Land Off Station Road, Isleham

Land off Station Road, Isleham

Archaeological Evaluation Report

July 2020

Client: The Havebury Housing Partnership

Issue No: 1 OAE Report No: 2436 NGR:©Oxford TL 6442 Archaeology 7382 Ltd 29 July 2020 Event Number: ECB6236

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1

Client Name: The Havebury Housing Partnership Document Title: Land off Station Road, Isleham Document Type: Evaluation Report Report No.: 2436 Grid Reference: TL 6442 7382 Planning Reference: Pre-application Site Code: ECB6236 Invoice Code: ISLSTR20 Receiving Body: Cambridgeshire County Council Stores Event No.: ECB6236

OA Document File Location: Y:\Cambridgeshire\ISLSTR20\Project Reports OA Graphics File Location: Y:\Cambridgeshire\ISLSTR20\Project Data\Graphics

Issue No: Version 1 Date: 27th July 2020 Prepared by: Hannah Blannin (Fieldwork Supervisor) Checked by: Louise Moan (Senior Project Manager) Edited by: Graeme Clarke (Post-Excavation Project Officer) Approved for Issue by: Elizabeth Popescu (Head of Post-Excavation & Publications) Signature: ……………………………………………………………..

Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Oxford Archaeology being obtained. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Oxford Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person/party by whom it was commissioned.

OA South OA East OA North Janus House 15 Trafalgar Way Mill 3 Osney Mead Bar Hill Moor Lane Mills Oxford Cambridge Moor Lane OX2 0ES CB23 8SQ Lancaster LA1 1QD t. +44 (0)1865 263 800 t. +44 (0)1223 850 500 t. +44 (0)1524 880 250

e. [email protected] w. oxfordarchaeology.com Oxford Archaeology is a registered Charity: No. 285627

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1

Land off Station Road, Isleham

Archaeological Evaluation Report

Written by Hannah Blannin BSc MSc PCIfA

With contributions from Carole Fletcher HND BA(Hons) ACIfA and illustrations by Dave Brown BA

Contents

List of Tables ...... vi Summary ...... vii Acknowledgements ...... viii 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Scope of work ...... 1 1.2 Location, topography and geology ...... 1 1.3 Archaeological and historical background ...... 1 2 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2.1 Aims ...... 4 2.2 Methodology ...... 4 3 RESULTS ...... 5 3.1 Introduction and presentation of results ...... 5 3.2 General soils and ground conditions ...... 5 3.3 General distribution of archaeological deposits ...... 5 3.4 Blank Trenches (Trench 1, 2 and 3) ...... 5 3.5 Trench 4 (Fig. 3) ...... 5 3.6 Trench 5 (Fig. 4) ...... 6 3.7 Trench 6 (Fig. 3) ...... 6 3.8 Trench 7 (Fig. 3) ...... 7 3.9 Finds summary ...... 7 4 DISCUSSION ...... 8 4.1 Reliability of field investigation ...... 8 4.2 Evaluation objectives and results...... 8 4.3 Interpretation ...... 8 4.4 Significance ...... 9 APPENDIX A TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS AND CONTEXT INVENTORY ...... 10 APPENDIX B FINDS REPORTS ...... 14 B.1 Glass ...... 14

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B.2 Pottery ...... 14 B.3 Ceramic Building Material ...... 15 APPENDIX C ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS ...... 17 C.1 Environmental Samples ...... 17 APPENDIX D BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 19 APPENDIX E OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 21

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 List of Figures Fig. 1 Site location, showing HER data Fig. 2 Site plan Fig. 3 Trenches 4, 6 and 7 detailed plan, with selected sections Fig. 4 Trenches 2-5 detailed plan, with selected section

List of Plates Plate 1 Blank trench (Trench 1), looking north-west Plate 2 Trench 3, looking south-west Plate 3 Ditch 400 and post hole 404, Trench 4, looking west-south-west Plate 4 Post holes 600, 602, 604, 606 and 608, Trench 6, looking south-east Plate 5 Trench 7, looking north-west

List of Tables Table 1 Dimensions of post holes in Trench 6 Table 2 Environmental samples

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Summary

Between the 29th June and 3rd July 2020, Oxford Archaeology East undertook an archaeological evaluation at land off Station Road, Isleham, Cambridgeshire. A total of seven trenches were excavated on the 1.82ha site. Very few archaeological features were identified, with only two ditches and 10 post holes being uncovered in the northern half of the field. These features are potentially related to the structures and fence lines of possible Late Anglo- Saxon/medieval date and post-medieval industrial activity identified during a previous excavation to the immediate north of the site. Artefact retrieval was particularly poor, with only one shard of glass, three sherds of pottery and two pieces of ceramic building material having been recovered, ranging in date to between the Roman and modern periods. The features dated to the modern period were probably associated with the site’s previous use as allotment gardens.

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Acknowledgements

Oxford Archaeology East would like to thank The Havebury Housing Partnership for commissioning this project. Thanks are also extended to Kasia Gdaniec who monitored the work on behalf of Cambridgeshire County Council. The project was managed for Oxford Archaeology by Louise Moan. The fieldwork was directed by Patrick Lambert. Survey and digitising were carried out by Thomas Houghton and Valerio Pinna. Thanks are also extended to the finds and environmental processors, the specialist, illustrator and editor for their contributions.

