DOCSLIB.ORG

Predicted Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, and All Cause and Cause

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Predicted Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, and All Cause and Cause RESEARCH Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: prospective US cohort study BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.k2575 on 3 July 2018. Downloaded from Dong Hoon Lee,1 NaNa Keum,1,2 Frank B Hu,1,3,4 E John Orav,4,5 Eric B Rimm,1,3,4 Walter C Willett,1,3,4 Edward L Giovannucci1,3,4 1Department of Nutrition, ABSTRACT was found between predicted lean body mass and all Harvard T.H. Chan School of OBJECTIVE cause mortality. Compared with those in the lowest Public Health, Boston, MA To investigate the association of predicted lean body fifth of predicted lean body mass, men in the second 02115, USA 2 mass, fat mass, and body mass index (BMI) with all to fourth fifths had 8-10% lower risk of mortality from Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk cause and cause specific mortality in men. all causes. In the restricted cubic spline models, University, Goyang, South Korea DESIGN the risk of all cause mortality was relatively flat until 3 Department of Epidemiology, Prospective cohort study. 21 kg of predicted fat mass and increased rapidly Harvard T.H. Chan School of afterwards, with a hazard ratio of 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26) Public Health, Boston, MA SETTING per standard deviation. For predicted lean body mass, 02115, USA Health professionals in the United States 4Department of Medicine, a large reduction of the risk was seen within the lower Brigham and Women’s Hospital PARTICIPANTS range until 56 kg, with a hazard ratio of 0.87 (0.82 and Harvard Medical School, 38 006 men (aged 40-75 years) from the Health to 0.92) per standard deviation, which increased Boston, MA 02115, USA Professionals Follow-up Study, followed up for death 5 thereafter (P for non-linearity <0.001). For cause Department of Biostatistics, (1987-2012). Harvard T.H. Chan School of specific mortality, men in the highest fifth of predicted Public Health, Boston, MA MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES fat mass had hazard ratios of 1.67 (1.47 to 1.89) for 02115, USA All cause and cause specific mortality. cardiovascular disease, 1.24 (1.09 to 1.43) for cancer, Correspondence to: RESULTS and 1.26 (0.97 to 1.64) for respiratory disease. On E L Giovannucci the other hand, a U shaped association was found [email protected] Using validated anthropometric prediction equations between predicted lean body mass and mortality from Additional material is published previously developed from the National Health and online only. To view please visit Nutrition Examination Survey, lean body mass and cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, a strong the journal online. fat mass were estimated for all participants. During a inverse association existed between predicted lean C ite this as: BMJ 2018;362:k2575 mean of 21.4 years of follow-up, 12 356 deaths were body mass and mortality from respiratory disease (P http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2575 http://www.bmj.com/ identified. A J shaped association was consistently for trend <0.001). Accepted: 23 May 2018 observed between BMI and all cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Multivariable adjusted Cox models including The shape of the association between BMI and predicted fat mass and lean body mass showed mortality was determined by the relation between a strong positive monotonic association between two body components (lean body mass and fat mass) predicted fat mass and all cause mortality. Compared and mortality. This finding suggests that the “obesity with those in the lowest fifth of predicted fat mass, paradox” controversy may be largely explained by low men in the highest fifth had a hazard ratio of 1.35 lean body mass, rather than low fat mass, in the lower on 2 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 1.46) for mortality range of BMI. from all causes. In contrast, a U shaped association Introduction WHat IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC Obesity is a major public health challenge in the Many epidemiologic studies have shown an unexpected J shaped or U shaped United States and around the world.1 In 2013-14, relation between body mass index (BMI) and mortality (“obesity paradox”) more than two thirds of Americans were classified The controversial obesity paradox phenomenon may have arisen in part owing to as overweight (defined as body mass index (BMI) of 2 underappreciation of different contributions of lean body mass and fat mass to 25-29.9) or obese (BMI of ≥30). BMI is known as a 3 BMI reasonably good measure of general adiposity, and many epidemiologic studies have provided evidence Direct measurement of body composition is difficult in large epidemiologic showing that obesity, assessed by BMI, is a significant settings, so the relation between body composition and mortality is still risk factor for increased risk of many chronic diseases unknown as well as mortality.4-6 However, the shape of the WHat THIS stUDY ADDS association between BMI and mortality has been a This study represents the first effort to comprehensively examine the association topic of