Volume 44, Number 6 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST NOV/DEC 2007
A Publication of the American Institute of Professional Geologists
Professionalism Is Our Purpose
www.aipg.org
TTPGP G Volume 44, Number 6 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST NOV/DEC 2007
FEATURE An Interview with Mark Myers U.S. Geological 8 Survey Director OPINIONS FROM OUR MEMBERSHIP Causes of Global Warming, Are We Certain? 12 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES 3 Geological Aspects of Unitization in the Petroleum 30 Fields of Louisiana: A Brief Overview Assuring the Reliability of Your Sampling Results 33 Clastic Dikes in the Parachute Creek Member 39 AIPG STORE ITEMS 44 3RD IPGC CALL FOR PAPERS 45
DEPARTMENTS EDITOR’S CORNER 2 SECTION NEWS 4 MEMBERS IN THE NEWS 5 STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM 6 5 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 7 IN MEMORY 7 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 11 AIPG STUDENT CHAPTERS 11 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 16 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S COLUMN 17 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES 18 MARKETING 22 STUDENT’S VOICE 24 NEW APPLICATIONS AND MEMBERS 26 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ANSWERS 27 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY 28 41
ON THE COVER - Mount Moran is radiant in the early morning autumn sunlight with its dusting of snow and Skillet Glacier hinting of the surficial processes that sculptured this spectacular view. On this morning, this mountain peak in the Grand Teton National Park seems to nestle on the cloud bank while casting its reflection onto the quiet surface of Jackson Lake, which itself is framed with vegeta- tion dressed in fall colors. The creation of this spectacular view began some 6 - 8 million years ago when movement along the Teton Fault began raising even older rocks to where surface processes like ice, wind, running water, and mass wasting could create these features we call mountains. On the other side of the fault, equally impressive is evidence of rocks that have been lowered, resulting in the topographic depression we call Jackson Hole.” Geology not only is important in our daily lives when we are concerned about having sufficient potable water or non-renewable resources, but in moments like this when the grandeur of geology is at its best.
Note a correction from the September/October TPG cover. The correct description should have read “Minerals dissolved in groundwater seeping through the outcrops creates the colors observed throughout the lakeshore -- red and orange are iron, green and blue are copper, black is manganese, and white is lime.” 2007 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE EDITOR’S CORNER PRESIDENT - Kelvin J. Buchanan, CPG HB Engineering Group O: (775) 786-4515 / [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT - Daniel St. Germain, CPG Is Anyone Out Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. O: (201) 398-4381 / [email protected] PAST-PRESIDENT - Lawrence C. Weber, CPG There? Geosciences Design Group, LLC O: (615) 883-9434 / [email protected] VICE PRESIDENT - Virginia T. McLemore, CPG Gail G. Gibson, CPG-09993, New Mexico Bureau of Geology O: (505) 835-5521 / [email protected] Florida Community College at Jacksonville SECRETARY - Mark W. Rogers, CPG 1154 Morgan Circle E. ECC Orange Park, FL 32073 O: (808) 486-3707 / [email protected] [email protected] TREASURER - Ronald J. Wallace CPG State of Georgia O: (404) 362-2589 / [email protected] EDITOR - Gail G. Gibson, CPG Greetings fellow AIPG members. Many were about to receive that they had ERRED, Florida Community College at Jacksonville of your friends, peers, and colleagues are intentionally misspelling err as ERRR. Then I H: (904) 215-3159 / [email protected] here in Traverse City MI, attending the 44th would explain that as a result of their academic ADVISORY BOARD REPRESENTATIVES R. Todd Church, CPG Annual Meeting of the American Institute achievements, they Earned the Respect of URS Corp. of Professional Geologists. The weather is people who did not know them, and may never O: (703) 713-6461 / [email protected] spectacular! The leaves are just beginning to see them, but that the recognition carried with Charles W. Drake, MEM Tetra Tech, Inc. turn, and these same friends, peers, or col- it certain Rights and Responsibilities, and O: (407) 839-3955 / [email protected] leagues are sitting around in the sun discuss- then proceeded to explain what was meant by Barbara H. Murphy, CPG ing a variety of topics related to the theme “…Rights and Responsibilities.” So, here is the Clear Creek Associates O: (480) 659-7131 / [email protected] of this meeting, Geology: The Foundation for e-mail address ([email protected]), again. Dennis Pennington, CPG the Environment and Resources. Both oral Now, since I have your undivided atten- Consulting Geologist and poster sessions have been well attended O: (215) 646-8866 / [email protected] tion, let’s make your e-mail response a bit with lots of questions and discussion, and NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS longer, say 10 minutes. What do you expect 1400 W. 122nd Ave., Suite 250 yes I heard that the Mackinac island bicycle to get from your AIPG membership, besides Westminster, CO 80234 field trip prepared you for a bit of a rest and 7:30 AM - 4:30 PM MDT; M-F additional letters following your name and the (303) 412-6205 • Fax (303) 253-9220 a good meal. Imagine being in the field on a prestige of qualifying for membership? How [email protected] • www.aipg.org breezy, comfortably warm, sunny day, bicy- do you remain current in you discipline? AIPG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR - William J. Siok, CPG - [email protected] cling between outcrops, looking at rocks and offers a number of professional development ASSISTANT DIRECTOR - Wendy J. Davidson - [email protected] discussing geology with others. opportunities. Did you know that at the state MEMBERSHIP SERVICES - Cathy L. Duran - [email protected] If you read these comments, please take level, some of the sections are very active OFFICE ASSISTANT - Cristie J. Valero - [email protected] three minutes (well, maybe five minutes) relative to legislative initiatives? How does OFFICE CLERK - Emma M. Schlundt - [email protected] and send me an e-mail briefly telling me why this impact me you say? Well, think about LIFE AND HEALTH INSURANCE you aren’t attending the annual meeting in it. Legislative initiatives formulated without GeoCare Benefits Insurance Plan Phone: 800-337-3140 or 805-566-9191 Traverse City. I would very much like to get your input can have a negative impact on http://www.geocarebenefits.com/ a handle on why you are missing out on this your work. TPG offers a forum for sharing E-mail: [email protected] Liberty Mutual professional development activity. When information, either via opinion pieces or ref- Phone: 800-524-9400 asked, I have no idea why you are not attend- ereed articles. Do you have something that http://www.libertymutual.com/lm/aipg AFLAC ing. This same question is asked at most you would like to share? Since you are now (303) 674-1808 http://www.aflac.com professional meetings. Anyway, I can only thinking of all the stuff you want to include in ALAMO RENTAL CAR - (800) 354-2322 - Member #BY-218167 speculate or depend on hearsay information, that e-mail, include your idea for a contribu- AVIS RENTAL CAR - (800) 222-2847 - Member AWD #L123443 hence, the title of these comments and the tion to TPG. If you are working on your own or fact that I normally receive few responses with a small company, the insurance package AIPG FOUNDATION Kel Buchanan, CPG to such queries. I should get about 3,000 offered through AIPG might to appropriate for HB Engineering Group you. Here is that e-mail address (ggibson@ P.O. Box 2391 responses to this query -- if everyone reads Reno, NV 89505-2391 the November – December issue of TPG. fccj.edu), again. (775) 786-4515/FAX (775) 786-4324 [email protected] Even face-to-face, the response to such a Now that you are on a roll, furiously typing question is often a shrug of the shoulders. my e-mail address, and thinking of appropri- The Professional Geologist (USPS 590-810 and ISSN 0279-0521) So, I have requested that the megabyte size ate responses, let’s consider a second ques- is published bi-monthy by the American Institute of Professional of my e-mail inbox be expanded. So, here is tion that is on my mind. If you were part of Geologists, 1400 W. 122nd Ave., Suite 250, Westminster, CO 80234- 3499. Periodicals Postage Paid at Denver, Colorado and additional the e-mail address ([email protected]). the AIPG Executive or Advisory committees, mailing offices. When I regularly addressed new student what would like to see accomplished? Once POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Professional Geologist, AIPG, 1400 W. 122nd Ave., Suite 250, Westminster, CO inductees into a university’s honor society, I again, the e-mail address is (ggibson@fccj. 80234. would sometimes remind them of the saying edu). Subscriptions for all Members and Adjuncts in good standing are included in annual membership dues. Subscription prices are “To err is human, to forgive is…...” I would Yes, I will share your comments, but not $35.00 a year for Members’ additional subscriptions and $45.00 a tell that by being eligible for the honor they who the authors of the comments are. year for non-members for 6 issues (for postage outside of the U.S. add $10.00). Single copy price is $4.00 for Members and $6.00 for non-members. Claims for nonreceipt or for damaged copies are American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) is the only national organization that honored for three months. certifies the competence and ethical conduct of geological scientists in all branches of the Entire contents copyright 2007 by The Professional Geologist. science. It adheres to the principles of professional responsibility and public service, and is the Original material may be reprinted with permission. Deadline for articles and advertisements is six weeks preceding publication. ombudsman for the geological profession. It was founded in 1963 to promote the profession of Advertising rates available upon request. Opinions and views geology and to provide certification for geologists to establish a standard of excellence for the expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily profession. Since then, more than 10,000 individuals have demonstrated their commitment reflect those of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, to the highest levels of competence and ethical conduct and been certified by AIPG. its staff, or its advertisers. Printed in U.S.A. by The Ovid Bell Press, Inc. in Fulton, Missouri. The mission of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) is to be the superior For AIPG news and activities go to www.aipg.org. advocate for geology and geologists, to promote high standards of ethical conduct, and to support geologists in their continuing professional development. SECTION NEWS Colorado Section Georgia Section and the new Secretary/Treasurer is Joseph Ivanowski. This Fall the Colorado Section re-start- In June, our section had a field trip ed their monthly luncheons. September’s to the Raven Cliff Wilderness Area. We In November I will be visiting Georgia topic was Global Climate Change pre- visited a number of water falls and ended Southwestern State University and sented by Bob Reynolds of the Denver the field trip at Brasstown Bald. making presentations on geology careers Museum of Nature and Science. to three geol- ogy classes. I have already made this presentation at three other universities so it should be fun meeting the students. I would like to show what areas geolo- gists work Bob Reynolds introduces his presentation on in, the type global climate change. Photo by Doug Peters. of work we do and put it all into a 10 to 20 minute presentation Group enjoying the field trip to Raven Cliff Wilderness Area. the universi- ties could use in their fresh- man introductory geology classes to The Georgia State University AIPG recruit students that have not decided on Student Chapter and Sigma Gamma a major. All projections show that there Epsilon met in September to elect new will be a great demand for geologists in David Abbott, David Rhode, Susan Landon, Larry officers. Past president Mark Shaffer, the future and we as geologists must help Cerrillo and fellow guests enjoy each others’ SA-1171, attended to help out. The new solve this growing shortage. company at the September luncheon. Photo President is Daniel Hunt, SA-1198, the by Doug Peters. new Vice-President is Michael Woodward Ronald J. Wallace, CPG-08153 Looking for Gold in Georgia
In September, members from the concentrating mill. The concentrates 1955-1956 by Tennessee Copper and in Atlanta metro area and Savannah area were processed through a combined 1974 by CONOCO. each drove approximately three hours roasting and smelting furnace and a 15- The geology of this area of Georgia to meet up at our destination: The ton blast furnace. Ore minerals included falls within the Caroline Terrane or the Magruder Mine. Our host was William gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, Bell, a true gold prospector with over 40 galena, and sphalerite, but years of gold exploration all along the the mine was best known east coast. Bill explained the history as a copper producer. of the mine with gold found initially in Ownership of the mine Mine Branch Creek prior to 1850. A gold changed a number of times vein called the Magruder vein, was dis- and deeper shafts were covered on the surface and worked prior dug and the plant expand- to the Civil War. A 125-foot shaft was ed. There were a number dug in the 1870s and a drainage tunnel of periods of active min- was started at the creek and continued ing and five mineralized for 600 feet. Several mineralized zones veins were recognized in were discovered and lead, copper, and the 1930s. Mining activi- gold was shipped from the mine. Around ties finally ceased in 1954. 1900 a 3-compartment shaft was dug to The U.S. Bureau of Mines 200 feet. Ore was discovered at different drilled some test holes in depth levels and additional veins were 1948-1949, followed by Bill Bell stands behind his mule Agnas on the right while dis- cussing the history of the mine. mined and processed through a 40-ton additional test holes in www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 3 SECTION NEWS Slate Belt. The Slate Belt is predominantly volcanic originat- ing in an island arc located in the proto-Atlantic and have been accreted to the North American craton. The location is approximately four miles from Graves Mountain, a world class location known for its rutile crystals.
Suction dredge used for the gold prospecting.
Earl Titcomb working the handle on the suction nozzle of the five inch triple sluice dredge with assistance from John Tew and David Remick.
After the introductions and short lecture we explored the property and dug around some of the old trenches. We then walked down to the creek to get our first introduction to suc- tion dredging. Two men were working their lease and showed us their technique. We then walked a short distance to Bill’s dredge and had a short safety talk. Most of us took turns on David Watkins and John Tew showing how to pan concentrates for the the suction dredge and it turned out to be hard work. A few gold after it was recovered and washed from the miner’s moss and carpet of the dredge riffle trays. were more interested in panning for gold and after a short demonstration on how to work the pan they were off down stream looking for their fortune.
David Remick and Will Lyons working the suction dredge. Panning for gold in a shallow creek.
At the end of the day we collected all the fine material from the dredge and panned it down to a manageable amount of silt size grains. You could see the small flecks of gold in the pan. We divided our loot between us all. Most of us will probably keep our day jobs. It was a very enjoyable day and we were able to learn something about the general geology of Georgia and gold mining in the southeast. We hope to have this field trip again in the future. Bill has offered to let us camp out on his property and we would like to make arrangements to visit Graves Mountain on the same field trip. We truly appreciate Bill for giving us permission to visit his mine and leading this trip. William Bell, MEM-0980 Gold collected by James Dukes from the Magruder Mine Branch and other Ronald J. Wallace, CPG-08153 prospect areas of Georgia and South Carolina.
4 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org MEMBERS IN THE NEWS David M. Abbott, Jr. CPG-4570 This year, as they’ve done for many of the past 10 years, David Abbott and his wife Sue, volun- teered at the Mining Exhibit at the Taste of Colorado. This exhibit exposes thousands of Coloradan’s to the mining industry and its importance to society. It also pro- vides a great deal of educational material to teachers for use in the classroom.
Sue Abbott, AS-001, explaining an informational poster to a young visitor.
David Abbott, CPG-04570, helping kids look for fossils in material supplied by “Tex” Gilmore, CPG-6039, of PCS Phosphate, Aurora, NC. Gilmore’s and PCS’s willingness to ship this fos- sil-bearing material to folks all over the country for free is a great educational contribution and is Panning for gold is always a popular part of the Some of the educational material made avail- part of the reason that “Tex” Gilmore is receiving exhibit. Those who find some gold, and real gold able to teachers at the Exhibit. the 2007 John Galey Public Service Award. flakes, albeit small ones, are in the sand.
Robert J. Tobin “I am a staff officer at a large head- part my work products are portions of CPG-07474 quarters in the International Zone in Powerpoint presentations, notes from Baghdad. I’m a third way meetings, technical and organizational through a year’s tour here. discussions on the telephone or e-mail. My work is quite varied. Occasionally our work is punctuated by Occasionally I do some armed helo trips all over Iraq. We are minor environmental work, shot at almost daily, sometimes several coordinating drilling of the times a day. We work from before sun- equivalent of municipal up to long after sunset, averaging 15-16 water supply wells for Army hours a day. We are tired. It’s hot here: bases. averaging 115 at mid-day and drop- For the most part I am ping to an average of 82 degrees F at one of a hundred or so midnight. The weather does not change other officers organizing much. Almost all of us look forward the training of the Iraqi dreamily to going home eventually; most Army. I have written analy- count the days.” ses read by generals whom Robert J. Tobin, CPG-07474 you’ve all seen on the eve- MAJ, Armor ning news, but for the most Phoenix Base, Baghdad, Iraq www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 5 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM Purpose To assist students with college education costs and to promote student participation in the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG). Up to four scholarships will be awarded to declared undergraduate geological sciences majors who are at least sophomores.
Scholarship Awards Scholarship awards in the amount of $1,000.00 each will be made to eligible students attending a college or university in the U.S. Scholarships are to be used to support tuition and/or room and board.
Eligibility Requirements Any student who is majoring in geology (or earth science), is at least a sophomore, and is attending a four-year accredited college or university in the U.S. can apply. Also, the student must be either a student member of AIPG or must have applied for student membership at the time the application for the scholarship is submitted.
Each student who is awarded a scholarship agrees, by accepting the scholarship, to prepare a 600 to 800 word article for publication in The Professional Geologist. The subject of the article must be related to a timely professional issue.
