Pheromone Issue Special

Volume XXXVI, Number 9/10 (Published May 2019) IPM for the

By William Quarles

estern bean cutworm Photo courtesy of Adam Sisson, State University, Bugwood.org (WBC), albicos- Wta, is a pest created by modern agriculture, as monocul- tures, genetically engineered crops, and climate change encourage it (Hutchinson et al. 2011; Blicken- staff and Jolley 1982; Dorhout and Rice 2010). WBC was found in Arizona in 1887, and it was a low intensity western pest of corn and beans for 75 years (Dorhout 2007; Archibald et al. 2017). In the 1970s and 1980s “intensified cropping and modern agriculture” accelerated its dispersal and increased its pest status. It spread throughout the Great Plains and to Texas, Mexico, and Canada (Blickenstaff and Jolley 1982; Sanchez-Pena et al. 2016). Introduction of genetically engineered corn in 1996 (see below) led to an explosive range expansion. The western bean cutworm , Striacosta albicosta, can be identified It spread throughout the Midwest by cream colored stripes and two characteristic spots on the forewings. It corn belt and into corn producing is a strong flier and has recently invaded the Midwest and Northeast. areas of eastern states in a period of just 10 years (Dorhout 2007; et al. 2018), and may be getting (Michel et al. 2010). (See Box A for Dorhout and Rice 2010; Michel et resistant to pyrethroids (Archibald WBC Biology). al. 2010). et al. 2017). Neonicotinoid seed WBC is a late season pest, WBC appeared in treatments may make the problem directly damaging bean pods and in 1999, Iowa and South Dakota worse by killing biocontrols (Sea- corn kernels. The pest can signifi- in 2000; and in graves and Lundgren 2012; Difonzo cantly reduce yields and quality of 2004; and in 2006; et al. 2015). This article discusses field corn and fresh corn. Larvae finally reaching Pennsylvania and an IPM program that can reduce or eat kernels of corn, ruining it for New York in 2009. In 10 years it eliminate pesticide applications. the fresh market and otherwise colonized 11 new states (Smith et lowering yields and quality. Several al. 2018). Damage larvae can infest the same ear of Rapid expansion into new Western bean cutworm is ecological areas has presented misnamed. WBC is no longer just challenges for management. Con- a western pest, and it does not In This Issue ventional pest management is by act like a cutworm that clips plant genetically engineered corn, neon- stems. Furthermore, it prefers Bean Cutworm 1 icotinoid seed treatments, and pyre- corn to beans, and most economic throid sprays. But WBC is resistant Calendar 8 damage is done through feeding on to genetically engineered Cry1F Conference Notes 9 plant seeds. WBC acts more like a corn (Michel et al 2010; Smith corn earworm than a bean cutworm Update Photo courtesy of Professor J. Obermeyer, Purdue Cooperative Extension

WBC larvae eat corn kernels. WBC feeding, shown here, can cause fungal infections that produce mycotoxins.

corn. Field damage of 30-40% has Why Did it Spread? been seen. Some fields in Iowa have Pests become serious through had a 96% loss (Michel et al. 2010; a number of reasons. For instance, Paula-Moraes et al. 2012). an alien invasive pest can spread Damage includes fungal in- into areas where there are no fections that reduce quality of the natural enemies. This is the case grain. For instance, WBC infesta- for the emerald ash borer, Agrilus tion significantly increases Gib- planipennis. It has killed millions of berella ear rot. Fungal infections trees and spread through 35 states produce mycotoxins that can make in about 20 years (Herms and livestock sick when infected corn is McCullough 2014). Another factor used as a feed (Parker et al. 2017). is pesticide resistance and muta- Average infestations of one lar- tion. According to Metcalf (1983), va per plant can reduce corn yields widespread dispersal of the western by 3.7 to 15 bu/acre (Appel et al. corn rootworm, Diabrotica sp., was 1993; Paula-Moraes et al. 2013). encouraged by chlorinated pesti- One larva per plant could result in cides. Pesticide applications led to a yield loss of 8.6%, or about $55/ resistance and a genetic mutation acre (Macrotrends 2019). linked with dispersal (Wang et al. WBC prefers corn, but it 2013). But WBC is a native pest, can also be an economic pest of and its spread is not the result of a dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. It pesticide induced mutation (Lin- damages pods and developing bean droth et al. 2012). seeds. Damage in beans can be up WBC has a natural tenden- to 8-10%. It is difficult to separate cy to spread. It is a strong flier, damaged pods (“pick”) from healthy and virgin females can cover 24 ones, and “pick” lowers the pur- km (14.4 mi) in 8 hours (Dorhout chase price. Pick amounts greater 2007). Planting large monocultures than 2% could cause buyers to in the 1970s and 1980s gave it refuse entire shipments (Michel et a ready food supply that favored al. 2010; Difonzo et al. 2015). migrating populations. Introduc- 2019 Tomato is also a possible host tion of genetically engineered corn plant. Successful management in promoted cropping practices that corn and beans might cause it to encouraged WBC (see below). Cli- move to tomatoes (Blickenstaff and mate change may also have been a Jolley 1982; Antonelli and O’Keeffe factor, as it must overwinter in soil. 1981). Milder winter temperatures may have allowed the pest to invade cold

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update

Box A. Biology of the Bean Cutworm

WBC is a native noctuid F. Peairs, CSU, Bugwood.org 32% are recovered in the same moth in the same guild as the row as the egg mass (Panuti et corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, al. 2012; Michel et al. 2010). and the European corn borer, Fortunately, larval survival in a Ostrinia nubilalis. There is one corn field is low, ranging from generation per year. Life stages 4-12% in Nebraska (Paula-Mo- are eggs, larvae, prepupae, pu- raes et al. 2013). pae and adults (Dorhout 2007). WBC goes through six lar- Gray-brown are val instars on a plant. The first about 20 mm (0.8 in) long, and instars have black heads and wingspan is about 40 mm (1.6 are about 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long. in). They can be identified by Early larvae in beans feed on the cream-colored stripes along leaf tissue, then later larval in- the outer edges of the fore- Eggs of western bean cutworm stars chew their way into bean

wings, and two characteristic J. Obermeyer, Purdue Cooperative Extn. pods. The larval stage is vari- wing spots on each forewing. able, but can last an average of Moths fly at night and rest in about 30 days. Larvae are light the crop in the daytime. Mating tan or pink with longtitudinal and egglaying is in July and stripes. Fourth instars or later August, with females producing have two black rectangles as about 300-400 eggs. Egg mass- markings directly behind the es averaging about 50 eggs are head. The 6th instars are about laid on upper leaf surfaces in 35 mm (1.4 in) long (Dorhout corn when it is near the tassel 2007; Michel et al. 2010). stage of development. Eggs are There is a prepupal and laid on the underside of bean a pupal stage in the soil. WBC leaves deep in the canopy. Eggs overwinters as a prepupa about are about 0.75 mm (0.03 in). 7.6 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in) deep Eggs are initially white, but in soil. Pupae measure about turn purple before they hatch Larva of WBC feeding at the tip of a 17 mm (0.66 in) in the lon- in about 5-7 days (Dorhout corn ear. gest direction. Sandy soils are 2007; Michel et al. 2010). preferred to clay soils. The soil Larvae eat their egg shells to plant, within and between stage makes treatment with and disperse upward to tassels rows, dispersing in a 3 m (10 nematodes a possibility (see in corn, then later crawl down- ft) circle about a hatching egg Nematodes). It completes pupa- ward and enter the ears. One mass. About 75% of hatching tion in spring and emerges as ear may contain several larvae. larvae are found within 1.7 m an adult in the summer (Dor- Larvae in corn move from plant (5.6 ft) of the egg mass. About hout 2007; Michel et al. 2010).

