www.franco-nevada.com/our-assets/candelaria.) Journal, March 26. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.earthisland.org/ George, M.W., 2016a, Gold: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/chile_finally_gets_tough_on_mining_ Summaries 2016, p. 72–73. industry.) George, M.W., 2016,b Silver: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Polyak, D.E., 2016, Molybdenum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016, p. 152–153. Summaries 2016, p. 112–113. Jasinski, S.M., 2016, Potash: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Schnebele, E.K., 2016, Iodine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016, p. 128–129. Summaries 2016, p. 82–83. Jaskula, B.W., 2016, Lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 2015, Anuario de la minería de Chile, Summaries 2016, p. 100–101. 2014 [Mineral yearbook of Chile, 2014]: Santiago, Chile, Servicio Nacional Kistler, R.B., and Helvaci, Cahit, 2006, Boron and borates, in Industrial de Geología y Minería, 246 p. minerals and rocks: Littleton, Colorado, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile S.A., 2015, Annual report—2014: Exploration, p. 171‒186. Santiago, Chile, Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile S.A., 324 p. Lundin Mining Corp., 2014, Lundin Mining announces agreement to SR Comunicaciones, 2014, Guia Minera de Chile 2014 [Chile Mining Guide purchase Freeport’s 80% interest in the Candelaria Mining Complex: 2014]: Santiago, Chile, Publicaciones Lo Castillo S.A., 316 p. Lundin Mining Corp., October 4. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at SR Comunicaciones, 2015, Guia Minera de Chile 2015 [Chile Mining Guide http://lundinmining.mwnewsroom.com/press-releases/lundin-mining- 2015] : Santiago, Chile, Publicaciones Lo Castillo S.A., 332 p. announces-agreement-to-purchase-freeport-s-80-interest-in-the-cand-tsx- lun-201410060971622001.)

7.8 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 1 CHILE: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 METALS Copper: Mine output, Cu content thousand metric tons 5,456 r 5,257 r 5,484 r 5,851 r 5,793 Metal: Smelter, primary do. 1,560 1,522 1,342 1,358 1,356 Refined: Electrowon do. 2,089 2,025 2,029 1,933 1,844 Primary, other do. 1,155 1,068 873 822 885 Total do. 3,244 3,093 2,902 2,755 2,729 Gold, mine output, Au content kilograms 39,494 45,137 49,936 51,309 46,031 Iron and steel: Ore and concentrate: Gross weight thousand metric tons 9,126 r 12,625 r 17,330 r 17,109 r 18,865 Fe content do. 6,805 7,747 9,429 9,088 9,428 Metal: Pig iron do. 635 1,072 1,065 775 576 Steel, crude do. 1,011 1,615 1,671 1,323 r 1,119 Lead, mine output, Pb content 695 841 410 1,829 r 2,678 Molybdenum, mine output, Mo content 37,186 40,889 35,090 38,715 48,770 Of which, oxides 5,885 4,821 4,790 397 -- Silver: Mine output, Ag content 1,287 1,291 1,195 1,174 1,572 Metal, Ag content kilograms 150,060 165,550 165,000 e 154,500 e 200,000 e Zinc, mine output, Zn content 27,662 36,602 26,762 29,759 45,094 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Boron compounds:

Boric acid (H3BO3) 105,190 102,323 97,235 91,252 94,986 Ulexite, natural 503,609 488,523 444,487 580,528 496,533 Cement, hydraulic thousand metric tons 3,871 4,406 4,722 4,800 e 5,000 e Clays: Bauxitic 29,832 38,312 4,976 2,145 16,903 Bentonite -- 1,255 893 358 1,083 Kaolin 62,226 59,912 60,429 60,000 60,000 e Other, including ball and plastic clays 7,972 9,057 1,940 -- r -- Copper sulfate 12,023 11,187 8,814 8,869 10,292 Diatomite 30,925 22,938 23,021 27,092 31,000 Feldspar 7,723 7,563 6,399 3,874 4,233 Gypsum: Crude 758,011 917,759 799,064 1,015,158 843,490 Calcined 183,919 185,576 124,154 117,598 85,000 e Iodine, elemental 15,793 16,000 17,494 20,656 18,989 Lithium compounds, natural: Lithium carbonate 44,025 59,933 62,002 52,358 55,074 Lithium chloride 3,725 3,864 4,145 4,091 2,985 Lithium hydroxide 5,101 5,800 5,447 4,197 4,194 Nitrates, crude, natural thousand metric tons 1,059 928 823 760 722 Peat, horticultural use 1,343 958 346 527 2,276 Phosphatic materials, natural: Phosphate rock (apatite): Gross weight 9,019 14,304 8,585 12,041 8,727 e P2O5 content 2,780 4,410 2,650 3,740 3,000 Phosphorite 40,664 -- 5,750 -- 2,717 Guano 845 1,625 1,266 2,915 11,415 Potash, natural: Potassium chloride, KCl 1,523,222 1,328,504 1,581,226 1,838,735 1,759,490

Potassium sulfate, K2SO4 2,774 43,185 105,182 62,480 110,811 See footnotes at end of table.

