L I B Y A THE URGENT TRANSITION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY The Environment General Authority, Tripoli Copyright © 2013 by R. J. A. Goodland ISBN: 978-0-9792179-0-6 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Author: Goodland, Robert J. A. Title: Libya: The Urgent Transition to Environmental Sustainability, 152 pp. [For] The Environment General Authority, Tripoli, Libya Date of Publication: 2013 Photo credits. Page 106: Libya’s Date Palms, Al Jufrah Oases project, funded by the Directorate General for Development Cooperation of the Italian Foreign Ministry and coordinated by the Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare, Florence, in collaboration with the Libyan Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.libyandates.com/english/. Page 111: Addax photo by Philippe Chardonnet, courtesy La Fondation IGF. 2 LIBYA: THE URGENT TRANSITION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY By Robert Goodland Electronic version available from:
[email protected], or www.goodlandrobert.com September 2013 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ALARP As low as reasonably practicable dus à la pollution par les BAT best available technology hydrocarbures; see IOPC Bbl barrels (of oil) FOC flag of convenience Bcf billion cubic feet per day FSO floating storage and offloading Bcm billion cubic meters system Bn. billion FPSO floating production, storage and C Celsius offloading vessel c. approximately FPS floating production system CAFÉ corporate average fuel economy FSU floating storage unit CEMP Center for Environmental GDP gross domestic product Management & Planning GECOL