areas such as Michigan and Minne- al. 2011). Blickenstaff (1979) had in beneficial carabid beetle larvae sota (Blickenstaff and Jolley 1982; observed that cultivation killed 90% exposed to neonicotinoid corn seed- Hutchinson et al. 2011). of overwintering WBC. lings. Neonicotinoid treatments add- BT for the western corn root- GMOs Encourage Pest ed to GMO seeds do not control late worm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera Cropping practices associ- season pests, but can have a nega- virgifera, was introduced in 2003. ated with GMOs encourage the tive impact on biocontrols (Difonzo Plantings of BT corn for the root- pest. Roundup Ready® corn meant et al. 2015). Predator populations worm meant fewer soil insecticide growers could switch from cultiva- can be reduced by 25% (Seagraves treatments were needed. BT for the tion to no-till and apply herbicides and Lundgren 2012). In corn, treat- rootworm led to a situation where for weed control. As a result, WBC ed seeds have killed 80% of exposed WBC pupae could develop without pupating in the soil was no longer Harmonia axyridis ladybug larvae exposure to pesticides (Gassmann killed by cultivation (Hutchinson et (Moser and Obryki 2009). Mullin et al. 2011). et al. (2005) found 100% mortality

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 3 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Update

Pest Replacement Professor J. Obermeyer, Purdue Cooperative Extension Genetically engineered BT corn may also have triggered pest replacement. Pest replacement occurs when treatment of one pest provides conducive conditions for another. The western bean cutworm is not killed by many of the cur- rently available BT corn varieties. competitors such as the corn earworm and European corn borer are eliminated by BT protein, thus leaving an ecological niche for WBC (Dorhout and Rice 2010). On non-BT corn, corn ear- worm and corn borer larvae eat WBC, thus removing the competi- tion. Consistent with this theory, experiments in the laboratory and in the field show that corn ear- worms and corn borers reduce sur- vival of WBC larvae (Dorhout 2007; Larval instars of the western bean cutworm, shown here, can proliferate on Dorhout and Rice 2010; Bentivenha BT corn. The GMO kills competing pests such as the corn earworm and the et al. 2016). European corn borer. Much of the corn in Iowa in 2000 contained BT proteins and of female ovipositors. Components was resistant to glyphosate (Round- Automated Trap were (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate; up Ready®). In 2000, WBC was Recently, an automated pher- (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; 11-dodece- only in the west, but four years omone trap has been introduced. nyl acetate and dodecyl acetate in later it was doing economic damage The automated trap can give a the ratio 5:1:5:5. Trécé uses this throughout Iowa (Dorhout 2007). useful real time picture of areawide 4-component blend in the stan- infestations, as it has a camera, dard monitoring lure (Tooker et and can be linked to the internet IPM Program for WBC al. 2012). Scentry also produces a (see ESA Conference Notes) (Michel IPM for the western bean cut- WBC lure (Dorhout 2007). et al. 2010; Dorhout 2007; Williams worm consists of monitoring with Critical to management suc- et al. 2018ab). pheromone traps, scouting fields for cess is pheromone monitoring Pheromone monitoring gives egg masses and damage, cultural traps that identify the flights of a picture of moth flights, and can controls, conservation biocontrol, the insect. Three kinds of traps alert growers to the peak flight releases of parasitoids and nema- are in use: jug traps, wing traps, times. Pheromone trap captures todes, host resistance, and appli- and universal (bucket) traps, and do not strictly correlate with field cation of least-toxic pesticides as a they are equally effective. The jug infestations in corn. But fields with last resort. trap is just a one gallon milk jug infestation rates above economic Monitoring and scouting fields with holes cut into it to allow moth thresholds (5%) have pheromone for WBC leads to a reduction in entry. Ethylene glycol and soapy captures larger than fields be- pesticide applications, and is exten- water in the bottom kills the moths. low the threshold. Fields must be sively practiced by crop consultants A pheromone lure is attached to the scouted for eggs and larvae when in Nebraska (Archibald et al. 2017). lid with a paper clip (Dorhout and pheromone traps reveal moth IPM for WBC is recommended by Rice 2008). According to Obermey- flights. In beans, pheromone traps Cooperative Extension in many er (2019), Purdue has abandoned correlate better with field infesta- states (Obermeyer 2009; Peairs the jug trap for the bucket trap, tions and crop damage (Williams et 2014; Tooker et al. 2012; Michel et because the bucket trap is easier to al. 2018ab; Michel et al. 2010). al. 2010). use. Best placement is between Scouting and Pheromone Monitoring cornfields at heights of about 1.2 to Economic Thresholds Females of WBC produce a 1.8 meters (3.9-5.9 ft). For beans, Scouting should begin in corn sexual pheromone that attracts best placement is at opposite ends when moth flights are detected and males. Klun et al. (1983) isolated of a bean field at the same height numbers are increasing in pher- the WBC pheromone from extracts as in corn. omone traps. Twenty consecutive

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 4 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update plants in five different field areas Photo courtesy Scott Williams and DTN should be inspected for egg masses or larvae. Infestations are patchy, so several trips to the field may be needed. Upper leaves, tassels, and silks should be inspected for larvae (Michel et al. 2010). Paula-Mo- raes et al. (2011) describe a pres- ence-absence sequential sampling method that needs inspection of only 38-41 plants to make a treat- ment decision. The University of Nebraska has developed a smart phone application that makes scouting easier (Nebraska 2019). Extension entomologists and consultants recommend treatment when 5-8% of corn plants have egg masses or larvae. This threshold is adjusted downward for higher corn prices and for eastern states where higher humidity results in increased egg and larval survival Automated pheromone traps can monitor WBC populations. The Z-trap on (Michel et al. 2010). Paula-Moraes the right uses a bucket trap to collect WBC moths. et al. (2013) recommend treatment when more than 4% of the corn Another way to break up the ft) above the ground. Hedgerow plants have an egg infestation. BT monocultures is to increase the perennials could provide longterm Scouting for eggs and larvae amount of non-BT refuge to 50%. protection. Hedgerow plantings in in beans is difficult, as larvae often The non-BT corn would have more California about 3 m (9.8 ft) wide drop off plants and egg masses corn earworms and corn borers but containing perennials such as coy- are hidden in the canopy. Instead, could be managed accordingly if the ote bush, Baccharis pilularis; Cali- pheromone trap data is combined planting was clearly separated into fornia lilac, Ceanothus griseus; and with scouting for bean damage. For discrete blocks. The larger refuge others provided beneficial beans, fields should be scouted could also preserve the effective- in fields for biocontrols. About 78% when 700 or more moths appear in ness of BT corn (Michel et al. 2010). of insects in the hedgerows were pheromone traps before peak flight. Cover crops would encourage beneficials (Long et al. 1998; Bugg For cumulative pheromone moth biological controls (Lundgren and et al. 1998). catches of 1000 or more, econom- Fergen 2010). Planting insectary ic bean damage is likely. If a bean plants, windbreaks, and hedgerows Crop Rotation field is adjacent to corn, it should at the edge of fields would provide Crop rotation can be effective, be scouted if infestations in corn conservation biocontrols and would at least by reducing the number are above economic thresholds. In- also impede flights of moths that of acres of continuous corn. West- secticides should be applied 10-21 like to fly about 1-2 meters (3-6 ern bean cutworm is not a pest days after peak flight (Michel et al. Prof. J. Obermeyer, Purdue Cooperative Extn. of soybeans, and soybeans are a 2010; Difonzo et al. 2015). good rotation crop (Dorhut 2007). If tillage is practiced, pupae are killed Cultural Controls as the field is prepared for soybeans To be effective, cultural con- (Seymour et al. 2010). However, trols should be practiced areawide. tillage should be reserved for years Otherwise local farms would be when populations are very high, vulnerable to flights from farms as no-till or strip-till production is nearby. The best cultural control better for the environment (Quarles would be a breakup of large mono- 2018; 2019). cultures. Smaller, more diverse If no-till practices are used, fields would give the pest less food rotation may have less of an ef- directly in its flight path. Rotating fect. Soybeans would be planted crops in smaller fields would have in fields infested with WBC pupae. an effect similar to intercropping WBC pupae bury themselves in soil. The emerging adults would not (Altieri 2004). Cultivation destroys 90% of them. harm the soybeans. But because

