Grief Support Newsletter #2
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About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
In This Issue
July 2020 NEWS Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Assessment and Treatment In this Issue: Guidelines for Pediatric Primary Upcoming Clinical Care Conversations 5 Clinical Conversation: May 26, 2020 Presented by Sylvia Krinsky, MD, Tufts Medical Center For some children, childhood is far from a carefree time; they Leadership: experience trauma which can disrupt development and lead John Straus, MD to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the May Clinical Founding Director Conversation, Sylvia Krinsky, MD, MCPAP site director at Tufts Barry Sarvet, MD Medical Center, discussed how to address PTSD in the primary Medical Director care setting. Beth McGinn Types of trauma Program Manager There are three major types of trauma: Elaine Gottlieb • Discrete Trauma – examples include a car accident, injury, Contributing Writer medical procedure, or a single episode of physical or sexual assault, when life is filled with otherwise helpful and supportive people • Complex Trauma – series of repeated traumas usually in close interpersonal contexts, such as childhood abuse or neglect, witnessing domestic or community violence, or racism and chronic social adversities • Adverse Childhood Event – a term from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, referring to potentially traumatic events that can have an impact on physical and psychological health Discrete trauma is most recognized in the DSM-5, while ACE is more familiar to the medical community, says Dr. Krinsky. 1000 Washington St., Suite 310 One study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Boston, MA 02118 Association (JAMA) found that more than 90 percent of pediatric Email: [email protected] patients seen in a primary care pediatric clinic had experienced a traumatic exposure, and 25 percent met full or partial criteria for www.mcpap.org PTSD. -
Understanding Children's Mental Health Disorders and the Impact On
Understanding Children’s Mental Health Disorders and the Impact on Learning and Functioning 1 2 Introduction to Children’s Mental Health An Overview of Depression 3 Depression is Common Estimates of Incidence 1 % Preschoolers 2 % School age 5 % Adolescents 20 % Lifetime prevalence during adolescence (parallels adult life time prevalence) Birmaher et al., 2002 4 Risk and Reoccurrence Childhood Adolescent Later Onset Depression Adolescent Depression Depression Adult Depression 5 Depression is… a mood disorder a sleep and energy disorder a thinking disorder 6 Depression: Signs and Symptoms Mood Changes Behaviors MEANING Interpersonal Relationships Physical Changes Cognitive Changes School Performance 7 Mood Symptoms Sad Sadness Irritable “mood swings” Anhedonia loss of interest social withdrawal or Anhedonia Irritability isolation boredom 8 Physical Symptoms Sleep Difficulty either with too much or too little sleep Fatigue Appetite Change loss of appetite increased carbohydrate craving 9 Cognitive Symptoms Difficulty concentrating Increased distractibility and “spaciness” Decreased attention and focus 10 Cognitive Symptoms Worried, ruminating thoughts Worthlessness, low self-esteem, guilt Distortions, misperceptions, misinterpretations 11 Symptoms in Infants and Toddlers Mood – Excessive whining – Too little or too much crying – Withdrawn from cuddling, being held – Lack of interest in surroundings 12 Symptoms in Infants and Toddlers Physical – Sleep disturbance – Sad or flat facial expression – Little motor activity – Failure to grow and -
Characteristics of the Regulation of the Surprise Emotion Chuanlin Zhu1, Ping Li2, Zhao Zhang2, Dianzhi Liu1 & Wenbo Luo2,3
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion Chuanlin Zhu1, Ping Li2, Zhao Zhang2, Dianzhi Liu1 & Wenbo Luo2,3 This study aimed to assess the characteristics of the regulation of the emotion of surprise. Event-related Received: 27 June 2017 potentials (ERPs) of college students when using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to Accepted: 11 April 2019 regulate their surprise level were recorded. Diferent contexts were presented to participants, followed Published: xx xx xxxx by the image of surprised facial expression; subsequently, using a 9-point scale, participants were asked to rate the intensity of their emotional experience. The behavioral results suggest that individuals’ surprise level could be reduced by using both expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, in basic and complex conditions. The ERP results showed that (1) the N170 amplitudes were larger in complex than basic contexts, and those elicited by using expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal showed no signifcant diferences, suggesting that emotion regulation did not occur at this stage; (2) the LPC amplitudes elicited by using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were smaller than those elicited by free viewing in both context conditions, suggesting that the late stage of individuals’ processing of surprised faces was infuenced by emotion regulation. This study found that conscious emotional regulation occurred in the late stages when individuals processed surprise, and the regulation efects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were equivalent. When we pass an important test, some of us dance out of excitement; when we are informed about the sudden death of a loved one, we feel extremely sad. -