Application Process Applicants must submit: a letter of interest with name, mail and e-mail addresses, and telephone number; proof of enrollment in an eligible geological sciences program, transcripts; an original one-page essay on why the applicant wants to become a geologist; and a letter of support from a faculty member familiar with the applicant’s academic work. The application packet should be submitted to: American Institute of Professional Geologists Attn: Education Committee Chr. 1400 W. 122nd Ave., Suite 250 Westminster, CO 80234 For questions regarding the application process call (303) 412-6205 or e-mail: [email protected].
Applications must be received by FEBRUARY 15th Awarded the month of SEPTEMBER Basis of Awards Awards will be based on the content and creativity of the essays as judged by the Education Committee. The decisions of the Education Committee are final. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Dear Editor, I was able to fund my entire college per liter of benzene or PCE (notably not I just wanted to extend my thanks education solely on scholarships, and I defined upon first use) can “consume 10 and gratitude for all of the financial want to thank you for having a schol- mg/L of benzene or PCE per day in water support I received through your $1000 arship that is merit based. I could not without a significant risk for developing scholarship I received this past Spring. qualify for financial aid, but still had to adverse health effects.” While one might As I start classes again this fall, I wanted pay my own way through school. Your quibble with the final part of the state- to thank the organizations and people scholarship has given me the means to ment, one cannot quibble with the fact who helped me earn my degree. The put myself through an excellent school, that the individual in question would AIPG scholarship was a wonderful sum and has given me the motivation to carry have ingested 10 mg of benzene or PCE of money that I desperately needed to my education onward to new heights. and not a newly minted solution of 10 finish my undergraduate education and Thank you so much for helping me earn mg/L. Seemingly, perhaps to the unin- prepare for further studies. This May I my degree! formed, a minor point, but to the risk graduated from New Mexico Tech with Jaron Andrews, SA-0871 assessor and all who work in the domain, a Bachelors’ of Science in Geochemistry a major misquote. Just to assault the Dear Editor, with a Chemistry minor. I am now reader further is the glib equivalence entering graduate school at New Mexico I presume you have received many imparted to the air “calculation.” We Tech to obtain a Master’s Degree in communications about the errors in expect better, or please stick to non-peer Hydrology. My research focuses on using “Vapor Intrusion: What is all This Talk reviewed material, which I find more surfactant modified zeolites to absorb About Potential Intrusion Risk?” in the stimulating and useful. the reduce explosive contaminants found September/October 2007 Issue of TPG. Konrad J. Banaszak, CPG-03981 But, on the odd chance you haven’t, I in groundwater. I just wanted to thank Dear Editor, all of the wonderful people who helped decided to communicate. The article sug- Thank you for forwarding me the com- me finish my undergraduate education gests that a person who drinks two liters ment provided by Mr. Konrad J. Banaszak and move onto a higher degree. of water which contain 5 micrograms regarding the “Vapor Intrusion: What is all This Talk About Potential Intrusion In Memory Risk?” article in your Sept/Oct 2007 issue of TPG. My thanks to Mr. Banaszak for Dr. William C. MacQuown, Jr., pointing out the typo in the article (10ug CPG-03915, 91, husband of Marjorie vs. 10ug/L). The portion of the article he Rees MacQuown and the late Vivian was referring was intended to provide Johnson MacQuown, passed away at the reader with a simple comparison of his Lexington home on July 24, 2007. drinking water vs. air intakes. Again, A geology professor and faculty emeri- from this simple comparison, it is clear tus at the University of Kentucky, Dr. to see the risks associated with inhala- MacQuown received his M.S. in 1940 tion exposure. Vapor intrusion is a risk. from the University of Rochester and Russell C. Griebel, CPG-11014 his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1943. In the 1940’s and 50’s he worked for several petroleum companies in the Midwest and Rocky Mountains. After being named chief geologist by 'JFME(FPMPHZ Sohio Petroleum, he served at their *--6453"5&% Oklahoma City headquarters, and 5FSSZ4.BMFZ later in Calgary, Alberta. In 1961, Dr. MacQuown began teaching as a full professor in the geology department at UK. During that time, he helped the US Geological Survey map the geologic features of central and south central Kentucky. Later, as a researcher and consultant, Dr. MacQuown served as president of the Geological Society of Kentucky, and was a member of the AAPG for over fifty years. In 'JSTUEFUBJMFE DPNQSFIFOTJWFCPPL 2003, he was given the Outstanding POmFMEHFPMPHZJOZFBST Educator Award by the AAPG Eastern QBHF SJDIMZJMMVTUSBUFECPPLXJUIIJHI Section. He was also a member of AIPG RVBMJUZQIPUPHSBQITBOEJOUFSQSFUJWF for over twenty-five years, served as TLFUDIFT FTTFOUJBMmFMEHVJEFGPSUIFSFDPHOJUJPO President of the Kentucky Section JOUFSQSFUBUJPO BOEEFTDSJQUJPOPGHFPMPHJDGFBUVSFT and was awarded the AIPG Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Dr. OEFEJUJPO QMVTTIJQQJOH MacQuown was Registered Kentucky .JOFSBM-BOE1VCMJDBUJPOT 10#PY Geologist No. 0002. #PJTF *EBIP1IPOF www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 7 An Interview with Mark Myers U.S. Geological Survey Director
Barry Friedman, EXPLORER Correspondent
is an AAPG certified petroleum geolo- MYERS: As a state geologist, I was gist as well as a certified professional no stranger to the work of the USGS geologist with the American Institute of and always held its work in the highest Professional Geologists and a licensed esteem, both in terms of the breadth and geologist with the State of Alaska. scope of the science and the unbiased And it was during his time as direc- information it provided. tor of Alaska’s Division of Oil and Gas I had been involved in joint field that he received some notoriety for research projects with USGS scientists resigning his position when he thought on the North Slope and Cook Inlet a gas pipeline deal that then-Gov. Frank regions of Alaska. As a resource man- Murkowski was pushing would short- ager in Alaska, I often faced a balancing change the state. act in trying to reconcile both sides of While he wouldn’t talk about it for issues. USGS data was critical in the this interview, he said in his resignation decision-making process and an invalu- letter, “Staying in this position would able resource because of its objectivity require me to compromise my values as and reliability. U.S. Geological Survey Director Mark to what is right, both legally and ethi- In thinking about becoming USGS Myers, an AAPG member and AIPG cally, and what is in the interests of the director, what kind of preparation CPG-09697, who was nominated by state. I cannot continue as director and did you experience prior to being President Bush and confirmed by the watch silently as the state’s interests nominated for the post? Senate in 2006, heads up an entity that are undermined by creating barriers for has more than 10,000 scientists, techni- I actually spent very little time pre- the new oil and gas participants that cians and support staff. paring. are so vital to the economic future of Even though the process of nomina- The Survey, which has a budget of our state.” more than $1 billion, is located in nearly tion is a long one, the initial interview It is a testament to his ability to build 400 offices in every state and in sev- stage was very short. For a job that is coalitions that Murkowski supported his eral foreign countries and partners with so broad – such as this – it’s just kind of appointment to the USGS. 2,000 agencies of state, local and tribal “come as you are.” I did do a lot of soul government, the academic community, In his confirmation hearings, Myers searching – thinking about whether I other federal allies, non-governmental addressed the sensitive subject of scien- was the best person for this job and could organizations, and the private sector. tific independence, while underscoring serve this country well. I wanted to make the independence of the USGS. sure that I made a positive contribution Myers’ predecessor was Charles to the organization. G. “Chip” Groat, now director of the It’s incredibly important that the sci- Center for International Energy and ence is unbiased, that it is peer reviewed I also had conversations with my fam- Environmental Policy at the University of and objective.” And then added, “That’s ily to get their feelings on such a move, Texas at Austin. Groat also is president the way it needs to be so the Survey can as it would certainly be a significant of the AAPG Division of Environmental deliver objective information.” change in lifestyle moving from Alaska Geosciences. The EXPLORER asked Myers recent- to Washington, D.C. The USGS is known for its field inves- ly for his take on a range of issues, from How are you defining your duties/ tigations, direct observations of natural research to funding to the tricky areas role as director of the USGS? science processes and phenomena, and of politics and science. While careful In my mind the duties or role of the monitoring and data collection. not to address the contentious issue of director is very clear – to be a leader in whether or not the work of scientists Before coming to the Survey, Myers moving the organization forward and has been muffled or distorted by the served as survey chief for field pro- better positioning the organization for Bush Administration on issues that run grams in the MacKenzie Delta (Arco, the future as well as ensuring that the counter to its political objectives, he 1985), and Alaska’s Cook Inlet (State of USGS continues to live up to its promise does affirm the independence of both the Alaska/USGS, 1997) and North Slope of providing sound science for citizens USGS and his commitment to it. (Arco, 1999). He also served as sedimen- and decision makers. tologist for 13 other North Slope field EXPLORER: Why (how?) did your What are your top priorities for programs. joining the USGS come about? Had yourself, and for the Survey? you worked closely with the USGS Past president and board member of My top priorities are to chart a course during your time in Alaska? the Alaska Geological Society, Myers for USGS where it can thrive in the future.
8 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org AN INTERVIEW WITH MARK MYERS We have a long history of provid- the U.S. and global energy picture as The new areas of fruitful study in ing unbiased scientific research and making an impact? the earth sciences is near limitless. information to decision makers, and I The USGS provides critical science However, because Earth itself is made up believe that need will only increase as information on energy resources, both of countless interconnected and dynamic our nation continues to address issues domestic and internationally. One of our systems, it requires a kind of broad focus related to climate change, natural haz- strengths is our ability to provide unbi- to begin to understand it. ards, energy resources, water quality ased, peer-reviewed information and As I see it, the ability to look for and availability, human health and make it broadly available to everyone. and find linkages, to establish relevant ecosystem conservation. What is the best thing that gov- connections is the important scientific In an effort to focus on societal chal- ernment can do to enhance and horizon out there and, by the same lenges related to those areas we have invigorate the scientific work that token, the least understood by way of crafted a USGS Science Strategy for USGS does? the required research need and level the coming decade that defines chal- The high quality scientific research of complexity. Debates engendered by lenges within these areas and oppor- that USGS conducts can’t be done in the issues over a range from global climate tunities where USGS science can serve short-term, but requires long-term con- change, water availability and qual- the nation’s pressing needs; unites all tinuity. We need to look into the future ity, species and habitat preservation or of our capabilities; takes advantage of now and start planning from both a bud- energy resources availability, must be our strengths and our unique position getary and work force perspective. informed by a “systems” approach and as non-regulatory federal science agency understanding. The key to any successful organization with national scale and responsibilities; is its work force, and we must ensure This is not an easy task, for, histori- and will help us to focus our science we have the ability to hire the best and cally, science disciplines have extended a capabilities to meet the challenges of the the brightest in order to continue to con- great deal of knowledge through division 21st century. duct the high quality scientific research and abstraction. “Isolation and abstrac- What challenges do you face with/ needed to address the societal issues of tion” is still an important way by which because of the current USGS bud- the future. most disciplines extend their knowledge, get? but they have their limitations. Recent USGS has an aging work force and research in earth systems has shown, We need to be able to prioritize our recruitment is a challenge for us. We quite poignantly, that when one tries to science activities and ensure that we are need to have the ability to work collab- pick out anything by itself, it is found providing science that is relevant to the oratively with other geoscience organiza- “hitched” to everything else. needs of the nation. tions such as the American Geological We also need to continue enhancing Institute and AAPG to educate and To be involved in cutting-edge sci- our collaboration and partnership efforts recruit future scientists. ence today requires viewing Earth as a synergistic physical system of interre- with others in order to enhance the use The USGS is, in a sense, where the lated phenomena, governed by complex and value of our science. country goes for its earth science processes involving the geosphere, atmo- In light of the budgetary and education. What do you think is the sphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. It political arena, how would you most important scientific horizon centers on relevant interactions of chem- describe morale at the USGS? Does out there and, by the same token, ical, physical, biological and dynamical it feel it has the support and faith the least understood? processes that extend over a huge range of Congress and the current admin- There is hardly a field of science istration? of spatial scales from micron to planetary today that does not have exciting and size, and over time scales of milliseconds Overall I believe that the morale of enormously promising research areas. to billions of years. employees is good. Our employees are Just by way of example: among the most talented and dedicated The Earth system approach is the • Research at the USGS involving critical framework and important sci- professionals to be found in any orga- seismic imaging, tomography, inter- nization. They are very proud of their entific horizon from which to pose disci- ferometry, laser altimetry and GPS plinary and interdisciplinary questions outstanding history of public service and positioning is helping to interpret scientific advances. in relationship to the important needs structure and dynamic processes from of humankind. While we have been faced with declin- deep within Earth to its surface. ing budgets over the past several years, You’re taking over the USGS at • PCR-based DNA fingerprinting is a time where the line between sci- the USGS continues to be a leader in helping to understand and, in some collecting, monitoring, analyzing and ence and politics is as murky as cases, restore genetically diverse hab- ever, especially in light of reports providing scientific information and itats. understanding about our nation’s land- that some scientists were pres- • Satellite, broadband transmission of scape, natural resources and the natural sured recently to alter their find- real-time discharge from our nation- hazards that threaten us. ings on some particulars concerning wide stream gage network is allowing their work with global warming. Speaking of the public, do you our scientists to develop mapping Assuming that politics and science have a “feel” for how the USGS is methods that deliver on-line flood need their own wall of separation, perceived by the American people? maps – including time of arrival, how do you plan to build it? To a more specific area, with the 2008 depth and extent of flooding – before I wouldn’t characterize it as building a national elections already starting a storm hits. to make headlines, do you see the wall. The USGS prides itself on being an USGS’s expertise and perceptions of unbiased scientific organization, which www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 9 AN INTERVIEW WITH MARK MYERS has no regulatory or management man- comments and are in compliance with advocacy agency with broad skills in date. USGS policies and those of the federal geology, biology, water and geographic We have long-standing peer review government. sciences, the USGS is uniquely posi- processes in place that have been the The new policy standardizes the peer tioned to provide the expertise to seek basis of scientific practices at USGS review processes between our various that harmony. and only underscore our commitment to disciplines. This standardization was How does the future look for the excellent science. necessary for the interdisciplinary sci- USGS? Under a new USGS policy, a USGS ence publications that are increasingly The future of USGS looks very promis- employee must submit scientific doc- more critical to furthering scientific ing, as the need for our scientific data and uments for a peer review before pub- understanding of complex systems. information and understanding have lication – a review that may involve Coming from Alaska as you do, do never been greater. Our strength lies in scientists either inside or outside you feel you bring a special sensitiv- our ability to bring a multidisciplinary the agency and must consider what ity to environmental issues? approach to tackling some of the chal- the directive calls, “potential high One of the highlights of my career lenges this nation faces in the future. visibility products or policy-sensi- as a field geologist has been the ability We are optimistic that our Strategic tive issues.” Your opinion? to work in the beautiful remote areas Science plan – our 10-year science Peer review is not new. In fact, it is of Alaska. As an Alaskan, I very much vision – will enhance our ability to con- the bedrock of processes in any credible value and appreciate our natural envi- duct interdisciplinary and interagency science organization, as it ensures scien- ronment. I recognize that there needs to research and result in USGS making tific conclusions or findings are robust, be a balance between human needs and significant contributions toward help- independent and objective. The USGS the natural world. ing the economy remain strong and the has had such processes in place for many Because of this, I have a heightened environment healthy, while helping to years. As with any science enterprise, sensitivity for the need to find that bal- retain the present quality of life in the policies are periodically reviewed and ance between nature and humans and United States. updated to keep pace with changes in try to live in harmony. But I also recog- This article was originally printed by the organization. nize that the nation has a great demand the AAPG EXPLORER. For the complete Our recently revised policy has been for natural resources in order to sustain text of the Myers’ interview, visit the developed by scientists and science man- our human needs and lifestyle. AAPG website www.aapg.org and view agers – not political appointees. Research USGS brings a multidisciplinary the AAPG EXPLORER for September, supervisors are charged with ensuring approach and scientific expertise to 2007. all USGS scientists have addressed peer understanding that balance. As a non-
10 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
AIPG Student Chapters
Robert G. Font, CPG-03953 Bowling Green University Founded in 2004 Chapter Sponsor: Robert K. Vincent, MEM-0216 Questions: 1. A clean sand lies between two shales. The SP curve on an electric log Central Michigan University shows a high negative deflection (as measured from the shale base Founded 2003 line) at the top of the sand and a gradual decrease in the observed Chapter Sponsor: deflection from the top to the bottom of the sand unit. What is the David J. Matty likely depositional environment for this coarse-clastic deposit? a) marine barrier bar Colorado School of Mines b) fluvial point bar Founded 1999 c) lacustrine deposit Chapter Sponsor: Graham Closs, CPG-07288 2. Consider that under normal conditions the discharge for a channel (15 feet deep and 100 feet wide) is 9,000 cubic feet per second. If during Eastern Michigan University a particular flood stage the discharge increases by a factor of four, Founded 2006 what would you calculate the water velocity to be under this flood Chapter Sponsor: condition? Walter J. Bolt, CPG-10289 a) 10 mph b) 82 mph Georgia State University c) 16 mph Founded 2005 Chapter Sponsor: Ronald Wallace, CPG-08153 3. The term “berm” is a sedimentary deposit best related to which one of the following? James Madison University a) a coastal area Founded in 1998 b) a meandering channel Chapter Sponsor: c) loess Cullen Sherwood, CPG-02811
4. Which of the following chemical compounds would you expect to be Ohio State University responsible for the dissolution of calcite in the process of chemical Founded in 2004 weathering? Chapter Sponsor: Thomas Berg, CPG-08208 a) H2CO3 b) FeCO 3 Temple University c) Cu2CO3(OH)2 Founded 2006 Chapter Sponsor: 5. Which of the following is best related to “rivers” and stream-shaped Dennis Pennington, CPG-04401 landscapes? a) tombolo Wright State University b) playa lake Founded in 1996 Chapter Sponsor: c) trellis Thomas Berg, CPG-08208
Answers on Page 27
www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 11 Causes of Global Warming, Are We Certain?