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 5 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Update corn fields are often adjacent to Neonicotinoids may interfere Nematodes soybean fields, WBC that emerges with biocontrol, and biocontrol Western bean cutworm does in soybeans may just fly over to the would be more effective if neonicoti- best in sandy soils. Nematodes are nearest corn field (Hutchinson et al. noid seed treatments were eliminat- also successful in sandy soil. The 2011; Michel et al. 2010). ed (Seagraves and Lundgren 2012; WBC prepupa digs down about Delayed planting works to con- Difonzo et al. 2015). 7.6 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in), which is a trol the western corn rootworm, but Photo by Juan Morales Ramos courtesy USDA manageable depth for Heterorhabdi- delayed planting for WBC might not tis bacteriophora nematodes (Dor- be effective because the pest has a hout 2007; Toepfer et al. 2010). wide (3-month) window of emergence Nematode treatments would (Michel et al. 2010; Levine and Olou- be more economically viable if they mi-Sadeghi 1991; Quarles 2017). were applied simultaneously for more than one pest. Nematodes Pheromone Mating are effective for the western corn Disruption rootworm (WCR) (Jackson 1996; Pheromone mating disruption Toepfer et al. 2010; Kurtz et al. might work, but would be expen- 2007; 2009). Application of H. bac- sive. WBC is a strong flier (Dorhout teriophora when corn is planted can 2007), so already mated females cause 70% corn rootworm mortality might fly into the treated areas, (Toepfer et al. 2010). negating at least some of the effect. Nematode treatment for west- If this method were used, treatment ern corn rootworm should also kill would have to be areawide and over WBC pupae. Eggs of western corn a period of two months (Quarles Heterorhabditis spp. nematodes rootworm hatch in late May or early 1994). might destroy soil stages of WBC. June, and nematodes are applied before this time (Levine and Olou- mi-Sadeghi 1991). In May or early Biocontrols Parasitoids June, WBC would still be in the Bats should provide some Trichogramma ostriniae releas- soil in the prepupal or pupal stage biocontrol of the WBC adult stage, es have been effective for the corn (Michel et al. 2010). Apparently, as the moths fly at night above earworm and the European corn nematodes have not been tried for corn and bean fields. Since or- borer, which are in the same insect control of WBC. ganic farms have larger numbers guild as WBC (Hoffmann 1998). of bats than conventional farms, Releases of 90,000 T. ostriniae bats could be especially effective in wasps per acre in New York organic Microbials Nosema infections have been organic production. Bats could be sweet corn led to large numbers shown to infect WBC in the field, encouraged by providing bat houses of parasitized WBC eggs. In areas but Nosema has not been tried for (Quarles 1996; Wickramsinghe et with large WBC populations, 59% biocontrol. Nosema for biocontrol al. 2004). of egg masses and 64% of eggs should be used with caution, as it Birds might do some preda- within each mass were parasitized. is a pathogen of bees (Michel et al. tion of larvae in corn, but larvae in But this level of control was not 2010). beans hide on the ground and in enough to keep economic damage The entomopathogenic fungi the canopy. Skunks and other such below the 1% damage threshold in Beauveria bassiana and Metar- vertebrates may dig up the prepu- sweet corn. Weekly applications of hizium anisopliae occur naturally in pae and pupae, but these predators spinosad (Entrust®) were needed 55-60% of Iowa cornfields.Metar - could damage the corn (Michel et (Seaman 2017). hizium anisopliae applied to fields al. 2010). In areas with lower WBC popu- persists for at least 15 months Lacewings, lady beetles, pirate lations, 100% of egg masses and an (Rudeen et al. 2013). bugs and other beneficial insects average of 89% of eggs in each egg Beauveria bassiana has been will eat WBC eggs. Egg and larval mass were parasitized. Damage to used on the western corn root- predation by ground beetles and organic sweet corn was 4.6% with- worm, but apparently has not been lacewing larvae has been seen out the use of pesticides (Seaman tried on WBC. In the more humid (Michel et al. 2010). The most 2017). eastern regions these microbials abundant predators in Nebraska Though parasitoid releases might have more of an effect than cornfields areOrius bugs, Harmonia were somewhat effective in sweet in drier western states (Levine and axyridis and Coleomegilla maculata corn, similar releases in organic Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991; Michel et al. lady beetles, lacewings and spiders. field corn had no significant effect. 2010). Coleomegilla was one of the best egg Damage was 14% in release areas predators tested in the laboratory and 15% in non-release areas (Sea- (Archibald 2017). man 2017).