considerable discussion, as epidemiologic between lean body mass, fat mass, and mortality in a large prospective cohort studies have found various types of J shaped, U shaped, 7 study and linear relations between BMI and mortality. For instance, overweight was associated with increased Predicted fat mass showed a strong positive monotonic association with mortality in some studies,8 but in others the lowest mortality, whereas predicted lean body mass showed a strong U shaped mortality was observed among overweight people association with mortality and mortality tended to increase with lower BMI, even The obesity paradox controversy may be largely explained by low lean body after smoking (residual confounding) and pre-existing mass, rather than low fat mass, in the lower range of BMI disease (reverse causation) had been accounted for.9 10 the bmj | BMJ 2018;362:k2575 | doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2575 1 RESEARCH This pattern has come to be known as the “obesity we needed to create predicted lean body mass and fat paradox.”11 Given the existing and rising number of mass (n=40 226). We excluded participants previously overweight and obese adults in the US, these divergent diagnosed as having cancer or cardiovascular diseases BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.k2575 on 3 July 2018. Downloaded from findings cause a great deal of confusion among (n=1595) and those with BMI below 12.5 or above 60 researchers, policy makers, and the general public. (n=625) at baseline. The final sample size was 38 006 One important but underexplored methodological men. limitation in the obesity research is that BMI is an imperfect measure of adiposity.12-15 Although Exposure assessments BMI indicates overweight relative to height, it does Derivation and validation of the predicted lean body not discriminate between fat mass and lean body mass and fat mass have been described in detail mass.16-18 Body composition is highly variable among previously.34 Briefly, we used a large US representative individuals with the same BMI. This is particularly sample of 7531 men who had measured dual energy important because fat mass and lean body mass may x ray absorptiometry from the National Health and act differently on health outcomes including mortality. Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). With lean Excess fat mass has shown to be detrimental for body mass and fat mass measured by dual energy x health,19 whereas growing evidence suggests that ray absorptiometry each as a dependent variable, skeletal muscle, which accounts for most of lean body we did a linear regression using age, race, height, mass, may be beneficial for health.20 21 Therefore, weight, and waist circumference as independent understanding the different contributions of lean predictors. We then validated the developed equations body mass and fat mass to BMI may provide new in an independent validation group of 2292 men insights on the obesity paradox and deliver important and further by using obesity related biomarkers clinical and public health messages about healthy (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density and low body composition beyond BMI. However, direct density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and measurement of lean body mass is particularly difficult C reactive protein). The anthropometric prediction in large epidemiologic studies because it requires equations (supplementary table A) had high predictive expensive and sophisticated technologies such as dual ability for lean body mass (R2=0.91, standard error of energy x ray absorptiometry or imaging technologies. estimate 2.55 kg) and fat mass (R2=0.90, standard Therefore, little is known about the influence of error of estimate 2.60 kg). In the independent body composition, particularly lean body mass, on validation group, the actual and predicted lean body mortality. A limited number of studies have used mass and fat mass showed robustly high agreement http://www.bmj.com/ less accurate surrogate measures (for example, arm with no evidence of bias. Moreover, the developed circumference,22 23 total body potassium,24 skinfold equations performed well across different subgroups thickness,25 and bioelectrical impedance26) or direct of the validation group (that is, age, BMI, race, measures to estimate body composition,27-33 but these smoking status, and disease status), and predicted studies had relatively small sample size, short period fat mass and dual energy x ray absorptiometry of follow-up, restricted study population (for example, measured fat mass showed similar correlations with older people), and/or potential biases (for example, obesity related biomarkers (Pearson correlations for on 2 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. confounding and reverse causation).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Obesity Paradox in Kidney Disease: How to Reconcile It with Obesity Management