Chile—2014 7.9 TABLE 1—Continued CHILE: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS—Continued Pumicite 824,049 816,565 826,779 800,031 808,879 Pyrophyllite 1,126 349 730 -- r -- Salt (NaCl) thousand metric tons 7,695 9,966 8,057 6,577 10,533 Siliceous sand and gravel (silica): Quartz, unspecified 501,534 422,468 359,692 360,293 269,208 Silica sand 824,759 814,375 907,784 997,855 924,059 Stone: Calcium carbonate, limestone thousand metric tons 6,518 6,270 6,658 6,454 r 6,850 Of which: Coquina do. 329 391 375 182 510 Ground calcium carbonate, white do. 48 45 44 26 26 Limestone, crude do. 6,141 5,834 6,238 6,246 6,314 Marble 2,170 3,201 2,285 3,523 4,453 Travertine 4,015 4,117 4,467 5,599 4,176 Sulfur, byproduct thousand metric tons 1,686 1,723 1,681 1,700 e 1,700 e Talc 238 ------Zeolites -- 94 250 159 92 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Coal, bituminous and lignite, marketable thousand metric tons 619 654 712 2,902 4,168 Methanol do. 935 554 313 204 200 e Natural gas (gross) million cubic meters 2,333 r 2,015 r 1,626 r 1,166 r 1,202 Natural gas (marketed) do. 2,297 r 1,979 r 1,555 r 1,166 r 1,131 Petroleum: Crude and condensate thousand 42-gallon barrels 913 r 750 r 1,072 r 2,765 r 2,292 Refinery products: Liquefied petroleum gas do. 7,787 7,529 6,774 7,000 7,000 Gasoline, including for aviation do. 17,549 18,957 19,379 19,000 19,000 Kerosene, including for jet fuel do. 4,994 4,988 5,548 5,500 5,500 Diesel and distillate fuel oil do. 21,738 23,694 21,436 21,400 21,000 Residual fuel oil do. 9,202 8,737 8,020 8,000 8,000 Other do. 5,862 6,277 6,611 6,600 6,600 Total do. 67,131 70,182 67,766 67,500 67,100 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through November 2, 2015. 2In addition to the commodities listed, arsenic trioxide, barite, coke, dolomite, ferroalloys, hydraulic lime, lapiz lazuli, manganese, mercury, pyrite, rhenium, selenium, sodium sulfate, and steel semimanufactures were produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.

7.10 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 2 CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Arsenic (stabilized as EcoMetales Ltd. (Codelco Technologies Ltd., 100%) Plant to remove the arsenic and antimony contained in 10 nonhazardous waste) smelting residues from the Chuquicamata, Poterillos, and Ventanas smelters, Antofagasta (Region II) Barite metric tons Sociedad Minera Godoy Schwenger y Cía. Hijuelas, Valparaiso (Region V) 400 Bentonite do. Sociedad Legal Minera Mabel Dos Primera de Arica Quarry and plant near Arica, Arica y Parinacota 1,500 (Region XV) Boron compounds, Química Industrial del Bórax Ltda. Ulexite mine at Salar del Surire, and boric acid and 550

B2O3 content (private, Chile-based investors, 100%) agrochemical plants near Arica, Arica y Parinacota (Region XV) Do. S.Q.M. Salar S.A. [Sociedad Química y Minera de Mine brines of Atacama Salar, and boric acid plant 200 Chile S.A. (SQM), 100%] at Antofagasta, Region II Do. do. Plant in Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Calcium carbonate, natural Minera El Way S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarry near Antofagasta, Region II NA Do. Minera El Jilguero S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarry near Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) NA Do. Minera Río Teno S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarry and plant at Teno, near Curico, Maule NA (Region VII) Do. Minera Río Colorado S.A (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., La Perla Mine and plant near Melipilla, NA 51%, and Soprocal Calerías e Industrias S.A., 49%) Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. Sociedad Minera Las Abuelitas Ltda. Mine and plant near Melipilla, Santiago Metropolitan NA (Soprocal Calerías e Industrias S.A., 100%) Region Do. Minera Melón S.A. (Melón S.A., 100%) Navío Mine near Quillota, Valparaiso (Region V) NA Do. Alfredo Villalobos Román Tarsicio S.A. Quarry and plant near Illapel, Coquimbo (Region IV) NA Do. César B. Formas Ortiz S.A. Plant at Chañaral, Atacama (Region III) NA Do. Explotaciones de Minas Tongoy Ltda. Quarry and plant near Tongoy, Coquimbo (Region IV) NA Do. Imopac Ltda. Plant at Vallenar, Atacama (Region III) NA Do. Mario Alberto Pizarro A. S.A. Plant at Los Vilos, Coquimbo (Region IV) NA Do. Minera Trucco Ltda. Mine and plant, Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. Cristalerías Toro S.A.I.C. Plant at Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. Sociedad Minera Godoy Schwenger y Cía. Mine and plant near Quillota, Valparaiso (Region V) NA Do. Compañía Minera Feltre Ltda. Plant at Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. Compañía Minera Saturno Ltda. do. NA Do. Unimin Chile Ltda. do. NA Do. Sociedad Minera y Comercial Alegría y Cia Ltda. Mine and plant at Coquimbo (Region IV) NA Do. Sociedad Contractual Minera Pirineos Quarry and plant at Vallenar, Atacama (Region III) NA Do. Cemento Polpaico S.A. (Holcim Ltd., 54.3%; Cerro Blanco plant, Santiago Metropolitan Region; NA Compañía de Consumidores de Gas de Santiago, Mejillones plant, Antofagasta (Region II); Coronel 40.9%; other, 4.8%) plant, Biobio (Region VIII) Cement Melón S.A. (Inversiones Brescia S.A., 99.24%, and La Calera plant, Valparaiso (Region V), and grinding 1,800 other private, 0.76%) plant at Puerto Montt, Los Lagos (Region X) Do. Cementos Bío Bío S.A. (private, 100%) Talcahuano plant, Biobio (Region VIII) 750 Do. do. Grinding plant at San Antonio, Valparaiso (Region V) 300 Do. Industria Nacional de Cemento S.A. Plant near Antofagasta City, Antofagasta (Region II) 500 (INACESA), 100% Do. do. Plant near Curico City, Maule (Region VII) 1,700 Clays, unspecified Sociedad Minera Casablanca S.A. Quarry and plant in Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. Sociedad Minera Godoy Schwenger y Cía. Quarry and plant near Quillota, Valparaiso (Region V) NA Do. Minera Lealtad Ltda. Quarry and plant at Til Til, Santiago Metropolitan NA Region, and at Olmue, Valparaiso (Region V) Coal, bituminous Ingeniería del Sur S.A. Pecket deposit, Magallanes coal basin, 600 and lignite Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Region XII) Do. Minera Isla Riesco (Empresas Copec S.A. 50%, Mina Invierno, Isla Riesco coal basin, Magallanes y 4,000 and Ultramar Shipping Co., 50%) de la Antartica Chilena (Region XII) Do. Carbonifera Cocke Car Ltda. Don Pedro, Coronel, Bíobío (Region VIII) 24 Do. Pacheco y Burdiles Ltda. El Sarco, Bíobío (Region VIII) NA See footnotes at end of table.

