The Winding Road to King’s Reach by Richard Findlater (1977) The vision of the National Theatre has hovered Henry Irving, who speaking before a Social hazily above the British stage for over a Science Congress – eloquently championed century. Continental examples showed that the the National cause in 1878 (though he did vision could be turned into a reality: France has not share Arnold’s vision). This was the year had a National Theatre since 1680; Denmark, in which he inaugurated at the Lyceum a Sweden and Austria have had theirs for managerial regime that seemed, to the late some two hundred years. Yet the first record Victorian era, to be a kind of National Theatre of a specific British project dates from no in itself. Its collapse in the 1890s under severe earlier than 1848, when a London publisher – economic pressures perhaps helped to point Effingham Wilson – prompted by the purchase the need for an endowed, exemplary theatre of in 1847 of Shakespeare’s birthplace for the an entirely different kind from the speculative nation – issued two pamphlets proposing ‘A show business of even the most talented House for Shakespeare’, in public ownership, and enlightened of star soloists in private where the works of ‘the world’s greatest moral management. teacher’ would be constantly performed. Several eminent Victorians – including two of The substantial history of the National Theatre the century’s most successful playwrights, Lord movement begins in 1904, the year before Lytton and Tom Taylor – later spoke up for the Irving’s death, when the critic William Archer ideals of a National Theatre. The visit to Britain (pioneer translator of Ibsen) collaborated in 1879 of the Comédie Française was a spur with the young actor-director-author Harley to enthusiasts. Among them was Matthew Granville Barker in producing a detailed Arnold, who in 1880 published an essay urging scheme (with estimates) for the casting, our need for a Comédie Anglaise and ending budget and repertoire of a National Theatre. with an exhortation ‘The theatre is irresistible; This was at first circulated privately with the organise the theatre!’ that became a slogan prefatory approval of six leading actors and among later campaigners (who sometimes dramatists: Henry Irving, Squire Bancroft, John overlooked the fact that Arnold attributed it Hare, James Barrie, Arthur Pinero and Henry to Sarah Bernhardt, in her ‘most caressing Arthur Jones. Meredith, Hardy, Bridges and tones’). Yet there was no sustained support Galsworthy were among other eminences who for such an institution as long as the country’s later added their support. Shaw, a friend of leading actors kept alive the classical repertoire both Archer and Granville Barker, was a pillar of (notably Shakespeare) in London and the strength to the National movement for most of provinces. his life. When A National Theatre was published in 1907, the campaign began in earnest: and About a century ago the accessibility of the the vision of Archer and Granville Barker, classics and the survival of the acting tradition who saw the National not as a museum or a were threatened by the emergence of the monument or an elitist luxury, but as ‘visibly entertainment industry, with its economic and unmistakably a popular institution, making dependence on long runs in London and a large appeal to the whole community’ has their provincial tours. The ideals of a National persisted in the design that made their dream Theatre (not necessarily modelled on French come true seventy years later. lines) began to gain increasingly wide acceptance – not least by actors. Among The National Theatre movement gained these the most conspicuous advocate was impetus in the Edwardian era by combining forces with two other campaigns: one linked 1. to keep the plays of Shakespeare in with the revaluation of Elizabethan staging, repertory; pioneered by William Poel and supported by 2. to revive whatever else is vital in English the London Shakespeare League (founded classical drama; in 1902); and another crusade that had also 3. to prevent recent plays of great merit from started around 1904, with more traditional falling into oblivion; and less expensive objectives, originating 4. to produce new plays and to further the (like Effingham Wilson’s scheme in 1848) in development of the modern drama; the veneration of Shakespeare not only as a 5. to produce translations of representative dramatist but as a kind of household deity, or works of foreign drama, ancient and modern; moral sage. Its begetter Richard Badger, was 6. to stimulate the art of acting through the an octogenarian brewer who had ‘acquired a varied opportunities it will offer to members of Shakespearean taste’ when at school for two the company. years in Stratford-upon-Avon, and who wanted to make some recognition to Shakespeare for These targets were devoutly, if mistily, kept in the debt that