    WORLD KIDNEY DAY MINI SYMPOSIUM ON KIDNEY DISEASE AND OBESITY The Obesity Paradox in Kidney Disease: How to Reconcile It With Obesity Management Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh1,2,3,4, Connie M. Rhee1, Jason Chou1, S. Foad Ahmadi1,2,5, Jongha Park4, Joline L.T. Chen4 and Alpesh N. Amin5 1Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA; 2Program for Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA; 4Nephrology Section, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA; and 5Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA Obesity, a risk factor for de novo chronic kidney disease (CKD), confers survival advantages in advanced CKD. This so-called obesity paradox is the archetype of the reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risks, in addition to the lipid, blood pressure, adiponectin, homocysteine, and uric acid paradoxes. These paradoxical phenomena are in sharp contradistinction to the known epidemiology of cardiovascular risks in the general population. In addition to advanced CKD, the obesity paradox has also been observed in heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease, liver cirrhosis, and metastatic cancer, as well as in elderly individuals. These are populations in whom proteinÀenergy wasting and inflammation are strong predictors of early death. Both larger muscle mass and higher body fat provide longevity in these patients, whereas thinner body habitus and weight loss are associated with higher mortality. Muscle mass appears to be superior to body fat in conferring an even greater survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Exercise Training After Bariatric Surgery—A Systematic
    obesity reviews doi: 10.1111/obr.12740 Obesity Treatment Effectiveness of exercise training after bariatric surgery —a systematic literature review and meta-analysis A. Bellicha1,2 , C. Ciangura2,3, C. Poitou2,3,4, P. Portero1 and J.- M. Oppert2,3 1Laboratory Bioengineering, Tissues and Summary Neuroplasticity (BIOTN EA7377), University We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials Paris-Est, Créteil, France; 2Institute of assessing exercise training programs in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), surgery. We systematically searched exercise training studies performed after Sorbonne University, Paris, France; 3AP-HP, bariatric surgery published up to June 2017. Studies reporting changes in body Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, composition, physical fitness, functional capacity, objectively measured physical Department of Nutrition, Sorbonne University, activity, quality of life or relevant health outcomes were included. The review Centre for Research on Human Nutrition Ile-de- protocol is available from PROSPERO (CRD42017069380). Meta-analyses were France (CRNH IdF), Paris, France; and conducted using random-effects models when data were available from at least 4INSERM, UMRS NutriOmics Team, Paris, five articles. Twenty articles were included, describing 16 exercise training pro- France grams, of which 15 were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training was associated with higher weight loss (mean difference: À2.4 kg, 95% CI: À4.2; Received 21 February 2018; revised 18 May À0.6, I2 = 49%, n = 12), higher fat mass loss (À2.7 kg, 95% CI: À4.5; À1.0, 2018; accepted 9 June 2018 2 I = 50%, n = 8) and improved VO2max and functional walking (standardized mean difference: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.29; 1.44, I2 = 57%, n = 6; 1.45, 95% CI: Address for correspondence: J-M Oppert, MD, 0.32; 2.58, I2 = 89%, n = 6, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults with Overweight Or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study John Wilding
    Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study John Wilding. University of Liverpool John PH Wilding, DM, FRCP1, Rachel L. Batterham, MD, PhD2, Salvatore Calanna, PhD3, Luc F. Van Gaal, MD,PhD4, Barbara M. McGowan, MD, PhD5, Julio Rosenstock, MD6, Marie TD Tran, MD, PhD3, Sean Wharton, MD, PharmD7, Koutaro Yokote, MD, PhD8, Niels Zeuthen, MSc3, Robert F. Kushner, MD9. 1Obesity and Endocrinology Research, Department of Cardiovascular and Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 2University College London Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, University College London and National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre and Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, UCLH, London, United Kingdom, 3Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark, 4Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium, 5Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 6Dallas Diabetes Research Center at Medical City, Dallas, TX, 7York University, McMaster University and Wharton Weight Management Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada, 8Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University and Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan, 9Division of Endocrinology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Background: Central obesity is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. Weight loss reduces lean muscle mass, potentially impacting resting energy expenditure and/or physical functioning. This analysis of the STEP 1 trial evaluated the impact of subcutaneous (s.c.) semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on body composition in adults with overweight/obesity using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
    [Show full text]
  • Adipose Tissue and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans
    JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Supplement No. 42 Volume 95 2002 Adipose tissue and fatty acid metabolism in humans Michael D Jensen J R Soc Med 2002;95(Suppl. 42):3–7 FORUM ON LIPIDS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE, 12 OCTOBER 2001 BACKGROUND women have 50±5% body fat. Thus, there are major diff- Obesity is associated strongly with adverse health con- erences in the amount of body fat between lean and obese sequences in humans, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia men and women. There are also striking differences in the and type 2 diabetes mellitus. An even stronger association location of body fat storage between lean and obese men and has been noted between metabolic abnormalities and regional women, and in different obesity phenotypes. The major, adiposity. Obese individuals with visceral or upper-body readily identifiable body fat depots are the upper-body obesity are more likely to suffer from these health prob- subcutaneous fat, the intra-abdominal (visceral) fat—con- lems. Many of the metabolic abnormalities observed in the sisting primarily of the omental and mesenteric depots—and obese can be reproduced in the non-obese by artificially the lower-body (gluteofemoral) body fat. As can be seen in increasing plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. Figure 2, upper-body subcutaneous fat is the major body fat Plasma FFA normally originate from adipose tissue lipolysis depot in lean and obese men and women. In a series of and are the major circulating lipid fuel. Increasing FFA studies performed in our laboratory, we have found that in concentrations artificially can induce insulin resistance at the both lean men and women, an average of 53% of total body level of the muscle1 and the liver2, result in abnormal vascular reactivity3, and create abnormal very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride production4.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Weight and Weight Change and Their Health Implications for the Elderly
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, Suppl 3, S33±S39 ß 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0954±3007/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/ejcn Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly JC Seidell1,2* and TLS Visscher1,3 1Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; 2Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and 3Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands After the age of 60 y, body weight on average tends to decrease. The contribution of fat mass to this weight loss is relatively small, but fat tends to be redistributed with advancing age toward more abdominal (particularly visceral) fat. Anthropometric data are relatively poor indicators of these aging processes. This may be one of the explanations why the relationship between high body mass index and mortality is less pronounced in older than in younger people. Reduced lipolysis in the visceral fat depot with aging is among potential explanations why increased visceral fat seems to be less harmful in elderly subjects compared to young adults. Even though the relative contribution of increased fat mass to mortality may be less pronounced in elderly people, the impact on disability and functional limitations is found to be important from both a clinical and a public health point of view. At the other end of the scale studies have shown that low body mass index and weight loss in the elderly are both strong predictors of subsequent mortality. This cannot be explained by effects of smoking and early mortality after baseline.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight Management a VA Clinician’S Guide to Weight Management (2019)
    Weight Management A VA Clinician’s Guide to Weight Management (2019) PBM Academic Detailing Service CONTENTS Background .................................................................................... 1 Acknowledging the unspoken ......................................................... 3 Addressing one obstacle at a time ................................................... 4 Prevention ...................................................................................... 5 Identification ................................................................................... 9 Engagement ................................................................................. 10 Motivational interviewing .............................................................. 11 Responding to Veterans’ perceived barriers to weight loss ............. 13 Frustrations with management of obesity ...................................... 14 Management ................................................................................ 15 Level 1: Comprehensive lifestyle intervention ......................... 16 Level 2: Drug therapy ............................................................. 18 Level 3: Surgical interventions ................................................ 21 Summary ...................................................................................... 23 Resources, acknowledgments, and references ............................... 24 PBM Academic Detailing Service These materials were developed by: VA PBM Academic Detailing Service Your Partner in
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition: Overeating, Weight Gain and Lean Body Mass—Is Dietary Protein Content the Key?
    RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8, 127 (2012); published online 24 January 2012; doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.5 NUTRITION Overeating, weight gain and lean body mass—is dietary protein content the key? hen healthy individuals overeat, During the 8-week overfeeding period, energy stored as fat was >90% for the low- the amount of weight gain is individuals had an energy intake that protein diet but only ~50% for the diets Wreduced if the diet has a low- was approximately 40% above the intake with normal or high protein content. For protein content; however, this diet also calculated as their maintenance energy these last two diets, most of the remaining results in a loss of lean body mass and the requirement during the run-in period. energy was consumed by increased diet- same increase in fat mass as with normal- All participants gained weight but the induced thermogenesis, probably related protein or high-protein diets. These data mean weight gain for the low-protein diet to protein synthesis. were revealed in a new study published group (3.16 kg) was ~50% of that for the “We knew that too little protein in the diet in JAMA. other two diet groups; gains were 6.05 kg during weight-loss diets (undereating) is High food intake contributes to a positive and 6.51 kg with the normal-protein and detrimental for health as it causes excessive energy balance that, over an extended high-protein diets, respectively. Of note, loss of lean body mass from muscle and period, can result in the development the reduced weight gain in the low-protein other vital organs and tissues, but this of obesity.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Safety of Combined Extracts of Cornus Officinalis and Ribes Fasciculatum for Body Fat Reduction in Overweight Women
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Efficacy and Safety of Combined Extracts of Cornus officinalis and Ribes fasciculatum for Body Fat Reduction in Overweight Women Eunkuk Park 1,2 , Chang Gun Lee 1,2 , Jeonghyun Kim 1,2, Jae-Heon Kang 3, Young Gyu Cho 4,* and Seon-Yong Jeong 1,2,* 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (C.G.L.); [email protected] (J.K.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea 3 Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 04551, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.G.C.); [email protected] (S.-Y.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2270-0097 (Y.G.C.); +82-31-219-4520 (S.-Y.J.); Fax: +82-2-2272-0908 (Y.G.C.); +82-31-219-4521 (S.-Y.J.) Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: Obesity is a medical condition that presents excessive fat accumulation with high risk of serious chronic diseases. The aim of this clinical trial is to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Cornus officinalis (CO) and Ribes fasciculatum (RF) on body fat reduction in Korean overweight women. A total of 147 overweight female participants enrolled in double-blinded clinical trial for 12 weeks and 76 participants completed the clinical study. Participants were treated with four CO and RF mixture (COEC; 400 mg per tablet) or four placebo tablets once a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Maintaining Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss for The
    MAINTAINING LEAN BODY MASS DURING WEIGHT LOSS FOR THE AMATEUR FEMALE BODYBUILDING ATHLETE A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Kinesiology California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Kinesiology (Exercise Science) by Yesenia Rodriguez-Shifflett SUMMER 2018 MAINTAINING LEAN BODY MASS DURING WEIGHT LOSS FOR THE AMATEUR FEMALE BODYBUILDING ATHLETE A Project by Yesenia Rodriguez-Shifflett Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Roberto Quintana, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date ii Student: Yesenia Rodriguez-Shifflett I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Daryl Parker, Ph.D. Date Department of Kinesiology iii Abstract of MAINTAINING LEAN BODY MASS DURING WEIGHT LOSS FOR THE AMATEUR FEMALE BODYBUILDING ATHLETE by Yesenia Rodriguez-Shifflett Purpose of Project To have guide for the female athlete through the weight loss phase of preparation for a bodybuilding contest with the awareness of the health implications that often arise due to improper weight and make them aware of the importance of a healthy contest preparation. Summary of Project The manual produced is organized in a systematic manner so the athlete is able to follow a direct narrative towards taking the steps involved in bodybuilding preparation. The manual introduces the history of bodybuilding and what the sport is today followed by the phases of contest preparation from exercise demands to nutritional guidelines direct from a competitor.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Composition and Lean Body Mass Index for Japanese College Students