Chile—2014 7.11 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Copper, Cu content Compañía Minera Cerro Colorado Ltda. Cerro Colorado Mine and SX-EW2 plant, 120 (BHP Billiton plc, 100%) Tarapaca (Region I) Do. Minera Escondida Ltda. (BHP Billiton plc, 57.5%; Escondida open pit mine, two concentrator plants, an 1,300 Rio Tinto plc, 30%; Japan Escondida Corp., 10%; oxide plant for cathode production (SX-EW2), and a International Finance Corp., 2.5%) sulfide-leach plant for cathode production, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Minera Spence S.A. (BHP Billiton plc, 100%) Spence Mine and SX-EW2 plant, Antofagasta (Region II) 200 Do. Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi SCM Collahuasi open pit mine, concentration plant, and 400 (Anglo American plc, 44%; Glencore plc, SX-EW2 plant, at Ujina, Tarapaca (Region I) 44%; companies led by Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 12%) Do. Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Chuquicamata Division, including Chuquicamata and 450 (Government, 100%) Mina Sur Mines; Chuquicamata SX-EW2 plant (oxide), smelter, and refinery (oxide and sulfide), Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Radomiro Tomic Division and Mine, and Radomiro Tomic 480 SX-EW2 plant; Ministro Hales Mine and SX-EW2 plant Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. El Teniente Division and Mine, and Caletones smelter 430 (anodes) and refinery (fire-refined ingots), Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI) Do. do. Ventanas Division, Las Ventanas smelter and refinery 402 (cathodes), Valparaiso (Region V) Do. do. Andina Division, including Rio Blanco and Sur Sur Mines 270 (concentrates), Valparaiso (Region V) Do. do. El Salvador Division, including Campamento Antiguo and 70 Damiana Norte open pit mines; Inca underground mine; and Potrerillos SX-EW2 plant and refinery, Atacama (Region III) Do. do. Potrerillos refinery and smelter Salvador Division NA Atacama (Region III) Do. Minera Gaby S.p.A. [Corporación Nacional del Cobre Gabriela Mistral Mine and SX-EW2 plant, Sierra Gorda, 170 (CODELCO) (Government, 100%), 100%] Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Antofagasta Plc, 60%; JX Nippon Mining Metals Los Pelambres open pit mine and concentration plant, 430 Corp, 15%; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 10%; Coquimbo (Region IV) Marubeni Corp., 8.75%; Mitsubishi Corp., 5%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 1.25% Do. Antofagasta plc, 70%, and Marubeni Corp., 30% Centinela oxide and sulfide mines and plant, 300 Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Minera El Tesoro S.A. (Antofagasta plc, 70%, and El Tesoro open pit mine and SX-EW2 plant, Antofagasta 110 Marubeni Corp., 30%) (Region II) Do. Minera Michilla S.A. (Antofagasta plc, 100%) Michilla Mine and SX-EW2/sulfide-leaching plant, 45 Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) Hernán Videla Lira smelter (anodes and blister), 340 (Government, 100%) Paipote, Atacama (Region III) Do. do. Concentration plants: Manuel Antonio Matta, Paipote; 180 Osvaldo Martínez, El Salado; and Vallenar, Antacama (Region III); and José Antonio Moreno, Taltal, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Chagres smelter (anodes and blister), 175 Valparaiso (Region V) See footnotes at end of table.