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 6 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update

host. Crop rotation combined with and soybean agroecosystem. J. Econ. Entomol. Resistance and BT Corn 101(2):404-408. BT Cry1Ab corn effective for periodic cultivation could reduce Dorhout, D.L. and M.E. Rice. 2010. Intraguild the corn earworm and the Europe- areawide WBC populations. Organ- competition and enhanced survival of western an corn borer will not control WBC. ic farms can practice conservation bean cutworm (: ) on biocontrol, release parasitoids, or transgenic Cry1Ab (MON810) Bacillus thuring- BT corn containing Cry1F is about iensis corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 103(1):54-62. 80% effective in Iowa, but the pest apply nematodes. When damage Farhan, Y., J.L. Smith and A.W. Schaafsma. 2018. is becoming resistant (Ostrem et al thresholds are exceeded, biope- Baseline susceptibility of Striacosta albicosta in 2016; Farhan et al. 2018). Cry1F sticides can control the pest while Ontario, Canada to Vip3A Bacillus thuringiensis is ineffective in the Great Lakes sparing biocontrols. protetin. J. Econ. Entomol. 111(1):65-71. Region (Smith et al. 2018). Gassmann, A.J., J.L. Petzold-Maxwell, R.S. Kewe- shan et al. 2011. Field-evolved resistance to Bt Organic farmers objected to BT William Quarles, Ph.D., is an IPM maize by western corn rootworm. PLoS ONE corn because they thought it likely Specialist, Executive Director of the 6(7):e22629. that resistance would develop. The Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC), Herms, D.A. and D.G. McCullough. 2014. Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, EPA initially required 20% non-BT and Managing Editor of the IPM biology, ecology, impacts, and management. corn refuges to reduce resistance. Practitioner. He can be reached by Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59:13-30. But lately EPA has allowed a blend email, [email protected] Hoffmann, M.P. 1998. Early season establish- of 5% non-BT seeds mixed with the ment of Trichogramma ostriniae for season long BT seeds. The 5% non-BT “refuge suppression of European corn borer in sweet References corn. In: 1997 New York State Vegetable Project in a bag” provides variable toxin Altieri, M.A. 2004. Agroecology and sustainable Reports Relating to IPM. NY IPM Pub. No. 123, exposure and may “increase the agriculture. IPM Practitioner 26(9/10):1-7. pp. 143-146. rate of resistance evolution.” In the Antonelli, A.L. and L.E. O’Keeffe. 1981. Possible Hutchinson, W.D., T.E. Hunt, G.L. Hein et al. Great Lakes Region, only BT Vip3A resistance in bean varieties to the western bean 2011. Genetically engineered Bt corn and range cutworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 74:499-501. expansion of western bean cutworm in the is effective (Smith et al. 2018). : a response to Greenpeace Ger- Appel, L.L., R.J. Wright and J.B. Campbell. 1993. many. J. Integ. Pest Mngmt. 2(3):1-8. Resistant beans have been Economic injury levels for western bean cut- identified, but they are not commer- worm, Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Jackson, J.J. 1996. Field performance of ento- cially acceptable varieties (Antonelli Noctuidae), eggs and larvae in field corn.J. mopathogenic nematodes for suppression of Kans. Entomol. Soc. 66(4):434-438. the western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Entomol. and O’Keeffe 1981). 89(2):366-372. Archibald, W.R. 2017. Conservation biological control of western bean cutworm: molecular gut Klun, J.A., C.C. Blickenstaff, M. Schwarz et al. content analysis of predators, feeding 1983. Western bean cutworm, Loxagrotis Insecticides trials for key predators, and agricultural sur- albicosta female sex pheromone identification. The pesticides of choice so far veys for integrated pest management. Masters Environ. Entomol. 12:714-717. have been foliar sprays of pyre- Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Disser- Kurtz, B., S. Toepfer, R.U. Ehlers et al. 2007. throids. But pyrethoids can in- tations and Student Research in Entomology, Assessment of establishment and persistence No. 49. 94 pp. of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological crease spider mite problems and Archibald, W.R., J.D. Bradshaw, D.A. Golick et al. control of the western corn rootworm. J. Appl. kill biocontrols due to long residual 2017. Nebraska growers’ and crop consultants’ Entomol. 131(6):420-425. activity. Biopesticides such as Chro- knowledge and implementation of integrated Kurtz, B. I. Hiltpold, T.C.J. Turlings et al. 2009. pest management of western bean cutworm. J. ® Comparative susceptibility of larval instars and mobacterium sp. (Grandevo ) and Integ. Pest Mngmt. 9(1):1-7. pupae of the western corn rootworm to infection ® spinosad (Entrust ) are labeled for Bentivenha, J.P.F., E.L.L. Baldin, T.E. Hunt et al. by three entomopathogenic nematodes. BioCon- the western bean cutworm. These 2016. Intraguild competition of three noctuid trol 54:255-262. biopesticides have less of a negative maize pests. Environ. Entomol. 45(4):999-1008. Levine, E. and H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1991. Manage- Blickenstaff, C.C. 1979. History and biology of ment of diabroticite rootworms in corn. Annu. effect on biocontrols and can be Rev. Entomol. 36:229-55. used in organic production (Quarles the western bean cutworm in southern Idaho, 1942-1977. Bull. No. 592, University of Idaho Lindroth, E., T.E. Hunt, S.R. Skoda et al. 2012. 2013). Experiment Station, March 1979. 16 pp. Population genetics of the western bean cut- In Michigan dry beans thiame- Blickenstaff, C.C. and P.M. Jolley. 1982. Host worm across the United States. Ann. Entomol. thoxam seed treatments or aldicarb plants of western bean cutworm. Environ. Ento- Soc. Am. 105(5):685-692. soil treatments resulted in greater mol. 11:421-425. Long, R.F., A. Corbett, C. Lamb et al. 1998. Bugg, R.L., J.H. Anderson, C.D. Thomsen et al. Beneficial insects move from flowering plants to damage than no treatment. Possi- 1998. Farmscaping in California. In: C.H. nearby crops. Calif. Agric. 52(5):23-26. bly, the seed and soil treatments Pickett and R.L. Bugg, eds. Enhancing Biological Lundgren, J.G. and J.K. Fergen. 2010. The effects killed biocontrols that had been Control. University of California Press, Berkeley, of a winter cover crop on Diabrotica virgifera CA. 422 pp. providing protection (Difonzo et al. virgifera populations and beneficial arthropod DiFonzo, C.D., M.M. Chludzinski, M.R. Jewett communities in non-till maize. Environ. Ento- 2015). et al. 2015. Impact of western bean cutworm in- mol. 39:1816-1828. festation and insecticide treatments on damage Macrotrends. 2019. Corn prices, 45 year history. and marketable yield of Michigan dry beans. J. https://www.macrotrends.net/2532/corn-pric- Conclusion Econ. Entomol. 108(2):583-591. es-historical-chart-data Pheromone monitoring and Dorhout, D.L. 2007. Ecological and behavioral Metcalf, R.L. 1983. Implications and prognosis of scouting can reduce WBC pesti- studies of the western bean cutworm (Lepidop- resistance to insecticides. In: G.P. Georghiou cide applications. Biocontrol would tera: Noctuidae) in corn. Masters Thesis, Iowa and T. Saito, eds. Pest Resistance to Pesticides. State University, Ames, IA. Retrospective Theses Plenum Press, New York. pp. 703-733 of 809 be more effective if neonicotinoid and Dissertations, 14793. 139 pp. pp. seed treatments were eliminated. Dorhout, D.L. and M.E. Rice. 2008. An evaluation Michel, A.P., C.H. Krupke, T.S. Baute et al. 2010. Breaking up monocultures would of western bean cutworm pheromone trapping Ecology and management of the western bean make it harder for moths to find the techniques (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a corn cutworm in corn and dry beans. J. Integ. Pest Mngmt. 1(1):1-10.

