Transforming and Managing Destinations: Baltic Sea Region (()BSR) Tourism and Leisure in a Time of Global Change and Risks IX Transformation processes in tourism destinations Østersøen

Tourism landscapes and heritage in change. Ostsee Östersjön /Kadriorg case () Bałtkityckie Morze Itämeri Baltijas jūra Tiit Kask & Ain Hinsberg BltijBaltijos jūra Research & Development Unit Läänemeri Estonian School of Hotel & Tourism Management EHTE Source:www. estonica. org Балтийское море

Estonia, Tallinn, Kadriorg ... Aims

Helsinki • to focus on the formation and development process of Kadriorg as a seaside resort –one of the most well known St.Petersburg Kadriorg 1718 cultural landscapes, heritage sites and tourism attractions of Imperial Palace of Recreation and TALLINN Amusement until 1917 Estonia. (1813) • to identify the main milestones and key factors influencing Reval/ 1219 “Catherine‘s Valley“ this historical process – especially at different stages of UNESCO World Heritage SiteHAAPSALU since 1997 in Estonian, this derives from the (1825) Catherinethal, today known for its establishing the status of the First Imperial Seaside Resort of PÄRNU park, museums and Presidential Russian Empire. (1838) Palace. KURESSAARE suburb • to highlight the specific nature of the interrelations between (1840) time and space in historical analysis of the role of practices especially in the context of cultural landscape as Kadriorg should be referred to. Riga 1710 Province of Russian Empire Theoretical framework 1721 1810s‐70s The foundation, spontaneous development and achievement of recognition and popularity of seaside resorts 1880s New growth and prosperity phase caused by • Tourism Area Life Cycle (()TALC) ((,Butler, 1980) local transport development and industrial revolution 1914 1915 This paper refers to TALC as universally as possible ‐ 1918 World War I 1920 1918 Republic of Estonia as a rather hypothetical but in same time quite effective tool 1920s From “places of healing” to “places of fashion and pleasure” for the development framework creation, as it is presented in The cult of sunbathing 1930s Achieving international recognition 1939 this paper based on the example of Tallinn/Kadriorg case. 1940 1940 1941 World War II 1944 1944 Soviet Estonia • “Cultural turn” (started in the beginning of the 1980's) 1945 Organised soviet mass health tourism destinations functioning all the year round – Soviet fordism "New Cultural History“ – the global revolution in historiography “Non‐organised” individual mass tourism searching in the past, above all, for the meanings and visions ... predominantly summer vacation on coastal areas 1991 1991 Republic of Estonia • The present paper seeks to combine creatively both in order to 1991‐1994 The Transition Era New development boom in free market economy situation reach a comprehensive approach where historical practices, Recognition and cooperation at the international level meanings and imaginations are projected at the systematically structured "timeframe" designed from the TALC model. The changing periods, geo‐ and socio‐political context of the development of EEtston ian seaside resorts ((ftafter KKkask 2004; SSiaarinen and KKkask 2008).

The evolution of the resorts of Estonia according to TALC model. The evolution of the resorts of Estonia (solid curve) & SR – Singing Revolution; EU – joining EU; SA – joining Schengen Area. the evolution of the resort of Tallinn/Kadriorg (hatched curve) 1813‐1916. Compiled by T. Kask (2009) Compiled by T. Kask (2011) Historical retrospect Historical retrospect

1718 ... In the first half of the 19th century ... The establishment and formation of the and The heyday of Kadriorg ... park founded by Peter the Great as the symbol of presence and presentation of power of the RiRussian EEimpire. • DiDuring the ltlate 1820sand the early 1830s KdiKadriorg was bibeing 1810s ... developed as one of the most important resorts in Russia. KdiKadriorg as a summer residence (“l“pleasure pal”lace”) for • The 1830s and 1840s were the peak of the hdheyday of Kadriorg. emperors, courtiers and local governors, as the first and prime seaside resort of the Russian Empire ‐ a ppqicturesque and romantic blend of the man‐made and natural land‐ and In the second half of the 19th century ... seascape • The share of local people increased among the holidaymakers in 1918 ... Kadriorg, the milieu became simpler and less pretentious. Kadriorg as a multifunctional historic urban area and cultural heritage landscape – created through variety of symbolic • By the turn of the century Kadriorg become the residential and material transformations. district of wealthy Tallinn bourgeoisie.

Source: Kadriorg. Lossi lugu. Palace’s story. 2010

Imperial Palace of Recreation and Amusement in Catherinenthal 1823.

Kadriorg bathing establishment.

View of the KKdiadriorg PPlalace, 1827. Source: Kadriorg. Lossi lugu. Palace’s story. 2010 Source: Kadriorg. Lossi lugu. Palace’s story. 2010 Imperial summer palace and park. c. 1835 Bathing Salon in Kadriorg. 1860s‐70s.

Source: Kadriorg. Lossi lugu. Palace’s story. 2010 Source: Kadriorg. Lossi lugu. Palace’s story. 2010

DISCOVERING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT HEYDAY MATURITY STAGNATION DECLINE REVOLUTION, 1810s‐20s 1830s‐40s 1860s‐70s 1880s 1890s‐... URBANISATION, WAR

The evolution of the resort of Tallinn/Kadriorg (hatched curve) 1813‐1916. Sea bathing area in Kadriorg. (1870s) Compiled by T. Kask ()(2011)

Source: The Digital Collection of the . The touristic iconoggpyraphy of Tallinn ... Travel guides and books

• Reval als Bade‐Оrt. St. Petersburg, 1816. • Ilisch Jac. Joh., Dr. Ueber das Seebad: Zur Belehrung für Badegäste. Reval, 1826. • Reutlinger R. H. Manuel‐Guide de Reval et des environs: Orné de vues. Reval: Librairie de C. Krich; St. Petersbourg: Chez les princi‐paux libraires, 1833. • Путеводитель по Ревелю и его окрестностям / Изд. с француз. с доп. и измен. Н. Розанов. СПб., 1839.

1838 2012 • Ta llinna jhtjuht. Ta llinn: J. Ploompuu Kirj as tus, 1910. 1918 • Lyhyt Tallinnan (Räävelin) opas huvimatkailijoille. Helsinki,1912.

Photo: „Erinnerung an Reval“ (Memory of Reval, 1838) The Digital Collection of the • А. А. Бестужев, Поездка в Ревель. СПб., 1821. (1992) Art Museum of Estonia; Photo: http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinna_vanalinn; Phot o: http: //www.e bay.com /itm /1918‐REVEL‐REVAL‐TALLINN‐ESTONIA‐POSTCARD

Conclusions

• The formation and development process of Tallinn/Kadriorg as a seaside resort, tourist destination and cultural landscape can be described as a construction based on a variety of transformations. • As argued by Urry (1995), this case study confirms clearly that landscapes of leisure and tourism act as sites and sights of cultural inclusion/exclusion and are not fixed, but are in a constant state of transition. • During the last 200 years Tallinn developed into the most competitive core and ggyateway destination ((/2/3 of revenue and overnigg)hts) and the trend‐ setter of Estonia’s tourism, and has had a major impact on the tourism development ever since until the present. • This case study proves that comprehensive approach where historical practices, meanings and imaginations are projected at the systematically structured "timeframe" designed from the TALC model is a quite flexible and universal theoretical framework. Kadriorg 2011

"A Path in the Forest" by architect Tetsuo Kondo (Japan). Festiva l of 11 urban iitlltinstallations.