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope of work 1.1.1 Oxford Archaeology East (OA East) was commissioned by The Havebury Housing Partnership to undertake a trial trench evaluation at the site of a proposed 1.82ha residential development at Station Road, Isleham, Cambridgeshire (TL 6442 7382; Fig. 1). 1.1.2 The work was undertaken to inform the Planning Authority in advance of a submission of a Planning Application. A Brief was set by Cambridgeshire County Council Historic Environment Team (CCC HET; Gdaniec 2020) and a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was produced by OA East (Moan 2020) detailing the Local Authority’s requirements for work necessary to inform the planning process. This document outlined how OA East implemented the specified requirements. 1.2 Location, topography and geology 1.2.1 The site lies at the southern edge of Isleham’s historic core and covers an area of 1.82ha. The site itself is bounded by Station Road to the east and Fordham Road to the north. Residential housing is located to the south. 1.2.2 The geology is mapped as Zig Zag chalk formation (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html, accessed 19th May 2020). This chalk is part of the large chalk ridge which passes through the south of Cambridgeshire before turning north into the county of Norfolk. The site, and the historic core of Isleham itself, is situated at the foot of this ridge where it gently rises out of the Cambridgeshire fens to the north. The site lies at approximately 12m OD. 1.2.3 The site is currently lain to wild meadow, having previously been used for allotments throughout the 19th century. 1.3 Archaeological and historical background 1.3.1 The following is taken from the WSI (Moan 2020) with relevant Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Record (CHER) data of a 1km radius centred on the evaluation site shown on Figure 1 (under CCC HET licence number 19-4224).

Prehistoric 1.3.2 There are a number of prehistoric sites or finds within 1km of the site. A Palaeolithic hand axe was found 300m to the north-west (MCB19231) and other early prehistoric tools such as a stone mace head (MCB16201), 900m to the north-east and antler axes (CHER 07622), 650m north-east of the site. 1.3.3 Later prehistoric CHER entries include a number of ring ditches, identified in cropmarks (MCB27603-4, MCB16204 and MCB17114). These are likely to be Bronze Age round barrows, although one (MCB16204) could represent a medieval post mill. The nearest of the cropmarks to the site are two barrows MCB27603-4, located 650m to the east, whilst a grouping of three barrows (MCB17114) is located 800m to the west. ©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 1 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 1.3.4 A Bronze Age socketed axe head was also found within the fens, 990m to the west of the site (CHER 11711).

Romano-British 1.3.5 Substantial amounts of Roman building material, including decorated wall plaster and tesserae, have been found at ‘the temple’ (CHER 05704, not illustrated), a site situated c.1.2m north-west of the current site. This location is believed to have been a Roman chalk extraction site, into which the building materials were dumped. Just to the south of ‘the temple’ a Roman pewter hoard was also found (CHER 01592, not illustrated). A potential Roman villa is also recorded c.1km to the north-west of the study site (CHER 11661, not illustrated). 1.3.6 Within the 1km study area, most records of potential Roman date are of unstratified findspots, including coins (CHER 07622) found 600m to the north of the site and pottery (MCB12766, not illustrated).

Anglo-Saxon 1.3.7 Anglo-Saxon ditches were identified during excavations at Ellwoods Close (MCB20918), 750m to the north of the site and Anglo-Saxon pottery was found during works at St Andrews Close (MCB19745), 400m to the north. Further afield, Anglo- Saxon cemeteries have been found in Soham and Freckenham. Isleham is documented as Yselham in a charter of AD 895 (Newton 2006).

Medieval 1.3.8 During the medieval period, Isleham was part of the Royal estate centred on Soham. By the time of the Domesday Survey, Isleham was recorded as a Royal vill in the hundred of Staploe (ibid.). A number of findspots within the village’s historic core are of medieval date, including pottery (e.g. MCB19713) and a lead seal (MCB13616, not illustrated). 1.3.9 The scheduled remains of Isleham Priory are located 500m to the north of the site, in a field lain to pasture (NHLE 1013278, CHER 07528). Earthwork evidence for the priory is still visible, with ditches, trackways, building platform and a fishpond identifiable. Isleham Priory is well documented from its foundation around AD 1100 to the period of its demise in the early 15th century. As an alien Benedictine house from its foundation the site is of particular interest, reflecting the division of land in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest (https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the- list/list-entry/1013278).

Post-medieval to modern 1.3.10 A group of three lime kilns, east of the High Street are scheduled (NHLE 1006871, CHER 07489). These kilns originated in the 19th century and lasted for close to a hundred years, last being used in 1910. They are located 300m north of the site. 1.3.11 The site is situated in a parcel of land that was used as allotments during the 19th century (MCB22013).

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Previous archaeological works 1.3.12 A phase of archaeological excavation was undertaken in 2005 directly north of the site, prior to construction of residential housing. Situated on the edge of the medieval core of the village, this excavation found evidence for a potential Anglo-Saxon sunken- featured building (although the feature had no dating evidence), followed by phases of clunch quarrying and processing (ECB2282, Newton 2006). 1.3.13 Other nearby archaeological works include a phase and trial trench evaluation directly to the west of site at Wayside Farm (ECB4891) and phases of geophysical survey and trial trenching west of Fordham Road (ECB5321). No significant archaeological remains were recorded during these evaluations.

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2 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Aims 2.1.1 The project aims and objectives were as follows: i. To establish the presence or absence of archaeological remains on the site, characterise where they are found (location depth and extent), and establish the quality of preservation of any archaeology and environmental remains. ii. To provide sufficient coverage to establish the character, condition, date and purpose of any archaeological deposits. iii. To provide sufficient coverage to evaluate the likely impact of past land uses, and the possible presence of masking deposits. iv. To provide – in the event that archaeological remains are found – sufficient information to construct an archaeological mitigation strategy, dealing with preservation, the recording of archaeological deposits, working practices, timetables, and orders of cost. 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 A total of seven trenches, measuring 50m long by 2m wide, were excavated across the site to give a 4% representative sample of the development area (Fig. 2). 2.2.2 Trench 4 was opened in two sections to avoid a surfaced trackway. The south-western section (Trench 4.1) measured 15.5m in length and the north-eastern section (Trench 4.2) measured 26m long. 2.2.3 All trenches were excavated using a 20-tonne 360ᵒ excavator, under the direct supervision of a suitably qualified and experienced archaeologist. These were excavated to a depth where either the natural geological horizon or archaeological features were encountered. 2.2.4 All archaeological features encountered on the site were excavated with test pits placed to investigate possible archaeological deposits. 2.2.5 All excavated features were recorded on pro-forma sheets, drawn at appropriate scales and high-resolution digital photographs were taken of all relevant features and deposits. 2.2.6 Bucket sampling of 90 litres of soil from each trench was hand sorted, and spoil heaps and features were scanned with a metal detector to aid artefact retrieval. 2.2.7 Four bulk environmental samples were taken from selected archaeological features for flotation to identify and charred plant remains present. 2.2.8 Survey of archaeological features and excavated slots was carried out by a Leica 1200 fitted with Smartnet technology.