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 7 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Update Calendar

Moser, S.E. and J.J. Obrycki. 2009. Non-target ef- Seagraves, M.P. and J.G. Lundgren. 2012. Effects fects of neonicotinoid seed treatments: mortality of neonicotinoid seed treatments on soybean June 18-June 21, 2019. PCOC Annual of coccinellid larvae related to zoophytophagy. aphid and natural enemies. J. Pest. Sci. 85:125- Expo. Carlsbad, CA. Contact: PCOC, Biol. Control 51:487-492. 132. 3031, Beacon Blvd, W. Sacramento, CA Mullin, C.A.,M.C. Saunders, T.W. Leslie et al. Seaman, A. 2017. Managing western bean 95691; www.pcoc.org 2005. Toxic and behavioral effects to carabi- cutworm: an impending threat to organic field dae of seed treatments used on Cry3Bb1 and corn, sweet corn, and dry bean growers. Final July 28-31, 2019. 74th Annual Meeting Cry1Ab/c protected corn. Environ. Entomol. Report SARE Grant ONE16-271. https://proj- 34(6):1626-1636. ects.sare.org/project-reports/one16-271/ Soil Water Conservation Society. Pitts- burg, PA. Contact: www.swcs.org/19AC Nebraska. 2019. Western Bean Cutworm website, Seymour, R.C., G.L. Hein and R.J. Wright. 2010. University of Nebraska, https://entomology. Western bean cutworm in corn and dry beans. August 3-7, 2019. American Phytopatho- unl.edu/agroecosystems/western-bean-cut- Pub. No. G2103, University of Nebraska Co- worm-central operative Extension. http://extensionpublica- logical Society Conference, Cleveland, OH. tions.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g2013.pdf Contact: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Obermeyer, J. 2009. Western bean cutworm, Stri- acosta albicosta. Purdue Cooperative Extension, Smith, J.L., T.S. Baute, M.M. Sebright et al. 2018. Paul, MN 55121; 651-454-7250; aps@ https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/fieldcrop- Establishment of Striacosta albicosta as a pri- scisoc.org sipm/insects/western-bean-cutworm.php mary pest of corn in the Great Lakes Region. J. Econ. Entomol. 111(4):1732-1744. August 11-16, 2019. 104th Annual Obermeyer, J. 2019. Personal communication with Professor J. Obermeyer, Purdue Cooperative Toepfer, S., R. Burger, R.U. Ehlers, et al. 2010. Conference, Ecological Society of America, Extension. May 1, 2019. Controlling western corn rootworm larvae with Louisville, KY. Contact: ESA, www.esa.org entomopathogenic nematodes: effect of appli- Ostrem, J.S., A. Pan, J.L. Flexner et al. 2016. cation techniques on plant-scale efficiency.J. October 15-18, 2019. NPMA Pest World, Monitoring susceptibility of western bean cut- Appl. Entomol. 134:467-480. worm field populations toBacillus thuringiensis San Diego Conference Center, San Diego, Cry1F protein. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(2):847- Tooker, J.F., K. Waldron and M. Skinner. 2012. CA. Contact: NPMA, www.npmapest- 853. Developing an IPM program for western bean world.org cutworm, a new corn and dry bean pest in Pannuti, L.E.R., S.V. Paula-Moraes, T.E. Hunt et the Northeast Region. Northeast IPM Grant al. 2016. Plant to plant movement of Striacosta October 15-18, 2019. California Invasive 11072905/2012-02038. 18 pp. albicosta and Spodoptera frugiperda in maize Plant Council Symposium. Riverside, CA. (Zea mays). J. Econ. Entomol. 109(3):1125-1131. Wang, H., B.S. Coates, H. Chen et al. 2013. Role Contact: California Invasive Plant Council, of a gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) receptor Parker, N.S., N.R. Anderson, S.S. Richmond et al. 1442 Walnut St., No. 462, Berkeley, CA mutation in the evolution and spread of Dia- 2017. Larval western bean cutworm feeding brotica virgifera virgifera resistance to cyclodiene 94709. www.cal-ipc.org damage encourages the development of Gib- insecticides. Insect Mol. Biol. 22(5):473-484. berella ear rot on field corn.Pest Manag. Sci. November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, 73:546-553. Wickramsinghe, L.P., S. Harris, G. Jones et al. Crop Science Society of America. San 2004. Abundance and species richness of Paula-Moraes, S., E.C. Burkness, T.E. Hunt et nocturnal insects on organic and conventional Antonio, TX. Contact: https://www.crops. al. 2011. Cost-effective binomial sequential farms: effects of agricultural intensification on org sampling of western bean cutworm, Striacosta bat foraging. Conserv. Biol. 18(5):1283-1292. albicosta, egg masses in corn. J. Econ. Entomol. November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, 104(6):1900-1908. Williams, S.B., C. Aeschliman and J. Park. 2018a. Automated monitoring traps for detection of American Society of Agronomy. San Anto- Paula-Moraes, S., T.E. Hunt, R.J. Wright et al. western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta. nio, TX. https://www.acsmeetings.org 2012. On-plant movement and feeding of Poster presentation 8th International IPM Sym- western bean cutworm early instars of corn. posium, March 19-22, 2018. Baltimore, MD. November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, Environ. Entomol. 41(6):1494-1500. Williams, S.B., C. Aeschliman and J. Park. 2018b. Soil Science Society of America. San Anto- Paula-Moraes, S., T.E. Hunt, R.J. Wright et al. Effectiveness of automated trapping for western nio, TX. Contact: www.soils.org 2013. Western bean cutworm survival and the bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta, manage- development of economic injury levels and eco- ment. Entomological Society of America Annual November 17-20, 2019. Annual Meeting, nomic thresholds in field corn.J. Econ. Entomol. Meeting, November 11, 2018, Vancouver, BC. 106(3):1274-1285. Entomological Society of America, St. Louis, MO. Contact: ESA, 9301 Annapolis Peairs, F.B. 2014. Western bean cutworm: char- acteristics and management in corn and dry Rd., Lanham, MD 20706; www.entsoc.org beans. Colorado State University Extension. November 20-22, 2019. Association of Ap- Quarles, W. 1994. Mating disruption for codling plied Insect Ecologists. Visalia Convention moth control. IPM Practitioner 16(5/6):1-12. Center, Visalia, CA. Contact: www.aaie.net Quarles, W. 1996. Bats for insect biocontrol in agriculture. IPM Practitioner 18(9):1-9. January 22-25, 2020. 40th Annual Eco- Quarles, W. 2013. New biopesticides for IPM and Farm Conference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, organic production. IPM Practitioner 33(7/8):1- CA. Contact: Ecological Farming Associa- 10. tion, 831/763-2111; [email protected] Quarles, W. 2017. IPM for the western corn root- worm. IPM Practitioner 35(9/10):1-10. February 27-29, 2020. 31st Annual Mo- Quarles, W. 2018. Regenerative agriculture ses Organic Farm Conference. La Crosse, can reduce global warming. IPM Practitioner WI. Contact: Moses, PO Box 339, Spring 36(1/2):1-8. Valley, WI 54767; 715/778-5775; www. Quarles, W. 2019. Racing towards silent spring. mosesorganic.org IPM Practitioner 36(7/8):1-8. March 2-5, 2020. Annual Meeting Weed Rudeen, M.L., S.T. Jaronski, J.L. Petzold-Max- well et al. 2013. Entomopathogenic fungi in Science Society of America. Maui, HI. cornfields and their potential to manage larval Contact: www.wssa.net western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J. Invert. Pathol. 114:329-332. March 15-18, 2021. 10th International Sanchez-Pena, S.R., R.I. Torres-Acosta and D. IPM Symposium. Denver, CO. Contact: Camacho-Ponce. 2016. The second report of the https://ipmsymposium.org western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta, as a dominant corn pest in Mexico. Proc. Entomol. Trichogramma sp., an egg parasitoid. Soc. Wash. 118(3):389-392.