    J.Anthrop.Soc.Nippon人 類 誌 99(2):141-148(1991) Body Composition and Lean Body Mass Index for Japanese College Students Komei HATTORI Laboratory of Anatomy and Physical Activity Sciences, College of General Education, Ibaraki University Abstract Lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) are two major components of body composition and when totalled equal body mass. Body mass index (BMI) as represented by weight/height2, has proven to be both a simple and valid way of assessing body composition. However, the significance of the index is not clear since body weight is composed of two main components: LBM and FM, each of whose densities show distinct differences. In order to present the body constitution as clear quantitative measures, the lean body mass index (LBMI; LBM/height2), fat mass index (FMI; FM/height2) and a chart system (body composition chart) are introduced in this study. Through this chart system, we can detect the relative amount of the two major body constructs and differentiate subjects into adipo-muscular, lean-muscular, adipo-atrophy and lean- atrophy types. Keywords Body composition, Lean body mass index, Japanese, Students TREMBLAY, 1990; WATSON,1984). As a simple Introduction indicator of body composition, body mass index, Lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) are as represented by weight/height2, has prevailed two major components of body composition and due to its validity (BILLEwICZ et al., 1962; EL- when totalled equal body mass. The proportion NOFELY, 1986; FLOREY, 1970; GARN and of the two components is of great concern in the PESICK, 1982; KEYS et al., 1972; KHOSLA and fields of human biology, clinical medicine and LOWE,1967; MIcozzI et al., 1986; REVICKIand exercise physiology because it is an important ISRAEL, 1986; ROSS et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Protein Intake and Lean Body Mass Preservation During Energy Intake Restriction in Overweight Older Adults
    International Journal of Obesity (2016) 40, 299–304 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0307-0565/16 www.nature.com/ijo ORIGINAL ARTICLE Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults EMP Backx1,2, M Tieland1,2, KJ Borgonjen-van den Berg1, PR Claessen1, LJC van Loon2,3 and LCPGM de Groot1,2 BACKGROUND: Dietary-induced weight loss is generally accompanied by a decline in skeletal muscle mass. The loss of muscle mass leads to a decline in muscle strength and impairs physical performance. A high dietary protein intake has been suggested to allow muscle mass preservation during energy intake restriction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of increasing dietary protein intake on lean body mass, strength and physical performance during 12 weeks of energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. DESIGN: Sixty-one overweight and obese men and women (63 ± 5 years) were randomly assigned to either a high protein diet (HP; 1.7 g kg− 1 per day; n=31) or normal protein diet (NP; 0.9 g kg − 1 per day; n=30) during a 12-week 25% energy intake restriction. During this controlled dietary intervention, 90% of the diet was provided by the university. At baseline and after the intervention, body weight, lean body mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), leg strength (1-repetition maximum), physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, 400 m) and habitual physical activity (actigraph) were assessed. RESULTS: Body weight declined in both groups with no differences between the HP and NP groups (−8.9 ± 2.9 versus −9.1 ± 3.4 kg, respectively; P = 0.584).
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Selected Morphological
    Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine | Vol. 14, No. 2/2016: 21–26 | DOI: 10.18276/cej.2016.2-03 CHANGes in SELecTed MORPHOLOGicAL PARAmeTERS And BodY ComPosiTion, AS WELL AS MEAN BodY SURFAce TemPERATURE Assessed BY THERMAL IMAGinG, in Women AFTER AbdominAL LiPosUCTION Monika Chudecka,1, A, B, C, D Andrzej Dmytrzak,2, B Anna Lubkowska3, A, D 1 Department of Human Functional Anatomy and Biometry, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland 2 Aesthetic Med Andrzej Dmytrzak, Poland 3 Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland A Study Design; B Data Collection; C Statistical Analysis; D Manuscript Preparation Address for correspondence: Anna Lubkowska Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The aim of this study was to assess changes in selected morphological parameters and body composition, as well as in the mean body surface temperature determined by thermal imaging, in women after abdominal liposuction. As abdominal tissue edema and inflammation often persist after liposuction, body composition and surface temperatures were analyzed 3 months after surgery, during a control visit to the clinic. The 12-week delay allowed to eliminate the confounding effects of post-surgical inflammation on our results. We found a statistically significant decrease in all the analyzed morphological parameters and a change in body composition. A reduction in the subcutaneous fat tissue in the abdomen resulted in upward trends in the surface temperature of most of the analyzed areas, with a highly significant increase in the abdominal area.
    [Show full text]