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3 RESULTS 3.1 Introduction and presentation of results 3.1.1 The results of the evaluation are presented below and include a stratigraphic description of the trenches that contained archaeological remains. The full details of each trench with dimensions and depths of all deposits encountered can be found in Appendix A. Artefact and environmental reports are included as Appendices B and C. Figure 2 provides an overall plan of the results of the evaluation, while Figs 3 and 4 provide more detailed plans and sections of the features encountered. 3.2 General soils and ground conditions 3.2.1 Although both subsoil and topsoil were encountered across the site, the thickness of these layers varied greatly across the site. The natural geology of white chalk was overlain by a mid-brown, chalky silt subsoil, varying in thickness between 0.06m and 0.46m. The subsoil was in turn overlain by dark greyish brown sandy silt topsoil, measuring between 0.09m and 0.51m in depth. 3.2.2 Ground conditions throughout the evaluation were generally good, and wet weather did not impact conditions on site too adversely. Archaeological features, where present, were easy to identify against the underlying natural geology. 3.3 General distribution of archaeological deposits 3.3.1 Archaeological features and deposits were confined to the northern part of the site (Trenches 4-7; Fig. 2). The remaining three trenches (Trench 1-3) in the southern part of the site were found to be devoid of archaeology (Plate 1). 3.4 Blank Trenches (Trench 1, 2 and 3) 3.4.1 Trench 2 (Fig. 4) contained a single natural tree throw feature (200), measuring 1.2m wide and 0.18m deep with a highly irregular profile. The single fill was a sterile and heavily rooted dark yellowish-brown silt (201). 3.4.2 A 1m x 1m test pit (Test Pit 3) was excavated into a mid-brown chalky silt deposit which extended across the middle of Trench 3 (Fig. 4). This was interpreted as being a deeper area of natural subsoil, possibly infilling a natural hollow. A modern rubbish pit, which contained glass and garden tools, also cut into the subsoil to a depth of 0.6m below ground level at the north-eastern end of the trench (not illustrated). The topsoil/subsoil overburden was observed to be much deeper at this location, reaching a maximum depth of 0.89m (Plate 2). 3.5 Trench 4 (Fig. 3) 3.5.1 Trench 4 was split into two sections to avoid damaging a surfaced trackway that ran north-west to south-east across the site. 3.5.2 Trench 4.1 lay to the south-west of trackway and measured 15.5m in length. This section was devoid of archaeology but did contain a further spread of mid-brown chalky silt. This was investigated with two 1m x 1m test pits (Test Pits 1 and 2) and was found to represent a deeper area of subsoil similar to that observed in Trench 3.

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 3.5.3 The second section of this trench (Trench 4.2) to the north-east of the trackway measured 26m long. It contained two archaeological features and a tree throw. The tree throw (406) lay at the south-western end of the trench. It measured 0.5m wide and 0.19m in depth with an irregular profile. It contained a single sterile fill of dark yellowish-brown chalky silt, which had abundant evidence of tree roots (407). 3.5.4 The tree throw was truncated by a ditch (400/402/408) on a broadly north-east to south-west alignment. Due to its orientation with that of the trench, the full profile of this feature was only revealed by cut 400, which measured 0.9m in width and 0.18m in depth (Plate 3). The ditch had gently sloping sides with an irregularly shaped base and contained a single dark yellowish-brown chalky silt with moderate chalk inclusions (401/403/409). An environmental sample was taken from cut 400 which contained frequent molluscs and a small amount of charred cereal grain and charcoal. A post hole (404) was also uncovered towards the north-eastern end of the trench (Plate 3). It was sub-circular in shape with a width of 0.34m and a depth of 0.24m and was filled with sterile mid greyish brown chalky silt (405). 3.5.5 The subsoil/topsoil overburden in these two trench sections was notably deeper than in other parts of the site. The average depth was 0.71m with a maximum depth of 0.84m in Trench 4.1 and 0.91m in Trench 4.2. 3.6 Trench 5 (Fig. 4) 3.6.1 Three mid-brown chalky silt patches were also present across the central part of the trench which proved on excavation to be due to the variable thickness of the subsoil overburden. Ditch 500 truncated one of these deposits. 3.6.2 Ditch 500 was identified in the middle of Trench 5 on an east-north-east to west-south- west alignment. It measured 0.64m in width and 0.16m in depth, with gently sloping sides and an irregular shaped base (Fig. 4, Section 500). It contained a dark yellow- brown chalky silt fill (501) which produced no finds. 3.6.3 Approximately 3m to the north of ditch 500 lay a single sub-square post hole (502) which measured 0.34m wide and 0.1m deep. The dark brown chalky silt fill (503) contained a moderate amount of chalk inclusions. A shard of modern glass (1g) was recovered from the fill. 3.7 Trench 6 (Fig. 3) 3.7.1 Trench 6 contained five post holes (600, 602, 604, 606 and 608) towards its north- western end (Plate 4). Four of their number were sub-circular in shape with steep sides and concave bases with post hole 606 having vertical sides (Fig. 3, Sections 602 and 603). The dimensions of each post hole are given in Table 1 below. These features contained a single mid greyish-brown chalky silt fill which produced no finds. An environmental sample was taken from post hole 606 which contained a moderate amount of molluscs and a small amount of charcoal.