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 8 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes Special Pheromone Report

By Joel Grossman was reduced over 75%, said Ako- from A&K trap trees onto nearest tsen-Mensah. neighbor apple trees. So, border This is a Special Pheromone Report trap tree areas are sprayed. Spray- selected from presentations at the Pheromones and ing only perimeter trees allows a Nov. 11-14, 2018 joint Annual Meet- Plum Curculio significant reduction in pesticide ing of the Entomological Societies of Plum curculio (PC), Conotra- applications. America (ESA), Canada (ESC) and chelus nenuphar, a “pervasive” tree Compared to conventional British Columbia (ESBC). The next fruit pest in eastern North America, whole orchard sprays, plum curcu- ESA annual meeting is November is best managed by targeting all lio insecticide sprays are reduced 17-20, 2019 in St. Louis, Missouri. life stages from egg to adult with 90% with equivalent results. “Mul- For more information contact the multiple tools, including synergized tiple years of study found that not ESA (3 Park Place, Suite 307, An- pheromones, entomopathogenic only could the proportion of or- napolis, MD 21401; 301/731-4535; nematodes (EPNs) and netting, said chard treated with insecticides tar- http://www.entsoc.org). Tracy Leskey (USDA-ARS, 2217 geting PC be reduced by over 90% Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV using this approach, but PC injury Pheromones and 25430; [email protected]. to fruit was equivalent to standard Stink Bugs gov). Plum curculio lays eggs in grower insecticide programs,” said Peach and apple growers in a wide range of fruits, including Leskey. Virginia, West Virginia, and New blueberries, peaches and apples, “We need to find long-lasting Jersey are adopting IPM-CPR or causing fruit drop and less-saleable insecticide treated nets,” like those IPM-Crop Perimeter Restructuring. scarred fruit. used for mosquitoes and brown IPM-CPR “aims to reintroduce IPM The treatment threshold is one marmorated stink bug, where tactics” such as mating disruption fresh scar per 25 fruit. Conven- baited netting is replacing A&K trap and perimeter treatments, neglect- tional management relies on whole trees,” said Leskey. Netting can be deployed around trunks, scaf-

ed during “more than a decade of Photo: NE IPM Center, StopBMSB.org intense insecticide-based manage- fold limbs, and other areas. Sticky ment” of brown marmorated stink bands are also used around tree bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, trunks. PC adults emerging from said Clement Akotsen-Mensah (Rut- soil pupation and walking up trees gers, 121 Northville Rd, Bridgeton, turn around and walk away in re- NJ 08302; [email protected] sponse to sticky bands. gers.edu). “H. halys feeding causes “Efficacious entomopathogen- corking and darkened depressed ic nematode (EPNs) strains were sites, making fruit unmarketable. applied to the soil beneath baited Large, late season populations just ‘attract and kill’ trees to control lar- prior to harvest cause high levels of vae emerging from fallen fruit and injury.” attempting to pupate in soil, further IPM-CPR includes: 1) phero- reducing overall PC populations,” mone monitoring (Trécé CM-DA or said Leskey. “Steinernema riobrave OFM lures) and mating disruption killed greater than 95% of larvae” (Isomate OFM/CM TT) for codling Adult brown marmorated stink bug, in dropped fruit under trap trees in moth, Cydia pomonella, and orien- Halyomorpha halys field trials.S. feltiae can be ap- tal fruit moth, Grapholita molesta; plied annually for cooler soils, but 2) removal of broadleaf weeds that orchard sprays of organophosphate, persistent strains that permanently harbor tarnished plant bugs, Lygus pyrethroid, neonicotinoid and other establish and create suppressive lineolaris; 3) pheromone trap BMSB insecticides. Early season monitor- soils would be better. Nematodes, thresholds (Trécé pyramid trap) to ing, before natural fruit volatiles pheromones, synergists, trap trees, time perimeter treatments of the overwhelm traps, relies on black sticky bands and netting will likely outer two peach orchard rows. pyramid traps baited with the be part of plum curculio IPM in IPM-CPR and conventional male-produced aggregation phero- Canada and the USA. insecticides were equal in terms of mone, grandisoic acid, and benzal- BMSB populations and fruit injury. dehyde, a host fruit volatile. Pheromones, “Damage due to internal worms One management strategy is Bollworms, and Texas was low (<1%) in the IPM-CPR placing attract and kill (A&K) traps Old World bollworm (OWB), blocks where mating disruption 50 m (164 ft) apart on border trees. Helicoverpa armigera, has most was included,” and pesticide use There is plum curculio spillover likely moved through Europe, Asia,

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 9 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Conference Notes