Robert G. Corbett, CPG-04502 and Gary T. Dannemiller, CPG-05118
This paper is not a definitive scientific tions have accepted the premise that CO2 plate tectonics and its influence on pat- treatise nor does it contain new data. regulation is needed.” On the other hand, terns of oceanic circulation, green house
Rather it is a review of current thought the Minority Page of the U.S. Senate gases other than CO2 (water vapor, on the topic, and casts doubt on the Committee on Environment and Public methane, tropospheric ozone, nitrous importance of CO2 generation in global Works of May 15, 2007 reports that some oxide, CFCs, CO), the Milankovitch warming. Central to this discussion is “prominent scientists reverse belief in Cycle (Cycles Research Institute), solar questioning the validity of the notion man-made global warming….” radiation variations, cosmic ray flux, that burning of fossil fuel significantly and Earth position to the Sun. Singer increases global warming. Nature of the Argument and Avery (2007) present evidence from others for a 1500 year-cycle for warm- Before we get started, we need to Here is the widely promoted argument: ing and cooling of the atmosphere that review some elements of argumentation. humankind is burning ever increasing is independent of greenhouse gases. J. In any argument, the several sentences amounts of carbon-based fuels, and this Jousel and others (2007) extend the data presented may be either premise or burning releases carbon dioxide. This conclusion. A significant error in an and interpretation for the Antarctica causes an increase in CO2 content in the argument is termed a fallacy. There are Dome C ice core. atmosphere. As CO2 slowly increases in patterns in arguments. For example, if our atmosphere, it (being one of several one set of measurements correlates to E another set (either both increasing or both decreasing) we say there is a posi- Summary of Cycles Involved in Climate tive correlation. If one variable increases and the other decreases there is a nega- Ellipticity of Earth’s Orbit 100,000 years Singer and Avery, p. 23 tive correlation. Mere correlation is not Axial Tilt 41,000 years Singer and Avery, p. 23 enough to establish causation, unless Precession 23,000 years Singer and Avery, p. 23 there are no other variables that can rea- sonably explain the situation (Heggie, Dansgaard-Oescher Cycle 1,500 ± 500 years Singer and Avery, p. 23 2002). We shall use this shortly. Bond Cycle 1,100 - 1,500 years Patterson, p. 3 As geologists, we are in a better Devries-Suess Cycle 210 - 500 years Patterson, p. 3 position than others to recognize that Gleissberg Cycle 87 years Patterson, p. 3 the geologic record contains evidence of past cyclical climate changes. Earth Schwabe Sunspot Cycle 11 years Patterson, p. 3 has warmed since the last interglacial began about 19,000 years B.P., and greenhouse gases) traps heat, prevent- Solar Cycles, A Likely sea level has risen for the past 15,000 ing some heat from re-radiating to space. Explanation years (Gornitz, 2007) although in fits Conclusion: burning more fossil fuels In their book Unstoppable Global and starts. We recognize that both the causes the Earth to become warmer. science behind climate change and the Warming, Singer and Avery (2007) refer role of greenhouse gases are poorly Flaws in the Argument to Earth’s climate timeline, present understood. In fact, many close to the failures of the Greenhouse theory, and This involves classic false cause and situation claim any relation between cite the many world- and culture-wide effect argument. Why? No good reason global warming and CO is a prediction evidences that relate to climate, includ- 2 is presented that other causes for global approach and not a cause and effect ing ice cores, tree rings, pollen, coral, warming are not possible or likely. All claim. To most persons, it has become a glaciers, boreholes, sea sediments, tree we need to do is identify one plausible cause and effect explanation. If one goes lines, and agricultural crops. Singer alternate cause and we may invoke the back in time, CO is seen as only one and Avery compile and present evi- 2 false cause and effect objection. This potential driver of global warming. dence, direct and indirect, that fol- does not prove or disprove one theory, lows the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle, an According to Utility and Income, an but it does invalidate the fast conclusion. irregular 1470 plus or minus 500 year investment advisory, “… virtually all There are other theories to explain the moderate warming and cooling cycle. globally respected scientific organiza- variations now and over the past years: However, there is no 1470 year solar
12 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org OPINIONS FROM THE MEMBERSHIP cycle. The 1470 year cycle may be caused Scientists know with virtual certainty the coming decades, scientists anticipate by the interaction of other known Solar that: that as atmospheric concentrations of cycles. Singer and Avery refer to the 87 • Human activities are changing the greenhouse gases continue to rise, aver- year Gleissberg the 210 year Devries- composition of Earth’s atmosphere. age global temperatures and sea levels Suess cycles, and R. Timothy Patterson Increasing levels of greenhouse gases will continue to rise as a result and pre- mentions the 11 year Schwabe cycle cipitation patterns will change. like carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmo- and the 1100-1500 year Bond cycle. sphere since pre-industrial times are What’s Not Certain? Patterson’s article Read the Sunspots well-documented; Important scientific questions remain is found at Canada.com, dated June 21, • The atmospheric buildup of CO2 and about how much warming will occur, how 2007. Referring to the Little Ice Age, other greenhouse gases is largely the fast it will occur, and how the warming Patterson points to the work of others result of human activities such as the will affect the rest of the climate system in noting that as our star’s solar output burning of fossil fuels; including precipitation patterns and and protective wind lessen, cosmic rays • A warming trend of about 0.7 to storms. Answering these questions will from deep space enter and penetrate 1.5°F occurred during the 20th cen- require advances in scientific knowledge our atmosphere. This allows enhance- tury. Warming occurred in both the in a number of areas, such as: ment of cloud formation, which has a Northern and Southern Hemispheres, • improving understanding of natural cooling effect. Interestingly, R. Timothy and over the oceans; climatic variations, changes in the Patterson has recently stated “Solar sun’s energy, land-use changes, the scientists predict that, by 2020, the sun • The major greenhouse gases emitted warming or cooling effects of pollutant will be starting into its weakest Schwabe by human activities remain in the aerosols, and the impacts of changing cycle of the past two centuries, potential- atmosphere for periods ranging from humidity and cloud cover; ly leading to unusually cool conditions on decades to centuries. It is therefore earth. Solar power has overpowered any virtually certain that atmospheric • determining the relative contribution concentrations of greenhouse gases to climate change of human activities effect that CO2 has had before, and most likely will again. And if we’re to have will continue to rise over the next few and natural causes; even a medium-sized solar minimum, we decades; and • projecting future greenhouse emis- could be looking at climate change with • Increasing greenhouse gas concentra- sions and how the climate system will a lot more negative effects than “global tions tend to warm the planet. respond within a narrow range; and warming” would have had.” What’s Likely? • improving understanding of the We suggest that there is far too much The Intergovernmental Panel on potential for rapid or abrupt climate uncertainty in ascribing climate change Climate Change (IPCC) has stated change. solely to anthropogenic CO2 produc- “There is new and stronger evidence The writers wish to add a note to tion. that most of the warming observed What’s Not Certain. The role of water over the last 50 years is attributable to vapor, a major greenhouse gas, is not Federal Agency Setting human activities”. In short, a number of considered by the IPCC or USEPA even Policies scientific analyses indicate, but cannot though other greenhouse gases such as prove, that rising levels of greenhouse CO may have a lesser impact compared The U.S. E.P.A.
14 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org OPINIONS FROM THE MEMBERSHIP coal production, steel manufacture, and Glossary of Climate Change Terms. Singer, S. Fred and Avery, Dennis T. other activities. No date. http://www.epa.gov/climat- 2007. Unstoppable Global Warming: Yet, Donald Kennedy, Editor-in-Chief echange/glossary.html#Sink: U.S. Rowman and Littlefield, p. 206. of Science, has just written that “Now E.P.A. Soloman, Lawrence. June 02, 2007. the scientific consensus is clear, it’s time Gornitz, Vivien. 2007. Sea Level Rise, They Call This Consensus?: Toronto to ask what the U.S. Congress is doing After the Ice Melted and Today: Financial Post. to keep pace with this new reality.” He Science Briefs NASA Goddard State of Connecticut and others vs. then gives a summary of current politi- Institute for Space Studies. American Electric Power and cal efforts. Heggie, Lorie (editor). 2002. The others.
www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 15 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
President’s Message
Kelvin J. Buchanan, CPG-06058 Michigan was a Great change, but not to support a formal posi- $8,000 more than the nearest competi- Host tion on climate change. tor (US $63,885, Ireland $55,986), but As for the near future, AIPG is empha- beats them in wealth created per hours Many of the past AIPG meetings have sizing marketing the importance of the of work. been held in areas of the country that membership and soliciting Registered The answer may lie in how one reads are off the beaten path, but are gems Geologists in select states. Marketing the data. The average US worker worked nonetheless. Traverse City, Michigan, material has been prepared which will 1,804 hours in 2006, far more than is one of those places. The salmon were be sent to two test markets. the French (1,564 hours) and other running, the leaves were turning and the This is my final report as your presi- Europeans. However, the South Koreans grapes were being harvested. The field dent. There have been some accomplish- and other Asian countries generally have trips were exceptional. The attendees ments and the groundwork is laid for average rates for workers about 2,200 had nothing but praise for Adam Heft more. The AIPG will be well served by hours. All these countries have lower and his crew for putting on an excep- President-Elect Dan St. Germaine and productivity rates; the China productiv- tional meeting. I look forward to his leadership next ity rate is at about one tenth of the US. The executive committee found the year. So, are we couch potatoes or work-a- venue conducive to working effectively holics. The ILO produced both reports together. Our organization is in excel- US Workers; Lazy or but their data is another thing. Aren’t lent shape financially, membership is statistics great! growing and I think the target set at the World’s Most Productive: beginning of the year for reaching 5,300 Statistics Gone Wild total members may be reached. The The UN International Labor number of CPGs is up slightly so far on Organization (ILO) looks at working a year to year basis. One of my unstated hours around the world. On August AIPG Section goals was to try to stop the slide of CPGs 23, 2007, Fortune magazine quoted an and it appears we may have been suc- ILO report stating that Americans, by Websites cessful. As of October 9, 2007, there are global standards, were lazy. Indeed 3,612 CPGs, up from 3,601 one year ago. Geoff Colvin, Fortune’s Senior Editor- Over the past ten years, we were losing At-Large, used terms such as rela- AIPG Section Website links an average of 75 CPGs per year. I am tive sloth, slackers and a couch-potato are on the AIPG National grateful the number has stabilized and I nation to describe American workers. hope we can now reverse the trend. Website at www.aipg.org. One example: More than 50% of South Click on the top right drop The executive committee also spent Koreans work more than 48 hours a down menu and click on a considerable amount of time prior to week. In the USA, only 18% work more the meeting in researching and draft- than 48 hours a week. The conclusion of Section Websites. ing comments that could have been the Fortune article, using the ILO data, If your section does not incorporated into a climate change policy was that unless we are willing to work have a website contact AIPG statement. While most of the commit- like the competition (read China) we may Headquarters to get one tee greatly improved their knowledge have to work harder just to improve our setup ([email protected]). AIPG of the literature on climate change, the living standard. Headquarters will maintain consensus was that there were already Just 10 days later, on September 3, a website for your section. position statements from other scientific 2007, a second ILO report concluded Several sections (AZ, CA, organizations (AAPG, AGU, etc.) and that US workers are the world’s most one more position paper would not add CO, FL, GA, HI, IL Chapter, productive and work longer hours than MI, MO, NM, OK, PA, and TN) a great deal to the debate. The execu- their counterparts in all 27 countries in are examples of websites tive committee continues to support the the EU, Switzerland and Japan. How can input of geologists as the most qualified two reports from the same UN agency hosted by AIPG National. scientists to address issues of climate be so at odds with each other? Not only does the US worker produce almost
16 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S COLUMN
AIPG Awards Program
William J. Siok, CPG-04773
This professional society was estab- from 1963, many continue to pay full and officers alike that AIPG accomplish- lished in 1963 by petroleum geologists dues. This is a remarkable commitment ments are due to its members volunteer- feeling the need for a credentialing on their part to AIPG. I commend them ing and contributing. body to vet the qualifications of practi- for their continued dedication.) Annually, the AIPG Honors and tioners. They felt that as other profes- The point I wish to make through all Awards Committee seeks nominations sions had done, the geologic community this is that AIPG is vibrant and relevant for five awards: Ben H. Parker Memorial itself should promote certain minimum today because of its members, founders Medal; Martin Van Couvering Memorial standards for education, experience, and through to today’s active membership Award; John T. Galey, Sr., Memorial proper comportment. The best vehicle at all levels. It would be impossible to Public Service Award; and Honorary for accomplishing this goal was to cre- name all those who have made contribu- Membership. ate AIPG. tions of time and energy to guarantee This entire column boils down to an AIPG is not the oldest geologic profes- AIPG’s place in the geologic community. appeal to you to look around at the active sional association, but is rapidly approach- However, AIPG has an Honors and AIPG members you know. If there is an ing its fiftieth anniversary. Looking back is Awards program to recognize the work of outstanding individual who has made a a fascinating endeavor (Richard Proctor’s members (and non-members) who make significant difference towards achieve- A History of AIPG provides this perspec- the difference and who are truly commit- ment of AIPG’s objectives, please con- tive), looking forward is even more so. ted to this organization’s future. sider submitting that member’s name As with any institution, change is Review the list of those who have been for consideration as an award recipient. inevitable, whether abrupt or in the case recognized by AIPG through the years, Too often, you may feel that proper of AIPG gradual, year by year. A major you’ll know many of them. You will also recognition is not given for just such an evolution has occurred through the now know that they have been active in AIPG individual. This is an appeal which will 45 year history of AIPG in that its found- on the section and national levels. It’s often be repeated, but you are requested ers were almost to the man petroleum been emphasized regularly by AIPG staff to act on it now. geologists. Presently, slightly less than 10% of AIPG’s male and female members are petroleum geologists. The majority of AIPG membership is engaged in arenas involving groundwater, environment, mineral development, teaching, law, finance, and research. Interestingly, this shift has not affect- ed AIPG’s original goal to provide a cre- dential for practitioners and to advocate and educate. The approach has changed, largely due to statutory, regulatory, and technology changes, but the mission remains essentially the same. That is to support the practitioner and to educate the public as to the place of geology and geologists in the national (and interna- tional) setting. AIPG is vibrant today precisely because it has been able to stay abreast of a changing society and economy while staying true to its founders’ intent. (Incidentally, of the 748 Charter Members
www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 17 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - COLUMN 112
Compiled by David M. Abbott, Jr., CPG-04570, 2266 Forest Street, Denver, CO 80207-3831, 303-394-0321, fax 303-394-0543, [email protected]
The Use of Professional Governor’s decision to withdraw the job for anyone collecting samples that are Seals, Electronic offer were made known to the Governor’s to be analyzed. Comments on the paper staff during the hiring process. are welcomed for inclusion here, or as and Otherwise Obviously, this case will take a while normal discussion-and-reply-type con- (columns 110 & 111) to play out and does not involve a geosci- tributions for articles. In particular, if someone would like to comment on the Marty Andrejko, CPG-08512, con- entist. But it does illustrate the increas- CIRCLA or other regulatory agency’s tributed an excellent addendum to my ingly adversarial environment in hiring QA/QC procedures, which are outside columns on this subject in the last two these days, regardless of which side of my professional experience, I’d welcome issues in his “Use of Electronic Seals,” the negotiations you’re on. The days of the contribution. column 21 in his Professional Liability an oral agreement and handshake are and Risk Management column in the mostly gone, which is regrettable. September/October TPG. Please read What Geoscience Andrejko’s column if you’re interested in Pitfalls for the Donee Education Should be the topic. He offers some specific advice of Tax Deductible Required for Professional for avoiding liability when an electronic Charitable Property Standing? signature and/or seal are used. The topic, “Should a county employee What amount of credit hours in Acceptance then write a ‘remoteness’ letter?,” addressed geoscience should be the minimum for Unacceptance of a Job in columns 106, 108, and 109 (November professional standing, specifically cer- 2006, March 2007, and May 2007) tification by AIPG or state licensing or Offer (column 111, addressed a conflict of interest issue registration? In addition, should there September/October ′07) involving the evaluation of a property be a set of core subject areas that must for its mineral value potential. The be covered for professional standing? My discussion of this topic in the last purpose of such evaluations and the These are not new questions. Nor are two columns (110 and 111) focused on the required ‘remoteness’ letter is to allow they questions being asked solely within increasingly adversarial nature of the the property’s owner to make some the geoscience profession; they are being hiring process from the employer’s side, type of tax deductible donation. Earl asked by all professions. specifically an academic department Hoover’s, (CPG-02739) article, “Pitfalls that had received an oral acceptance of Section 2.3.1 of AIPG’s Bylaws speci- for the donee of tax deductible charitable a job offer from a candidate, who later fies that applicants for AIPG Certification property,” in the September/October reneged on his acceptance. As noted in must have “a baccalaureate or higher TPG addresses the general topic of these column 111, the department is going to degree in a geological science, and a mini- donations and the related valuations. require a written response to a job offer mum of 36 semester or 54 quarter hours If you’re considering donating mineral within a shorter period of time. in geological sciences as recognized and property to non-profit organization or approved by the Executive Committee.” Recently, a case of the employer reneg- other group, or are asked to prepare a State licensing requirements are basi- ing on the offer made news in Colorado. valuation of such property, read Hoover’s cally similar. Is it critical that the The Governor had offered a new position article. degree be in geology or earth science, or related to the state’s homeland security can someone with a chemistry degree program to a police chief in the state, Assuring the Reliability of who has taken the requisite number of who accepted the Governor’s offer and courses be accepted? Missouri, I gather resigned his police department position. Your Sampling Results from John Howard, CPG-08740, is A week or so later, the Governor decided Quality control as an ethical practice strict about the title of the degree while to renege on the offer, apparently follow- was discussed in columns 22, 26, and AIPG is more concerned with the number ing news reports alleging various issues 30 (September 1997, January 1998, and and character of the courses. during the now former chief’s tenure May 1998). My paper, “Assuring the in office. The former chief is ready to reliability of your sampling results,” But is the baccalaureate degree sue, asserting among other things, that which appears in this issue, addresses enough anymore? Everyone with whom the issues that apparently led to the an important professional practice issue I’ve discussed the subject recommends that those seeking to enter the profes-