7.12 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Copper, Cu content— Anglo American Sur S.A. (Anglo American plc, 50.1%; Los Bronces Mine (concentrates) and Tortolas SX-EW2 490 Continued Mitsubishi Corp., 20.4%; Corporación Nacional del plant (cathodes), Santiago Metropolitan Region Cobre, 20%; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., 9.5%) Do. Anglo American Sur S.A. (Anglo American plc, 50.1%; El Soldado Mine (cathode and concentrates) and 50 Mitsubishi Corp., 20.4%; Corporación Nacional del SX-EW2 plant Valparaiso (Region V) Cobre, 20%; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., 9.5%) Do. Empresa Minera de Mantos Blancos S.A. (Anglo Mantos Blancos open pit mine and SX-EW2 plant, 100 American plc, 99.9%, and other private, 0.1%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Mantoverde open pit mine and SX-EW2 plant, 65 Atacama (Region III) Do. Glencore Copper Chile S.A. Altonorte smelter (anodes and blister), La Negra, 300 Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Compañía Minera Xstrata Lomas Bayas Lomas Bayas Mine and SX-EW2 plant, 75 (Glencore plc, 100%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Sociedad Contractual Minera El Abra El Abra Mine and SX-EW2 plant, near Calama, 225 [Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc., 51%, and Antofagasta (Region II) Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) (Government, 100%), 49%] Do. Cía. Contractual Minera Candelaria (Lundin Mining Candelaria open pit mine, underground mine, and 150 Corp., 80%; Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd., concentration plant, near Copiapo, Antacama 16%; Sumitomo Corp., 4%) (Region III) Do. Lundin Mining Corp., 80%; Sumitomo Metal Mining Ojos del Salado Mine and concentration plant, near 35 Co. Ltd., 16%; Sumitomo Corp., 4% Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) Do. Compañía Minera Zaldívar (Antofagasta Plc, 50%; Zaldívar open pit mine and SX-EW2 plant, 150 Barrick Gold Corp., 50%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Compañía Minera Quebrada Blanca Quebrada Blanca open pit mine and SX-EW2 plant, 100 [Teck Cominco Ltd., 76.5%; Inversiones Mineras S.A., Tarapaca (Region I) 13.5%; Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) (Government, 100%), 10%] Do. Minera Valle Central S.A. Facilities near Rancagua, Libertador General 30 (Amerigo Resources Ltd., 100%) Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI), to process tailings of the Collahuasi and El Teniente Mines Do. Compañía Minera Carmen de Andacollo Carmen de Andacollo Mine and SX-EW2 plant, 22 [Teck Cominco Ltd., 90%, and Empresa Nacional de Coquimbo (Region IV) Minería (ENAMI) (Government, 100%), 10%] Do. EcoMetales Ltd. (Codelco Technologies Ltd., 100%) Plant to acid-leach fine copper at Chuquicamata Mine, 25 produced by the Antofagasta (Region II) (from residual material Chuquicamata and El Teniente Divisions) Do. Haldeman Mining Compsny S.A. (100%) Quebrada Sagasca open pit mine and SX-EW2 NA plant, 110 km east of Iquiuqe, Tarapaca (Region I) Do. Korea Resources Corp. (51%), and Capstone Estrellita Mine, 5 km south of Diego de Almagro, NA Mining Corp. (49%) Atacama (Region III) Do. Sociedad Punta del Cobre S.A., 100% Punta del Cobre Mine, 17 km southeast of Copiapó NA Atacama (Region III) Do. do. Trinidad Mine, Tierra Amarilla, Atacama (Region III) NA Do. Antofagasta Plc, 60%; JX Nippon Mining Metals Los Pelambres Mine, 45 km northeast of Salamanca, 90 Corp, 15%; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 10%; Cocquimbo (Region IV) Marubeni Corp., 8.75%; Mitsubishi Corp., 5%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 1.25% Copper sulfate metric tons Compañía Minera Cerro Negro Portales Mine and a plant at Cabildo, Valparaiso 200 (Region V) Do. do. Minera Capacho Viejo Ltda. Mine and plant near Tocopilla, Antofagasta (Region II) 5,000 Do. do. Compañía Minera San Gerónimo Mine and plant near Coquimbo (Region IV) 10,000 See footnotes at end of table.

