Terrestrial Plant Microfossils in Palaeoenvironmental Studies, Pollen, Microcharcoal and Phytolith
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A Preliminary Phytolith Reference Collection for the Mountains of Dhufar, Oman
The use of phytoliths as a proxy for distinguishing ecological communities: A preliminary phytolith reference collection for the mountains of Dhufar, Oman Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation “with Honors Research Distinction in Evolution and Ecology” in the Undergraduate Colleges of The Ohio State University by Drew Arbogast The Ohio State University May 2019 Project Co-Advisors: Professor Ian Hamilton, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Professor Joy McCorriston, Department of Anthropology 2 Table of Contents Page List of Tables...................................................................................................................................3 List of Figures..................................................................................................................................4 Abstract............................................................................................................................................5 Introduction......................................................................................................................................6 Background......................................................................................................................................7 Materials and Methods...................................................................................................................11 Results............................................................................................................................................18 -
Benefits of Plant Silicon for Crops: a Review Flore Guntzer, Catherine Keller, Jean-Dominique Meunier
Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review Flore Guntzer, Catherine Keller, Jean-Dominique Meunier To cite this version: Flore Guntzer, Catherine Keller, Jean-Dominique Meunier. Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2012, 32 (1), pp.201-213. 10.1007/s13593-011-0039-8. hal-00930510 HAL Id: hal-00930510 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930510 Submitted on 1 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2012) 32:201–213 DOI 10.1007/s13593-011-0039-8 REVIEW ARTICLE Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review Flore Guntzer & Catherine Keller & Jean-Dominique Meunier Accepted: 25 November 2010 /Published online: 30 June 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, contains large amounts of phytoliths, should be recycled in silicon (Si) has been found in significant concentrations in order to limit the depletion of soil bioavailable Si. plants. Despite the abundant literature which demonstrates its benefits in agriculture, Si is generally not considered as Keywords Nutrient cycling . -
Phytoarkive Project General Report: Phytolith Assessment of Samples from 16-22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly (ABC Cinema), York
PhytoArkive Project General Report: Phytolith Assessment of Samples from 16-22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly (ABC Cinema), York An Insight Report By Hayley McParland, University of York ©H. McParland 2016 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 3 A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF PHYTOLITH STUDIES IN THE UK................................................................................ 4 2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 6 3. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................... 6 4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND POTENTIAL .......................................................................................... 7 2 1. Introduction This pilot study builds on an initial assessment of phytolith preservation in samples from Coppergate and 22 Picadilly (ABC Cinema) which demonstrated adequate to excellent preservation of phytoliths1. At that time, phytolith studies were in their infancy and their true potential for the interpretation of archaeological contexts was unknown. Phytoliths are plant silica microfossils, ranging from 0.01mm to 0.1mm in size and visible only through a high powered microscope. Phytoliths, literally ‘plant rocks’12, are formed from solidified monosilicic acid, which is absorbed by the plant in the groundwater. It is deposited as -
Potential of Grasses in Phytolith Production in Soils Contaminated with Cadmium