18 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - COLUMN 112 sion today should have at least a masters Screening Committees demonstrates Surveyors Consider degree, and most professionals of my that the counting up is not easy. Just Restricting Use of GPS generation have at least one graduate what topics are covered in a course degree. Should AIPG increase its edu- titled “Structure and Stratigraphy of by Geoscientists cation requirement for certification to a North America”? Is this a course on the Lee Allison, MEM-0328, Arizona master’s level? tectonic history of North America, a State Geologist, posted the following on While counting up hours seems easy course on structures and stratigraphy, a his blog, http://arizonageology.blogspot. enough, a bit of exposure to the reviews mix of all these or what? Does a person com/, on July 18, 2007. “Should only conducted by the Section and National who successfully took this course know licensed surveyors and engineers be as much about stratigraphy as someone legally allowed to use high-precision who took a course titled “Stratigraphy”? GPS instruments to make maps in Geologic Ethics & Then there is the perennial question, is Arizona? Professional Practices the field geology course at institution “The Arizona Professional Land is now available on CD X anywhere near as good as the one Surveyors (APLS) are circulating a given at institution Y? Is a series of lab ‘white paper’ entitled ‘Geospatial Debate’ and field exercises conducted over a (http://sco.az.gov/WhitePaper_v6.pdf) term the same as a 6-week camp in the that questions who should be allowed Rocky Mountains? Is a geology degree to use sub-meter accuracy GPS units from the University of [name], perhaps to map natural and man-made fea- in a foreign country, the same as one tures. It was prepared in response to a from the [your favorite] School of Mines complaint to the Arizona State Board and Technology? Is a degree in earth of Technical Registration (SBTR) by a sciences the same as degree in geology? licensed surveyor protesting non-survey- If it’s basically a degree in meteorology, ors using such units. [above: AZGS geolo- a subject covered in some earth science gists locating earth fissures in Maricopa departments, the answer is clearly “No” County, using a sub-meter resolution (I’ve nothing against meteorologists, GPS unit. Will surveyors have to oversee they are just not geologists). geologists mapping natural hazards like One solution, which is taken by the This CD is a collection of articles, these?] ASBOG member states, is requiring columns, letters to the editor, and other passage of one or more tests. Then the material addressing professional eth- question becomes, what should be cov- ics and general issues of professional SCIENCE IN THE NEWS ered on the test? My discussion, “Is the geologic practice that were printed in from Sigma Xi, basis for the ASBOG exam’s questions The Professional Geologist. It includes The Scientific Research Society unethical?” in column 99 (September an electronic version of the now out-of- 2005) addresses some of these issues. print Geologic Ethics and Professional What should happen if someone certified Practices 1987-1997, AIPG Reprint Oceans Are ‘Soaking Up Less by AIPG were to fail the ASBOG exam, Series #1. The intent of this CD is col- CO2’ particularly after 2 or 3 tries? Should lection of this material in a single place The amount of carbon dioxide AIPG’s certification be withdrawn? This so that the issues and questions raised being absorbed by the world’s oceans sanction is implicit in the Continuing by the material may be more conve- has reduced, scientists have said. Professional Development requirement niently studied. The intended ‘students’ University of East Anglia researchers of Section 2.3.1.1 for those who initi- of this CD include everyone interested gauged CO2 absorption through more ated the certification process after July in the topic, from the new student of than 90,000 measurements from mer- 1, 2006. geology to professors emeritus, working chant ships equipped with automatic geologists, retired geologists, and those I’ve asked a lot of questions. None instruments. interested in the geologic profession. of them are new or unique. But they Results of their 10-year study in are worth periodic consideration and AIPG members will be able to update the North Atlantic show CO2 uptake discussion. Some answers are provided their copy of this CD by regularly down- halved between the mid-90s and 2000 in Education for Professional Practice, loading the pe&p index.xls file from to 2005. Scientists believe global which is available as one of the Free the www.aipg.org under “Ethics” and warming might get worse if the oceans Publications under the “Members” head- by downloading the electronic version soak up less of the greenhouse gas. ing on the lower left side of the AIPG of The Professional Geologist from Researchers said the findings, pub- web site for logged in members. Nancy the members only area of the AIPG lished in a paper for the Journal of Price’s, SA-0382, “Why do I have to take website. Geophysical Research, were surpris- this class anyway” Student Voice column ing and worrying because there were The cost of the CD is $25 for mem- in the September/October TPG provides grounds for believing that, in time, the bers, $35 for non-members, $15 for stu- yet another perspective on these ques- ocean might become saturated with dent members and $18 for non-member tions. Let me know what you think. students, plus shipping and handling. To our emissions. order go to www.aipg.org. Five dollars To read more: http://news.bbc. from every CD sold will be donated to co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7053903.stm the AIPG Foundation. Or: http://tinyurl.com/32ensb www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 19 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - COLUMN 112 als as a general rule. The Committee veyors who attempt to measure geologic believes that whether geospatial data features. are used as an ‘authoritative’ location “Use of any measuring instrument of a boundary or geographic feature is cannot be restricted to one profession. the most relevant aspect of whether Were slide rules restricted to engineers? geospatial data must be developed by a In Nevada, certain engineers tried to registered professional.’ get the state to restrict the use of the “But the options laid out for the APLS term ‘Environmental Manager’ for those members to consider are to ‘do nothing,’ professionals engaged in Phase I, II, & adopt model national restrictions, or III EAs and LUST regulations solely for adopt rules like those in Oregon that also the engineering profession. They were include the national restrictions. unsuccessful. Not only were geologists “The National Council of Examiners allowed to take the exam, but 12 other for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) professions as well. model guidelines define land surveying “I would suggest that those surveyors as ‘… the making of geometric measure- should be careful, lest someone in the ments and gathering related infor- state bureaucracy recognize that they mation pertaining to the physical or are not wholly competent in this field.” legal features of the earth, improve- Support for Kel’s argument is pro- ments on the earth, the space above, on, vided by the chapters in the books cited or below the earth… providing, utiliz- in footnote 1 that demonstrate the use of ing, or developing the same into survey surveying equipment by geoscientists for products such as graphics, data, a long time and as part of basic geologic maps, plans, reports, descriptions, field work training. or projects’ [emphasis added]. “Clearly this crosses over to the roles Parental Review of their of geologists and others. APLS is pre- Children’s Papers—Is It paring to develop recommendations to take to the SBTR. Geologists need to get Cheating? engaged in this debate.” Graham Closs, CPG-07288, sent me This is another inter-profession turf a Maclean’s magazine editorial from the In this exciting action adventure Guy war. Most geoscientists have received, or February 19, 2007 issue addressing the Lazarus is transported back to the Cre- at least used to receive, basic surveying consequences of the results of study of taceous period, when dinosaurs ruled training as part of their field training. that found wide-spread student cheat- the earth, to search for his lifelong friend This training used to be with plane tables ing in 11 Canadian institutions. The who invented the incredible technology but now GPS units are used.1 I have no editorial comments on the cover story for time travel. problem with licensed surveyors being in the February 12th issue found that required when one is putting in public most university faculty and administra- Call 1-800-AUTHORS to order, location points like bench marks and sur- tors aren’t doing much to combat the or visit www.iUniverse.com veying tracts for land title documents. I problem. This is in part due to disciplin- do have a problem with surveyors being ary procedures that are lengthy, time- required to map geologic features. One of consuming, and tend to result in little “It falls on the heels of a recently dis- the differences between geologic and con- serious consequences. The only group missed federal lawsuit at the national ventional surveying is who’s in charge of reported to be really incensed about level to restrict map making to surveyors the surveying party. In geologic survey- wide-spread cheating was the minority and engineers (see my blogs on June 15 ing, the geologist is in charge and carries of students who didn’t cheat. While the and May 14). In the wake of that conten- the rod to points of geologic interest that Maclean’s study focused on Canadian tious battle, earth scientists are wary. are then shot by the instrument man. In institutions, I don’t’ think the problem stops at the border. I find it interesting “The paper talks about the need for conventional surveying, the instrument that the only US schools that seem to ‘... surveyors or engineers to take an man is in charge. As Allison’s article have periodic cheating scandals are the aggressive and proactive stance against suggests, this is a national issue that service academies. I happen to hear more non registrants using this equipment [ie, states are now taking up, one that AIPG about the Air Force Academy because sub-meter GPS]...’ Sections should be alert for and taking action on as required. it’s local, but one does sometimes hear “The paper does state that, ‘The GO Kel Buchanan, CPG-06058, saw an about cheating scandals at West Point Committee believes the best approach and Annapolis in the national news. is to focus on the use of geospatial data early draft of this discussion and com- mented, “More to the point, should But then the service academies are not and not on the licensing, registration typical collegiate institutions. or certification of geospatial profession- geologists need to supervise land sur-
1. My field geology texts, R.R. Compton, 1962, Manual of Field Geology: John Wiley & Sons, and F.H. Lahee, 1961, Field Geology (6th ed): McGraw-Hill Book Company, both contain extensive chapters on surveying. Lahee, the most comprehensive of the two, includes a chapter on underground surveying.
20 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - COLUMN 112 An aspect of this topic was addressed parent’s review of a child’s homework? in an article in the Wall Street Journal The real issue, regardless of age or for August 23, 2007, “Checking Kids’ relationship is, are we learning from Topical Index-Table Homework Over the Internet.” This our mistakes? of Contents to the article addressed the growing use of Professional Ethics and web-based software that allows a non- 2008 Ethics Committee custodial parent to access, review, and Practices Columns The AIPG Ethics Committee is open to comment on a child’s schoolwork. A simi- any interested member. The Committee A topically based Index-Table lar phenomenon occurs where college operates by e-mail. When an ethics of Contents, “pe&p index.xls” cov- students e-mail their papers home for question arises, I will send it to the ering columns, articles, and letters parental review, something mentioned Committee for their opinions. Those who to the editor that have been referred in a letter to the editor of Maclean’s are interested in the question respond. to in the PE&P columns in Excel published in the March 5, 2007 issue (p. The responses may become part of a format is on the AIPG web site 6). Is parental (or other party) review of topical discussion in this column, though in the Ethics section. This Index- an assignment cheating? I suspect that they are not always used. The time Table of Contents is updated as the answers will depend on what sort required is no more than a few hours per each issue of the TPG is published. of review occurred? Where the “review” year. If you are interested, please send You can use it to find those items involved substantial parental re-writes, me an e-mail expressing your interest addressing a particular area of that is more clearly a problem than sim- and I’ll add you to my distribution list. concern. Suggestions for improve- ply pointing out spelling, grammatical, ments should be sent to David and logical mistakes and then letting Abbott, [email protected] the student make the appropriate cor- rections. My mother recalls having her grand- father check her math homework. They could agree on whether the answer to a particular problem was right or wrong, AFLAC but neither of them understood the Why Supplemental Insurance? computational steps the other used to arrive at the answer. This is clearly a Even the best health insurance plan can leave you vulnerable to: case where the review helped the edu- cational process without doing the work Unpaid medical bills... including deductibles, co-payments, and for the student. out-of-network charges. A Canadian geologist and mother Loss of income... if a serious illness or accident seriously reduces with whom I discussed this issue told the total earning power of the afflicted employee and/or spouse. me that she and/or her husband review their children’s papers and point out Out-of-pocket expenses... such as the cost of travel, lodging, meals, errors as part of the process of helping child care, home care, and special equipment, as well as everyday them learn to write better papers. She living expenses like mortgage/rent, car, utilities, food, and regarded these reviews as helping the credit card balances. educational process as well. I’m also reminded of the report That’s why over 40 million people worldwide have turned to AFLAC. review process employed by the firms Our full range of guaranteed-renewable insurance I’ve worked for, which is not unlike the policies includes: peer review process used for published papers. Errors in spelling, grammar, Accident/Disability, Short-Term Disability, Cancer, syntax, logic, etc. are identified and Hospital Confinement Indemnity, Hospital Intensive Care, corrected. Because some of the profes- Specified Health Event, Life, Long-Term Care, Dental sionals I’ve worked with are poor writers to begin with, review of their drafts is a vital part of creating a professional Most important, all of our policies pay cash benefits directly to you work product. I’ll be the first to admit even if you have other coverage. You decide where the money goes. that my drafts usually need review and It’s your choice! correction. However, as those who have had their work reviewed know, some- AFLAC times the reviewer is wrong. When both parties are willing to respect each other, http://www.aflac.com the document is improved. What’s really Carol Streicher, AFLAC Sales Associate frustrating is when someone who thinks Phone: (303) 674-1808 they know better really doesn’t and isn’t willing to admit it. These types of review Please identify yourself as an AIPG Member to receive the are regarded as normal quality control AIPG Association discounted prices. functions. So how do they differ from a www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 21 MARKETING – COLUMN 11 Ten Cardinal Sins of Small Business Marketing: Part III
Duane A. Carey, CPG-10305
This is the third and final install- if you will accept $45/hour, then that is each tactical area beneath the “market- ment of the Ten Cardinal Sins of Small what your time is worth. Nothing more. ing communications umbrella”. These Business Marketing, including sins #7- The better strategy is to maintain your areas include: 10. The July-August issue had sins #1-3, billing rates and charge fewer hours if • public relations (articles in journals, and September-October had #4-6. There you need to meet a certain budget. donations to charities) are copies on our website if you want to • promotions (events to create good will read them. Sin #8: All Your Eggs in and awareness) One Basket Sin #7: Desperate • collateral (printed materials) This sin really has two components, • direct selling (networking and face-to- Discounts both of which can kill your business. face communication) Let’s start with an amusing story. A First, you could have a thriving busi- • customer & referral-source relations few months ago, the man who cuts our ness that is growing fast and turning a • electronic communications very small lawn knocked on the door great profit, but you could be making • advertising and asked if I wanted him to mulch our a huge strategic mistake and be out of flower bed, which is also pretty small. I business in a matter of months. How? By Several of the previous marketing col- said “Sure – that’d be great!” Almost as having too much of your business tied to umns in TPG have some great low-cost an afterthought, I said “how much?” In one client. Interestingly, this is also a tactics to help you implement a well- his very broken English, he responded, great way to get rich! It is simply a matter diversified marketing mix that employs “Uh, $100”. Now maybe I’m cheap, but of risk and reward. If you can tolerate the each of these tactical areas. $100 seemed way out of line for a 10- enormous risk that on any given day half minute job and about $15 in supplies. of your business could evaporate, you can Sin # 9: Panic Mode So as any good man would do, I blamed capitalize on the opportunity to truly Marketing it on my wife and told him she wouldn’t specialize and provide exactly the service Small business is often feast or fam- want me to spend that much. He then that your client requires. However, if ine. When you’re busy, you do no market- replied, “Uh, $40?” that client goes out of business, incurs ing. When you’re slow, you market like He dropped from $100 to $40 in about legal problems, or simply shifts its own crazy. Then the marketing starts to pay 30 seconds, thereby losing all credibility. strategy, you could be left high and dry. off and you’re swamped with work, so At that point, he could have offered to Therefore, most small businesses should you quit marketing again. It’s a vicious do it for $10 and I still would have said diversify their client base the same way cycle that is not only frustrating, but also no. When you employ an inconsistent they would diversify their investment doesn’t work very well. pricing strategy, particularly one that portfolio. That way you can insulate your This is yet another example of long places huge discounts on your going rate business from some of the market risk vs. short-term perspectives. If you take for apparently arbitrary reasons, you associated with your clients. the long-term view, you will set up are typically doing yourself a disservice. The other component of the all-your- marketing tactics that do not wax and You might enjoy the short-term gain of eggs-in-one-basket phenomenon is your wane based on the economy or your getting business you might otherwise method of communicating with your workload. Instead, you will consistently have lost, but you will have taught your potential client base. We’ve discussed convey your message to your current client that your price is based on little previously that many people equate and prospective clients, demonstrating more than whim. “marketing” with “advertising”, but to them that your company is a steady Have you ever charged one hourly rate there are many more approaches that business partner that will be around for data analysis/report writing and a need to be considered. Again, it’s impor- for a long time. To help you achieve this lower rate for field work? This is the same tant to diversify and achieve an optimal optimal long-term approach, you should phenomenon. If you charge $90/hour in marketing mix to reduce the risk that always set clear, long-term objectives. the office and $45/hour in the field, then any one method will be ineffective. We Remember that there are three require- your client learns, correctly, that you’re recommend that all of our clients direct ments in setting objectives. They must: overcharging for office work. After all, resources (time, money, etc.) toward 1) be quantifiable; 2) have a timeline;