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Cut Fill Width (m) Depth (m) 600 601 0.16 0.08 602 603 0.2 0.14 604 605 0.23 0.14 606 607 0.26 0.26 608 609 0.24 0.12 Table 1: Dimensions of post holes in Trench 6 3.8 Trench 7 (Fig. 3) 3.8.1 Trench 7 (Plate 4) contained three post holes. Two of these features (702 and 705) were located on the northern part of the trench with the remaining post hole (700) located towards its south-western end. Post hole 700 was sub-circular in shape and measured 0.4m wide and 0.18m deep, with gently sloping sides and a concave base. It contained a single dark greyish-brown sandy silt (701) from which two sherds (4g) of modern porcelain pottery and one piece (9g) of late medieval to early post-medieval ceramic building material (CBM) were recovered. Post hole 702 was also sub-circular and measured 0.44m wide and 0.38m in deep (Fig. 3, Section 701). It had steep sides and a concave base which contained two fills. The basal fill (704) was a 0.21m thick light brown sandy silt with rare chalk inclusions. The upper fill (703) was a 0.18m thick mid-greyish brown sandy silt with common small chalk inclusions. The environmental sample taken from both these fills contained frequent molluscs and small amounts of charred cereal grain and charcoal. Approximately 2.5m to the north of post hole 702, post hole 705 was also sub-circular in shape, measuring 0.34m in width and 0.13m deep. It had gently sloping sides with a concave base and contained a single dark greyish brown sandy silt (706). 3.8.2 Tree throws were also uncovered at the southern end of Trench 7, of which two (707 and 709) were investigated. Tree throw 707 measured 1.25m wide and 0.16m deep. Tree throw 709 was slightly larger, measuring 1.53m in width and 0.22m deep. Both were an irregular shape in plan with gently sloping sides and irregular bases. Both features contained a sterile mid yellowish-brown chalky silt fill with frequent chalk inclusions (708 and 710). 3.9 Finds summary 3.9.1 A very small assemblage of artefacts was recovered from the site. A single small shard (1g) of modern glass (1g) was recovered from post hole 502 in Trench 5 (App. B.1). The site produced only three sherds (21g) of pottery: two sherds of modern bone china from post hole 700 in Trench 7 and a Roman sherd found in the topsoil (App. B.2). CBM (28g) was also recovered from post hole 700 and the topsoil (App. B.3). 3.9.2 Small amounts of charred cereal grain and charcoal were recovered from ditch 400 and post hole 702 (App. C.1). The cereal grain included charred wheat (Triticum sp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Molluscs were also prevalent throughout all the samples, together with small quantities of charcoal.

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4 DISCUSSION 4.1 Reliability of field investigation 4.1.1 The results of the evaluation are considered reliable, with the darker fills of the archaeological features having been clearly visible in the trenches against the chalk geology. Wet weather conditions did not affect the excavations adversely and the features were fully investigated. 4.2 Evaluation objectives and results 4.2.1 Overall, the aims and objectives set out in the WSI (see Section 2.1) were met. Two boundary ditch alignments and a wider scattering of discrete features (mostly confined to their north) were identified on the site. Patches of natural subsoil lay in deeper undulations of the natural chalk horizon and a small number of tree throws were also excavated and characterised. The thickness of the topsoil and subsoil overburden varied over the site. It generally ranged between 0.3-0.45m in thickness with greater depths observed above the natural geology in Trench 3 (0.6m thick) and Trench 4 (0.7m thick). 4.3 Interpretation 4.3.1 The interpretation of the site is hindered by the scarcity of dating evidence. Although the small amounts of charred cereal grain recovered from two of the features indicate the potential for the preservation of plant remains at this site, these assemblages probably represent a mere background scatter of refuse material and so do not contribute further to the site’s interpretation (App. C.1.9-10). 4.3.2 The discrete features uncovered to the north of ditch 400/402/408 in Trenches 6 and 7 possibly relate to the many post holes uncovered by the previous excavation at Lady Frances Court (Newton 2006; Fig. 1, ECB2282). Many of those post holes were interpreted as fence lines or structures dating from between the Late Anglo-Saxon and late medieval periods. The archaeological evaluation prior to that excavation suggested the post holes did not extend any further west (Kenney 2004). However, the group identified at the northern end of Trench 6 clearly belong to a fence line or structure which may also possibly be attributed to this broad period of activity. Due to the lack of dating evidence from this group, it remains a possibility these post holes may represent a continuation of the post-medieval industrial activity identified at the neighbouring site or were associated with the more recent 19th century use of the site as allotment gardens. The two sherds of modern pottery recovered from post hole 700 suggest that all of those uncovered in Trench 7 may more firmly be attributed to the recent period. The natural tree throws identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 7 may also relate to the site’s previous use as allotment gardens. 4.3.3 The slightly curving alignment of undated ditch 400/402/408 may represent the southern boundary to the post-medieval industrial activity uncovered to the north as no definitive limit was uncovered by that excavation. Post hole 404 may have formed part of an associated fence line alongside ditch 400. Ditch alignments associated with fence lines were recorded during the excavation at Lady Frances Court (Newton 2006,

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 7 and 54). However, the lack of dating evidence from ditch 400 or post hole 404 makes it difficult to establish their relationship with any certainty. 4.3.4 In Trench 5, ditch 500 was orientated on the same alignment as the southern field boundary of the site. This suggests that it was possibly associated with the more recent use of the site as allotment gardens. The neighbouring post hole like feature (502) which produced modern glass is clearly of modern date. 4.3.5 The abraded Roman pottery sherd and post-medieval roof tile fragment recovered from the topsoil do not aid the interpretation of the site. These items probably arrived on the site as a result of manuring (App. B.2.6). There is evidence of Roman activity in the wider vicinity of the site (see Section 1.3.5-6). 4.4 Significance 4.4.1 The evaluation of the site has identified an undated group of post holes in Trench 6 which possibly represent a continuation of the groups of similarly undated structural features and fence lines previously identified by Newton (2006) during the excavation at Lady Frances Road, whose origin was considered to lie broadly between the Late Anglo-Saxon and late medieval period. The remaining discrete and linear archaeological features uncovered on the site are probably of more recent origin, either peripheral to the post-medieval industrial activity uncovered by the previous excavation to the north or associated with the site’s more recent use as allotment gardens.

