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Prospect of Landfill Mining in Indonesia for Energy Recovery 1 PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 1 Prospect of Landfill Mining in Indonesia for Energy Recovery Baskoro Lokahita, Fumitake Takahashi Tokyo Institute of Technology Author Note The author acknowledges support by Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP). PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 2 Abstract Hundreds of landfills with the various operational system (open dumping, sanitary and controlled landfill) has been built across the country in the past decades. Landfills which already depleted its methane have an enormous amount of degradable organic carbon (DOC) left mixed with the various inert material. Landfill mining can be one of a method to extract those materials for energy production. The results show that the amount of accumulated DOC in the Bantargebang Landfill, Jakarta will be up to 1.2 teragrams in 2020. Incineration to produce 20MW electricity capacity is proposed for this study. Scenarios involving different tipping fee and carbon credit is used to understand the proper business model. The financial analysis shows that the project will be economically feasible if the government raise the tipping fee up to 70 USD if without income from carbon credit, or 60 USD if they can earn revenue from carbon credit. The low tipping fee in Indonesia makes it hard for this project to be owned by the private investor. Despite the availability of grants from government and government programs to accelerate this kind of project, municipal government should also consider rejection from people especially environmental NGO and scavenger. Keywords: landfill, waste-to-energy, thermochemical PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 3 Prospect of Landfill Mining in Indonesia for Energy Recovery The landfill has played a major role as a part municipal solid waste (MSW) management in urban societies since ancient times. As the civilization changes, the way of people disposing of their daily activity residue also changes. The landfill is not just an unmanageable pile of garbage, but people start to realize to take care of landfill in a safe and sound approach. Despite the high development of alternatives disposal means, the landfill is still the most popular disposal methods in the form of open dumping and sanitary landfill. UNEP counted that in Asia, 51% of disposal process is open dumping while 31% is sanitary landfill. Incineration and Recycling only take 5% and 8% of the total. In Africa, 47% is open dumping and 29% is sanitary landfill. On the other hand, in North America, sanitary landfill takes 91% of waste disposal method (UNEP, 2015). It shows that most of developing countries rely on landfill as disposal means for their MSW because it cost less than another method (Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002). The operation of landfill site not only lead to decreasing the environmental quality of surrounding area from smells but also on a global scale. The methane released will bring worse effect than CO2 to global warming (Cherubini, Bargigli, & Ulgiati, 2009), thus, a method to minimize the impact while bringing the benefit is necessary. Methane produced in the landfill was coming from the decomposition of degradable organic content (DOC) of inputted waste material (Rees & Rees, 1980). Capturing the methane gas is one of the solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The methane can be used for power generation by coupling with gas engine or steam engine. Once the methane is depleted, another method is needed to treat DOC left not decomposed and other inert material. Landfill mining was proposed as one of breakthrough to recycle the residue left (Dickinson, 1995). Krook, et. al (2012) address that, despite the idea of landfill mining was started since the 1950s, the research about this topic increase rapidly in 1990s because of PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 4 stricter new environmental regulation. The development of more sophisticated waste treatment and recycling programs in early 2000 drastically change the attention of this issue, until 2007 the idea about the extended concept of landfill mining arise in Europe (W. Hogland, Hogland, & Marques, 2010). A consortium in EU initiated Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) studies to build integrated strategy for material and energy recovery. So-called Project Closing the Circle was launched to create a pilot project in Remo Landfill (W. Hogland et al., 2010). Hull et. Al (2005) questioned the cost feasibility of landfill mining and argue that it will only work on certain condition such as; availability of special funds for remediation, availability of feedstock to make sure waste to energy plant running at its full capacity and the presence of cement company which will buy solid fuel from processed material. Recyclable recovered from landfill mining is low-quality material and the feasibility to utilize it is very low. Various landfill in Europe acquires waste with a calorific value up to 20MJ/kg which means high feasibility to build a waste to energy plant for processing