22 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org MARKETING – COLUMN 11 AIPG BYLAWS and 3) be reasonable. An example just beginning to embrace. As such, of a good objective is this: “by this companies in this industry need UPDATE time next year I will increase my to spend considerable resources client base by 20%”. With solid educating the consumer about not (February 9, 2007) objectives in place, you will be only their individual business, but better-positioned to withstand the the overall business sector. So the 2.2. Categories of Members and temptation to market only in the five competitors in my client’s mar- panic mode. ket collectively spend a significant Adjuncts One of my favorite examples of amount of money on advertising. The categories of Members shall be: this phenomenon deals with the Our strategy, however, was to hang Certifi ed Professional Geologist (CPG), long-term perspective in adver- back and expend limited resources tising. Between 1980 and 1985, while everyone else outspent them- Member, Non-Practicing Member, Emer- McGraw-Hill Research analyzed selves, much like the long-distance itus Member, and Honorary Member. 600 companies and their marketing runner who paces himself just a few Certifi ed Professional Geologists and spending. After 1985, McGraw-Hill positions behind the leader, wait- concluded that those firms that ing for the leader to slow down. Members shall all have voting rights. had maintained or increased their The industry is one in which Unless otherwise defi ned, reference to advertising during the recession customers come back every month Members within these Bylaws includes of ’81-’82 boasted an average sales or so, and the five competitors in the said categories. In addition to the growth of 275% over the next five the market each deliver a compa- years. But those companies who rable product. So once a customer Member categories, there shall be two cut their advertising saw paltry tries one of the competitors for categories of Adjuncts, namely Students sales growth over the next five the first time, they will typically and Associates. Neither Students nor As- years of just 19%. Note that the love the new concept and then try study looked at the companies’ each of the other four businesses. sociates shall have voting rights within long-term success, focusing on the Therefore, as the competitor put the Institute, except that Students shall next five years and illustrating the most of its resources into adver- have voting rights within their respective importance of laying the proper tising, my client quietly focused foundation. So when is the right on the quality of the product and Student Chapters. There shall also be a time to market your business? All service, knowing that eventually Corporate Member category. Beginning the time, of course. they would try my client and then on February 14, 2003, each person who, stick around for the long term. Sure on the previous day, was categorized as Sin #10: Spending enough, that competitor is now Yourself to Death going out of business and my client a Certifi ed Professional Geologist shall is slowly gaining market share and continue in that category; each person There’s a delicate balance many long-term, loyal customers. between Sin #9 and Sin #10. In who on the previous day was categorized In marketing, as in life, although essence, although you have to con- sinning may be fun and have some as a Registered Member shall be catego- stantly employ some marketing short-term benefit, it’s always best rized as a Member; each person who was tactics, you need to be careful to keep on the straight-and-narrow. that you don’t break the bank in categorized as a Candidate for Certifi ca- And remember, unlike Sin City, the process. This is why I so often where “what happens in Vegas, tion shall be categorized as a Member; emphasize non-advertising tactics, stays in Vegas”, your marketing and all Certifi ed Professional Geologists, because they are so much more sins are laid bare for all the world affordable. They might not have the and Members shall be Members of the to see! same high impact that advertising Institute. Beginning on the same day, re- does, but as professional-services Duane Carey is President of quirements for each category of Member providers, you may not need high IMPACT Marketing & Public shall be as defi ned herein in Articles 2.3 impact. Plus, because advertising Relations in Columbia, Maryland. is relatively expensive, you need He was a consulting hydrogeologist through 2.3.3, inclusive. to be very careful about return- for 11 years prior to launching 2.2.6. Non-Practicing Member on-investment. Simply put, if your a marketing consulting firm in marketing revenue exceeds your 2003. He earned his MBA at Johns A Member may be designated “Non- marketing expense, it’s really not Hopkins University (JHU), and is Practicing” upon request at the age of 60 an expense, but a profit-produc- a Certified Professional Geologist or older, provided that the Member is no ing investment. Incur too many (#10305) and past President of the expenses and not enough profit, Capitol Section of AIPG. In late 2005, longer actively engaged in the practice of however, and you will soon put he took over the helm of IMPACT, geology for fi nancial gain. The Executive yourself out of business. which was founded in 1990 by one Committee shall have the authority to One of my clients just outlasted of his professors at JHU. He can be a rival this way. The company reached at 410-312-0081 or duane@ reduce or waive dues payments for Non- operates in a brand new, niche MilkYourMarketing.com Practicing Members, individually or as a industry that the general public is category. www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 23 STUDENT’S VOICE – COLUMN 23 How Safe is Fieldwork?
Nancy Price, SA-0382
On June 26, 2007 Alyssa Heberton- She was out during the light hours of the up? If they hadn’t split up, then there Morimoto, a 24-year-old summer intern day. She was working with a partner would have been a second person present working with the Colorado Geological and was in regular radio contact. Her when Robert Amos decided to kill. Would Survey and a graduate student at the radio included a GPS and her partner Amos have attempted murder with two University of Colorado at Denver was was able to identify her location using people present? Having a second person murdered. She was working in a remote the GPS coordinates from the radio. present may have made the attack more part of the San Isabel National Forest in Did Heberton-Morimoto inadvertently difficult, difficult enough perhaps to Colorado mapping geological hazards, do anything to put her safety at risk? make him want to choose another target. such as mudslides and sinkholes. Local Field safety revolves around the con- Of course, having an extra person pres- news sources report that she separated cept that there is strength in numbers. ent may have provided him with two from her mapping partner, Professor Many companies that require fieldwork victims instead of one, in which case, Dr. Karen Houck, early in the day to as part of a job will require that the field Dr. Houck’s life may have been spared survey different areas. Near lunchtime, party include at least two individuals. by her initial absence. It is very possible Heberton-Morimoto working solo, but It would be strictly forbidden to go out that the killer in this case was looking in GPS radio transmission with Dr. alone. Having a partner has its advan- for a victim and that no degree of plan- Houck, parked her field vehicle at the tages. If you were to be injured while ning would have made these women safe end of a forest road near a camper’s site. out in a remote area, there would be or would have saved the life of Alyssa That camper, Robert Amos, allegedly someone there to get help for you or even Heberton-Morimoto. strangled Heberton-Morimoto while Dr. administer life saving aid if necessary. A lot of discussion was initiated by the Houck listened to her pleas for help over With a partner, there is someone else to news of this murder. As with any trag- the radio. Following the GPS coordinates help with navigation and to carry equip- edy, be it the flooding in New Orleans on the radio, Dr. Houck arrived at the ment and supplies. Of course, a partner or the bridge collapse in Minnesota, we location of Heberton-Morimoto’s last can also be a detriment if he or she is not can’t help but examine the situation and transmission about a half an hour later, able to keep up with you physically or ask ourselves what can we learn from it meeting and receiving a ride from Amos mentally. Sometimes it is just easier or and how can we keep it from happening in an attempt to get help. A ranger inter- more convenient to head out somewhere again. It is surprising how few guidelines cepted Dr. Houck and Amos along the and gather your data alone. There are there are regarding safety when in the road. Amos was taken into custody and times when finding a field partner is dif- field and how poorly regulated fieldwork Heberton-Morimoto’s body was found ficult and there is no choice but to head is by universities and colleges. Although nearby on the banks of a shallow river. out alone. If the work has to get done some institutions have a strict policy for The story of Alyssa Heberton- and there is no policy that requires that fieldwork related to senior theses and Morimoto’s murder has sent shock- you have to have someone with you, well, graduate research, many do not. There waves through the geologic community. why not go alone? may be no requirements that state that Professional geologists, academics, and Alyssa Heberton-Morimoto and Dr. students have to carry radio and/or GPS geology students are often required to Houck decided to split up and map differ- equipment or that they must never be be out in the field, and it is common to ent areas that fateful morning. Splitting alone in the field. Students probably do fieldwork alone and in remote areas. up allowed them to cover more ground. don’t own GPS devices or radios and, It could have easily been any one of us They were in radio contact and if some- unless supplied by the university or in that situation and location that day. thing happened then they could find the college, will probably go without them Heberton-Morimoto was just a typical other person’s location from the GPS because they cannot afford them. A field geology student doing what would be coordinates. In theory, the arrangement assistant can also cost money. Unless considered routine fieldwork. There is no appeared workable, but in actuality was you have a colleague working in the evidence that she was acting recklessly. it a good idea for the two women to split same field area that you can go with or
24 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org STUDENT’S VOICE – COLUMN 23 a friend who can spare the time, it may a gun scares me. I don’t know if I would we can reasonably do about it? Is going be hard to find a field assistant willing even be able to bring myself to use one to extremes, such as carrying a handgun, to pay his or her own way and work for against another human being if I was in a requirement to keep us safe? I really nothing but the experience. This leaves a life-threatening situation. If the option hope that is not the case, but I think many students in the situation where he of carrying a weapon were available to that this event should make us a little or she is alone in the field with no way students, would they be safer? I can only more mindful of the people and things to contact the outside world. imagine the comments from college and around us when our attention is on the I would love to see a universal safety university administrators if someone earth under our feet. policy for students in the field that has seriously proposed the idea of supplying been adopted by all accredited colleges geology students with weapons. Such If you have any ideas, questions, or and universities with an earth science, a proposal is not seriously possible in comments about this article or any other environmental science, or geology pro- this society, but what about students issues, please feel free to contact me via gram. A base level of safety requirements obtaining and carrying weapons on their email at: [email protected]. would make students aware of and own? Would a gun-carrying student prepared for many potential dangers. I still be considered under the jurisdic- realize that this is not going to happen tion of the university when working in anytime soon, so listed below are a few the field? Would the university have a things that you can do to be a little safer say in whether a student could or could when in the field: not carry a gun when doing fieldwork? START AN • Always work with another person and Would the student even be working in an AIPG STUDENT never split up; area where it is legal to carry a gun? This leaves me wondering why are we sending CHAPTER • Carry something that will allow you students out to areas where guns would to contact the outside world in case TODAY! be required. Is fieldwork really danger- of an emergency, particularly if you ous enough to require such a high level are working far from civilization. This AIPG STUDENT of personal protection? does not mean that you can just carry CHAPTER MANUAL The death of Alyssa Heberton- your cell phone. Reception is often www.aipg.org spotty in remote areas; Morimoto was truly a tragedy, and it is very likely that there was little that she • Always, always, always let someone The AIPG Student Chapter could have done to anticipate or prevent know where you are going to be work- it. Yet, the fact that it happened leaves Manual is available on the ing, when, and for how long. If you are me wondering if we as geology students working on public land, such as in a AIPG National Website at really are safe when working in the field. national forest, stop by the ranger’s www.aipg.org. The most basic of precautions should be station and inform them of your plans. enough. If we go out in numbers and If you don’t show back up at the end prepare for the most common of natural of the time-span you designated, they disasters we should be OK. If someone is will know where to look for you; intent on murder, is there anything that • If you don’t feel right about a place or a person, trust that feeling. It is better to be over cautious than not cautious enough. No research project is worth losing your life for; • Be aware of the weather and plan for it before you head out. Flash floods, lightening storms, avalanches, bliz- zards, freezing temperatures, etc. all can kill or maim if not taken seriously; and • Be aware of the danger from local wildlife and plan accordingly. Threat of wildlife attack or life-threat- ening accidents are important concerns for anyone working in the field, particu- larly in remote wilderness areas. Yet, how many people plan for an attack from a fellow human and should we? An interesting discussion arose in the blogosphere after the death of Alyssa Heberton-Morimoto that involved the issue of whether or not she would have www.geodm.com or been benefited from carrying a handgun. www.aipg.org In all honesty, the thought of carrying www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 25 NEW APPLICANTS AND MEMBERS (8/9/07 - 10/11/07) Applicants for certification must meet AIPG’s CO Barton G. Stone CPG-11114 NC Adam B. Motsinger SA-1225 standards as set forth in its Bylaws on education, 9048 W 50th Avenue, Unit 1, Arvada, CO 80002 P.O. Box 17743 A.S.U., Boone, NC 28608 experience, competence, and personal integrity. NC John M. Stewart CPG-11115 VA Mary Loose DeViney SA-1226 If any Member or board has any factual informa- Trigon Engrg. Consultants, 313 Gallimore Dairy Rd., P.O. Box 262, Keswick, VA 22947 0262 tion as to any applicant’s qualifications in regard to these standards, whether that information Greensboro, NC 27409 MI Joshua P. Kirschner SA-1227 might be positive or negative, please mail that MI Eric A. Larson CPG-11116 713 W Vine Street #2, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 information to Headquarters within thirty (30) days. 43717 Brandywyne, Canton, MI 48187 This information will be circulated only so far as MI Michael J. Adams CPG-11117 New Associate Members necessary to process and make decisions on the 50581 Langley Dr., Novi, MI 48374 ND Hugh Ben Cowan AS-0052 applications. Negative information regarding an IL Jeffrey M. Groncki CPG-11118 901 32nd Ave N, Apt 106, Fargo, ND 58102 applicant’s qualifications must be specific and Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 1515 E. Woodfield Rd. #360, supportable; persons who provide information that leads to an application’s rejection may be called Schaumburg, IL 60173 as a witness in any resulting appeal action. MI Tracy L. Repp CPG-11119 2119 Winewood Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Applicants for Certified Quebec Jared S. 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Boze MEM-1281 1270 Winchester Parkway, Suite 202, Smyrna, GA later must participate in the 30080 CPD program upon award AIPG Membership TX James C. Griffith MEM-1283 1717 E Erwin Street, Tyler, TX 75702 of the CPG. Details about Totals GA Alvin J. Patrick MEM-1284 this program can be found 23 E Charlton Street, Savannah, GA 31401 MI Christina M. Houts MEM-1285 on the Institute’s web site 1125 6th Avenue, Houghton, MI 49931 As of As of and descriptions of and MI Rex A. Crouch MEM-1286 10/9/06 10/11/07 1125 6th Avenue, Houghton, MI 49931 discussions concerning CPG / Active 3,601 3,612 IL Rolf E. Laukant MEM-1288 the CPD have been and CPG/Non-Practicing 442 436 329 W Stone Road, Villa Park, IL 60181 will continue to be pub- Member 554 797 GA Michael B. Amsbaugh MEM-1290 Associate Memb. 23 26 3804 Halisport Lane, NW, Kennesaw, GA 30152 lished in The Professional Student Adjunct 382 377 New Student Adjuncts Geologist. Honorary 23 23 Corporate Member 3 10 IL Britany A. 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26 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PAGE 11 Answers upper part of the beach is the “berm” or a A “playa lake” occurs in arid regions wave-deposited sediment platform that and describes a shallow and temporary 1. The answer is “a” or “marine barrier is either flat or slopes slightly landward lake that develops on a flat valley floor bar.” and which is usually dry. after a rainstorm. Similarly, a “playa” The gradual decrease in the SP curve Deposits related to meandering chan- is a flat and dry lake bed of typically deflection from the top to the bottom nels may be point bars, mid-channel mud-caked clay. of the sand unit indicates a sequence bars, flood plain sediments, or even where the grain size coarsens upward. alluvial fans and deltas in areas where This is typical of a marine barrier bar the stream gradient decreases abruptly that exhibits a funnel-shaped SP curve. or where the stream empties into an In the idealized model, deeper water, ocean or lake. Is Your Profile fine-grained mud underlies the lower Loess is a fine grained (generally shoreface facies with interbedded sheets Correct? clay or silt size) deposit of wind-blown of mud and sand. Above the lower shore- dust carried from desert areas, alluvial face, coarser-grained sand of the upper It is important to keep your valleys, outwash plains, glacial or glacio- shoreface is found. In turn, the coarsest address, phone numbers, and e- fluvial surfaces. Its mineral composition sand in the system lies over the upper mail information up to date in our is generally silica-rich. Grains are angu- shoreface sediment, forming the fore- records. Please take the time to lar and may be held together by calcare- shore and beach face facies. go to the AIPG National Website ous cement. Loess has the ability to stand
Discharge = velocity x width x depth. Malachite or Cu2CO3(OH)2 is a mono- POST AND VIEW Thus, under normal conditions, for our clinic, hydrous copper carbonate mineral channel: and copper ore that is also used in the RESUMES FOR Velocity = discharge/width x depth. making of ornamental objects. It may FREE ON THE be found associated with azurite in the Vn = 9,000 ft3sec-1/(15)(100) ft2 oxidized zones of copper veins and it AIPG NATIONAL -1 Vn = 6 ftsec or 4 mph. may occur in masses having botryoi- WEBSITE For our particular flood stage, dis- dal or smooth mammillated surfaces. charge = 4 x 9000 = 36,000 ftsec-1. Specimens may be concentrically banded Vf = 36,000 ftsec-1/1500 ft2 in different shades of color. Vf = 24 ftsec-1 5. The answer is “c” or “trellis.” VIEW JOB Vf = 16 mph. The “trellis” pattern is a drainage LISTINGS FOR 3. The answer is “a” or “a coastal pattern typified by a main stream that area.” is intersected at nearly right angles by FREE A beach is defined as a strip of gener- its tributaries. Trellis patterns form in ally coarse-grained clastic sediment that areas where tilted layers of alternat- extends from the low water line, inland, ing hard and soft rock are found, as in www.aipg.org to a zone of permanent vegetation (or a folded regions with alternating ridges cliff zone). The “beach face” is the steep- and valleys. Click on Job est part of the beach exposed to wave A “tombolo” is a bar of sediment that action. Offshore from the beach face, connects a former island to the mainland Target. one usually finds some sort of marine and which forms and accumulates as a terrace, or broad, gently sloping platform result of wave-refracted action and sedi- that may be exposed at low tide. The ment drift. www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 27 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY This service is open to AIPG Members as well as non- members. The Professional Services Directory is a one year listing offering experience and expertise in all phases of geol- ogy. Prepayment required. Advertising rates are based on a 3 3/8” x 1 3/4” space
ONE YEAR LISTING FOR ONLY: AIPG Member $300.00 Non-Member $400.00 Space can be increased vertically by doubling or tripling the size and also the rate.
