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Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and the Hippocampus

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Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and the Hippocampus P E RS pec T I V E S 70. Vaynman, S., Ying, Z. & Gomez-Pinilla, F. Hippocampal 94. Rivera, S. M., Reiss, A. L., Eckert, M. A. & Menon, V. Acknowledgments BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic Developmental changes in mental arithmetic: evidence We would like to thank the National Institute on Aging (R01 plasticity and cognition. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20, for increased functional specialization in the left AG25,667, R01 AG25,032, R01 AG021,188) for their sup- 1030–1034 (2004). inferior parietal cortex. Cereb. Cortex. 15, port of our research and the preparation of this article. We 71. Ferris, L. T., Williams, J. S. & Shen, C. L. The effect of 1779–1790 (2005). would also like to thank A. R. Kramer for her help in crafting acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic 95. Coe, D. P., Pivarnik, J. M., Womack, C. J., Reeves, the article title. factor levels and cognitive function. Med. Sci. Sport M. J. & Malina, R. M. Effects of physical education Exerc. 39, 728–734 (2007). and activity levels on academic achievement in children. 72. Gold, S. M. et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 38, 1515–1519 (2006). DATABASES nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic 96. Sallis, J. F. et al. Effects of health-related physical Entrez Gene: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query. factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple education on academic achievement: Project SPARK. fcgi?db=gene sclerosis and controls. J. Neuroimmunol. 138, Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 70, 127–138 (1999). APOE | BDNF | IGF1 | TRKB| VEGF 99–105 (2003). 97. Martin, J. H. Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas. 2nd edn OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query. 73. Adlard, P. A., Perreau, V. M., Pop, V. & Cotman, C. W. (Appleton and Lange, Stanford Connecticut, 1996). fcgi?db=OMIM Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a 98. Hall, C. D. Smith, A. L. & Keele, S. W. The impact of Alzheimer’s disease | Parkinson’s disease transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. aerobic activity on cognitive function in older adults: a 25, 4217–4221 (2005). new synthesis based on the concept of executive FURTHER INFORMATION 74. Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C. & Christie, L.-A. control. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 13, 279–300 (2001). Charles H. Hillman’s homepage: http://www.kch.uiuc.edu/ Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor 99. Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M. I. Cognitive and labs/neurocognitive%2Dkinesiology/default.htm cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 30, emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. ALL LINKS ARE ACTIVE IN THE ONLINE PDF 464–472 (2007). Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 215–222 (2000). 75. Prakash, R. et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness: a predictor of cortical plasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 34, 1238–1244 (2007). 76. Berchtold, N. C., Chinn, G., Chou, M., Kesslak, J. P. & Cotman, C. W. Exercise primes a molecular memory for brain derived neurotrophic factor protein induction in the rate hippocampus. Neurosci. 133, 853–861 (2005). O P inion 77. Molteni, R. et al. Exercise reverses the harmful effects of consumption of a high-fat diet on synaptic and behavioral plasticity associated to the action of brain- derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci. 123, 429–440 Synaptic plasticity, memory and (2004). 78. Stranahan, A. M. et al. Social isolation delays the positive effects of running on adult neurogenesis. the hippocampus: a neural network Nature Neurosci. 9, 526–533 (2006). 79. Barbour, K. A. & Blumenthal, J. A. Exercise training and depression in older adults. Neurobiol. Aging 26 (Suppl. 1), 119–123 (2005). approach to causality 80. Russo-Neustadt, A. A. & Chen, M. J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressant activity. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 1495–1510 (2005). Guilherme Neves, Sam F. Cooke* and Tim V. P. Bliss 81. Goldstein, D. B., Need, A. C., Singh, R. & Sisodiya, S. M. Potential genetic causes of heterogeneity of treatment effects. Am. J. Med.120 (Suppl. 1), S21–S25 (2007). Abstract | Two facts about the hippocampus have been common currency among 82. Etnier, J. et al. Cognitive performance in older women relative to ApoeE-epsilon4 genotype and aerobic neuroscientists for several decades. First, lesions of the hippocampus in humans fitness. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 39, 199–207 (2007). prevent the acquisition of new episodic memories; second, activity-dependent 83. Podewils, L. J. et al. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the cardiovascular health synaptic plasticity is a prominent feature of hippocampal synapses. Given this cognition study. Am. J. Epi. 161, 639–651 (2005). 84. Rovio, S. et al. Leisure time physical activity at midlife background, the hypothesis that hippocampus-dependent memory is mediated, and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 4, 705–711 (2005). at least in part, by hippocampal synaptic plasticity has seemed as cogent in theory 85. Schuit, A. J. et al. Physical activity and cognitive as it has been difficult to prove in practice. Here we argue that the recent decline, the role of apoliprotein e4 allele. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26, 772–777 (2001). development of transgenic molecular devices will encourage a shift from 86. Egan, M. F. et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity dependent secretion of BDNF and mechanistic investigations of synaptic plasticity in single neurons towards an human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 112, 257–269 (2003). analysis of how networks of neurons encode and represent memory, and we 87. Kleim, J. A. et al. BDNF val66met polymorphism is suggest ways in which this might be achieved. In the process, the hypothesis that associated with modified experienced dependent plasticity in human motor cortex. Nature Neurosci. 9, synaptic plasticity is necessary and sufficient for information storage in the brain 735–737 (2006). 88. California Department of Education. California may finally be validated. physical fitness test: Report to the governor and legislature. Sacramento, California. Department of Education Standards and Assessment Division (2001). 89. Fields, T., Diego, M. & Sanders, C. E. Exercise is positively related to adolescents’ relationships and Multiple strands of evidence suggest an confirmed that the hippocampus is essential academics. Adolescence 36, 105–110 (2001). important role for the hippocampus in for the formation of new episodic memo- 90. Lindner, K. J. The physical activity participation- academic performance relationship revisited: episodic memory in animals and humans. ries and might also have a role in their perceived and actual performance and the effect of Most notable among human patients has long-term storage. Animal studies reveal banding (academic tracking). Ped. Exerc. Sci. 14, 155–169 (2002). been H.M., who as a young man suffered that controlled lesions, pharmacologi- 91. Maguire, E. A., Frith, C. D. & Morris, R. G. M. The from intractable epilepsy and underwent cal inactivation or molecular knockouts functional neuroanatomy of comprehension and memory: the importance of prior knowledge. Brain experimental surgery involving bilateral limited to the hippocampus result in either 122, 1839–1850 (1999). removal of the medial temporal lobe, a failure to learn or a loss of spatial mem- 92. Ansari, D. & Dhital, B. Age-related changes in the 2–5 6 activation of the intraparietal sulcus during including large parts of both hippocampi. ory . Electrophysiological recordings and nonsymbolic magnitude processing: an event-related The procedure left H.M. with an inability to molecular imaging studies in animals7,8, as functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Cogn. 9–11 Neuro. 18, 1820–1828 (2006). form new episodic memories (anterograde well as MRI imaging studies in humans , 93. Gobel, S. M., Johansen-Berg, H., Behrens, T. & amnesia), coupled with a substantial, but provide correlative evidence that episodic or Rushworth, M. F. Response-selection-related parietal activation during number comparison. J. Cogn. not total, loss of old memories (retrograde episodic-like learning and memory involves Neurosci. 16, 1536–1551 (2004). amnesia)1. Other cases since H.M. have hippocampal activity. NatUre reVieWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOLUme 9 | JANUarY 2008 | 65 © 2008 Nature Publishing Group P E RS pec T I V E S Polymodal sensory information Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Temporoammonic Schaffer collaterals path Medial CA1 Lateral CA3 II III V Dentate Associational/ gyrus commissural fibres Mossy fibres Perforant path Modulatory input Figure 1 | Basic anatomy of the hippocampus. The wiring diagram of the addition to the sequential trisynaptic circuit, there is also a dense associa- hippocampus is traditionally presented as a trisynaptic loop. The major tive network interconnecting CA3 cells on theNatur samee Re side.views CA3 | Neur pyramidaloscience input is carried by axons of the perforant path, which convey polymodal cells are also innervated by a direct input from layer II cells of the entorhinal sensory information from neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex to the cortex (not shown). The distal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons dentate gyrus. Perforant path axons make excitatory synaptic contact with receive a direct input from layer III cells of the entorhinal cortex. There is the dendrites of granule cells: axons from the lateral and medial entorhinal also substantial modulatory input to hippocampal neurons. The three major cortices innervate the outer and middle third of the dendritic tree, respec- subfields have an elegant laminar organization in which the cell bodies are tively. Granule cells project, through their axons (the mossy fibres), to the tightly packed in an interlocking C-shaped arrangement, with afferent fibres proximal apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells which, in turn, project to terminating on selective regions of the dendritic tree. The hippocampus is ipsilateral CA1 pyramidal cells through Schaffer collaterals and to contra- also home to a rich diversity of inhibitory neurons that are not shown in the lateral CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells through commissural connections.
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