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The Doctrine of Resurrection and the Challenge of Traditional Igbo (African) Eschatology

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The Doctrine of Resurrection and the Challenge of Traditional Igbo (African) Eschatology The Doctrine of Resurrection and the Challenge of Traditional Igbo (African) Eschatology von Matthew Maduabuchi Nsomma Anyanwu University of Bamberg 2012 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de/ abrufbar Diese Arbeit hat dem Institut für Katholische Theologie (als Promotionsausschuss der Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Otto- Friedrich-Universität Bamberg für die Altfälle der ruhenden Katholisch- Theologischen Fakultät) als Dissertation vorgelegen 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Klausnitzer 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kügler Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 31. Mai 2011 Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Hochschulschriften-Server (OPUS; http://www.opus- bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg erreichbar. Kopien und Ausdrucke dürfen nur zum privaten und sonstigen eigenen Gebrauch angefertigt werden. URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-5471 5 Zusammenfassung Die Motivation dieses Buch zu schreiben entspringt den pastoralen Refor- men des II. Vatikanischen Konzils. Eine der Erwartungen dieses Konzils war das Aufscheinen eines "Zweiten Pfingstereignisses", um eine größere und bessere Kirche zu erreichen. Offenheit war eine der Früchte dieses Konzils; die Kirche wurde sensibel für die Werte anderer Religionen zum Vorteil der theologischen Entwicklung. Das bedeutet aber auch, dass jede gegenwärtige Theologie, die die pastoralen Reformen des Konzils für ge- währleistet hält, es riskiert, der wahren Größe des Glaubens Schaden zuzu- fügen. In Erkenntnis der Werte, die in anderen Religionen zu finden sind, behandelt dieses Buch ein Thema im Besonderen, die Frage der Eschatolo- gie. Der Autor versucht, einen christlichen Glaubenssatz - die Auferstehung - aus der traditionellen Igbo-Perspektive Ilo-uwa (Wiedergeburt?) zu defi- nieren. Um eine klare Abgrenzung zwischen der asiatischen Vorstellung der Wiedergeburt und Ilo-uwa zu treffen, legt diese Darstellung große Auf- merksamkeit auf die innere und äußere Dynamik der Konzeptbedeutung Ilo- uwa. Ausschlaggebend hierfür sind vor allem zwei Gründe: Der eine ist die Vervollständigung. Nach Meinung des Autors dieses Buches gibt es be- stimmte Werte in anderen Religionen, die die christlichen religiösen Werte entweder bereichern oder ergänzen können; zum Beispiel der Glaube an das Jenseits. Zweitens beschreibt dieses Buch eine angemessene Definition eini- ger traditioneller Igbo-Werte, die auch die Eschatologie umfasst. Das Über- leben der Igbo-Kirche hängt von dem Verständnis einiger dieser Werte ab und der praktische Weg, dieses Überleben zu sichern, ist eine Evangelisati- on duch Inkulturation. 7 Abstract The writing of this book is motivated by the pastoral reforms of the second Vatican Council. One of the expectations of the council was the ‘descent’ of the ‘second Pentecost’ for a bigger and better church. One of the fruits of the council was openness; the church became docile to the values found in other religions to the advantage of the development of theology. This means that any theology in the present that takes the pastoral reforms of the coun- cil for granted risks the danger of compromising the real growth of the faith. In recognition of the values found in other religions, this book treats one of the topics of religious concern, the issue of eschatology. The author tries to define resurrection which is a Christian article of faith from the Igbo tradi- tional perspective of Ilo-uwa (reincarnation?). In trying to make the clear distinction between the Asian form of reincarnation from Ilo-uwa, this the- sis paid greater attention to the internal and external dynamics of the mean- ing of the concept Ilo-uwa. There are two major reasons for addressing this topic. The very first reason is complimentarity. It is the opinion of the au- thor of this book that there are certain values in African religions that could either enrich or compliment the Christian religious values, for instance, the belief in the living-dead. Secondly, this book suggests for the appropriate definition of some Igbo traditional values including eschatology. The sur- vival of the Igbo Church depends on the understanding of some of these values and the practical way to do this is through evangelization via incul- turation. Contents 1 General Introduction ..............................................................................15 1.1 Statement of the Problem .................................................................19 1.2 The Argument of this Work..............................................................20 1.3 The Purpose of the Research ...........................................................21 1.4 The Methodology Used ...................................................................22 2 Definitions of some Fundamental Concepts ..........................................25 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................25 2.2 Revelation ........................................................................................26 2.3 Life after death - the two common Terms .......................................28 2.4 Resurrection in World Religions and Philosophy............................29 2.5 Religion, God and Humanity in Relationship ..................................29 2.6 The Being and Essence of God ........................................................31 2.6.1 Definition of God from Philosophical Perspective ................32 2.6.2 OT and the Definition of God ................................................38 2.6.3 The Name of God as Power ....................................................40 2.6.4 The God who creates ..............................................................43 2.7 The Human Nature ..........................................................................46 2.7.1 The Image and Likeness of God .............................................49 2.7.2 Biblical Anthropology ............................................................53 2.7.3 The Relationship Between Basar, Nephesh and Ruach in He- brew Anthropology .................................................................53 2.7.4 Pauline New Testament Anthropology ..................................59 2.7.5 The Sóma ................................................................................60 2.7.6 Immortality of the Soul ..........................................................63 2.7.7 Immortality and the Resurrection in Christianity ...................65 2.8 The Origin of Death .........................................................................77 2.8.1 What is Death .........................................................................80 2.8.2 The Dynamism of Death ........................................................80 2.8.3 Anxiety and the Fear of Death ................................................82 10 2.8.4 Existentialism and the Question of Death ..............................83 2.8.5 Martin Heidegger ....................................................................84 2.8.6 Martin Heidegger and the Problem of Death .........................85 2.9 Conclusion........................................................................................88 3 Death as the Way to Eschaton.................................................................93 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................93 3.2 The Problem of Originality of the Doctrine to Israel ......................94 3.3 Egypt ................................................................................................97 3.3.1 Zoroastrian Impulse ..............................................................101 3.3.2 Persian/Iranian Influence on Judaism ...................................102 3.3.3 The late establishment of the resurrection concept in the OT ...............................................................................................110 3.4 Foundation of Resurrection Expectation .......................................112 3.4.1 The Rise of the Hope of Resurrection in OT ........................118 3.4.2 Resurrection of the Just - Isaiah 26:7-19 ..............................123 3.4.3 General Resurrection ............................................................133 3.5 Resurrection in the NT....................................................................140 3.5.1 What did the NT really think about the Resurrection of the Dead?.....................................................................................141 3.5.2 The Empty Tomb...................................................................143 3.5.3 The Post-Mortem Appearances ............................................152 3.6 Resurrection Appearances and Faith Transformation....................157 3.7 Conclusion......................................................................................163 4 The Resurrection in History and Theology...........................................167 4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................167 4.2 Gnosticism: Origin and the Problems of Definition.......................168 4.2.1 Resurrection and the Gnostic Code.......................................173 4.2.2 What is a Creed.....................................................................175 4.2.3 The Apostolic Creed..............................................................176
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