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28 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY
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AIPG Draper Aden Associates Corporate Member Blacksburg, ♦ Richmond, Virginia ♦ ♦ Engineering Surveying Environmental Services BCI • Groundwater Assessment and Remediation • Solid Waste Management Engineers & Scientists, Inc. • Wetlands and Ecological Services 2000 E. Edgewood Dr., Ste. 215 Lakeland, FL 33813 2206 South Main Street • Blacksburg, Virginia 24060 863-667-2345/863-667-2662 Fax Phone: (540) 552-0444 http://www.daa.com www.bcieng.com Fax: (540) 552-0291 [email protected] www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 29 Geological Aspects of Unitization in the Petroleum Fields of Louisiana: A Brief Overview
Madhurendu B. Kumar, PhD, RPG, CPG-03106
Louisiana ranks among the top four the base of the defined interval identified established. In such a case, the Office of states of the U.S.A. in oil and gas pro- as encountered in the well. In the same Conservation considers the applicant’s duction. field, units of a sand and a zone includ- request for the waiver of test in the The petroleum industry conducts ing the sand may exist geographically field and may approve it based on a exploration and production operations in separated or share a common boundary, review of the stratigraphic correlation the state of Louisiana under the regula- as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. of the sand from the productive well in tory guidelines of the Louisiana Office of a different field to a well in the general Conservation. Unitization of petroleum area or another field where a new unit reservoirs is a critical activity of the for the sand is proposed as indicated in industry, which involves the equities of Figure 3. A similar geological consider- the mineral right owners. This article focuses on the geological considerations underlying the unitization process and related activities of the petroleum indus- try. The illustrative examples presented herein represent simplified situations for discussion purposes; they have no real names of the petroleum fields, pro- ducing horizons and units outlined. Figure 1. An operator is issued a permit to drill a well for exploration for and/or production of oil and gas on a lease basis or a volun- tary unit or a conservation (compulsory) unit. The boundaries of a conservation unit may be delineated in some of the various ways briefly reviewed by the author in TPG (Pages 1-4), May, 2002. At the request of an applicant (operator or any interested party), an oil unit or a gas unit is established for a sand, a zone or a formation. For the unitization purposes, a sand implies a stratigraphic interval Figure 3. containing a reservoir stratum capable Figure 2. of producing hydrocarbons (oil or gas and condensate). A zone is a relatively large In order for a conservation unit to ation applies to a zone or a formation stratigraphic interval comprising a num- be established for a sand in a field, it is as reflected in Figure 4. The waiver of ber of sands. A formation is a standard required that the applicant demonstrate test in the field policy paves the way recognized stratigraphic unit , such as the productivity of the sand based on an to the establishment of pre-drill units. the Cotton Valley Formation, Hosston actual production test in the field. A test Such units for deep drilling which costs Formation, Sligo Formation, Tuscaloosa that has been completed either in the tens of millions of dollars, set equities Formation, Wilcox Formation, Sparta well drilled in the unit or elsewhere in in advance of drilling, for risk reward Formation, Miocene Formation, etc. For the field is acceptable for the unitization purposes. This, thus, facilitates the pro- a conservation unit to be established, a purposes. However, it is not uncommon tection of the monetary risk investment sand , a zone or a formation is defined that an operator wants to establish a made by the operator and working inter- in a specific well (referred to as the ” conservation (pre-drill or undrilled) unit est owners. As such, the waiver of test in Definition Well”) with the depths (elec- for a sand in a field where a commercial the field policy fosters the exploration for tric log measurements) of the top and production from the sand has not been oil and gas from deeper pools. This has
30 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE resulted in discoveries of new pools in existing fields as well as new field discover- ies in Louisiana. Essentially for economic reasons, an applicant may want a conservation unit for a zone rather than a single sand. In such case, each of the sands included in the zone is geologically mapped utilizing the available geological and engineering information from all the wells drilled in the area, and the productive areas of all sands combined to form a (composite) unit for the zone, as illustrated in Figure 5. Sometimes a situation, as reflected in Figure 6 occurs when the unit well (No.1) of a sand unit ceases production, and an operator drills a successful well (No.2) in an updip position in the same unit. In light of the new geological information (the elevation of the sand and the current water level in the reservoir, etc.) from the new well , the geology of the reservoir is remapped and the boundaries of the production unit are redelineated. A unit or units of a reservoir which has ceased production for an extended period of time (one year and ninety days or more) may be terminated under certain statu- Figure 4. tory guidelines. When an operator drills new wells ( triangles in Figure 7) in a terminated sand unit and successfully completes a well in the sand, the geology of the res- ervoir is remapped with new information from the additional well(s) including a new (current /shallower) water level in the reservoir, and a new configuration of the unit is established, as illustrated in Figure 7, that indicates a smaller size of the current unit relative to the terminated unit. According to a policy of the Office of Conservation, an applicant may form an undrilled unit for a reser- voir different from “that for which a terminated unit Productive Areas of the three sands of the zone was created, and which undrilled unit includes lands composing the unit out- lined at right. within a previously terminated unit, the unit well for the undrilled unit may fall within or outside of the confines of the previously terminated unit”. This Figure 5. concept is exemplified by the cases of structural and stratigraphic traps existing in producing fields as illustrated in Figure 8.
The original unit bounded by After the original unit was two faults and the original established, three new wells oil-water contact (WL) were drilled, a new (current) WL observed, and reservoir geology remapped. Figure 6.
Triangles denote new wells drilled after the termination of the unit to the east. The SG Field has stratigraphic traps. The FT Field has structural traps. Figure 8.
Geology of Terminated Unit, Sand X Geology of Current Unit, Sand X, based on new well controls and current oil-water contact (WL) In some cases, an applicant wants to form a unit for Figure 7. a zone which stratigraphically includes several sands www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 31 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE
Table 1 Applicant’s Unit Proposals Louisiana Office of Conservation Activity
A. Units in undrilled areas Names New Fields, Grants Waiver of Test in the Field (WTIF), Conducts Unitization Hearings (UH), and Issues Orders (IO).
B. Units in existing fields:
1. First unit(s) for an ununitized WTIF, UH, IO sand not tested in the field (Figure 3)
2. First unit(s) for an ununitized WTIF, UH, IO zone with sand members not tested in the field (Figure 4) Figure 9. 3. First unit(s) for an ununitized UH, IO one of which was unitized in the past, but the unit for zone with a sand member(s) that sand has been terminated and is included in the tested in the field (Figure 5) unit for the zone proposed by the applicant. The Office 4. Revision of an existing unit UH, IO of Conservation will allow that “provided sufficient (Figure 6) evidence exists to establish that one or more reservoirs within the proposed zone definition (other than the pool 5. A new unit in a terminated unit UH, IO (Figure 7) for which the units were terminated) can reasonably be expected to encounter oil/gas in commercial quantities”. 6. A new unit overlapping a UH, IO For example, the unit for A-C Zone as depicted in Figure terminated unit (Figure 8) 9 may be acceptable. 7. A new zone unit overlapping Meeting required of potential Some common cases of unitization as well as the cases a terminated unit of a sand Applicant’s representatives, UH, reviewed above are summarized in Table 1. This is reflec- member (Figure 9) IO tive of a current trend in the industry, although it does not represent the whole spectrum of possible cases. Any 8. Additional unit(s) for a unitized UH, IO sand or zone applicant or operator intending to accomplish unitiza- tion activities in Louisiana is required to adhere to the 9. Unit(s) for an ununitized sand UH, IO regulatory procedures and guidelines of the Louisiana tested in the field Office of Conservation operating under the state law. In
this regard, it may be beneficial to contact appropriate SCIENCE IN THE NEWS staff members of this Office located at 617 North Third from Sigma Xi, Street, 9th Floor, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802 (Phone The Scientific Research Society No. (225) 342-5540). Acknowledgement: The author thanks Commissioner James H. Welsh, Assistant Commissioner Mars Volcanoes May Re-Erupt, Hawaii Comparison Gary P. Ross and Senior Attorney W. Stephen Walker of Shows the Louisiana Office of Conservation, for their important A trio of volcanoes on Mars may have been created by a similar suggestions germane to this article. The illustrations geologic process to the one that formed the Hawaiian Islands, used herein are adapted from the public records of oil a new study says. The observations also suggest that the three and gas hearings of the Office of Conservation. Martian volcanoes might not be extinct. Reviewed by AIPG Associate Editors: John L. If sufficiently large eruptions do eventually occur, they could Berry, CPG-04032 and John F. White, CPG-04632. spew enough heat-trapping carbon dioxide and water into the atmosphere to warm the red planet up from its current cold, dry Dr. M.B. Kumar is currently Director (Geologist state - at least for a little while. Administrator/Chief Geologist), Geological Oil and Gas Division, Office of Conservation at Louisiana Those are the findings of a research team led by Jacob Department of Natural Resources. While serving the Bleacher of Arizona State University and NASA’s Goddard State of Louisiana over twenty five years, Dr. Kumar Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. has played a critical role in the regulation and conser- To read more: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ vation as well as development of oil and gas resources news/2007/10/071018-mars-volcanoes.html of the State. Or: http://tinyurl.com/3bpgdd
32 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org Assuring the Reliability of Your Sampling Results
David M. Abbott, Jr., CPG-04570
Abstract Introduction the sampling results at least suspect and potentially as totally unreliable. Sample analyses constitute one of The purpose of sampling is to obtain the fundamental data types forming representative portions of a mineral Quality assurance involves those the basis of our professional work. But deposit for a variety of purposes, par- steps taken to ensure that the sample do the analytical results actually reflect ticularly mineral content (quantity) and collection, preparation, and analytical what we think they do? Have the sam- quality (chemistry). Additional proper- protocols are producing reliable, repeat- pling, sample preparation, and analyti- ties such as geotechnical information, able values. Quality control involves cal procedures been tested by a quality density, amenability to various types those steps taken to ensure that the assurance/ quality control program that of processing, etc. can be collected from established sample collection, prepara- demonstrates the reliability and repeat- at least some types of samples. A wide tion, and analytical protocols continue ability of the sampling results? Failure variety of sample types (rock, soil, water, to provide reliable and repeatable results to include appropriate quality assur- and air) are collected in the process of for as long as sampling continues. QA ance/quality control procedures renders exploring for and delineating the details and QC are lumped together because the sampling results at least suspect of a mineral deposit and determining the the procedures used for one, say initial and potentially as totally unreliable. potential environmental impacts result- quality assurance, continue to be valid The inclusion of randomly selected, ing from exploitation of the deposit. throughout the quality control portion of the sampling program. non-sequentially numbered duplicate This is not the place for a detailed samples is required at a minimum. The discussion of the types of samples that Prior to the Bre-X fraud involving blind insertion of blank, standard refer- can be collected (see for example Scott the Busang gold deposit in Indonesia ence, and/or control samples into the and Whateley, 1995). Rather the focus in that was uncovered in 1997, little sample stream and re-analysis of sample this paper is on the procedures employed formal attention was paid to QA/QC rejects (pulps and other forms) are com- to ensure that the samples collected programs in the mining industry. For mon steps of a quality assurance/quality and the analytical results obtained example, Peters, in his generally excel- control program. The analytical results from those samples provide reliable lent Exploration and Mining Geology, of quality assurance/quality control are and repeatable data that can be used to 2nd ed. (1987, p. 479) covers the topic easily analyzed. The duplicate samples model the deposit and estimate mineral in two short paragraphs. Scott and should yield the same result and stan- resources and mineral reserves within Whateley (1995) provide an excellent summary discussion of various sampling dard samples should return the standard acceptable degrees of assurance.1 This result within acceptable analytical lim- is the function of quality assurance and and drilling methods and statistics for its. Just because a laboratory routinely quality control (QA/QC) programs. QA/ determining sample sizes, etc., but make runs its own quality assurance/quality QC programs should commence with the no mention of QA/QC programs. Even control program does not demonstrate first samples taken at the beginning of Pitard’s Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory that your sample results are reliable (if exploration and continue throughout the and Sampling Practice (1993) does not it doesn’t, don’t use the lab). The use of life of the property, including the produc- really address QA/QC procedures of the independent analytical laboratories can- tion or remediation stage, to assure that type discussed here. Following the Bre-X not in and of itself, ensure that a reliable the sampling data continues to be reli- fraud, more detailed attention has been sampling, preparation, and analytical able and repeatable. Failure to include paid to the subject, for example Bloom process has occurred. You must test the appropriate QA/QC procedures renders and Titaro (1997), Bloom (2000), Roden process. and Smith (2001), and Sinclair and Blackwell (2002, section 5.7). The facts of
1. While this paper is based on mining industry practice and thus uses terms like “deposit” and “mineral resources and mineral reserves” that are not used in the environmental field, the concepts are directly applicable to environmental work. A pollution plume can be considered a “deposit;” it has a location, X-Y-Z dimensions, and variable concentrations (“grades”) within it, just like an ore body. www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 33 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE the U.S. vs. Jeffus case (2000), described lems, which can be reduced by combin- • insertion of reference (standard) sam- below, suggest that little attention was ing several grabs that incorporate all ples; paid to the subject in all too many envi- relevant areas. Eyde and Eyde (1985) • randomization of sample numbers ronmental sampling programs. address sampling problems for indus- prior to submission to the laboratory; Roden and Smith (2001) point out trial minerals, which include identifying • comparison of multi-element trends that, the presence and impacts of even small for elements determined by different The key message that needs to be amounts of contaminants and the need laboratory procedures; to preserve the character of the in-situ remembered in the area of field • comparison of the results for the deposit when sampling clays. sampling is that errors introduced same element determined by different at this stage of the data generation Implementing a QA/QC methods; and process are, in most instances, the • analysis of 5 to 10% of the sample largest errors introduced into a pro- Program pulps at an umpire assay or analytical gram and that these errors cannot be Implementing a QA/QC program is lab. rectified in the subsequent process- neither difficult nor does one add sig- Some definitions are in order. ing of the sample. Errors created nificantly to the sampling program’s Blank sample is material that is similar in the field can only be rectified in cost. The precise nature of the QA/QC to the mineralized field samples and the field. program will depend on the type and pur- contains no or negligible amounts of Roden and Smith (2001) note that the pose of the sampling program. Roden and the minerals or elements of inter- two most common problems in field sam- Smith (2001) and, particularly, Bloom est. They are submitted to check on pling are sample losses and poor sample (2000) set out several mechanisms that sample preparation procedures as splitting techniques. Losses depend on can be used to monitor sample data. well as the analytical procedures. If the sampling method involved, but can They include: the mineral or element of interest is involve dust, extensive water flows dur- • routine insertion of unprepared, bar- reported in the analysis, attention ing drilling, poor field handling of sam- ren (blank) samples; must then be directed at why the ples, and inadequate strength or seals • routine submission of duplicate field anomalous result occurred; it could on sample bags or containers. Losses of samples; come from any step in the process or fines or “heavies” are the common result from mislabeling of the samples dur- and will result in biased samples. Riffle • resubmission of 5 to 10% of sam- ing the process. If anomalous results splitters are the preferred type of split- ple preparation duplicates (sample in a blank sample occur when pro- ter but they can be labor intensive. Grab pulps); cessed after a high-grade sample, sampling presents well-known prob- • insertion of control samples; cross sample contamination during sample preparation may be occurring. Regardless of the source of the error, a problem within the sampling and ana- lytical procedures has been identified and its source can be identified and corrected through additional testing. This is particularly true when blank samples routinely have anomalous Marketing & Printing Solutions results. Bloom (2000) recommends 514 W. 19th Street that a blank be inserted every 20 to Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001 50 samples. Duplicate Field samples are collected 303-829-2092 at the same time, from the same [email protected] place, and in the same manner as the www.printbyrequest.com other field samples. Duplicate field samples, and other types of duplicate Have you ever had large quantities of marketing samples (e.g., resubmitted sample materials that became out of date far too soon? PBR’s print pulps), provide information on the on demand solves that problem. With our $250 minimum, repeatability of the sampling and you don’t have to order large quantities and hope they are all analytical procedures. The analytical results from duplicate samples should used before becoming out of date. be within accepted analytical limits. Our customers want more control, faster turnaround, bet- If they are not, this may indicate a ter economics and PBR’s digital presses deliver it all. Digital problem with the collection, prepara- tion, and/or analytical procedures, or printing has the ability to make every document unique with they may indicate that there is a sig- Variable Data Printing (VDP). nificant nugget effect in the deposit. PBR is ready to consult with you on your Bloom (2000) recommends that the next numbers for duplicate samples should marketing project. be at least 20 numbers apart so that the duplicate samples are analyzed