Chile—2014 7.13 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Diatomite Celite Chile Ltda. (IMERYS S.A., 100%) Plant at Port of Arica, and mining operations nearby in 30 Regions I and XV Dolomite Minera El Jilguero S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarries and plant near Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) 30 Feldspar Minera Alfa Quintay Ltda. Quarry and plant, Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. J.B. Schiappacase A. Quarry and plant near Limache, Valparaiso (Region V) NA Do. Minera Pacífico Ltda. Quarries and plants in Libertador General NA Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI), and plant in Santiago Metropolitan Region Ferromolybdenum Molibdenos y Metales S.A. (MOLYMET) Nos plant 30 km south of Santiago and 25 (private, 100%) Molynor Industrial Complex, Antofagasta Gold: Metal ingots kilograms Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Ventanas refinery, Valparaiso (Region V) 12,000 (Government, 100%) Mine output do. do. Andina, Chuquicamata, El Teniente, Radomiro Tomic, and 2,000 Salvador Divisions (byproduct of copper production) Do. do. Minera Escondida Ltda., 100% Escondida copper mine and plants, Antofagasta (Region II) 4,500 Do. do. Cía. Contractual Minera Candelaria, 100% Candelaria copper mine and plant, Atacama (Region III) 2,500 Do. do. Lundin Mining Corp., 80%; Sumitomo Metal Mining Ojos del Salado copper mine and plant, Atacama 600 Co. Ltd., 16%; Sumitomo Corp., 4% (Region III) Do. do. Antofagasta Plc, 60%; JX Nippon Mining Metals Los Pelambres Mine and plant, Coquimbo (Region IV) 1,700 Corp, 15%; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 10%; Marubeni Corp., 8.75%; Mitsubishi Corp., 5%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 1.25% Do. do. Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) Manuel Antonio Matta plant, Paipote; Osvaldo Martínez 400 (Government, 100%) plant, El Salado; and Vallenar plant, Atacama (Region III); and José Antonio Moreno plant, Taltal, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi SCM, 100% Collahuasi Mine and plants, Tarapaca (Region I) NA (Anglo American plc, 44%; Glencore plc, 44%; companies led by Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 12%) Do. do. Compañía Minera Mantos de Oro La Coipa Mine and plant, Atacama (Region III), 6,000 (Kinross Gold Corp., 100%) 140 km north of Copiapo Do. do. Compañía Minera Maricunga Maricunga open pit, heap-leach mine, Atacama 7,500 (Kinross Gold Corp., 100%) (Region III), 100 km east of Copiapo Do. do. Minera Meridian Ltda. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) El Peñón Mine and concentration plant, 10,500 Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Minera Esperanza S.A. (Antofagasta plc, 70%, and Esperanza sulfides mine and milling/flotation plant, 8,000 Marubeni Corp., 30%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Minera Florida S.A. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) Minera Florida Mine and concentration plant, 3,100 Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. do. Compañía Minera Cerro Bayo Ltda. Cerro Bayo Mine and concentration plant, 950 (Mandalay Resources Corp., 100%) Aysen (Region XI) Do. do. Sociedad Contractual Minera El Toqui Ltda. El Toqui Mine and Doña Rosa concentration plant, 1,600 (Nyrstar NV, 100%) Aysen (Region XI), 120 km north of Coyhaique Do. do. Atacama Pacific Gold Corp. (100%) El Durazno small tonnage mine, 173 km north of Santiago, NA Coqumimbo (Region IV) Do. do. Lachlan Star Ltd., 100% CMD Mine, 40 km southeast of Coquimbo, Coqumimbo NA (Region IV) Do. do. Xtract Resources Plc, 100% Chépic Mine, 19 km northwest of Talca, Maule NA (Region VII) Gypsum, natural Compañía Industrial El Volcán S.A. (Saint-Gobain El Volcan quarry near Santiago, Santiago 100 Gypsum S.A., 100%) Metropolitan Region Do. Compañía Minera Romeral S.A. (Etex Group S.A., El Romeral quarry near Santiago, Santiago 50 59.8%, and Melón S.A., 40.2%) Metropolitan Region Do. Minera Lo Valdés Ltda. Santiago Metropolitan Region NA Do. Compañía Minera Polpaico Ltda. Yeso Norte Mine, Antofagasta (Region II) NA See footnotes at end of table.

7.14 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Gypsum, natural— Industria Nacional de Cemento S.A. (INACESA), 100% Mantos Verdes quarry near Antofagasta City, NA Continued Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Antonio Zotti Rosetti y Cía. Sociedad Minera La Confianza and San Jose Mines near Los Vilos, NA Coquimbo (Region IV); Margarita and San Nicolas Mines, and a plant near Renca, Santiago Metropolitan Region Iodine metric tons SQM Químicos S.A. [Sociedad Química y Minera de Nueva Victoria Mine and plant and Iris plant, 13,300 Chile S.A. (SQM), 100%] Tarapaca (Region I); El Toco Mine and María Elena plant; and Pampa Blanca and Pedro de Valdivia Mines and plants, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Atacama Chemical S.A. (Cosayach) Mine and plant near Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) 3,000 (Inverraz S.A., 100%) Do. do. Atacama Minerals Chile Mine and plant in Aguas Blancas, 2,200 Minera (SCM Bullmine and RB Energy) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Algorta Norte S.A. (Inversiones Minerales SA Baquedano, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta (Region II) 4,000 74.5%, and Toyota Tsusho Corp., 25.5%) Do. do. Minera Centinela S.A. (Antofagasta plc, 70%, and Esperanza mine and milling/flotation plant, 8,000 Marubeni Corp., 30%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. ACF Minera S.A Lagunas Mine, Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) NA Iron ore, Fe content Compañía Minera del Pacífico S.A. (CMP) Cristales, Cerro Negro Norte, and El Algarrobo Mines, 13,000 CAP S.A., 75%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 25% El Algarrobito and Huasco concentration plants, Huasco pellets plant, and Los Colorados Mine and concentration plant, Atacama (Region III); El Romeral and El Tofo Mines, and El Romeral concentration and pellet-feed plants, Coquimbo (Region IV); and El Laco concentration plant, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Magnetite plant to process tailings from the 2,000 Candelaria Mine and other iron-bearing raw materials from third parties, near Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) Do. Minera Santa Fe SCM, 100% Carmen Mine, near Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) 2,000 Do. Santa Fe Mining (JSW Steel Ltd., 70%, and Bellavista Mine, near Copiapo, Atacama 1,000 Minera Santa Fe SCM, 30%) (Region III) Kaolin Compañía Minera Polpaico Ltda. El Guindo Mine and plant, Santiago Metropolitan NA Region Do. Minera Lealtad Ltda. Mine and plant at Til Til, Santiago Metropolitan NA Region Do. metric tons Mario Alberto Pizarro A.S.A. Plant at Los Vilos, Coquimbo (Region IV) 600 Lapis lazuli do. Las Flores de los Andes S.A. Mine near Ovalle, Coquimbo (Region IV) 400 Lead, mine do. Minera Florida S.A. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) Minera Florida Mine and concentration plant, NA output Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. do. Sociedad Contractual Minera El Toqui Ltda. El Toqui Mine and Doña Rosa concentration plant, 3,000 (Nyrstar NV, 100%) Aysen (Region XI), 120 km north of Coyhaique Lime, hydraulic Cales Inacesa S.A. (INACESA) Plants near Antofagasta City, Antofagasta (Region II), 1,100 (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) and near Copiapo City, Atacama (Region III) Do. Soprocal Calerías e Industrias S.A. Plant at Melipilla, Santiago Metropolitan Region 165 Lithium carbonate metric Rockwood Litio Ltda. Chemetall Foote plant at La Negra, near 26,000 tons (Rockwood Holdings Inc., 100%) Antofagasta City, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. SQM Salar S.A. [a subsidiary of Sociedad Química y Plant at Salar del Carmen, near the city of 48,000 Minera de Chile S.A. (SQM)] (private, 100%) Antofagasta, Antofagasta (Region II) Lithium chloride do. do. do. NA Do. do. Rockwood Lithio Ltda. Chemetall Foote plant at La Negra, near 6,000 (Rockwood Holdings Inc., 100%) Antofagasta City, Antofagasta (Region II) See footnotes at end of table.