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APPENDIX A TRENCH DESCRIPTIONS AND CONTEXT INVENTORY

Trench 1 General description Orientation NW-SE Trench devoid of archaeology. Consists of topsoil and subsoil Length (m) 50 overlying natural geology of white chalk. Width (m) 2 Avg. depth (m) 0.35 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 100 Layer - 0.21 Topsoil - - 101 Layer - 0.16 Subsoil - - 102 Layer - - Natural - -

Trench 2 General description Orientation NNE-SSW Trench contained a single tree throw. Consists of topsoil and Length (m) 50 subsoil overlying natural geology of white chalk. Width (m) 2 Avg. depth (m) 0.3 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 200 Cut 1.20 0.18 Tree throw - - 201 Fill - 0.18 Tree throw - - 202 Layer - 0.22 Topsoil - - 203 Layer - 0.11 Subsoil - - 204 Layer - - Natural - -

Trench 3 General description Orientation NE-SW Trench devoid of archaeology. Test pit excavated into natural Length (m) 50 overburden and a modern buried rubbish pit located at north- Width (m) 2 east end of the trench. Consists of topsoil and subsoil overlying Avg. depth (m) 0.6 natural geology of white chalk. Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 300 Layer - 0.43 Topsoil - - 301 Layer - 0.46 Subsoil - - 302 Layer - - Natural - -

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Trench 4 General description Orientation NE-SW Trench split into two due to track - the south-western section Length (m) 50 (4.1) and north-eastern section (4.2), measuring 15.5m and 26m Width (m) 2 in length respectively. Trench 4.1 was devoid of archaeology. Two Avg. depth (m) 0.71 test pits were excavated into deeper areas of natural overburden. Trench 4.2 contained one ditch (NE-SW), a post hole and tree throw. Consists of topsoil and subsoil overlying natural geology of white chalk. Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 400 Cut 0.9 0.18 Ditch - - 401 Fill - 0.18 Ditch - - 402 Cut 0.46 0.12 Ditch - - 403 Fill - 0.12 Ditch - - 404 Cut 0.34 0.24 Post hole - - 405 Fill - 0.24 Post hole - - 406 Cut 0.50 0.19 Tree throw - - 407 Fill - 0.19 Tree throw - - 408 Cut 0.30 0.26 Ditch - - 409 Fill - 0.26 Ditch - - 410 Layer - 0.46 Topsoil - - 411 Layer - 0.40 Subsoil - - 412 Layer - - Natural - -

Trench 5 General description Orientation NW-SE Trench contained one ditch (ENE-WSW) and a single post hole. Length (m) 50 Consists of topsoil and subsoil overlying natural geology of white Width (m) 2 chalk. Avg. depth (m) 0.48 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 500 Cut 0.64 0.16 Ditch - - 501 Fill - 0.16 Ditch - - 502 Cut 0.34 0.10 Post hole - - 503 Fill - 0.10 Post hole Glass Modern 504 Layer - 0.22 Topsoil - - 505 Layer - 0.34 Subsoil - - 506 Layer - - Natural - -

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Trench 6 General description Orientation NW-SE Trench contained five post holes. Consists of topsoil and subsoil Length (m) 50 overlying natural geology of white chalk. Width (m) 2 Avg. depth (m) 0.38 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 600 Cut 0.16 0.08 Post hole - - 601 Fill - 0.08 Post hole - - 602 Cut 0.20 0.14 Post hole - - 603 Fill - 0.14 Post hole - - 604 Cut 0.23 0.14 Post hole - - 605 Fill - 0.14 Post hole - - 606 Cut 0.26 0.26 Post hole - - 607 Fill - 0.26 Post hole - - 608 Cut 0.24 0.12 Post hole - - 609 Fill - 0.12 Post hole - - 610 Layer - 0.22 Topsoil - - 611 Layer - 0.26 Subsoil - - 612 Layer - - Natural - -

Trench 7 General description Orientation NNE-SSE Trench contained three post holes,three tree throws, of which Length (m) 50 two were excavated. Consists of topsoil and subsoil overlying Width (m) 2 natural geology of white chalk. Avg. depth (m) 0.45 Context Type Width Dept Description Finds Date No. (m) h (m) 700 Cut 0.40 0.18 Post hole - - 701 Fill - 0.18 Post hole CBM, pottery Late medieval -early post- medieval, Modern 702 Cut 0.44 0.38 Post hole - - 703 Fill - 0.18 Post hole - - 704 Fill - 0.21 Post hole - - 705 Cut 0.34 0.13 Post hole - - 706 Fill - 0.13 Post hole - - 707 Cut 1.25 0.16 Tree throw - - 708 Fill - 0.16 Tree throw - - 709 Cut 1.53 0.22 Tree throw - - 710 Fill - 0.22 Tree throw - - 711 Layer - 0.24 Topsoil - -

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©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 13 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1

APPENDIX B FINDS REPORTS B.1 Glass

By Carole Fletcher

Introduction and Methodology B.1.1 A fragment of clear, near colourless glass was recovered from Trench 5. The glass was scanned and recorded by form, colour, count, and weight, dated where possible and recorded in the text.

Assemblage and Discussion B.1.2 A fragment of clear, near colourless glass (0.001kg) was recovered from posthole 502 in Trench 5. The irregular fragment has a slight shallow curve, with some weathering to the outer surface, and there are no obvious faults or bubbles in the glass, which is 2.7-3.4mm thick. There are scratch marks to both surfaces that are probably post- depositional. The shard may be from a bottle or a drinking vessel, is very probably 19th-20th century in date, and it is not significant.