34 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE in different batches in the lab. As Reference or Standard samples are • the ability to submit duplicate, blank, with blank samples, the number of samples with known quantities of and reference (standard and/or con- duplicate samples required varies the elements or minerals of interest. trol) samples in a form that con- with the confidence in the sampling Reference or standard samples have ceals their identity during the sample and analytical processes. Early in been carefully prepared in large, thor- preparation and analysis steps that a project, a higher percentage is oughly homogenized batches and the follow the submission of the duplicate, needed, say 20%. Once the reliability analytically repeatability and analyti- blank, and reference samples; difficul- of sampling and analytical processes cal error limits have been determined ties include: has been established, the number of by repeated analysis performed by • duplicate samples may not be duplicates can drop to 1 in every 20 a number of laboratories. They are available in cases where whole to 50 samples. available from a variety of sources cores are submitted as part of the Nugget effect: the nugget effect results including geological surveys and other routine sampling program; and from inhomogeneities within the sam- independent groups. • reference (standard and/or con- ple and is common in and was first Control samples are similar to reference trol) samples are already in pulp named in studies of gold deposits. A or standard samples in that they are (finely ground) form to ensure the gold nugget or other large particle homogenized samples with known homogenization required to create may represent the total gold con- quantities of the minerals or elements useful reference standards and tent of a large volume, for example of interest as determined by repeated when the color of the reference a cubic meter. But being a single analyses by several laboratories, but sample may not be close to the particle, it will only be present in one they have been prepared internally pulps of the field samples. sample of that volume even though to the company or project. Bloom and An important requirement of any duplicate samples from that volume Titaro (1997) recommended inserting QA/QC program is the regular monitor- were collected. While gold nuggets a control sample in every 20-field ing of the results. X-Y correlation plots provide dramatic examples of the sample group. are a common and easily prepared check, nugget effect (although less of an The particular QA/QC program adopt- although flagging of significant vari- effect than gem-quality diamonds in ed will depend on a number of factors ances in spreadsheets is another means a diamond deposit), nugget effect including: of checking results. While anomalous sampling bias can occur in a variety • whether a particular protocol is values may indicate that a problem has of deposits. Where a nugget effect is required for the type of sampling cropped up, investigation of the source of known or suspected, alternative sam- being conducted; this is particularly the problem may isolate it to a particular pling methods, and perhaps analytical true for some types of environmental sample. Was a piece of core submitted as methods, must be employed in order sampling; a blank sample taken from an interval to obtain the repeatable analytical • deposit delineation stage (prelimi- sufficiently close to the ore zone that a results required for mineral resource nary exploration, advanced explora- stray anomalous value was indeed pres- and reserve estimation. tion, production); ent? Was there a transcription error in Randomized sample numbers are a • type of minerals occurring in the sample numbering? Anomalies should means of shipping samples to the deposit and their abundance (precious not be ignored, they should be explained. preparation and/or analytical steps in and base metals versus coal versus an Repeated anomalous values provide the a different sequence than the samples industrial mineral); justification for detailed testing of the were collected. Randomization allows procedures in order to identify and cor- • whether a significant nugget effect for identification of drift or bias in rect the problem producing the anoma- exists (large variance between sam- the sampling results. The drawback lous results.2 ples taken at the same location); of randomization is the increased Once the anomalous results have been • the degree to which contamination potential for introducing transcription resolved, Roden and Smith (2001) point between successive samples is likely errors and some increased handling out that the precision of the sampling to occur and materially affect the procedures. Randomization is also program is easily determined from the analytical results—this successive best performed in large sample lots. duplicate samples; it is the Mean Percent sample contamination can occur at The field data sheets for recording the Difference (MPD) approach, which is the collection stage, e.g. successive information on each sample should calculated by: include a column for the laboratory composites lengths in a rotary drill MPD = (Σ (absolute (x - x ) / ((x + number corresponding to the field hole (particularly a problem with 1 2 1 x ))/2) × 100))/n sample number. This is particularly rotary drilling in gold deposits located 2 needed when using randomization of below the water table), or during the where x1 and x2 are duplicates of the sample numbers. sample preparation process; and same sample and n is the number of sam- ple pairs.3 The individual MPD results
2. One reviewer of this paper provided the following example of an anomalous sample analysis. “Years ago I was involved in water resources and sediment quality sampling and analysis. We triplicate grabbed sediment with ponar samplers. At one site, two of the samples read BDL for Chlordane. The third sample analysis was sky high. Repeated sampling resulted in a wide range of values, and the media had a field day. I had eight of years of data in this particular stream—all good and consistent, both upstream and down- stream from this particular bridge. I started talking with the neighbors and one told me about a person that had a backyard nursery and who often dumped stuff into the stream. Aha. Turned out the person had dumped an old bag of powdered Chlordane The point is that someone must maintain the sampling history, values, COC, etc.” 3. The “× 100” term can be deleted from spreadsheet columns formatted for percent. www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 35 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE are then averaged over the range of simi- tories in order to lar samples, which provides the expected test the accuracy variability in analytical value for any and repeatability similar sample in the database. Roden of the analytical and Smith (2001, p. 76) state, “Statistical results. Look care- analysis of this MPD measurement has fully at detection shown it to be an extremely robust limits (DL) and measure that closely approximates the the analytical pro- relative standard deviation. Doubling cedures that are this number will therefore provide a 95 available from a per cent confidence interval around the particular labora- assay value.’ tory. What ana- Figure 1 shows a correlation plot of lytical procedures 445 duplicate sample pairs. The R2 corre- and detection lim- lation coefficient for these pairs is 0.9685 its do you require and the MPD is 16.2%. When one of the and what can a duplicate pairs reports 0.0 grade units particular labora- (ppm in this case) and the other reports tory provide. For some detectable quantity, the mean per- example, many cent difference between the two samples labs claim to be can be large. By eliminating those pairs able to test for reporting less than 1 ppm (well below platinum group Figure 2. Correlation plot of 12 sample pairs analyzed by different labo- ratories. the cut-off grade) in this example, the metals (PGMs) MPD of the remaining 379 sample pairs but testing has only must one use reputable laboratories dropped to 6.8%.4 These sample pairs shown that very few labs can accu- known to be able to provide reliable were collected from a “nuggety” deposit rately analyze for PGMs (U.S. Bureau results for the types of analyses being and so some variance in duplicate analy- of Land Management, 2002; Whyte, run, but that these results must be inde- ses is expected. 2000). In 2000, thirteen people associ- pendently checked and verified as a part The overall QA/QC program should ated with Intertek Testing Services of a thorough QA/QC program. Bloom include the use of different labora- Environmental Laboratories, Inc. of and Titaro (1997) recommended that one Richardson, Texas were indicted for in every 10 sample pulps should be sent failure to comply to a second lab for reanalysis.6 with standard and Figure 2 is a correlation plot illus- accepted labora- trating a problematic sample analysis tory procedures example of 12 pairs of analyses from two designed to pre- different laboratories. The R2 correlation vent cross sample coefficient for these pairs is 0.2607 and contamination the MPD is 43.5%. Clearly, the correla- and to ensure tion between these 12 sample pairs is accurate results. very poor. The indictment While in this case there was reason charged that the to believe that neither laboratory was soil, water, and capable of accurately analyzing for the air samples sub- elements compared in Figure 2, similar mitted came from comparisons of duplicate analyses from more than 59,000 two laboratories indicate that at least separate projects one of the laboratories is providing unre- and involved as liable analytical results. many as 250,000 separate analyses Bloom and Titaro (1997) describe (U.S. v. Jeffus, some of the difficulties encountered in 2000).5 These finding good analytical laboratories out- examples dem- side Australia and North America. The Figure 1. Correlation plot of duplicate sample pairs. onstrate that not difficulties encountered included lack of
4. Because only the lower limit sample pairs are eliminated, the R2 value is little affected by elimination of these sample pairs. For these lower limit sample pairs, the difference between sample pairs on a percentage basis is much higher than the difference between the sample pairs on an absolute basis. 5. Following a trial that concluded in November 2001, 8 of the 13 defendants were acquitted of the charges against them. Five others pleaded guilty prior to the trial. The not-guilty verdicts were reached in part because the sample log-in and other procedures were so lax that the government was unable to prove who was operating which piece of analytical equipment when (Abbott, 2002). 6. I don’t know but suspect that the problems at Intertek were identified by those who actually followed a QA/QC program that included duplicate, blank, and standard reference samples and who also sent duplicate samples to other laboratories.
36 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE infrastructure, poor communications, downhole surveys that determine Professional Ethics & Practices col- bureaucracy, outdated lab equipment hole deviation)? umn 72: The Professional Geologist, with high detection limits, poor lab prac- • Was the drill hole spacing ade- March 2002, p. 24. tices, limited lab capacity, lack of ready quate? How was this determined? Bloom, Lynda, 2000, Implementing access to high quality consumables, lack Has the spacing been checked? quality assurance programs: Mining of computers that lead to transcription • How and where were the assays or Millennium 2000, Prospectors and errors, and political risks. This does other analyses and tests done? Developers Conference CD, 8 p. not mean that foreign laboratories are • Why were the analytical methods and always inferior. Some may be excellent. Bloom, L., and Titaro, D., 1997, Building tests run selected? Likewise, not all Australian or North confidence in assays: Mining American laboratories are reliable.7 This • Did the laboratory perform and report Engineering, July 1997, p. 46-48. is why you check results from one lab on its internal quality assurance/qual- Eyde, Ted H., and Eyde Dan T., 1985, with the results of duplicate samples ity control program? Application of geology to problems of sent to different laboratories. The appropriate answers to these and sampling and grade control unique Bloom and Titaro (1997) estimated other questions will depend on the type to industrial mineral deposits in that a QA/QC program would add about of deposit being examined and the pur- Metz, R.E., ed., Applied mining 15% to direct assay costs and 1% to over- pose for which the samples were taken. geology: problems of grade control, all exploration program costs. The value Reconnaissance geochemical samples p. 85-89 in Erickson, A.J., Jr., Metz, received from this extra expenditure is may not need to be as carefully located R.E., and Ranta, D.E., 1992, Applied assurance that the analytical results or analyzed to the same precision as later mining geology: general studies, from the sampling, on which all mineral deposit delineation samples. Rowe and problems of sampling and grade resource and reserve estimates depend, Hite (1984) describe the sampling and control, and ore reserve estimation: are reliable. drilling done to delineate the Crandon, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Wisconsin volcanogenic massive sul- Exploration (SME), Littleton, CO. Other Sampling Program fide deposit. They note that the global Peters, William C., 1987, Exploration Issues resource estimate did not significantly and mining geology, 2nd ed.: John change after 40 holes were drilled. But, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 685 p. When reviewing a sampling pro- they note, the additional drilling done gram, the following questions should (over 180 holes) considerably improved Pitard, Francis F., 1993, Pierre Gy’s sam- be asked. the confidence in the knowledge of the pling theory and sampling practice, 2nd ed.: CRC Press, 488 p. • Who did the work and were the proper deposit’s continuity, distribution, and procedures followed?8 variability. The appropriate analyses Roden, S., and Smith, T., 2001, Sampling • Was there an unbroken “chain of cus- and tests for an industrial mineral and analysis protocols and their tody”? deposit vary widely depending on the role in mineral exploration and new industrial mineral being examined and resource development in Edwards, • How were the samples taken? Were the potential market(s) for that mineral A.C., ed., Mineral resource and they: (Eyde and Eyde, 1985). Regardless of ore reserve estimation—the • chip samples, the purpose of the sampling program, a AusIMM guide to good practice: the • channel samples, QA/QC procedure should be part of the Australasian Institute of Mining and • core samples, sampling program in order to ensure Metallurgy, Melbourne, p. 73-78. • drill cuttings, or that the results obtained are indeed Rowe, R.G., and Hite, R.G., 1984, Applied reliable. In those cases where the initial • some other type? geology: the foundation for mine results are determined not to be reliable, design at Exxon Minerals Company’s • How was the location of the samples the reasons for the lack of reliability can determined? If a GPS receiver was Crandon deposit in Erickson, A.J., be examined and different sampling, Jr., ed., Applied mining geology, p. used, which reference map datum sample preparation, and analytical pro- (geoid) was used and what are the 9-27 in Erickson, A.J., Jr., Metz, cedures can be adopted that avoid the R.E., and Ranta, D.E., 1992, Applied distance errors in location? This infor- problems encountered with the initial mation should be part of the data mining geology: general studies, program. problems of sampling and grade recorded on the sample data sheets.9 control, and ore reserve estimation: • Drilling: References Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and • Were drill holes surveyed (both the Abbott, David M., Jr., 2002, Testing Exploration (SME), Littleton, CO. location of the top of the hole and lab case defendants acquitted in
7. This is particularly true for assays of platinum-group metals (PGMs), which very few labs perform accurately. Many labs in the south- western US assay for PGMs but don’t do so accurately (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2002). 8. A reviewer noted that in the water resources field, field samplers have to go through training / certification programs, e.g., the USGS Water Resources Water Quality Sampling Training Program. Without that sampling certification, data may not be admissible in litigation cases. 9. The map datum is based on a mathematical geoid model approximating the true oblate spheroid shape of the Earth. Different map datum geoid models are used for different maps. Some one wishing to relocate your sample point needs to be using the same map datum (geoid model) you used when determining the sample’s location. Common map datum geoid models include the North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27), the North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83), and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). Even State Plane Coordinate (SPC grid) and the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid depend on a reference geoid model. www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 37 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE Scott, Barry C., and Whateley, Michael K.G., 1995, Evaluation tech- niques in Evans, Anthony M., ed., Introduction to mineral exploration: Blackwell Science, p. 161-202. Sinclair, Alastair J., and Blackwell, Garston H., 2002, Applied mineral INSURANCE PROGRAMS inventory estimation: Cambridge University Press, 381 p. Available to U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2002, Results of analyses of stan- AIPG MEMBERS dard and blank samples tested at selected assay laboratories in North GeoCare Benefits Program American: U.S. Bureau of Land For information: Management Mineral Report, 34 Life and Health Insurance p., available in PDF form from the GeoCare Benefits Insurance Plan BLM National Training Center in http://www.geocarebenefits.com/ Phoenix, AZ. Phone: 800-337-3140 or 805-566-9191 U.S. vs. Jeffus, et al, 2000, Indictment, U.S. District Court for the Northern Auto and Home Insurance District of Texas, case 300-CR-375- Liberty Mutual Insurance D, 42 p. http://www.txnd.uscourts. http://www.libertymutual.com/lm/aipg gov/pdf/Notablecases/300cr375_ Phone: 1-800-524-9400 1.pdf, downloaded March 12, 2007. Please mention client #111397 when you contact Liberty Mutual. Whyte, James B., 2000, Black Magic and white lab coast: pseudoscience in AFLAC precious metals exploration: Mining http://www.aflac.com Millennium 2000, Prospectors and Developers Conference CD, 7 p. Phone: 303-674-1808 Please identify yourself as an AIPG Member to receive the AIPG Additional Contributions made Association discounted prices. Representative: Carol Streicher by AIPG National Editor: Gail Gibson, CPG-09993. Reviewed by AIPG Associate Editors: Edward M. Baltzer, CPG- 08861, Solomon A. Isiorho, CPG-07788, and Dale Rezabek, CPG-09285. AIPG MEMBER APPLICATION
