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The Analysis of Islamic Economy in the Constitution of Indonesia

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The Analysis of Islamic Economy in the Constitution of Indonesia Brawijaya Law Journal Vol.4 No.1 2017 Constitutional Issues and Indigenous Rights THE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY IN THE CONSTITUTION OF INDONESIA Siti Hamidah1, M. Bakri2, A. Rahmad Budiono3, Bambang Winarno4 1 Doctoral of Legal Science Program, Faculty of Law, Brawijaya University, 2 Faculty of Law, Brawijaya University 3 Faculty of Law, Brawijaya University 4 Faculty of Law, Brawijaya University Email: [email protected] Submitted : 18-01-2017 | Accepted: 22-2-2017 ABSTRACT The development of Islamic Economy has been flourishing in the life of Indonesian people and brings impacts to several aspects of life, including in the field of law serving as the juridical basis. Indonesia is not an Islamic country. Instead, it is a constitutional country that believes in one Supreme God and protects all people to practice their religions. The sociological condition of the majority affects the formulation of law and constributes to the positive law which includes in it the issue on constitutional law. This paper analyzes the flexibility of Indonesian’s constitution in adopting and providing spaces for Islamic Economy as well as becoming the foundation for Islamic economy to fulfill the need of the society. Firstly, the analysis was conducted using theoretical approach viewed from the persepctive of the correlation between the state and religion, and the theory on legal pluralism. Further, the 1945 Constitution of State of Republic of Indonesia (Undang- Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia/UUD NRI 1945), was analyzed to trace the basis of Islamic economy and to develop Islamic economy based on the Indonesian’s constitution. Keyword: Islam, Economy, Constitution I. INTRODUCTION involves the worldview and Islamic phylosophy.1 The development of Islamic International Conference on Islamic economy has colored the life of Indonesian Economy that was held in Makkah in 1976 people and brings impacts in several aspects has become the birth of Contemporer of life including that in the aspect of law Islamic Economy. There is no doubt over which serves as the juridical basis for the the preposition that the science of Islamic implementation of Islamic economy. Economy needs to be developed, The struggle exerted for the Islamic implemented and evaluated through economy to be implemented formally has concepts, measurement, and standard as the become part of every development of product of ‘Islamic Framework’ that 1 Aslam Haneef, ‘Islamisasi Ilmu Ekonomi, Apa yang Salah?’, Thn. II No. 6/Juli-September 2005, Jurnal Islamia, 46-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2017.004.01.03 59 Brawijaya Law Journal Vol.4 No.1 2017 Constitutional Issues and Indigenous Rights history in Indonesia.2Feneer in his book form of effective production that brings Moslem Legal Thought in Moderm distinct feature to its disciple in the form of Indonesia states that the moslem leaders has power. This power can be used to decrease since post-independence shared visions in or even eliminate the authorities of religion, order that Islamic Law can be implemented politic, military, and other sources of in the new country. In the last decade, power’.5 Indonesians have been exposed with issues The exploration on history has shown on law and religion , with the spotlight that political obstacle influences the directed to the implementation of Islamic formalization of Islamic law in Indonesia so 3 law or syaria in the national law .However, that it can be enacted in the society. During some obstacles come in the way of that Dutch Colonization, the political struggle. The first is the different views held lawimplemented was the one in line with 4, and the second is that by fellow moslems the interest of the colony through law the Islamic law has to deal with other values unification in the colonized land. Receptio that have different principles from Islamic theory replaced Receptio in Complexu economy, such as the economy of theory that served as the basis for capitalism. government policies in that era. Globalization has brought capitalims Consequently, there was conflict involving to be the winner. This ideology entered non- three legal systems: Islamic, traditional, and capitalist country via the liberalization of western. The conflict continues to take financial institution, the decrease of place up to present.6 government role in economy, and extensive The majority of people in Indonesia integration in global economic system. are moslems. However, Indonesia is not an Malcolm Walters in Amer Al-Roubaie Islamic country. Instead, it is a states that ‘the rise of capitalism presents constitutional country that believes in one macro global dimension. Capitalism is a Supreme God that protects each believer to 2 Moh. Mahfud MD, Membangun Politik Hukum, strategies in the effort of implementing in the Menegakkan Konstitusi, (PTRajaGrafindo society. Persada, Jakarta, 2011) 265 5 Waters, Malcolm, Globalization, (London, 3 Nelly Van