Retention, dispersal or display B.1.3 If further work is undertaken, the glass report should be incorporated into any later archive. If no further work is undertaken, this statement acts as a full record and the glass may be deselected prior to archive deposition. B.2 Pottery

By Carole Fletcher

Introduction and Methodology B.2.1 Archaeological works produced a small assemblage of 19th-20th century pottery from Trench 7 and a single abraded Roman sherd from the topsoil. In total, three sherds, weighing 0.0021kg, were recovered. The condition of the overall assemblage is unabraded to abraded, and the average sherd weight is low at 7g. B.2.2 The Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group (PCRG), Study Group for Roman Pottery (SGRP), The Medieval Pottery Research Group (MPRG), 2016 A Standard for Pottery Studies in Archaeology and the MPRG A guide to the classification of medieval ceramic forms (MPRG 1998) act as standards. Rapid recording was carried out using OA’s in- house system, based on that previously used at the Museum of London. Fabric classification has been carried out for all previously described types, using the Museum of London fabric series (MoLA 2014) as a basis for post-1700 fabrics. The Roman sherd was identified using Tomber and Dore (1998) and potsherd.net (2014). B.2.3 All sherds have been counted, classified, and weighed on a context-by-context basis and recorded in the text in this report. The pottery and archive are curated by Oxford Archaeology East until formal deposition or dispersal.

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 14 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Assemblage and Discussion B.2.4 Post hole 700 in Trench 7 produced two sherds of pottery: firstly an upright rim sherd (diameter 80mm, 0.003kg) from a Bone China vessel, with a small raised scar suggesting it had a handle, so it may be the rim from a drinking vessel and is 19th century or later. The second sherd is undiagnostic (0.001kg) and, although also Bone China, it is a slightly different colour to the first. B.2.5 From the topsoil, an abraded sherd of Roman pottery (0.017kg) was recovered, a base sherd (flat obtuse) that has provisionally been identified as a Mancetter-Hartshill fabric. The inner surface of the sherd is gritted, and this appears to be an abraded Mancetter-Hartshill White ware (sand variant) mortaria sherd. B.2.6 The assemblage is fragmentary and represents low levels of pottery distribution. The sherd identified as Roman is probably the result of a manuring spread and represents background noise, indicating Roman activity somewhere in the vicinity of the site. The more recent material is general domestic rubbish.

Retention, dispersal or display B.2.7 Should further work be undertaken, pottery may be recovered, although only at low levels. This statement acts as a full record and if no further work is undertaken, the pottery may be dispersed for educational use, or deselected prior to archival deposition. B.3 Ceramic Building Material

By Carole Fletcher

Introduction and Methodology B.3.1 A fragmentary assemblage of ceramic building material (CBM), consisting of two tile fragments (0.028kg), was recovered from Trench 7 and the topsoil. The assemblage was quantified by context, counted, weighed, and form recorded, where this was identifiable. Fabric is noted and dating is necessarily broad. Only complete dimensions were recorded, which was most commonly thickness. The results are recorded in the text. Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group Ceramic Building Material, Minimum Standards for Recovery, Curation, Analysis and Publication (2002) forms the basis for recording, and Woodforde (1976) and McComish (2015) form the basis for identification. The CBM and archive are curated by OA until formal deposition or dispersal.

Assemblage and Discussion B.3.2 Trench 7, post hole 700 produced a sub-rectangular fragment of fine quartz-tempered, hard fired roof tile (0.009kg, 11-13mm thick) with dull buff-orange surfaces and margins and a grey core, with some calcareous inclusions and rare rounded stone inclusions up to 5mm. The fragment may be late medieval to early post-medieval. B.3.3 From the topsoil context (99999), a sub-rectangular fragment of post-medieval roof tile (0.019kg, 10-11mm thick) was recovered. It is in a hard fired, quartz-tempered,

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 15 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 dull red fabric, completely oxidised around the edges, with a grey core away from the edges of the tile, a sanded base and wet finish to the upper surface, with a moderately hackly fracture.

Retention, dispersal or display B.3.4 The plain and fragmentary nature of the total assemblage means it is of little interest, other than to indicate the presence of heavily reworked CBM. However, it does indicate that, if further work is undertaken, additional CBM is likely to be produced, although only at low levels. Should further work be undertaken, the CBM report should be incorporated into any later report. If no further work is undertaken, this statement acts as a full record and the CBM may be deselected prior to archival deposition.

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APPENDIX C ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS C.1 Environmental Samples

By Martha Craven

Introduction C.1.1 Four bulk samples were taken from the site in order to assess the quality of preservation of plant remains and their potential to provide useful data as part of further archaeological investigations. Samples were taken from features encountered within Trenches 4, 6 and 7 from deposits that are unknown in date.

Methodology C.1.2 The total volume (up to 20L) of each of the samples was processed by tank flotation using modified Sīraf-type equipment for the recovery of preserved plant remains, dating evidence and any other artefactual evidence that might be present. The floating component (flot) of the samples was collected in a 0.3mm nylon mesh and the residue was washed through 10mm, 5mm, 2mm and a 0.5mm sieve. C.1.3 The dried flots were scanned using a binocular microscope at magnifications up to x 60 and an abbreviated list of the recorded remains are presented in Table 2. Identification of plant remains is with reference to the Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands (Cappers et al. 2006) and the authors' own reference collection. Nomenclature is according to Zohary and Hopf (2000) for cereals and Stace (1997) for other plants. Plant remains have been identified to species where possible. The identification of cereals has been based on the characteristic morphology of the grains and chaff as described by Jacomet (2006).

Quantification C.1.4 For the purpose of this initial assessment, items such as seeds and cereal grains have been scanned and recorded qualitatively according to the following categories: # = 1-5, ## = 6-25, ### = 26-100, #### = 100+ specimens C.1.5 Items that cannot be easily quantified such as charcoal and molluscs have been scored for abundance

+ = occasional, ++ = moderate, +++ = frequent, ++++ = abundant

Results C.1.6 Preservation of plant remains is by carbonisation and is generally poor; many of the flots contain rootlets which may have caused movement of material between contexts. C.1.7 Cereal grains are present in three of the environmental samples from this site in small to moderate quantities. The cereal remains consist of charred wheat (Triticum sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and cereal grains that were too heavily abraded for identification. All four samples contain a small quantity of charcoal.

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Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 C.1.8 The four samples all contain large quantities of molluscs.