38 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org Clastic Dikes in the Parachute Creek Member
Terry Gulliver, CPG-06569
Abstract transform. Larger clastic dikes such as line, as dolomite-dawsonite marlstones. these require liquefaction of a loose bed Tuffaceous (air fall ash) beds occur Clastic dikes penetrate the upper by an earthquake, and follow the pres- throughout the sequence, and dating Parachute Creek Member (the main sure gradient through overburden to the of these beds has shown the lake per- oil shale sequence) in the Piceance surface, or to some horizon in which they sisted over some six million years (Yuval Creek Basin, northwest Colorado. The can dissipate. Bartov, pers com). Cashion and Donnell Parachute Creek Member is primarily (1977) divided the oil shale sequence kerogen-bearing marlstone laid down Locations of sandstone dikes in the Piceance basin described below are into richer and leaner (R, L) zones; the in Eocene Lake Uintah. The dikes were L6, R7 and L7 were previously known formed by seismic liquefaction of tuffa- shown in Figure 1. Some of these have previously been noted in Piceance Basin (and are still referred to) as B-groove, ceous silt and sand in the middle of the Mahogany, and A-groove, respectively. Parachute Creek Member. They reach outcrops, underground and in a few core holes. Those evident in face-ups at the Dikes in upper Parachute Creek pen- over 120 m to the base of the Uinta etrate the section from at least the base Formation, which invaded the deposi- head of Parachute Creek have not previ- ously been described. There, they riddle of the R6 zone to the base of the Uinta tional lake as sand wedges shed from (some 400 feet). rising basin margins. Nowadays, dikes the upper oil shales. may carry significant vertical leakage of groundwater across aquitards such as the Mahogany zone, which was once described as a confining layer between upper and lower aquifer systems. Introduction While the word dike typically con- notes an igneous intrusion, clastic or sandstone dikes, where cracks are filled with sediments, have been described in early geologic literature. Diller, in the very first GSA Bulletin (1889) is an early reference, but contains refer- ences in turn to descriptions of injected clastic dikes in Patagonia by Darwin, and in Oregon by Dana. Each of these authors distinguished top-filled and bot- tom-filled or injected forms. An example at small scale of a top-filled form is sand-filled dessication cracks, and of an injected form, irruptions of mud (mud volcanoes) due to tidal loading in estuarine sediments. Levi et al (2006) recently described both top-filled and bottom-filled dikes of larger size in Pleistocene lacustrine marls near the Figure 1. Map of locations described in this paper. Dead Sea, and distinguished the two varieties by magnetic susceptibilities. Figure 2 summarizes the stratigra- McAlpin (1996) stated that it is Their top-filled dikes are tension cracks phy of the oil shale sequence, and the unusual for fluidized dikes to be injected formed by diapiric doming, and filled intervals penetrated by these dikes. The higher than 20 m. The Parachute Creek with sediments similar to those found Green River Formation accumulated in was, however, an unusual overburden- on the surface. Injected dikes intrude to Eocene Lake Uintah. Kerogenous “oil host, the deposit apparently remaining surface from loose sandy beds at least 10 shale” was deposited initially as illitic quite unlithified with organic-rich marls m deep, and are presumed to have been shale (the Garden Gulch Member), and trapping water for the life of the lake. At triggered by seismicity on the Dead Sea then, when the lake became very alka- least some of the dikes described below www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 39 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE are over 120 m high. The intruded mass was thus quite soft, and the fluidized bed probably had high pore water pressure. Dewatering veins formed a different type of dike on the west margin of the basin, where barren (low organic content) silts permitted water escape. Dikes in Upper Parachute Creek In 1982 there was extensive preparation for a mine bench in the Mahogany (R7) zone and access roads in upper Parachute Creek. The fresh exposures in these faces revealed numer- ous sandstone dikes. Locations and strikes of these dikes are shown in Figure 3, superposed on older topography. At least some of these appear to be more than a kilometer long, and more than 120 m in vertical extent. Figure 4 shows a dike approximately 10 cm thick cutting from the mid Mahogany (R7) to the base of the Uinta (sandstone shoulder at upper right of photo). Although no actual top to any dike has been reported observed, they are known to terminate within a meter of the typically talus-covered contact between Green River and Uinta Formations. Figure Figure 2. Stratigraphic location of dikes. 5 shows the southern-most dike in Figure 3, in the lowest R6 zone, and Figure 6 shows a close up of this dike. The latter splays down- ward at this location, an unusual mode for clastic dikes, which commonly branch upward as confining pressure decreases. It is suggested this may indicate proximity to the root of the dike, that here several ruptures developed and converged, and largely re-closed after passage of the fluidized mass.
Figure 4. Dike extending from mid-Mahogany to Uinta.
Dike in Piceance Creek Figure 7 shows a small dike in a road cut in the upper Piceance Creek canyon, in the R8 interval. The dike zigs and zags up the bluff. In close-up (Figure 8) a section of this dike is seen to be contorted with the oil shale host. The vergence of the folding is counter-clockwise, the same sense as the faulted Figure 3. Map of dike occurrences in upper Parachute Creek. monocline of the Grand Hogback, three kilometers to the east (right in the photo). This dike tells the story of its injection
40 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE
Figure 5. Dike in front of pickup at base of R5. Figure 8. Close-up of previous figure, with folded dike.
eral lease tract. These are mapped onto an isometric of the mine openings in Figure 9. They were mapped in levels above and below the A groove, but not in the lower level (“intermediate void level”) at the base of the Mahogany (R7). It is not clear that the dikes were looked for in lower entries; they may have drifted to east, or may be rooted at a higher level at C-b than in Parachute Creek. Stellavato suggested the source material might be the Curly tuff bed at the base of the Mahogany. Dikes on Douglas Pass A different type of clastic dike occurs in lake-marginal, lower Green River Formation on the south side of Douglas Pass. Dozens of these features are evident in a new exposure in marly siltstones with stromatolite and ostracod beds, in a section believed to be equivalent to the R4 (Bartov, pers com). This Figure 6. Close-up of previous figure, with dike splaying downward. is very close to the level of the in still-soft oil lowest dike shale, and sub- observation sequent defor- at the upper mation within Parachute it through the Creek site. In early marginal Figure 10 one uplift. Although of these fea- thin and erratic tures is seen in this outcrop, to consist of this dike can be laminated silt traced over 500 m crossing the to the south, and host siltstone. through talus up The Douglas to the first Uinta Pass dikes are sandstone. irregularly shaped, up to Dikes at 20 m high, and C-b Tract 15 cm wide in Stellavato the marlstone, (1982) described but pinch where branching clas- they cross tic dikes (he sandstone and called them tuff limestone beds. dikes) in mine They suggest openings at the a dewatering Figure 9. Dikes mapped at C-b by Stellavato (long origin where Figure 7. Dike in upper Piceance Creek. former C-b fed- entries run N-S; shaft centers are 230 feet apart). periodic water www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 41 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE carry vertical leakage across aquitards between them. Higher dike permeability would favor more vertical leakage, and lower permeability would tend to form lateral barriers across aquifers. Many of the dikes in the upper Parachute Creek site showed seepages when the faces were fresh, but this has been obscured by loosening of the rock faces. Historically, the Mahogany (R7) has been described as an isolating aquitard between upper and lower aquifer sys- tems in the basin. Weeks et al (1974) remarked that, while no vertical con- nection could be discerned across this interval in pumping tests at the Rio Blanco nuclear device test site in the central Piceance Creek basin, the poten- tiometric surfaces of the various water bearing intervals deviated so little from one another over tens of miles and Figure 10. Douglas Pass dike. thousands of feet elevation change from recharge to discharge areas, that they had to believe they were hydraulically connected. Unfortunately, no un-weath- ered dike specimens have been available for permeability tests. In pumping tests, dikes may present as low permeability boundaries, and impact analyses whether or not they are recognized. Faults may cause some of the same effects, and a swath of northwesterly striking faults including the Dudley Bluffs graben is well known in the cen- tral basin. It is not yet known what form any of these faults have at depth. There are crushed breccias and some calcite Figure 11. Mineralogy of Piceance Creek dike specimen. veining in faults cutting several Uinta venting occurred along these features as other constituents are quartz, some of it outcrops, suggesting they have carried burial progressed. Here the silts allowed highly rounded, felspars, mafic minerals high carbonate waters from depth. drainage and venting of water from silts and basaltic rock fragments, indicat- under accumulating burial load. ing a mixed provenance dominated by Conclusions tuff (volcanic ash fall). The thin section Clastic dikes in the Eocene, lacustrine shows less than 1% porosity. Dike Mineralogy Parachute Creek Member are unusually Dikes in Parachute Creek and The XRD shows 4% clay, of which high, extending up to 120 m or more from Piceance Creek are dense, massive, silty 1% is illite and 3% smectite. This very source beds through an organic marlstone fine sandstone. A piece of the Piceance minor clay content is likely to be due to overburden that was evidently uncon- Creek dike was examined in thin section weathering of silicates in the tuff source. solidated at the time of injection. These and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) by DSM The differences between slide counts massive dikes were triggered by a seismic Science Lab, in Wheat Ridge, Colorado. and XRD are thought to be due to loss event or events. A different form of dike Figure 11 shows the mineral composition of dolomite fines in grinding the XRD was formed in the lake margin, where disclosed by point counting the thin sec- specimen. periodic water escape from low-organic tion. The specimen is from outcrop, and silts created laminated features. so likely altered by weathering. Present Day Hydrologic About 60% of the thin section is dolo- Expressions Acknowledgements mite and analcime. The dolomite must Dikes may have several hydrological The author thanks Norwest Corp, be marl entrained from beds adjacent expressions, in native groundwater flow Shell, and ExxonMobil for making this to the source tuff bed, or the rock would and in pumping tests. paper possible. It was presented at the have had an initial porosity of 60%. In the native groundwater regime, 2006 Colorado Oil Shale Symposium, and Analcime is the main cement, and chert they may tend to both dam lateral thanks are due to Colorado School of Mines is a later overgrowth on analcime. The flow in water bearing intervals, and to for allowing it to be reproduced here.
42 TPG • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE References Diller, 1889. Sandstone Dikes. GSA Bull Development on the Hydrology of vol 1, p 411-442. Piceance Basin, Colorado. USGS Bartov, Yuval, 2006. Discussions on the Prof Paper 908. 26th Oil Shale Symposium field Levi, Weinberger, Aifa, Eyal & Marco, trip. 2006. Earthquake-induced clastic Stellavato, 1982. Results of the Geologic dikes detected by anisotropy of mag- Mapping Program During Shaft Cashion & Donnell, 1974. Revision of netic susceptibility. Geology vol 34, Sinking and Subsequent Station nomenclature of the upper part no 2, p 69 - 72. Development at C-b Tract. In 15th of the Green River Formation, Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings. Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, and McAlpin, 1996. Paleoseismology. eastern Uinta basin, Utah. USGS Academic Press, 588 p. Reviewed by AIPG Associate Bull 1394-G, 9 p. Weeks, Leavesley, Welder & Saulnier, Editors: Solomon A. Isiorho, CPG- 1974. Simulated Effects of Oil-Shale 07788, Thomas E. Jordan, CPG-09384 and Robert C. Minning, CPG-02565. Warm Rock Keeps North America from Drowning
WASHINGTON - Much of North America would interior and heat from radioactive decay of uranium, Hasterok says it has been well known for years be underwater if it were not for the heat that makes thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust. that “elevations of different regions of the conti- rock buoyant, new research indicates. Scientists Chapman says it will take billions of years for nents sit higher or lower relative to each other as a show how various regions of the continent are kept North American rock to cool to the point it becomes result of their density and thickness.” By accounting afloat by heat within Earth’s rocky crust, and how denser, sinks, and puts much of the continent under- for composition, thickness and, now, temperature far those regions would sink beneath sea level if water. Coastal cities face flooding much sooner as of crustal rock in North America, scientists can they lacked that heat-induced lift. sea levels rise due to global warming, he adds. more easily determine how much elevation is Of coastal cities, New York City would sit 1,427 The researchers published their new findings on explained by forces such as upwelling plumes of feet (435 meters) under the Atlantic, New Orleans Saturday, 23 June as two reports in the Journal of molten rock like the “hot spot” beneath Yellowstone. would be 2,416 feet (736 meters) underwater and Geophysical Research-Solid Earth - a publication The new method also will make it easier to identify Los Angeles would rest 3,756 feet (1,145 meters) of the American Geophysical Union. areas where crustal rocks are unusually hot due to higher-than-average concentrations of radioactive beneath the Pacific. Rather than perched a mile In the new work, the team first analyzed results isotopes. high (1.6 kilometers), Denver would be 727 feet of previous experiments in which researchers (222 meters) below sea level. have measured seismic waves moving through Chapman says temperatures in Earth’s crust “If you subtracted the heat that keeps North Earth’s crust due to intentional explosions. The and upper mantle often are inferred from mea- American elevations high, most of the continent waves travel faster through colder, denser rock, surements in boreholes drilled near the surface, would be below sea level, except the high Rocky and slower through hotter, less dense rock. Then, whereas elevation reflects average rock tem- Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Pacific the Utah scientists used published data in which peratures down to 125 miles (201 kilometers) Northwest west of the Cascade Range,” says various kinds of rocks were measured in the labora- beneath Earth’s surface. Inconsistencies in both Derrick Hasterok of the University of Utah in Salt tory to determine the rocks’ densities and how fast measurements can be used to reveal the extent to Lake City, a researcher on the study. seismic waves travel through them. which borehole temperatures are affected by global warming or changes in groundwater flow. Typically, the movements of “tectonic plates” of The combined data allowed the researchers Earth’s crust, which result in volcanoes, mountain- to calculate how rock density varies with depth Although most locations would sink if the building collisions, and sinking or “subduction” of in the crust. They could then assess how much temperature influence were removed, some areas old seafloor, get the credit for determining eleva- of any area’s elevation is due to the thickness that sit atop rock that is colder than average would tion. However, Hasterok and his University of Utah and composition of its rock and how much is due actually rise. For instance, Seattle sits above a coauthor David S. Chapman say tectonic forces to the rock’s heating and expansion. Finally, the plate of Earth’s crust that is diving, or subducting, contribute to elevation by affecting the composition researchers “removed the effects of composition eastward at an angle. That slab of cold, former sea- and temperature of rock that they move. For exam- of crustal rocks and the thickness of the crust floor rock insulates the area west of the Cascades ple, as crustal plates collide to form mountains like to isolate how much a given area’s elevation is from heat deeper beneath the slab. Removing that the Himalayas, the mountains rise because the related to the temperature of the underlying rock,” heat-blocking action would warm the Earth’s crust collision makes less dense crustal rock get thicker Chapman says. under Seattle, so it would expand and become more buoyant. and warmer, thus more buoyant. To calculate how regional elevations would “We have shown for the first time that tempera- change if temperature effects were removed, the Instead of its current position on the shores of ture differences within the Earth’s crust and upper researchers did not turn off all the heat, but imag- the saltwater Puget Sound, Seattle would soar to mantle explain about half of the elevation of any ined that a region’s rock was as cold as some of an elevation of 5,949 feet (1812 meters). given place in North America,” with most of the rest North America’s coldest crustal rock, which is still American Geophysical Union due to differences in what the rocks are made of, at 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius) University of Utah Chapman says. at the base of the crust in Canada. Joint Release Continents and mountains like the Rockies AGU Release No. 07-15 are kept afloat partly by heat from Earth’s deep (202) 777-7507 www.aipg.org NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • TPG 43 AIPG STORE (also available online at www.aipg.org) NEW! T-shirt NEW! Ladies Shirt Fleece Pull-Over
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