The Enlightenment Cultural and intellectual movement based on reason, ca. 1650-1790 n The Philosophers: Wen Voltaire finally -haveheld thata new science voice and that rationalism is not the Church.are the Therekey to thewill improvement be a shift inof theaesthetics, human condition. Argued for a separation of church and state;in freedom artists of and religion. society.
What are Burke (1757) and Kant (1790)
n sayingJean-Jacques in their Rousseau writings? - believed How thatwill feeling their and writingsemotions affecttrumped art reason and andartists? that the return to the natural, or the “primitive state” would lead to the salvation of humankind. Very political. Involved in French Revolution Modern Art
When did Modern Art begin? When did Modern Art begin?
n 1776/1789: American and French Revolutions? n 1814: Goya’s painting the Third of May, 1808? n 1863: landmark exhibition at the Salon des Refusés in Paris? Neoclassicism n Neoclassicism was opposed to the Rococo style of art. n The Roman Empire was selected as the model to emulate. n This was fueled by the archaeological discoveries of the time. n The goal was to reform society. Neoclassicists enlisted ancient virtue, morality, and ethics as the solution to what they considered to be the frivolity, licentiousness, and luxury of 18th century elites. n Art is characterized by a restraint of emotion and subjects that inspired morality. Do these new standards relate to earlier artistic philosophies of the Renaissance, Baroque & Rococo? Neoclassicism Jacques-Louis David
The Oath of the Horatii, 1784, Oil on Canvas Neoclassicism
Poussin
Rubens
n Poussinistes - artists who used subdued color palettes, and placed importance on draftsmanship and sculptural forms. n Rubenistes - artists who used a vibrant palette and aggressive brush strokes. - Géricault and Delacroix (Romantics) Neoclassical Sculpture n Neoclassical style was also applied to sculptures. n It was the style of choice for official portraits, relief sculpture and monuments. n Napoleon Bonaparte’s sister, Pauline Borghese, had herself sculpted as Venus the goddess of love.
Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus Victrix. 1808. Marble, life-size Neoclassicism vs. Romanticism
Ingres, Grande Odalisque (1814)
Discuss these works critically. Focus on the content, context and artistic ideals Delacroix, Odalisque (1845-50) of the artworks. Romanticism n Romanticism reflected the revolutionary spirit of the times with an emphasis on emotions. n Characteristics: n Extremes of emotion n Great brushwork n A bright color palette n A favorite theme was nature because it was considered unpredictable and uncontrollable. Romantic Eugene Delacroix
Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople on 12 April 1204, 1840
Style: Rubeniste Romantic Eugene Delacroix
What is the subject of this painting?
The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826, Oil on Canvas Romantic
Theodore Gericault
The Raft of Medusa. 1818.
What is the political meaning behind this painting? Francisco Goya n He is considered the greatest painter of the Neoclassical and Romantic periods but belonged to neither artistic group. n Never visited France (artistic center) and unknown to painters of the 18th-19th c. n Goya is best known for his works of political satire and condemnations of war. n Goya heightens emotion by the use of color tones and strong chiaroscuro. Romantic The Third of May, 1808
What is happening in this painting?
What is the focus of this painting? The Academy n The Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (1648) in Paris set up rules of style and subject matter that were considered appropriate. n Although very popular during this time Academic Painting had the least influence on the development of Modern Art. n Modern painters wanted to paint realistically and therefore objected to Academic Art (conceptual vs. optical) n Realist artists chose to represent subjects evident in everyday life. n Where else have we seen everyday life depicted? n Later on, the Salon des Réfusés was the century’s most important gathering of avant-garde artists. It was suggested by Napoleon III as an alternate exhibition. Realism
n The artists:
n Honoré Daumier - concerned with bringing the plight of the masses to light. Used caricature.
n Gustav Courbet - possibly foreshadowed the Impressionist movement.
n Édouard Manet - some say Manet is the most responsible for changing the course of the history of painting. He was the most important influence on the French Impressionists. Third Class Carriage, 1862
What is the point of this painting by Daumier? “Father of Realism” - Courbet
Gustave Courbet, The Stone-Breakers, 1849.