Chile—2014 7.15 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Lithium hydroxide metric Rockwood Lithio Ltda. Chemetall Foote plant at La Negra, near 6,000 tons (Rockwood Holdings Inc., 100%) Antofagasta City, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. S.Q.M. Salar S.A. [Sociedad Química y Minera de Mine brines of Atacama Salar, and boric acid plant 6,000 Chile S.A. (SQM), 100%] at Antofagasta (Region II) Manganese do. Manganesos Atacama S.A. (a subsidiary of CAP S.A.) Plant in Coquimbo city and mines in 10,000 Coquimbo (Region IV) Marble, dimension stone do. Pier Luigi Indri S.A. Quarry at Cerrillos, Atacama (Region III) 250 Do. do. Compañía Minera Feltre Ltda. Quarry and plant in Atacama (Region III) 1,400 Methanol do. Methanex Chile S.A. (Methanex Corp., 100%) Two methanol plants at Cabo Negro, 3,800 near Punta Arenas City, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Region XII) Molybdenum, do. Anglo American Sur S.A. (Anglo American plc, 50.1%; Los Bronces Mine and Tortolas molybdenum 3,000 mine output Mitsubishi Corp., 20.4%; Corporación Nacional del flotation plant, Santiago Metropolitan Region Cobre, 20%; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., 9.5%) Do. do. Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Chuquicamata and Radomiro Tomic Divisions, 20,000 (Government, 100%) Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. do. El Teniente Mine and plant, Libertador General 6,500 Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI) Do. do. do. Andina Division, Atacama (Region III) 5,000 Do. do. do. El Salvador Division, Atacama (Region III) 1,500 Do. do. Minera los Pelambres S.A. (Antofagasta Plc; Los Pelambres Mine and plant, Coquimbo (Region IV) 12,500 60%; JX Nippon Mining Metals Corp, 15%; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 10%; Marubeni Corp., 8.75%; Mitsubishi Corp., 5%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 1.25% Do. do. Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi SCM, 100% Collahuasi Mine and molybdenum plant, 6,000 (Anglo American plc, 44%; Glencore plc, Tarapaca (Region I) 44%; companies led by Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 12%) Phosphatic materials, natural: Guano Guano Rojo Punta Gruesa Ltda. Mine and plant near Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) 3 Phosphate rock, apatite César B. Formas Ortiz S.A. Mine near Chanaral, Antofagasta (Region II) 20 Do. Compañía Minera El Sauce Ltda. Mine near La Serena, Coquimbo (Region IV) 5 Phosphorite Compañía Minera de Fosfatos Naturales Ltda. Mines at and around Bahia Inglesa; Osorno plant near 45 (Bifox Ltda.) (TEHMCORP S.A., 100%) Bahia Inglesa, Atacama (Region III); and Bahia Inglesa plant at Caldera, Coquimbo (Region IV) Do. Sociedad Contractual Minera Bahía Inglesa Selaqueos Mine near Bahia Inglesa, Atacama (Region III) NA Pig iron Cía. Siderúrgica Huachipato S.A. (a subsidiary of Plant in Bahia de San Vicente, Biobio (Region VIII), 1,200 CAP S.A.) (private, 100%) 14 km northeast of Concepcion Potash (KCl and SQM Salar S.A. [a subsidiary of Sociedad Química y A dual-use plant and three KCl plants at Salar del Carmen, 2,600 K2SO4), K2O content Minera de Chile S.A. (SQM)] (private, 100%) near the city of Antofagasta, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. Rockwood Lithio Ltda. Chemetall Foote plant at La Negra, Antofagasta (Region II) 50 (Rockwood Holdings Inc., 100%) and Salar de Atacama, Atacama (Region III) Potassium chloride (KCl) Sociedad Contractual Minera Virginia Mine and plant near Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) NA (Inverraz S.A., 100%) Do. ACF Minera S.A. Lagunas Mine and plant near Iquique, Tarapaca 95 (Region I) Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) do. Lagunas Mine and plant near Iquique, Tarapaca 95 (Region I) Pumicite, including Empresas El Melón S.A. Quarry at Rinconada Lo Vial near Maipu, and plant at 1,200 pozzolan Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. Compañía Minera Polpaico Ltda. Puzolana Norte Mine, Antofagasta (Region II); and NA Puzolana Pudahuel Mine and a plant in the Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. Minera Río Teno S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarry and plant near Curico, Libertador General 200 Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI) See footnotes at end of table.