Trench No. Trench No.Sample No.Context No. Cut Feature Type Volume Processed (L) Flot Volume (ml) Cereals Molluscs Charcoal Volume (ml) Large Mammal Bones

4 2 401 400 Ditch 20 100 # +++ <1 0 6 1 607 606 Posthole 9 10 0 ++ <1 0

7 3 703 702 Posthole 10 50 ## +++ <1 #

7 4 704 702 Posthole 10 20 ## ++++ 1 0 Table 2: Environmental samples

Discussion C.1.9 The recovery of charred grain and charcoal indicates that there is the potential for the preservation of plant remains at this site. C.1.10 The relatively small quantity of charred cereal grains in three of the samples are unlikely to be due to deliberate deposition and are more likely to represent a background scatter of refuse material. C.1.11 If further excavation is planned for this area, it is recommended that environmental sampling is carried out in accordance with Historic England guidelines (2011).

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APPENDIX D BIBLIOGRAPHY ACBMG, 2002. Ceramic Building Material, Minimum Standards for Recovery, Curation, Analysis and Publication. http://www.archaeologicalceramics.com/uploads/1/1/9/3/11935072/ceramic_building_ma terial_guidelines.pdf Consulted 10/07/20

British Geological Survey online map viewer http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/ geologyOfBritain/viewer.html Accessed 19 May 2020

Cappers, R.T.J, Bekker R.M, and Jans, J.E.A. 2006 Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands Groningen Archaeological Studies 4, Barkhuis Publishing, Eelde, The Netherlands. www.seedatlas.nl

Gdaniec, K. 2020 Brief for Archaeological Evaluation: Land between Station Rd and Fordham Road, Isleham. Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Team, dated 25th March 2020

Historic England 2011 Environmental Archaeology. A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from Sampling and Recovery to Post-excavation (2nd edition), Centre for Archaeology Guidelines

Jacomet, S. 2006 Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites. (2nd edition, 2006) IPNA, Universität Basel / Published by the IPAS, Basel University.

Kenney, S., 2004, A Medieval Croft at the Former Allotments, Fordham Road, Isleham. An Archaeological Evaluation. CAU Report No. 756

Medieval Pottery Research Group 1998 A Guide to the Classification of Medieval Ceramic Forms. Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Paper I

Moan, P., 2020, Land at Station Road, Isleham. Written Scheme of Investigation. OA East WSI Project No. 23775

Museum of London Archaeology (MoLA), 2014 Medieval and post-medieval pottery codes https://www.mola.org.uk/sites/default/files/resource- downloads/Medieval%20and%20post-medieval%20pottery%20codes%20in%20Excel_0.xls Consulted 10/07/20

Newton, A.A.S., 2006, Archaeological Excavations at Fordham Road, Isleham, Cambridgeshire. Grey Report. Archaeological Solutions Ltd. Report No. 2090 (Unpublished)

PCRG SGRP MPRG, 2016 A Standard for Pottery Studies in Archaeology http://potsherd.net/atlas/Ware/MHMO

Stace, C., 1997 New Flora of the British Isles. Second edition. Cambridge University Press

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 19 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Tomber, R. and Dore, J. 1998 The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: a Handbook Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 2, http://romanpotterystudy.org.uk/nrfrc/base/index.php Consulted 13/07/2020

Zohary, D., Hopf, M. 2000 Domestication of Plants in the Old World – The origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the. Nile Valley. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press

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APPENDIX E OASIS REPORT FORM Project Details OASIS Number oxfordar3-398890 Project Name Land off Station Road, Isleham

Start of Fieldwork 29th June 2020 End of Fieldwork 3rd July 2020 Previous Work No Future Work Unknown

Project Reference Codes Site Code ISLSTR20 Planning App. No. N/A HER Number ECB6236 Related Numbers

Prompt NPPF Development Type Rural Residential Place in Planning Process Pre-application

Techniques used (tick all that apply) ☐ Aerial Photography – ☐ Grab-sampling ☐ Remote Operated Vehicle Survey interpretation ☐ Aerial Photography - new ☐ Gravity-core ☒ Sample Trenches ☐ Annotated Sketch ☐ Laser Scanning ☐ Survey/Recording of Fabric/Structure ☐ Augering ☐ Measured Survey ☐ Targeted Trenches ☐ Dendrochonological Survey ☒ Metal Detectors ☐ Test Pits ☐ Documentary Search ☐ Phosphate Survey ☐ Topographic Survey ☒ Environmental Sampling ☐ Photogrammetric Survey ☐ Vibro-core ☐ Fieldwalking ☐ Photographic Survey ☐ Visual Inspection (Initial Site Visit) ☐ Geophysical Survey ☐ Rectified Photography

Monument Period Object Period Post hole Uncertain Pottery Roman (43 to 410) Ditch Uncertain Pottery Modern (1901 to present) Choose an item. Glass Modern (1901 to present) CBM Medieval (1066 to 1540) CBM Post Medieval (1540 to 1901) Insert more lines as appropriate.

Project Location County Cambridgeshire Address (including Postcode) District East Cambridgeshire Station Road, Parish Isleham Isleham, HER office CCC Ely, Size of Study Area 1.82ha Cambridgeshire, National Grid Ref TL 6442 7382 CB7 5QT

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 21 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1 Project Originators Organisation Oxford Archaeology Project Brief Originator Kasia Gdaniec Project Design Originator Pat Moan Project Manager Louise Moan Project Supervisor Patrick Lambert

Project Archives Location ID Physical Archive (Finds) CCC ECB6236 Digital Archive Oxford Archaeology ISLSTR20 Paper Archive CCC ECB6236