Do you see any foreshadowing of future artistic styles? Manet, Le Dejeuner sur L’Herbe, 1863. How is Manet’s painting style different from others at this time? What about the viewpoint? What inspired him to paint this? Salon des Refuses n Manet submitted Le Déjeuner sur L’Herbe to the Academy’s annual Salon, but it was refused along with 2,800 other paintings. n The artists rebelled so strongly that Napoleon III stepped in and suggested an alternate exhibition known as the Salon de Réfusés. n The Salon des Réfusés was this century’s most important gathering of avant-garde artists. n What does this mean? Why avant-garde? Compare & Contrast
Cezanne, A Modern Olympia (1873-74) A review in L'artiste, written in May 1874 by Marc de Montifaud: "like a voluptuous vision, this artificial corner of paradiseManet, has leftOlympia even1863 the most courageous gasping for breath…. and Mr Cézanne merelyWhat gives are thethe similarities impression in of beingcontent? a sort What of are madman, the differences? paintingHow does in “ thea state male gazeof delirium” play into tremens ".these - Museepaintings?D’Orsay Impressionism
n Artists had common ideas, but their styles differed. n Characteristics of Impressionism: n Favored painting outside n Chose subjects found in nature. n Studied the effects of atmosphere and light on people and objects. n Impressionists: Monet, Cezanne, Degas & Renoir “Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me… They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put Impression.’” - Monet
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872 Claude Monet
What is unique about this work?
Rouen Cathedral, 1894 Cezanne
The Bathers, 1900
The Bathers, 1874
Cézanne sought to "recreate nature" by simplifying forms to their basic geometric equivalents, utilizing contrasts of colour and considerable distortion to express the essence of landscape, still-lifes, and figural groupings. The Rehearsal, 1877 Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen, 1878-81 Edgar Degas
Actress in Her Dressing Room, c. 1879 The Millinery Shop Two Laundresses 1882 1884 Degas strove to unite the discipline of classical art with the immediacy of Impressionism.
Degas's main interest was the human - and in particular the female – form. To him its poses and movements were synonymous with perfection and harmony. Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876 Dance at Bougival, 1883 Who and what is Renoir depicting in this painting? Renoir
After the Bath 1888 Bather Renoir’s work is identified with the 1888 world of Parisian leisure - gardens, cafés, dances, boating scenes – and are often infused with sensuality. His later work is devoted primarily to the representation of the female nude, with which he is most associated. Berthe Morisot, Young Girl in the Window, 1878.
Morisot was married to Manet’s brother, Eugene. Fauvism
n A critic gave them the name The Fauves (the wild beasts) n Like the Postimpressionists, the Fauves rejected the soft palette and delicate brushwork of the Impressionists. n Their subject matter included traditional nudes, still lifes, and landscapes. n Color and brushwork was chosen on the basis of its emotive quality. HENRI MATISSE. Red Room (Harmony in Red) (1908-1909) n Fauvism did not last very long. - Matisse believed paintings should be joyous n Main artist: Matisse Matisse's career can be divided into several periods that changed stylistically, but his underlying aim always remained the same: to discover "the essential character of things" and to produce an art "of balance, purity, and serenity," as he himself put it.
The Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908
Reclining Odalisque (Harmony in Red), 1927 Postimpressionism n Two groups of Postimpressionists: n 1. Those that had a systematic approach to composition, brushwork and color. n George Seurat and Paul Cezanne
n 2.) Those that had more texture in their brushwork and coordinated line and color with symbolism and emotion. n Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grade Jatte, 1884-86 How does this work differ from Impressionist works? How did Seurat apply color? Young Woman Powdering Herself 1889-90
Bathers at Asnières 1883-84
Georges Seurat moved away from the spontaneity and rapidity of Impressionism and developed a structured, more monumental art to depict modern urban life. Cherries and Peaches 1883-87
The perspective of this picture is broken in a variety of ways; the plate of cherries is shown from a different angle to the other objects Vincent van Gogh 1889-90
Discuss his life and how it is reflected/affected his art. Van Gogh called this painting Starry Sky. It is an imaginative composition, not painted from nature or the motif but composed from various sights and scenes of Brabant and Provence
Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889. Mulberry Tree, October 1889
Portrait of a Peasant (Patience Escalier), August 1888
Van Gogh’s formal distortions and humanistic concerns made him a principal forerunner of 20th-century Expressionism Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Katsushika Hokusai (c. 1831) Japonisme - the influence of Japanese art on Western art Outskirts of Paris near Montmartre
Orchard with Blossoming Apricot Trees Sunflowers gone to seed
Exchange between artists & friends
Van Gogh and Gauguin Sunflowers gone to seed
On the shore of the lake, Martinique, 1887 Garden with flowers, 1888
“Uncle Cor has seen work of mine more than once, and he thinks it atrocious”
Ordinary Life
Mousmé "It took me a whole week...but I had to reserve my mental energy to do the mousmé well. A mousmé is a Japanese girl—Provençal in this case—twelve to fourteen years old”
Joseph Roulin , 1888
“A head something like that of Socrates, almost no nose, a high forehead, bald pate, small grey eyes, high-coloured full cheeks, a big beard, pepper and salt, big ears” What was the main focus of Toulouse- Lautrec’s works?