plants Article Potential of Grasses in Phytolith Production in Soils Contaminated with Cadmium Múcio Mágno de Melo Farnezi 1, Enilson de Barros Silva 1,* , Lauana Lopes dos Santos 1, Alexandre Christofaro Silva 1, Paulo Henrique Grazziotti 1 , Jeissica Taline Prochnow 1, Israel Marinho Pereira 1 and Ivan da Costa Ilhéu Fontan 2 1 Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valley (UFVJM), Campus JK, Diamantina 39.100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; [email protected] (M.M.d.M.F.); [email protected] (L.L.d.S.); [email protected] (A.C.S.); [email protected] (P.H.G.); [email protected] (J.T.P.); [email protected] (I.M.P.) 2 Federal Institute of Minas Gerais - Campus São João Evangelista, Av. Primeiro de Junho, 1043, Centro, São João Evangelista 39.705-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 15 January 2020 Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a very toxic heavy metal occurring in places with anthropogenic activities, making it one of the most important environmental pollutants. Phytoremediation plants are used for recovery of metal-contaminated soils by their ability to absorb and tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals. This paper aims to evaluate the potential of grasses in phytolith production in soils contaminated with Cd. The experiments, separated by soil types (Typic Quartzipsamment, Xanthic Hapludox and Rhodic Hapludox), were conducted in a completely randomized design with a distribution of treatments in a 3 4 factorial scheme with three replications. The factors × were three grasses (Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa brizantha and Megathyrsus maximus) and four 1 concentrations of Cd applied in soils (0, 2, 4 and 12 mg kg− ). -
Agathis Macrophylla Araucariaceae (Lindley) Masters
Agathis macrophylla (Lindley) Masters Araucariaceae LOCAL NAMES English (pacific kauri); Fijian (da‘ua,dakua dina,makadri,makadre,takua makadre,dakua,dakua makadre) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Agathis macrophylla is a tall tree typically to about 30–40 m tall, 3 m in bole diameter, with a broad canopy of up to 36 m diameter. Branches may be erect to horizontal and massive. Mature specimens have wide, spreading root systems whereas seedlings and young specimens have a vigorous taproot with one or more whorls of lateral roots. Leaves simple, entire, elliptic to lanceolate, leathery, and dark green, and shiny above and often glaucous below; about 7–15 cm long and 2–3.5 cm wide, with many close inconspicuous parallel veins. The leaves taper to a more or less pointed tip, rounded at the base, with the margins curved down at the edge. Petioles short, from almost sessile up to 5 mm long. Cones egg-shaped at the end of the first year, about 5 cm long, and 3 cm in diameter, more or less round at the end of the second year, 8–10 cm in diameter. Female cones much larger than males, globular, on thick woody stalks, green, slightly glaucous, turning brownish during ripening. Seeds brown, small, ovoid to globose, flattened, winged, and attached to a triangular cone scale about 2.5 cm across. BIOLOGY Pacific kauri is monoecious and produces cones instead of flowers. The first female cones begin to be produced at about 10 years old and take up to 2 years to mature (more often in 12-15 months). -
Podocarpus Totara
Mike Marden and Chris Phillips [email protected] TTotaraotara Podocarpus totara INTRODUCTION AND METHODS Reasons for planting native trees include the enhancement of plant and animal biodiversity for conservation, establishment of a native cover on erosion-prone sites, improvement of water quality by revegetation of riparian areas and management for production of high quality timber. Signifi cant areas of the New Zealand landscape, both urban and rural, are being re-vegetated using native species. Many such plantings are on open sites where the aim is to quickly achieve canopy closure and often includes the planting of a mixture of shrubs and tree species concurrently. Previously, data have been presented showing the potential above- and below-ground growth performance of eleven native plant species considered typical early colonisers of bare ground, particularly in riparian areas (http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/land/Trial1results.asp). In this current series of posters we present data on the growth performance of six native conifer (kauri, rimu, totara, matai, miro, kahikatea) and two broadleaved hardwood (puriri, titoki) species most likely to succeed the early colonising species to become a major component in mature stands of indigenous forest (http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/land/ Trial2.asp). Data on the potential above- and below-ground early growth performance of colonising shrubby species together with that of conifer and broadleaved species will help land managers and community groups involved in re-vegetation projects in deciding the plant spacing and species mix most appropriate for the scale of planting and best suited to site conditions. Data are from a trial established in 2006 to assess the relative growth performance of native conifer and broadleaved hardwood tree species. -
Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve: Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2008 Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve: Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology Lesley Morris Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Botany Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Lesley, "Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve: Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology" (2008). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 35. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMBINING ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY AND SOIL PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS AT THE CITY OF ROCKS NATIONAL RESERVE: DEVELOPING NEW METHODS IN HISTORICAL ECOLOGY by Lesley R. Morris A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology Approved: __________________ _________________ Dr. Ronald J. Ryel Dr. Neil West Major Professor Committee Member __________________ __________________ Dr. Fred Baker Dr. John Malechek Committee Member Committee Member __________________ __________________ Dr. Christopher Conte Dr. Byron Burnham Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2008 ii Copyright © Lesley R. Morris 2008 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve: Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology by Lesley R. -
The Following Tree Seedlings Are Available to Order from the State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State Tree Nursery
The following tree seedlings are available to order from the State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State Tree Nursery: Scientific Name: Common Name: Dibble/ Pot size: Acacia koa……………………… Koa……………………………….. Small Acacia koaia……………………... Koai’a……………………………. Small Araucaria columnaris…………….. Norfolk-island Pine……………… Small Cryptomeria japonica……………. Sugi Pine………………………… Small Cupressus lusitanica……………... Mexican Cypress………………… Small Cupressus macrocarpa…………… Monterey Cypress……………….. Small Cupressus simpervirens………….. Italian Cypress…………………… Medium Eucalyptus deglupta……………… Rainbow Bark……………………. Small Eucalyptus robusta……………….. Swamp Mahogany……………….. Small Metrosideros polymorpha……….. Ohia……………………………… Medium or 3” pot Pinus elliotii……………………… Slash Pine………………………... Small Pinus radiata……………………... Monterey Pine…………………… Small Podocarpus sp……………………. Podocarpus………………………. 3” pot Santalum sp……………………… Sandalwood……………………… Medium or 3” pot Tristania conferta………………… Brush Box………………………... Small Acacia koa (Koa): This large hardwood tree is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The tree has exceeded 100 ft in height with basal diameter far beyond 50 inches in old growth stands. The wood is prized for furniture and canoe works. This legume has pods with black seeds for reproduction. The wood has similar properties to that of black walnut. The yellow flowers are borne in dense round heads about 2@ in diameter. Tree growth is best above 800 ft; seems to grow best in the ‘Koa belt’ which is situated at an elevation range between 3,500 - 6,000 ft. It is often found in areas where there is fog in the late afternoons. It should be planted in well- drained fertile soils. Grazing animals relish the Koa foliage, so young seedlings should be protected Acacia koaia (Koaia): Related to the Koa, Koaia is native to Hawaii. The leaves and flowers are much the same as Koa. -
Podocarpus Falcatus Podocarpus1 Edward F
Fact Sheet ST-492 October 1994 Podocarpus falcatus Podocarpus1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Podocarpus falcatus grows very slowly, probably to 40 feet or more in an open landscape, but has reached 100 feet in its native habitat (Fig. 1). The two-inch long, blue foliage borne on a rigid pyramidal canopy would make a striking specimen in any landscape. It casts dense shade when branched to the ground, so no grass grows beneath it. It lends a rigid, formal effect to any landscape due to the stiff, horizontal branches, but the blue foliage softens this effect. It could be used as a specimen or as a screen planted 10 to 15 feet apart. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Podocarpus falcatus Figure 1. Middle-aged Podocarpus. Pronunciation: poe-doe-KAR-pus fal-KAY-tus Common name(s): Podocarpus Family: Podocarpaceae Crown shape: pyramidal USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11 (Fig. 2) Crown density: dense Origin: not native to North America Growth rate: medium Uses: hedge; recommended for buffer strips around Texture: fine parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; screen; specimen; no proven urban tolerance Foliage Availability: grown in small quantities by a small number of nurseries Leaf arrangement: opposite/subopposite (Fig. 3) Leaf type: simple DESCRIPTION Leaf margin: entire Leaf shape: linear Height: 30 to 40 feet Leaf venation: parallel Spread: 25 to 35 feet Leaf type and persistence: evergreen Crown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a Leaf blade length: less than 2 inches regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more Leaf color: blue or blue-green; green or less identical crown forms 1. -
Here Before We Humans Were and Their Relatives Will Probably Be Here When We Are Gone