Africa, Oceania and South Amer- “Field experiments showed and resistant varieties have sharply ica on international trade routes, that the IPM approach reduced the reduced soybean aphid pesticide reaching Costa Rica and Puerto number of pyrethroid insecticide sprays. Rico in 2014, and in 2015 pher- applications without sacrificing omone monitoring traps detected crop loss,” said Dechaine. In 2017 Automated Bean Cut- a male moth in Bradenton, Flor- and 2018, on over two dozen com- worm Pheromone Trap ida, said Megha Parajulee (Texas mercial farms in 17 Virginia coun- With its range expansion to the A&M AgriLife, 1102 East FM 1294, ties, pheromone traps, scouting, eastern corn belt and resistance to Lubbock, TX 79403; m-parajulee@ and action thresholds for corn ear- transgenic (Bt) corn varieties, “west- tamu.edu). “It is anticipated that worm and fall armyworm, Spodop- ern bean cutworm (WBC), Striacos- this pest will invade the southern tera frugiperda, guided insecticide ta albicosta, has become one of the USA in the near term and some applications. The diamide insecti- most significant pests of corn (also entomologists have speculated that cide chlorantraniliprole was substi- dry beans) over the past 15 years,” the invasion has already occurred. tuted for pyrethroids “during sweet said Scott Williams (DTN, 1281 Ecological niche modeling indicates corn pollen shed” to lessen adverse Win Hentschel Blvd, West Lafay- that the majority of the USA is a impacts on beneficial insects. ette, IN 47906; scott.williams@dtn. suitable habitat for the permanent com). The “Z-trap” is an automat- establishment of reproductive OWB Pheromones ed pheromone trap with a camera populations.” Monitor Quebec that tracks WBC flight trends, zaps For four years from 2015 to “The province of Quebec moths dead in a bucket trap, relays 2018 in the Texas High Plains, (Canada) represents the northern- photos of trap contents, and using effectiveness of five trap and phero- most area of distribution of several an algorithm provides alerts when mone combinations were compared. pests,” which due to Quebec’s cold WBC population trends require field Traps and lures studied were: 1) winters migrate in annually from scouting. The Z-trap sends out an Texas Trap with Trécé™ H. zea native distribution areas, and are automated warning when the trap lure; 2) Texas Trap with Trécé™ monitored with pheromone traps is full and needs cleaning or a new H. armigera lure; 3) Bucket Trap and scouting provincewide, said sticky card. with Trécé H. zea lure; 4) Bucket Julien Saguez (CÉROM, 740 che- Growers can purchase the Trap with Trécé H. armigera lure; 5) min Trudeau, Beloeil, QC J3G 0E4, Z-trap and camera for $360, but Bucket Trap with USDA Coopera- Canada; julien.saguez@cerom. it is usually part of larger service tive Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) qc.ca). Corn earworm, Helicoverpa agreements that may include trap lure. Texas Traps baited with Trécé armigera, is monitored with pher- monitoring, field scouting, and soil H. armigera lures captured the most omone traps, but has not yet been nitrogen. At a $90 price, the Z-trap Helicoverpa species all four years. observed in Quebec. Pheromone and camera are snapped up by The USDA CAPS lure had lower traps monitoring true armyworm, farmers, suggesting mass produc- catches. Molecular marker studies Mythimna unipuncta, an occasional tion of the product is possible. of 1,500 specimens has not yet re- pest of corn, soybean, cereal and Z-traps and cameras could fit into vealed H. armigera in South Texas, grass, include the Multi-Pher larger geographic IPM networks, but pheromone trap monitoring is ®, Scentry Heliothis, and the auto- with perhaps one trap every 25 continuing. ® mated Trapview (Adama, St Leon- miles (40 km) tracking moth move- Pheromone Traps and ards, Australia) that photographs ments in real-time and issuing Sweet Corn IPM and relays trap information. scouting alerts via the internet or Adult moths of western bean cell phones. “Sweet corn is a popular cutworm, Striacosta albicosta, in Easier to use than standard fresh-market vegetable crop in corn and dry beans are monitored green bucket traps, Z-traps mainly Virginia,” but “more than 80% of with pheromone traps. Scouts look require putting in new pheromone sweet corn ears will be damaged for eggs masses and larvae, with a lures every four weeks and cleaning by insects if control measures are treatment threshold of 5% infested when necessary. The real value is not taken,” said Andrew Dechaine plants. Brown marmorated stink alerting growers to “the very nar- (Virginia Polytech, Blacksburg, VA bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, row window when moths peak” and 24061; [email protected]). Commer- is monitored with bait traps, sweep WBC demands immediate attention cial growers make “multiple appli- nets and visual inspections in corn, to avert crop loss. cations of pyrethroid insecticides” soybean and other crops; 2.5-3.5 against corn earworm, Helicoverpa BMSB per 15 sweeps is the treat- zea, Virginia’s primary sweet corn Podisus ment threshold. Soybean aphid, pest. But pyrethroid resistance “is Aggregation Pheromone Aphis glycines, is monitored by rapidly developing,” and bees, lady Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB), scouts from June to August; and beetles and other beneficials are Leptinotarsa decemlineata, alters its has an economic threshold of 250 harmed by the half dozen or more behavior in response to the aggre- aphids per plant. Good biocontrol annual corn earworm sprays. gation pheromone of a natural ene-

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 10 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes my, the spined soldier bug, Podisus avoid laying eggs on sweet pepper ically dropped component com- maculiventris (Pentatomidae), a plants. pounds and observed the effects. predatory stink bug, said Ari Grele The effects of thrips and their Formic acid and benzoic acid are (Cornell Univ, Comstock Hall, Itha- aggregation pheromone “can scale essential C. modoc alarm phero- ca, NY 14853; [email protected]). up until the third trophic level,” mone components. In group bioas- “P. maculiventris pheromone is said Pineda. In other words, WFT says, carpenter ants located phero- comprised of five main components, and its aggregation pheromone mone components on filter paper. A two of which are green leaf volatiles harm the host plant (sweet pepper), blend of hydrocarbons (4 alkanes) (GLVs) produced by potatoes, one of retard other herbivores (aphids), and formic and benzoic acids was CPB’s host plants. Because several and reduce the fecundity (but not highly attractive. of these components overlap with the fertility) of natural enemies “In arena experiments ants CPB’s host plant,” it was “hypoth- (hover flies). The mechanisms of were attracted to the micro-location esized that CPB were not altering action are still being explored. treated with our synthetic blend their feeding behavior in response of pheromone components,” said to potato GLVs, but rather the re- Renyard. “Both the alkanes (satu- maining predator unique volatiles.” rated hydrocarbons) and the acids In zero-choice olfactometer (formic & benzoic) appear to be assays, CPB “were exposed either sprayed by distressed ants,” and to no pheromones or one of three both are “required for recruitment.” pheromone blends: a two com- However, the blend is very volatile, ponent blend comprised of just and needs to be stabilized for con- potato GLVs; a three component stant release rates to be more use- blend comprised of P. maculiventris ful in research and IPM programs. unique volatiles; and the full five component blend.” Potato GLVs Multi-Species Ant reduced male CPB growth, but not Pheromone Blends female CPB growth. Both CPB sexes A multi-species trail pher- grew less when exposed to the omone blend catching all urban unique three component P. mac- pest ant species is an IPM solution uliventris blend, and “marginally Carpenter ant, Camponotus sp. for homeowners who rarely know less” when exposed to the full five one ant species from another, said component blend. The amount of Jaime Chalissery (Simon Fraser CPB potato leaf consumption was Carpenter Ant Pheromones Univ, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, not affected by exposure to P. macu- BC, Canada V5A 1S6; jchallis@sfu. Queens of the western carpen- liventris aggregation pheromone. ca). Since European Fire Ant (EFA), ter ant, Camponotus modoc, have a Myrmica rubra, trail pheromone, “big investment” in defending nests Flower Thrips 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, with multi-generational broods, boosts EFA recruitment to food Pheromone Ecology and are an ecologically important Western flower thrips (WFT), baits, “this made us wonder wheth- food source for birds in the Pacific Frankliniella occidentalis, an om- er a multi-species trail pheromone Northwest USA, said Asim Renyard nivore, produces an aggregation blend prompts multiple ant species (Simon Fraser Univ, 8888 Univer- pheromone, a mixture of (R)-lavan- to follow it. Our objectives were to sity Dr, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A dulyl-acetate and neryl (S)-2-meth- test whether EFAs, western carpen- 1S6; [email protected]). When ylbutanoate, said Ana Pineda ter ants, Camponotus modoc, black in distress, C. modoc workers emit (Netherlands Instit Ecol, Droev- garden ants, Lasius niger, and an alarm pheromone spray to re- endaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wagen- thatching ants, Formica oreas, both cruit nestmates. In Y-tube olfac- ingen, Netherlands; A.Pineda@nioo. antennally sense, and behaviorally tometers, worker ants were attract- knaw.nl). The aggregation pher- respond to, a multi-species trail ed or “recruited” by poison gland omone impacts higher ecological pheromone blend.” contents, but not by Dufour’s gland trophic levels, including the aphid Using field collected ants and contents. To unravel “alarm com- natural enemy Sphaerophoria ruep- gas chromatographic-electroanten- munication ecology,” GC-MS (gas pellii, a predatory hover fly (Syrphi- nographic detection (GC-EAD), it chromatography-mass spectrom- dae) “commonly released to control was shown that “EFAs, C. modoc, etry) identified 12 possible alarm aphids.” European sweet pepper L. niger, and F. oreas all sense pheromone components in poison growers release S. rueppellii to their own trail pheromone and at gland extracts. control green peach aphid, Myzus least that of 3 heterospecifics,” Deletion experiments started persicae. However, when plants are said Chalissery. EFAs follow their with a blend that worked as an infested with WFT or their aggrega- own trail pheromone plus the trail alarm pheromone, then method- tion pheromone, female S. rueppellii pheromone blend of multiple spe-