excavated waste (William Hogland, Marques, & Nimmermark, 2004). While European countries have a constant value for its waste composition, developing countries such as Indonesia have gone to rapid change of development, resulting in dynamic change on waste composition and make it harder to predict the characteristic of its landfill waste (Enri Damanhuri & Padmi, 2016). Indonesia, with a population of 257million in 2015, shows exponential growth in their GDP and also its waste generation. In 2012, Indonesia generated solid waste up to 151,921 tons per day (tpd), and 7,896 tpd of it was from Jakarta alone (Waste to Energy Guidebook, 2015). Many people attracted to move to the major cities to work because of low employment in the rural area. This urbanization phenomenon put the enormous burden of waste management since their landfill capacity is very limited (E Damanhuri, 2008). Since the enactment of Indonesian Law number 18/2008 on Waste Management, the amount of landfill PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 5 site in Indonesia is increasing rapidly. In 2014 itself, Ministry of Public Works built 110 landfill site around Indonesia. Currently, local government in Indonesia operates 521 landfills with a total area of 2098 ha, most of them are open dumping landfill (Waste to Energy Guidebook, 2015). Even though the basic design was sanitary landfill, low commitment from the government for consistent operation turn the landfill into open dumping or at least controlled landfill. The number of waste generation is growing, the pollution from the landfill is getting worse, and the land area is limited. A strategy to solve landfill problem in Indonesia is needed. Employing energy recovery in landfill mining is proposed for the solution of this problem. Not only the land will be restored, but the energy generated from the process could also contribute to the countries energy mix, thus reducing the burden of fossil fuel. This study will explain the possibility of energy recovery from landfill mining operation in Indonesia. The literature review of this studies deals with research papers from a various research database, a report from NGO and Indonesian government documentation. This study aim to assess the situation of the landfill as common disposal method in Indonesia for introducing of landfill mining to recover the energy in its extensive process. The common practice of MSW and condition of landfill in Indonesia is explained. Further analysis of regulation and financial scheme related to waste, landfill, and energy recovery will be described briefly. Methodology This method used in this study is consist of literature review related previous research and analysis of secondary data to explain the challenge and opportunity of energy recovery from landfill mining. The review and secondary data were obtained from research papers, book and government document. A review of regulation, general waste management, and possible waste to energy technology will be explained. The analysis of secondary data PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 6 including waste simulation using data from Jakarta Province derived stored organic compound in landfill using IPCC formula and financial analysis. Since the historical data of Jakarta Province waste is considered as a complete one, simulation of waste generation and composition will be made as the based to calculate non-decomposable DOC left in the landfill. Net Present Value (NPV), Interest Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of the cash flows will be used for financial analysis. Regulation Review Regulation related to waste management and waste to energy in Indonesia is complex and should be analyzed carefully to avoid overlapping practice. Activity related to waste management is regulated by: 1. Law number 18/2008 about Waste Management 2. Government Regulation number 81/2012 about Household and Household-like Waste Management 3. Home Affair Ministerial Regulation number 33/2010 about Guidelines for Waste Management 4. Public Works Ministerial Regulation number 3/2013 about Procurement of Municipal Solid Waste Utilities. According to Law number 18/2008, each government level has their jurisdiction in waste management. Central Government is obligated to build the regulation, national strategy, and standard operational procedure. They also need to promote cooperation between each region regarding waste management. In regional sector, Governor will make the regulation and encourage collaboration between each city in provincial level. Each City Government must obey the rules of procedure made by the central and provincial government. The Mayor is responsible for conducting the operational of waste management PROSPECT OF LANDFILL MINING IN INDONESIA FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 7 and evaluating the performance. The financing of waste management is derived from National and Regional Budget. Since the responsibility for operational of waste management fall to local government, they have an obligation to make sure the availability supply for waste to energy power plant. Almost each municipality in Indonesia owns a landfill.
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