The ‘mighty tōtara’ is one of our most extraordinary trees. Among the biggest and oldest trees in the New Zealand forest, the heart of Māori carving and culture, trailing no. 8 wire as fence posts on settler farms, clambered up in the Pureora protests of the 1980s: the story of New Zealand can be told through tōtara. Simpson tells that story like nobody else could. In words and pictures, through waka and leaves, farmers and carvers, he takes us deep inside the trees: their botany and evolution, their role in Māori life and lore, their uses by Pākehā, and their current status in our environment and culture. By doing so, Simpson illuminates the natural world and the story of Māori and Pākehā in this country. Our largest trees, the kauri Tāne Mahuta and the tōtara Pouakani, are both thought to be around 1000 years old. They were here before we humans were and their relatives will probably be here when we are gone. Tōtara has been central to life in this country for thousands of years. This book tells a great tree’s story, and that is our story too. Philip Simpson is a botanist and author of Dancing Leaves: The Story of New Zealand’s Cabbage Tree, Tī Kōuka (Canterbury University Press, 2000) and Pōhutukawa and Rātā: New Zealand’s Iron-hearted Trees (Te Papa Press, 2005). Both books won Montana Book Awards in the Environment category and Pōhutukawa and Rātā also won the Montana Medal for best non-fiction book. Simpson is unique in his ability to combine the scientific expertise of the trained botanist with a writer’s ability to understand the history of Māori and Pākehā interactions with the environment. -
A Parrot Apart: the Natural History of the Kakapo (Strigops Habroptilus), and the Context of Its Conservation Management
A parrot apart: the natural history of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the context of its conservation management RALPH G. POWLESLAND Abstract Since the last review of kakapo biology, published 50 years ago, much Research, Development & Improvement has been learnt as a result of the transfer of all known individuals to offshore islands, Division, Department of Conservation, P.O. and their intensive management to increase adult survival and productivity. This Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand review summarises information on a diversity of topics, including taxonomy, plumage, [email protected] moult, mass, anatomy, physiology, reasons for decline in distribution, present numbers and status, sex ratio, habitat, home range, foraging activities, diet, voice, DON V. MERTON breeding biology, nesting success, sexual maturity, and adult survival. In addition, Honorary Research Associate, Research, those kakapo attributes that compromise its long-term survival in present-day New Development & Improvement Division, Zealand are discussed, along with management practises developed to overcome Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10- these problems. 420, Wellington, New Zealand Powlesland, R.G.; Merton, D.V.; Cockrem, J.F. 2006. A parrot apart: the natural JOHN F. COCKREM history of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the context of its conservation Conservation Endocrinology Research management. Notornis 53 (1): 3 - 26. Group, Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Keywords Kakapo; Strigops habroptilus; Psittacidae; endangered species; review; Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, natural history; management practices; predatory mammals New Zealand INTRODUCTION The kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) is a large parrot (males 1.6 – 3.6 kg, females 0.9 – 1.9 kg) (Higgins 1999), with finely barred or mottled yellowish-green plumage. -
Ecology and Distribution of the Malesian Podocarps Neal J
4 Ecology and Distribution of the Malesian Podocarps Neal J. Enright and Tanguy Jaffré ABSTRACT. Podocarp species and genus richness is higher in the Malesian region than anywhere else on earth, with maximum genus richness in New Guinea and New Caledo- nia and maximum species richness in New Guinea and Borneo. Members of the Podo- carpaceae occur across the whole geographic and altitudinal range occupied by forests and shrublands in the region. There is a strong tendency for podocarp dominance of vegetation to be restricted either to high- altitude sites close to the limit of tree growth or to other sites that might restrict plant growth in terms of water relations and nutri- ent supply (e.g., skeletal soils on steep slopes and ridges, heath forests, ultramafic parent material). Although some species are widespread in lowland forests, they are generally present at very low density, raising questions concerning their regeneration ecology and competitive ability relative to co- occurring angiosperm tree species. A number of species in the region are narrowly distributed, being restricted to single islands or mountain tops, and are of conservation concern. Our current understanding of the distribution and ecology of Malesian podocarps is reviewed in this chapter, and areas for further research are identified. INTRODUCTION The Malesian region has the highest diversity of southern conifers (i.e., Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae) in the world (Enright and Hill, 1995). It is a large and heterogeneous area, circumscribing tropical and subtropical lowland to montane forest (and some shrubland) assemblages, extending from Tonga in Neal J. Enright, School of Environmental Science, the east to India in the west and from the subtropical forests of eastern Australia Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Austra- in the south to Taiwan and Nepal in the north (Figure 4.1).