7.16 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Pumicite, including Minera El Way S.A. (Cementos Bío Bío S.A., 100%) Quarries and plant near Antofagasta (Region II) 100 pozzolan—Continued Do. Harborlite Chile Ltda. (IMERYS S.A., 100%) Laguna del Maule Mine at Talca, Maule (Region VII), NA and plant at Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region Pyrophyllite metric tons Sociedad Minera Godoy Schwenger y Cía. Mine and plant near La Calera, Valparaiso (Region V) 1,800 Do. do. José Orrego Bugueño S.A. Mine and plant near Chincolco, Valparaiso (Region V) 1,000 Do. do. Mario Alberto Pizarro A. S.A. Plant at Los Vilos, Coquimbo (Region IV) 1,000 Rhenium, kilograms Molibdenos y Metales S.A. (MOLYMET) Nos plant, San Bernardo, 30 km south of Santiago, 30,000 metal (private, 100%) Santiago Metropolitan Region Salt, NaCl Sociedad Minera Punta de Lobos S.A. Open pit mine in the Salar Grande de Tarapaca, Tarapaca 8,000 (K+S Aktiengesellschaft, 100%) (Region I), and port facilities at Puerto Patillos Do. Benjamín Nuñez Ltda. Mine near Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) NA Do. Inversiones Alpina Ltda. Mine in the Salar Grande Irlanda and plant at NA Iquique, Tarapaca (Region I) Do. Playa Grande Ltda. Mine in Tarapaca (Region I) NA Do. José Álvarez Jara Ltda. do. NA Do. Christian Fletcher Ltda. do. NA Do. Elías Echeverría Ltda. do. NA Do. Cía. Minera Cordillera Chile S.C.M. do. NA Selenium metric tons Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Ventanas smelter and refinery, noble metals plants, 95 (Government, 100%) Valparaiso (Region V) (byproduct of copper production) Silica, quartz Cedric Fernández y Compañía Ltda. Mine and plant near Calama, Antofagasta (Region II) 100 Do. Antonio Zotti Rosetti y Cía. Sociedad Minera La Confianza and San Jose Mines near Los Vilos, 20 Coquimbo (Region IV); Margarita and San Nicolas Mines, and a plant near Renca, Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. Minera Granos Industriales Ltda. El Turco Mine and Migrin Plant near Cartagena, 250 Valparaiso (Region V) Do. Productora Cuarzo El Peral Ltda. El Peral Mine and plant near Cartagena, 250 Valparaiso (Region V) Do. Minera Alfa Quintay Ltda. Quarry and plant, Santiago Metropolitan Region 30 Do. Minera Pacífico Ltda. do. NA Do. Sociedad Legal Minera Pedro Luís Mine and plant near Copiapo, Atacama (Region III) 120 Do. Minera San Pedro Ltda. Natacha Mine and El Rulo plant at Til-Til, 30 Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. SLM Santa Dorila de las Arenitas Mine and plant at Constitucion, Maule (Region VII) 250 Do. Cristalerías Toro S.A. Mine at Rancagua, Libertador General 120 Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI) Do. Vidrios Lirquén S.A. Mine and glass plant at Lirquen, Biobio (Region VIII) 80 Do. Minera Arsil S.A. Mine and plant at Concepcion, Biobio (Region VIII) 50 Silver: Metal grains kilograms Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Ventanas refinery, Valparaiso (Region V) 220,000 (Government, 100%) Mine output do. do. Andina, Chuquicamata, El Teniente, Radomiro 300,000 Tomic, and Salvador Divisions (byproduct of copper production) Do. do. Compañía Minera Mantos de Oro La Coipa Mine and plant, Atacama (Region III), 150,000 (Kinross Gold Corp., 100%) 140 km north of Copiapo Do. do. Minera Meridian Ltds. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) El Peñón Mine and concentration plant, 300,000 Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Minera Florida Ltda. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) Minera Florida Mine and concentration plant, 31,000 Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. do. Minera Escondida Ltda., 100% Escondida copper mine and plants, Antofagasta 180,000 (Region II) See footnotes at end of table.