Physical Contents Present? Digital files Paperwork associated with associated with Finds Finds Animal Bones ☐ ☐ ☐ Ceramics ☒ ☐ ☐ Environmental ☐ ☐ ☐ Glass ☒ ☐ ☐ Human Remains ☐ ☐ ☐ Industrial ☐ ☐ ☐ Leather ☐ ☐ ☐ Metal ☐ ☐ ☐ Stratigraphic ☐ ☐ Survey ☐ ☐ Textiles ☐ ☐ ☐ Wood ☐ ☐ ☐ Worked Bone ☐ ☐ ☐ Worked Stone/Lithic ☐ ☐ ☐ None ☐ ☒ ☒ Other ☐ ☐ ☐ Digital Media Paper Media Database ☒ Aerial Photos ☐ GIS ☐ Context Sheets ☒ Geophysics ☐ Correspondence ☐ Images (Digital photos) ☒ Diary ☐ Illustrations (Figures/Plates) ☒ Drawing ☐ Moving Image ☐ Manuscript ☐ Spreadsheets ☐ Map ☐ Survey ☒ Matrices ☐ Text ☒ Microfiche ☐ Virtual Reality ☐ Miscellaneous ☐ Research/Notes ☐ Photos (negatives/prints/slides) ☐ Plans ☐ Report ☒

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 22 29 July 2020

Land off Station Road, Isleham Version 1

Sections ☒ Survey ☐

Further Comments

©Oxford Archaeology Ltd 23 29 July 2020

east east east

Lincoln

Norwich

Site Site Cambridge Ipswich

Oxford

N K B1104

London 4m Lidgate Farm 4m 0 50 km 0 5m 5 km 5m Scale 1:3,000,000 Scale 1:250,000

WATERSIDE

5m Allot Gdns 5m CHAIR DROVE N

Track 5m

5m COATES DROVE 5m 5m5m TrackLITTLE LONDON DROVE Track Track 563500 564000 564500 565000 5m FEN ROAD EAST 4m ISLEHAM CP 5m

VE DRO 5m S East End TE 5m COA Path MCB16201

MCB20918 SUN ST E 6m6m AST SAE T B1104 ORA 1013278 C D F H ELLWOODS CL E U N R R C

Fish D

H BOWER'S LANE L

Drain L

A Willow Cottage

N Ponds N

PW NE

E E 5m5m AL P NS O 07622 HTO U 7mS UG N PA East EndHO Farm 274500 LITTLE LONDON LANE D L R A KES Drain N E WE YA THE CSWY CL US Track CA Priory MCB19713 THE S

PW H (remains of) KENNEDY RD E L PW D (Benedictine) R 07528 I

C 5m5m PO K ' S ST RO Little H C FESTIVAL ROAD R A London Farm U Hall D H UBJ

C PRIORY GDNS I LOSE MCB19745 L E E C Pav NE TSO 11574 E LC07489 MCB27604 D 1006871MI Little O BEECH CLOSE 7m L Sch NIKC London G S LA 12m C MCB27603 A U MALTING LANE D L E AVES CLOSE

O 6m EL

EL 7m Isleham

D D

R 11711

O O CROFT ROAD

V E TEMPLE ROAD WEST STREET Ppg Sta S LC 7m MCB19231 OBIN 10m10m R 274000 BECK ROAD

6m NURSERY CL MCB22013 S

ECB5321 S

ITIT P ECB2282P Bus Depot The Beeches THE EH 07559 T Track IPT L CL S EL MCB17114OR NW C 7 4 5 6 11m BECK ROAD 2 H A L 3 L 1 MCB17114 BA Site Allot Gdns R N ROAD Rocarla House B1104

MCB17114 Hall Barn Road 10m10m Industrial Estate FORDHAM ROAD 12m Track ECB4891 STATION ROAD

11m

Wayside Farm 273500 11m Track Chalk Farm 10866

Track

10m 10m

12m

Key

5m Isleham Field9m 15m Development area 15m

Track

10m 10m CHER SM Depot

B1104 CHER Event MCB16204 Track Reservoir (cov) 15m 273000 12m 18m CHER Monument Beag An Tlnbhear Mor 0 1:12,500 15m 500 m y t Bd 10m FORDHAM ROAD Cons Ppg Sta o Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2020. All rights reserved. License No. AL 10001998 Track C

STATION ROAD

Figure 1: Site location, showing HER data12m 10m 12m Depot

Track 5m east east east

N 564350 564400 564450

FORDHAM ROAD

273900

S.603 Tr. 7 608 S.602 604 606 705 600 702 602 S.701 Tr. 5

273850 B1104 700 Tr. 6 707 Tr. 4.2 502 400 500 709 S.500 404 406 402 408 Tr. 4.1 TP2 TP1

273800 Tr. 2

Tr. 1 200 TP3

Tr. 3

273750

Key Development area Evaluation Trench

S.1 Section 100 Cut number Archaeological feature Natural

273700 0 1:1000 50 m

608 564340 564360 564380 564400 S.603

606 S.602 705 604

602 S.701 702 600 Section 701 W E 10.84 m OD

273860 703

Tr. 7 704

Section 602 702 NE SW 10.70 m OD 0 1:10 500 mm

605

604

700 Section 603 NE SW 10.66 m OD

273840 Tr. 6

607 707 Tr. 4.2

606 709 400 0 1:10 500 mm

404

402 406

408

273820 Key Development area Evaluation Trench TP2 S.1 Section Tr. 4.1 100 Cut number TP1 Archaeological feature Natural 0 1:250 10 m

Figure 3: Trenches 4, 6 and 7 detailed plan, with selected sections Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2020. All rights reserved. License No. AL 10001998 © Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2436 east east east

273840 N

502 Tr. 7 564400 Tr. 4 564420 564440 564460 564480

400 S.500 500 Section 500 404 SW NE 10.57 m OD

501

402 500 406

408 0 1:10 500 mm

273820 Tr. 2 Tr. 5

273800 Tr. 3

200 TP3 Key Development area Evaluation Trench

S.1 Section 100 Cut number 273780 Archaeological feature Natural 0 1:250 10 m

Figure 4: Trenches 2-5 detailed plan, with selected section Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2020. All rights reserved. License No. AL 10001998 © Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2436 east east east

Plate 1: Blank trench (Trench 1) looking north-west

Plate 2: Trench 3, looking south-west

Plate 3: Ditch 400 and post hole 404, Trench 4, looking west-south-west

Plate 4: Post holes 600, 602, 604, 606 and 608, Trench 6, looking south-east

Plate 5: Trench 7, looking north-west