Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 9-30-2013 The ffecE ts of Invasive Plants on Biodiversity Across Spatial Scales Kristin Irene Powell Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Powell, Kristin Irene, "The Effects of Invasive Plants on Biodiversity Across Spatial Scales" (2013). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 1200. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1200 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences Evolution, Ecology & Population Biology Dissertation Examination Committee: Tiffany M. Knight, Chair Bruce A. Carlson Iván Jiménez Jonathan A. Myers Barbara A. Schaal Kevin G. Smith The Effects of Invasive Plants on Biodiversity Across Spatial Scales by Kristin Irene Powell A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 St. Louis, Missouri © 2013, Kristin Irene Powell! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................ iv List of Tables .............................................................................................. v Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... vi Dedication .................................................................................................. ix Abstract of the Dissertation ......................................................................... x Introduction to the Dissertation ................................................................... 1 Background ......................................................................................................... 2 Community Framework ........................................................................................ 4 Population Framework ......................................................................................... 6 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................ 7 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: A Synthesis of Plant Invasion Effects on Biodiversity Across Spatial Scales 14 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 15 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 16 Methods & Results ............................................................................................. 18 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 31 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 2: Invasive Plants Have Scale-Dependent Effects on Diversity by Altering Species-Area Relationships .............................................................................. 46 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 47 Main Body of the Text ........................................................................................ 48 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 53 Chapter 3: Effects of the Invasive Plant Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) on the Population Dynamics of Rare and Common Native Species ...................................... 60 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 61 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 62 Methods ............................................................................................................. 65 Results .............................................................................................................. 73 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 76 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 4: Intense Shading Explains Why Rare Species are Less Affected than Common Species in Habitats Invaded by Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) ............................. 91 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 92 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 93 Methods ............................................................................................................. 97 Results ............................................................................................................. 104 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 106 Literature Cited ................................................................................................ 111 Conclusion to the Dissertation .................................................................. 126 Literature Cited ................................................................................................ 130 Appendix 1: Supplementary Text and Figures for Chapter 1 ....................... 132 Appendix 2: Supplementary Text and Figures for Chapter 2 ....................... 137 ! ii! Methods ............................................................................................................ 138 Literature Cited ................................................................................................ 144 Appendix 3: Supplementary Text and Figures for Chapter 3 ....................... 152 Appendix 4: Supplementary Text and Figures for Chapter 4 ....................... 154 ! ! iii! LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Significant negative relationship between log spatial scale (m2) and the log response ratio effect size (lr) of a focal invader on species richness .............................. 42 Figure 1.2: Three-dimensional visualization of the negative relationship between log spatial scale (m2) and the log response ratio effect size (lr) of a focal invader on species richness, and the positive relationship between lr and percent cover of the invader ........ 43 Figure 1.3: Invader effect on the loss of native species richness at local and regional scales ................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 1.4: Invader effect on the loss of native species richness at local and regional scales ................................................................................................................. 45 Figure 2.1: Log-log species-area relationship for all 10 sites across the United States ... 58 Figure 2.2: Contribution of neutral sampling effects, nonneutral changes in the relative species abundance distribution, and species extirpations beyond those expected from sampling to the observed difference in the slope of the species-area relationship ............ 59 Figure 3.1: Example life-cycle diagram and corresponding projection matrix illustrating the matrix model built for each species ................................................................ 87 Figure 3.2: The effects of Lonicera maackii on native species’ overall population growth ................................................................................................................. 88 Figure 3.3: Life Table Response Experiment (LTRE) contribution of each matrix element to the change in population growth ..................................................................... 89 Figure 3.4: Relationship between median life span of species in uninvaded and invaded habitats and the effect of Lonicera maackii on population growth ............................... 90 Figure 4.1: Photos of the three greenhouse light treatments ................................. 120 Figure 4.2: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as defined by the first two ordination axes to visualize the abiotic variables and site locations ......................................... 121 Figure 4.3: Soil moisture, defined as volumetric water content (VWC), over eight sampling dates average within each site and habitat type and across habitat types ...... 122 Figure 4.4: Redundancy Analysis (RDA) principal component as defined by the first two ordination axes to visualize the abiotic variables and species composition .................. 123 Figure 4.5: Negative relationship between species’ ordination scores for RDA axis 1 and local uninvaded abundance as well as the change in local abundance in the presence of Lonicera maackii ......................................................................................... 124 Figure 4.6: Positive relationship