Doorn (Harder Wake Forest University), Routledge, 1995) 36, in Amer Al-Roubaie, reviewing book by R. Michael Feener, Muslim ‘Globalisasi dan Posisi Peradaban Islam’, year. I Legal Thougt in Modern Indonesia, (Cambridge, No. 4/Januari-Maret 2005, Jurnal Islamia, 10-11. Cambridge University Press, 2007) in 13-.1, 2010, 6 Amrullah Ahmad, Dimensi Hukum Islam dalam Journal of American Oriental Society, 132-135. Sistem Hukum Nasional, Mengenang 65 Tahun 4 Caused by, among others, differences in the literal Prof. Dr. Bustanil Arifin, SH, (Gema Insani Press, meaning and the contextual meaning from the text Jakarta, 1996) 29. in Al-Qur’an or Hadits, as well as different 60 Brawijaya Law Journal Vol.4 No.1 2017 Constitutional Issues and Indigenous Rights practice ther religion. A country which ‘A Living Constitution’ is a statehood upholds law is that whose every policy is theory that is very popular in the United based on the law or wellknown as religious States of America. It puts argument based nation state. Religion becomes the esence on necessity and aspiration in order that over the law substance that is well constitution endures and corresponds with complemented with ethics and morality. the development. Chemerinsky states that if However in reality moslems, as the constitution relies merely on the intention to majority, affect the positive law. The formulate law, that law will not be able to sociological condition of the majority function to regulate modern society. ‘A affects the formulation of law as well as Living Constitution is intended to ‘bring contributing to the positive law, including constitution to life’ by implementing constitutional law that serves as the highest constitutional norms in accordance with the law in a country and becomes the basis that conditions, values, and needs of the society. is stated in UUD NKRI and Pancasila. Further David A. Strauss articulates that Islamic law posesses a good position constitution will always develop, change, in the context of UUD NRI 1945. It is and adapt. Constitution requires change in proven in Piagam Jakarta(Jakarta Charter) order to be able to survive longer. There are that outsets the preamble of UUD NRI several ways than can be done in actualizing formal 1945. Even though ‘seven words’ constitution. Among others are by amendment, judicial interpretation, and previously contained in Piagam Jakarta constitutional convention (Jakarta Charter) have been ommited7based . All of them refer on presidential decree, it still influences to one intention that is to accomodate the UUD NRI 1945 and is an unseperable part change in society based on the condition 9 of the constitution.8 and changing demands. Consequently, the 7 7 (seven) words located after the word “God”, Saifuddin Anshari, Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945, which were “dengan kewajiban menjalankan Sebuah Konsensus Nasional tentang Dasar syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya”(by Negara Republik Indonesia (1945-1949), (Gema practicing Islamic rule for moslems). Based on Insani Pers, Jakarta, 1997), 51. Soekarno, that clause was the result of agreement 8Rifyal Ka’bah, 2004, Penegakan Syariat Islam di from both parties, and in each agreement is based Indonesia, (Jakarta: Khairul Bayan, 2004) 7 in on the values of ‘take and give’. However it did Syahirul Alim (1997), above n.7, 8. not take long to delete them. The meeting for 9Susi Dwi Harijanti, Menghidupkan Konstitusi amandement was based on the meeting attended Melalui Penafsiran: Perdebatan Antara by M. Hatta, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Wahid Originalism dan Non-Originalism, in Penemuan Hasyim, Kasman Singodemedjo and Teuku Hukum Nasional dan Internasional, (Fikahati Hasan. It was the biggest gift from Moslems to Aneska Press in cooperation with International Indonesia for the sake of unity of the nation. (See Law Department , Faculty of Law Padjadjaran Hatta, Sekitar Proklamasi, page 57-59, in Endang University, 2012) 584-586. 61 Brawijaya Law Journal Vol.4 No.1 2017 Constitutional Issues and Indigenous Rights change in society might lead to the demand Kusumaatmadja who says that one of the of ammending the constitution. functions of law is to provide ways for M. Tahir Azhary introduces Teori development (politic, economy, law, and 11 Lingkaran Konsentris ( Concentric Circle socioculture) of society. This paper tries Theory) through two concepts of thought. to find base and ways in approaching the The first is the western thought which ideal order as contained in UUD NRI 1945 separates state-law from religion. State and to fulfill the need of the society. law are free from the influence of religion. II. LEGAL MATERIALS AND The second is the Islamic thought in which METHODS religion, law, and state are unseparable The legal materials of this paper are unity. He draw a concentrical cirle of the primary and secondary legal materials. position of each component. State is Using the statute and conceptual potitioned in the outer circle, law is in the approaches, this paper is divided into middle and religion is located in the inner several parts. The introduction employs the most circle.
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