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 11 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Conference Notes cies. Black garden ants follow the Bed Bug Pheromone Just before bed bugs take a blood multi-species trail pheromone blend The common bed bug, Ci- meal, all four pheromone aldehydes better than their own pheromone, mex lectularius, and the tropical are present. C. lectularius produces 3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,5,7-trime- bed bug, C. hemipterus, produce more (E)-2-octenal than C. hemip- thylisocoumarin. Western carpenter aldehyde pheromones “known to terus. Each bed bug species has a ant workers follow their own pher- have both alarm and aggregation different ratio of the aldehydes in omone, 2,4-dimethyl-5-hexanolide, functions,” said Mark Dery (Univ its pheromone blend, which has and the multi-species blend with California, 900 University Ave, Riv- implications for monitoring devices. equal intensity. erside, CA 92521; mdery001@ucr. edu). “By examining eggs, nymphs, Methyl Benzoate or their freshly shed exuviae, the Methyl benzoate is a natural production of (E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo- plant semiochemical, said Xiang- (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and Bing Yang (Univ California, 1636 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal was examined East Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905; throughout the development of bed [email protected]). It has contact bugs.” toxicity to brown marmorated stink The pheromone aldehydes are bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys; not detected in eggs or recently diamondback moth, Plutella xy- hatched bed bugs. In other words, lostella; and spotted wing drosophi- bed bugs are not born with the la, Drosophila suzukii. In laboratory pheromone aldehydes. But over fumigation tests western flower time, by 48 hours after egg hatch, thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occiden- all the aldehydes are present, talis on apples were killed in 24 though there are changes over time. Bed bug, Cimex lectularius hours at 2°C (35.6°F). Apple fruit quality (3 varieties) remained excel- lent four weeks after treatment. Dried residues of methyl ben- zoate are 100-300% more effective against gypsy moth and BMSB than pyriproxyfen and acetamiprid, said Rob Morrison (USDA-ARS, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, 66502; [email protected]). Methyl benzoate is also a phos- phine and methyl bromide fumigant alternative. Methyl benzoate is com- parable to phosphine against red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum, and lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. However, phosphine is superior against warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile, and rice wee- vil, Sitophilus oryzae. Methyl benzoate has “a repel- lent effect on individual bed bugs, and is toxic to both susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs,” said Nicholas Larson (USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave, 1040 BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705; [email protected]). But in large volume bag fumigation tests, Cirkil®, a neem oil bed bug fumigant designed for treatment of “sensitive materials such as books or papers within garbage bags,” was significantly more effective than methyl benzoate.

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• Detect mite predators, such as the PHEROCON 1C Trap NOW L2 High NOW L2 Low Pheromone Lure Pheromone Lure Six-spotted thrips and Stethorus beetles • Based on the Great Lakes IPM trap • Used in recent university trials • Male/Female NOW Attractant, • Male NOW Attractant High/Low- • Female NOW – Oviposition Release Pheromone Lures • May be used as a treatment threshold High-Release PPO-K – Attractant, Concentrated, indicator Microporous Gel™ Peelable Stabilized lures • Contains easy hanger Kairomone Lure More information below Note: Apply miticides based on UC-IPM Guidelines

• Male/Female NOW Attractant, NEW!NEW! Multi-Gender Multi-Gender Attractant System: System: PHEROCON® PHEROCON PPO™ ® NOW Lure PPO-K ™ Lure

High-Release PPO-K Microporous Controls the release of Gel™ Peelable Kairomone Lure more volatile molecules while allowing release • Duplicates USDA release rate of less volatile molecules. • Ready-to-Use, standard peelable vial backing at 100 mgs per day • Volatile molecules • 12 weeks field longevity Precision - multi- • Easy to use; ready-to-use component release • • Less volatile molecules barrier pack Higher capture rates •

Earlier detection • • Greater longevity

*Patent pending Contact your local supplier and order now! Visit our website: www.trece.com or call: 1- 866-785-1313. INSECT PHEROMONE & KAIROMONE SYSTEMS Your Edge – And Ours – Is Knowledge. © 2019, Trécé Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRECE, PHEROCON and CIDETRAK are registered trademarks of Trece, Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRE-1532, 5/19

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 15 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 16 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Navel Orangeworm Control! Mating disruption product for conventional and organic tree nuts!! LESS DAMAGE – MORE PROFIT SEASON-LONG CONTROL THROUGH POST-HARVEST

Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella

• Up to 80% or more potential reduction in damage vs. current insecticide program • Season-long control through post-harvest • Easy application with ready-to-use carrier pack • No moving parts, no batteries, no gummy deposits • Removal not required

INSECT PHEROMONE & KAIROMONE SYSTEMS MATING DISRUPTION PRODUCT Your Edge – And Ours – Is Knowledge. FOR NAVEL ORANGEWORM IN ALMONDS, PISTACHIOS & WALNUTS Contact your local supplier and order now! Visit our website: www.trece.com or call: 1- 866-785-1313.

© 2019, Trécé Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRECE, PHEROCON and CIDETRAK are registered trademarks of Trece, Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRE-1532, 5/19

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 17 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 Complete Pheromone Insect Monitoring Systems!

For Early Detection of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys

Green Stink Bug (GSB), Acrosternum hilare Brown-Winged Green Bug, Plautia stali

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Pear damage Raspberries damage

See our PHEROCON Catalog for the Strongest Line-Up of Insect Monitoring Systems on the Market Today!

Over 150 Different Pheromone Attractants!

Contact your local supplier and order now! Visit our website: www.trece.com or call: 1- 866-785-1313. INSECT PHEROMONE & KAIROMONE SYSTEMS Your Edge – And Ours – Is Knowledge. © 2019, Trécé Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRECE, PHEROCON and CIDETRAK are registered trademarks of Trece, Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRE-1532, 5/19

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 18 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 East Bay: 925-757-2945 San Francisco: 415-671-0300 www.pestec.com South Bay: 408-564-6196

Providing certified Integrated Pest Management solutions, consulting and education to residential, commercial and local & certified innovative award government clients in the San trusted services solutions winning Francisco Bay Area.

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rodents bed bugs ants wasps cockroaches

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 19 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (9/10) Published May 2019 NON-PROFIT ORG U.S. POSTAGE PAID Oakland, CA Permit #2508

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• Beneficial Insects Controlling • Beneficial Mites plant pests & • Beneficial Nematodes manure pests IPM Laboratories Inc [email protected] 315.497.2063 FREE CONSULTATION www.ipmlabs.com IPM Laboratories ipmlabs.com