Behavioral Interventions for Anxiety and Irritability in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Behavioral Interventions for Anxiety and Irritability in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Denis G. Sukhodolsky, Ph.D. Yale Child Study Center Disclosures • Research support: – NIMH R01 MH101514 – NIMH K01 MH079130 – NICHD R01 HD083881 • Book royalty: – The Guilford Press Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) • Core symptoms – Impairment in social interaction and communication – Restricted interests and repetitive behavior • Associated features – Cognitive impairment – Deficits in adaptive functioning – Anxiety – Disruptive behavior problems Anxiety in ASD • Excessive fearfulness • Changes in routines and social situations • Can be related to core ASD symptoms • Co-occurring anxiety disorders may be present • Social anxiety may be difficult to diagnose • Contributes to impairment in functioning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Anxiety CBT is a well-established intervention for anxiety in children without autism. Key components: education, emotion regulation, and exposure and response prevention. Short-term duration, 8 to 16 weekly sessions. Treatment is conducted with the child and includes parent involvement. Is CBT helpful for anxiety in ASD? Main Findings: • 8 randomized controlled studies of CBT for anxiety were located. • CBT was superior to waitlist on parent and clinician-rated anxiety. • Effect sizes were 1.19 for parent ratings, 1.21 for clinician ratings and 0.68 for child self-report. Sukhodolsky, Bloch, Panza, Reichow Pediatrics, 2013 Neural Mechanisms of CBT for anxiety in ASD Subjects: • 10 children with ASD and -
Dysphoria As a Complex Emotional State and Its Role in Psychopathology
Dysphoria as a complex emotional state and its role in psychopathology Vladan Starcevic A/Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Australia Objectives • Review conceptualisations of dysphoria • Present dysphoria as a transdiagnostic complex emotional state and assessment of dysphoria based on this conceptualisation What is dysphoria? • The term is derived from Greek (δύσφορος) and denotes distress that is hard to bear Dysphoria: associated with externalisation? • “Mixed affect” leading to an “affect of suspicion”1,2 1 Sandberg: Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtl Medizin 1896; 52:619-654 2 Specht G: Über den pathologischen Affekt in der chronischen Paranoia. Festschrift der Erlanger Universität, 1901 • A syndrome that always includes irritability and at least two of the following: internal tension, suspiciousness, hostility and aggressive or destructive behaviour3 3 Dayer et al: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2: 316-324 Dysphoria: associated with internalisation? • Six “dysphoric symptoms”: depressed mood, anhedonia, guilt, suicide, fatigue and anxiety1 1 Cassidy et al: Psychol Med 2000; 30:403-411 Dysphoria: a nonspecific state? • Dysphoria is a “nonspecific syndrome” and has “no particular place in a categorical diagnostic system”1; it is neglected and treated like an “orphan”1 1 Musalek et al: Psychopathol 2000; 33:209-214 • Dysphoria “can refer to many ways of feeling bad”2 2 Swann: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:325-327 Textbook definitions: dysphoria nonspecific, mainly internalising? • “Feeling -
Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques
S S symmetry Article Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques Oana Bălan 1,* , Gabriela Moise 2 , Livia Petrescu 3 , Alin Moldoveanu 1 , Marius Leordeanu 1 and Florica Moldoveanu 1 1 Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.L.); fl[email protected] (F.M.) 2 Department of Computer Science, Information Technology, Mathematics and Physics (ITIMF), Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Ploiesti 100680, Romania; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 030014, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40722276571 Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 18 December 2019; Published: 20 December 2019 Abstract: Emotions constitute an indispensable component of our everyday life. They consist of conscious mental reactions towards objects or situations and are associated with various physiological, behavioral, and cognitive changes. In this paper, we propose a comparative analysis between different machine