How is his life reflected in his works?
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. At the Moulin Rouge. 1892 Between 1890 and 1896 Lautrec painted roughly thirty paintings of the Moulin Rouge, which gave us a better picture of the famous dance hall, its atmosphere and its clientele
Moulin Rouge: La Goulue (The Glutton), 1891
His greatest contemporary impact was his series At the Moulin Rouge of 30 posters (1891-1901), which transformed 1892 the aesthetics of poster art Gauguin's style developed from Impressionism towards a highly personal brand of Symbolism, that combined and contrasted an idealized vision of local Polynesian culture with the skeptical pessimism of an educated European.
Paul Gauguin, The Noble Woman, 1896 n Expressionism sought to be more emotional, expressive, and laden with symbolism. n Color and line were used to express the artists’ inner feelings. n They employed vibrant palettes. n Followed van Gogh and Gauguin
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893 American Expatriates n In the United States, art was still very provincial in the 19th century. n During the 18th and 19th centuries, striving artists went abroad on extended pilgrimages for training, to see the masters, and to mingle with the avant- garde. n Some of these artists left the United States permanently, they were call the American Expatriates. American Expatriates n What unifies these artists is not their style of art nor their choice of subject matter but simply that they immigrated to Europe permanently n The artists: n Mary Cassatt n James Abbott McNeill Whistler Mary Cassatt, The Boating Party, 1893-94 McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Black and Gray: The Artist’s Mother 1871. Oil on Canvas. Americans in America n While many artists went abroad on pilgrimages or permanently, there were a few who stayed and painted in the Realist tradition. n This realism exhibits itself best in figure and landscape painting. n Their art had a Romantic touch and includes artists of the Hudson River School, artists of the American West, and Winslow Homer. American Artists in America
n These artists painted the people and landscapes of their own country. n The artists: n Thomas Eakins n The most important American portrait painter of the 19th century. n Thomas Cole n Leader of the Hudson River School of American art. n What does the Hudson River school entail? Hudson River School focused on 3 themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration and settlement
Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (Connecticut River near Northampton) 1836 Birth of Modern Sculpture
n During most of the 19th century, sculptors continued with projects as they had in the past. n Rodin incorporated Realism, Symbolism and Impressionism in his work. n His work is solely of the human figure. n He preferred soft materials. n As his career progressed his work became more abstract. The Thinker, 1902, Paris
The Kiss, 1882, Paris
The Burghers of Calais, 1889,London Art Nouveau
n The influence of Art Nouveau extended from Eastern and Western Europe to America. n Started in England n Characteristics of Art Nouveau: n Symbolism n Rich orientations n Overriding sense of the organic n The artist: n Antonio Gaudí Gaudi
Dragon,Park Guell, Barcelona, Spain Gaudi’s Architecture
Gaudi used local traditions as an expression of national identity, as well as by the introduction of modern techniques and materials
Park Guell, Barcelona, Spain, 1900-1914 Sagrada Familia
1882 – 2026
Gaudi took over in 1883 and worked on it until his death in 1926 12 Bell Towers: dedicated to the apostles. Symbolism
Upper section of the Portal of Portal of Charity: Charity devoted to the theological virtue of Christian charity or love and to Jesus.
Portal of Faith: dedicated to the Virgin Mary Portal of Hope: devoted to the theological virtue of hope and to Joseph Cubism
n Cubism can trace its heritage to Neoclassicism and the art of Cézanne. n Cubism was a new treatment of pictorial space that hinged on rendering objects from multiple and radically different views.
n Instead of presenting us with a single view, the Cubists showed us many different sides of an object. n Pablo Picasso & Georges Braque were the creators of Cubism. The Rose Phase 1905 - 1908 Subjects mainly from the circus life. Used pink tones
PABLO PICASSO. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907). George Braque - Met Picasso in 1907; they worked together on the same artistic goals until 1914. - First to begin inserting words and numbers in his work. -Also used trompe l’oeil
The Portuguese, 1911 1937
How are these two works of art similar?
1814 Picasso, Guernica, 1937
Guernica is blue, black and white, 11 ft tall and 25.6 ft wide
Discuss this painting in its historical and artistic context 1937
Compare + Contrast these political commentaries by modern artists
1818