Chile—2014 7.17 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Silver—Continued: Mine output— kilograms Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) Manuel Antonio Matta plant, Paipote; Osvaldo Martínez 6,000 Continued (Government, 100%) plant, El Salado; Vallenar plant, Atacama (Region III); and José Antonio Moreno plant, Taltal, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Compañía Minera Cerro Bayo Ltda. Cerro Bayo Mine and concentration plant, Aysen 110,000 (Mandalay Resources Corp., 100%) (Region XI) Do. do. Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi SCM, 100% Collahuasi Mine and plants, Tarapaca (Region I) 60,000 (Anglo American plc, 44%; Glencore plc, 44%; companies led by Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 12%) Do. do. Antofagasta Plc, 60%; JX Nippon Mining Metals Los Pelambres Mine and plant, Coquimbo (Region IV) 42,000 Corp, 15%; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 10%; Marubeni Corp., 8.75%; Mitsubishi Corp., 5%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., 1.25% Do. do. Anglo American Sur S.A. (Anglo American plc, 50.1%; Los Bronces Mine and plants, 35,000 Mitsubishi Corp., 20.4%; Corporación Nacional del Santiago Metropolitan Region Cobre, 20%; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., 9.5%) Do. do. Compañia Contractual Minera Candelaria, 100% Candelaria Mine and concentration plant, Atacama 30,000 (Region III) Do. do. Lundin Mining Corp., 80%; Sumitomo Metal Mining Ojos del Salado copper mine and plant, Atacama 4,500 Co. Ltd., 16%; Sumitomo Corp., 4% (Region III) Do. do. Sociedad Contractual Minera El Toqui Ltda. El Toqui Mine and Doña Rosa concentration 11,000 (Nyrstar NV, 100%) plant, Aysen (Region XI), 120 km north of Coyhaique Sodium sulfate metric tons SQM Químicos S.A. [Sociedad Química y Minera de Nueva Victoria Mine, Tarapaca (Region I), and 80,000 Chile S.A. (SQM), 100%] Maria Elena Mine and Coya Sur plant, Antofagasta (Region II) Do. do. Sociedad Legal Minera Santa Inés Uno de Antofagasta Santa Ines Mine near Antofagasta (Region II) 150 Steel, crude Compañía Siderúrgica Huachipato S.A. Primary plant in Talcahuano and plant 1,500 (a subsidiary of CAP S.A.) (private, 100%) in Rengo, Biobio (Region VIII) Do. Gerdau AZA S.A. Steel plants in Renca and Colina, 520 Santiago Metropolitan Region Sulfuric acid Xstrata Copper Chile S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%) Altonorte smelter, Antofagasta (Region II) 900 Do. Anglo American Sur S.A. (Anglo American plc, 50.1%; Chagres smelter, Valparaiso (Region V) 500 Mitsubishi Corp., 20.4%; Corporación Nacional del Cobre, 20%; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., 9.5%) Do. Corporación Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO) Ventanas sulfuric acid plant, Valparaiso (Region V) 380 (Government, 100%) Do. do. Caletones plant, Libertador General 1,000 Bernardo O'Higgins (Region VI) Do. do. Chuquicamata plant, Antofagasta (Region II) 500 Do. do. Portrerillos plant, Atacama (Region III) 100 Do. Empresa Nacional de Minería (ENAMI) Hernán Videla Lira smelter, Paipote, Atacama 290 (Government, 100%) (Region III) Talc metric tons Sociedad Talco Eduardo Martín Abejón Ltda. Mines near Constitucion, Maule (Region VII), and 1,000 plant at Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. do. Minera Trucco Ltda. Mine and plant near Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan NA Region Travertine, do. Mármoles San Marino Chile S.A. Quarry near Calama, Antofagasta (Region II), and 7,000 dimension stone (Grupo San Marino S.A., 100%) plant in Til-Til, Santiago Metropolitan Region Do. do. Andes Travertine & Stones S.A. Quarry and plant in Antofagasta (Region II) NA Do. do. Canteras de Atacama S.A. Quarry and plant at Calama, Antofagasta (Region II) 6,000 Zeolites do. Sociedad Legal Minera Serrín Tercera Serrin Tercera Mine and Remulcao plant at Talca, 300 Maule (Region VII) See footnotes at end of table.

7.18 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2014 TABLE 2—Continued CHILE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2014

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities1 capacitye Zinc in concentrate do. Sociedad Contractual Minera El Toqui Ltda. El Toqui Mine and Doña Rosa concentration 35,000 (Nyrstar NV, 100%) Aysen (Region XI), 120 km north of Coyhaique Do. do. Minera Florida S.A. (Yamana Gold Inc., 100%) Minera Florida Mine and concentration plant, 6,500 Santiago Metropolitan Region eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available. 1Abbreviation(s) used for units of measure in this table are as follows: km, kilometer. 2Solvent extraction and electrowinning.

TABLE 3 CHILE: RESERVES OF MAJOR MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity Reserves Coal, all types million metric tons 300 2 Copper, Cu content do. 209 Gold, Au content metric tons 2,642 Iodine 654 r Iron ore, Fe content million metric tons 7,250 3 Lithium, Li content 7,500 3 Molybdenum, Mo content 1,800 Nitrates 88,730 Silver, Ag content metric tons 27,178 rRevised. do. Ditto. 1Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería [National Geology and Mining Service (SERNAGEOMIN), Anuario de la Minería de Chile 2013 [Mineral Yearbook of Chile 2013], unless otherwise specified. 2Proven reserves at Mina Invierno. 3Combined proven plus probable reserves estimated from a combination of company, Government, and secondary sources.

Chile—2014 7.19