learning and deep learning techniques, with and without feature selection, for binarily classifying the six basic emotions, namely anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise, into two symmetrical categorical classes (emotion and no emotion), using the physiological recordings and subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance from the DEAP (Dataset for Emotion Analysis using EEG, Physiological and Video Signals) database. The results showed that the maximum classification accuracies for each emotion were: anger: 98.02%, joy:100%, surprise: 96%, disgust: 95%, fear: 90.75%, and sadness: 90.08%. In the case of four emotions (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness), the classification accuracies were higher without feature selection. -
The Neuroscience of Animal Welfare: Theory 80-20
Review Article The neuroscience of animal welfare: theory 80-20 La neurociencia del bienestar animal: teoría 80-20 Genaro A. Coria-Avila, DVM, PhD1*, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, BSc, MSc2 1Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., México 2Doctorado en Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver., México. Recibido: 28 de agosto de 2012 Aceptado: 16 de octubre de 2012 Puedes encontrar este artículo en: http://www.uv.mx/eneurobiologia/vols/2012/6/6.html Abstract Animal welfare is commonly regarded as the physical and psychological well-being of animals, fulfilled if animals are free: 1) from hunger, thirst and malnutrition, 2) from discomfort, 3) from pain, 4) to express normal behavior, and 5) from fear and distress. This paper is meant to provoke the reader to re-think the concept of welfare. Evidence indicates that animal welfare is not a constant state, but rather it must be fulfilled several times a day. A theory is proposed arguing that well-being occurs when the proportion of desiring and obtaining something occurs in a 80-20% proportion, respectively. The neurobiological bases of motivated behaviors are discussed to support a new view on animal welfare. Key words: Dopamine, Opioids, Environmental enrichment, Well-being, Desire, Reward. Resumen Comúnmente se considera al bienestar animal cuando los animales están bien física y psicológicamente. Esto se logra cuando están libres: 1) de hambre, sed y malnutrición, 2) de incomodidad, 3) de dolor, 4) para expresar conducta normal, 5) de miedo y estrés. Este artículo tiene la intención de provocar al lector para reconsiderar el concepto de bienestar animal. -
Association Between Neuroticism and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the UK Biobank Cohort
Association between neuroticism and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank cohort Master Degree Project in Systems Biology Two years Level, 120 ECTS Submitted by: Hira Shahid Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Helgi Schioth Co.supervisor: Gull Rukh Examiner: Diana Tilevik Master Degree Project in Systems Biology Abstract Myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke are the major causes of cardiovascular related morbidities and mortalities around the world. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has been increased in last decades and it is vital need of time to investigate this global problem with focus on risk population stratification. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between individualized personality trait that is neuroticism and risk of MI and stroke has been investigated in a large population-based cohort of UK biobank.375,713 individuals (mean age: 56.24 ± 8.06) were investigated in this longitudinal study and were followed up for seven years to assess the association between neuroticism and risk of MI and stroke incidence. The neuroticism score was assessed by a 12-item questionnaire at baseline, while information related to MI and stroke events was either collected from hospital records and death registries or was self-reported by the participants. Cox proportional hazard regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors and medical histories for hypertension, diabetes and depression was used. All statistical analyses were performed using R software. In fully adjusted model, a one standard deviation increase in neuroticism score was associated with 1.05-fold increased risk for MI. (HR=1.047(1.009-1.087), p=0.015). -
EMOTION CLASSIFICATION of COVERED FACES 1 WHO CAN READ YOUR FACIAL EXPRESSION? a Comparison of Humans and Machine Learning Class