the world (and Mr Badger) owed view during the next fifty years. to him, by building a statue in his memory. The army of memorialists attracted by Mr Badger’s Zealots in and outside the theatrical profession, appeal were, in due course, persuaded by fired by the wish to commemorate the coming the National Theatre campaigners that the 300th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in best way of remembering Shakespeare 1616, combined to spread the gospel and to would be to build a theatre where his plays raise the cash. The good works included a might be performed throughout the year (the Shakespeare Ball, a Shakespeare Pageant, Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford was a Shakespeare Exhibition. And in 1913 a then open for only a few weeks annually). In site was acquired for the National Theatre in 1908 the two sets of crusaders merged to form Bloomsbury – the first of five in the next forty the Shakespeare Memorial National Theatre years. committee. An appeal for funds was launched with an initial £70,000 from Carl Meyer (through The First World War blocked the progress the good offices of Mrs Alfred Lyttelton). In of the National Theatre movement. With the 1909 the committee issued a handbook listing disappearance of the stability maintained by the following aims for a ‘Shakespeare National leading actor-managers and the domination of Theatre’: the stage by speculative finance, the need for a National Theatre became increasingly evident – but so did the economic and organisational difficulties. Archer and Granville Barker had assumed in 1904 that state aid was out of the question; and it seemed no more probable in the 1920s, when theatrical costs were far higher than ever before. The Meyer gift accumulated interest; funds were raised in many ways; money continued to be given by individual believers. (Many donors’ names were lost when air raids destroyed the records, but those that survive are engraved on a plaque in the National Theatre’s foyer.) Dedicated activists like Mrs Lyttelton, Sir the site of the future Festival Hall. The Israel Gollancz and Geoffrey Whitworth (of Governors of the Old Vic and Trustees of the British Drama League) talked on. In 1930 the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre made a Granville Barker brought out a revised edition ‘contract of betrothal’ (as it was called by of his pioneering book, urging the need for Oliver Lyttelton, later Lord Chandos) to get two theatres under one roof. There were the National Theatre built – at which time many articles, letters to the press, debates, the marriage of the two charities would be demonstrations. The idea of the National, solemnised by Royal Charter. A Joint Council propagated ardently, won new adherents. was appointed, with the prime task of selecting Yet the reality remained remote between an architect. In 1948 the Chancellor of the the wars. The only material advance was Exchequer promised that the Treasury would the acquisition in 1938 of another site – in – if the necessary legislation was passed Cromwell Gardens, opposite the Victoria – contribute up to a million pounds to the and Albert Museum. It was, as many people construction of a National Theatre, if the LCC soon realised, in the wrong part of London. provided the site. And in the following year, It was also too small – as were nearly all history was made, halfway, when the National other sites later considered, in Leicester Theatre Bill – enabling such a subsidy to be Square, Belgravia, Trafalgar Square, and other given, at the Chancellor’s discretion – was quarters. But it was to serve a purpose in the passed without a division (on 21 January protracted manoeuvres that led to the eventual 1949). The figure of a million pounds made no construction of the National Theatre. allowance for the equipment of the theatre, nor for its annual running costs. The importance The movement’s history repeated itself. Within of the Bill was, indeed symbolic, not practical. a year of buying a site, a world war broke out. The principle had been established, but The movement stopped. But the Second World its implementation was to be postponed – War, unlike the first, had a decisive effect on indefinitely, it came to seem. the fortunes of the National Theatre campaign. By the time that the peace was signed its aim Another symbolic gesture was made two appeared, for the first time, to have become years later when a foundation stone was laid practical politics. For this there were three by Queen Elizabeth (now the [late] Queen reasons: Mother) and dedicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Dame Sybil Thorndike read 1. State aid for the arts introduced in the 1940s a poem, especially composed by the Poet by the establishment of CEMA (the Council Laureate, John Masefield. It was another for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts), historic non-event.