journal name manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) 1 A Comparison of Humans and Machine Learning 2 Classifiers Detecting Emotion from Faces of People 3 with Different Coverings 4 Harisu Abdullahi Shehu · Will N. 5 Browne · Hedwig Eisenbarth 6 7 Received: 9th August 2021 / Accepted: date 8 Abstract Partial face coverings such as sunglasses and face masks uninten- 9 tionally obscure facial expressions, causing a loss of accuracy when humans 10 and computer systems attempt to categorise emotion. Experimental Psychol- 11 ogy would benefit from understanding how computational systems differ from 12 humans when categorising emotions as automated recognition systems become 13 available. We investigated the impact of sunglasses and different face masks on 14 the ability to categorize emotional facial expressions in humans and computer 15 systems to directly compare accuracy in a naturalistic context. Computer sys- 16 tems, represented by the VGG19 deep learning algorithm, and humans assessed 17 images of people with varying emotional facial expressions and with four dif- 18 ferent types of coverings, i.e. unmasked, with a mask covering lower-face, a 19 partial mask with transparent mouth window, and with sunglasses. Further- Harisu Abdullahi Shehu (Corresponding author) School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, 6012 Wellington E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9689-3290 Will N. Browne School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Queensland University of Technology, Bris- bane QLD 4000, Australia Tel: +61 45 2468 148 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8979-2224 Hedwig Eisenbarth School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, 6012 Wellington Tel: +64 4 463 9541 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-0521-2630 2 Shehu H. -
Association of Irritability and Anxiety with the Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Face Emotion Processing in Youths with Psychopathology
Supplementary Online Content Stoddard J, Tseng W-L, Kim P, et al. Association of irritability and anxiety with the neural mechanisms of implicit face emotion processing in youths with psychopathology. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online November 30, 2016. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3282 eAppendix. Prior Research. eMethods 1. Participant Assessment. eMethods 2. Image Acquisition and Processing. eMethods 3. Estimating Neural Activation and Amygdala Functional Connectivity. eResults 1. ANX vs HV Only: A Comparison to a Prior Study. eResults 2. DMDD vs HV Only: A Comparison to a Prior Study. eResults 3. Analysis by Primary Diagnosis Instead of Anxiety and Irritability Dimensions. eResults 4. Cross Validation. eTable 1. Dimensional Measures by Primary Diagnosis. eTable 2. Excluded Participants. eTable 3. Details of Post Hoc Analyses of Medication Effects. eFigure 1. Positive Control of Activation. eFigure 2. Accuracy is Related to Irritability When Viewing the Higher Intensities of Anger. eFigure 3 Significant Connectivity Effects Not Depicted in Main Text. eFigure 4. Activation Maps of the Effect of ARI by Emotion on Activation. eReferences This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/01/2021 eAppendix: Prior Research Prior investigations involving youths with severe, chronic irritability (operationalized either as severe mood dysregulation (SMD)1-4 or DMDD5) suggest the neural basis of irritability-associated face-emotion processing impairments.2 Of note, these prior studies involved two categories of irritability-related disorders, bipolar disorder and SMD/DMDD, and were designed to investigate their shared or distinct pathophysiology.6 They generally found that chronic irritability is associated with aberrant neural responses to different face emotions in visual (e.g. -
Understanding Grief
Understanding grief A guide for those grieving the death of a loved one kp.org/wa © 2018 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington GP0002339-50-17 Contents Understanding the journey of grief | 2 5 common myths about grief | 3 What to expect from grief | 5 Anticipatory grief | 7 Grief attacks or memory embraces | 9 The work of grieving | 10 Self-care while you grieve | 11 Common questions about grief support groups | 13 Ways to be good to yourself | 16 When does grief become depression? | 18 Where to get help | 20 1 Understanding the 5 common myths journey of grief about grief Grief is a healing journey we travel Myth #1: Grief and mourning are the through the death of a loved one and same experience. back to wholeness. Understanding this Grief describes the thoughts and process and the intense emotions that feelings we experience when someone can accompany it may help you move we love dies. Mourning describes our toward a healthy recovery. While the outward expression of grief, like crying, journey through grief may be slow and talking about the person, or celebrating difficult, it can also be a strengthening anniversary dates. Different cultures have and growth-filled experience. different customs for mourning. We can’t control everything that happens to us or our loved ones during this lifetime. Myth #2: There is a predictable, orderly But we do have control over how we way that everyone experiences grief. respond to those experiences. We can Certain experiences are common among choose to live in sorrow and anger, or we people who are grieving.