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City Science in Developing Economies Big Data and Urban Analytics: City Science in Developing Economies Mayra Gamboa Gonzáleza e Juan Ángel Demerutis Arenasb a University of Guadalajara, College of Art, Architecture and Design Planning and Urbanism Department, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Email: [email protected] b University of Guadalajara, College of Art, Architecture and Design Planning and Urbanism Department, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Email: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.47235/rmu.v8i1.171 Technology as an Inseparable Element of environment. From this analysis we turn out the Cognitive Being and the Smart City as looking not so well in relation to the level of its Expression on the Territory development and power that we have reached, which, according to the author, Technological development is a characteristic makes us akin to gods, with similar powers that has accompanied humanity throughout of creation and destruction, but with little its history. Its origin could be located from understanding of what to do with that power, the evolution of man as a cognitive being in addition to an awfully bad relationship (Homo sapiens), interpreting technology in with our habitat and natural environment. accordance with the definition of the Real The technological advances which we are Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia witnessing are not equally distributed, and Española or RAE), as the set of theories and this fact does not assert us as a better species; techniques that allow the practical use of on the contrary, according to Harari (2018) scientific knowledge, as well as the set of there is great uncertainty regarding the future industrial instruments and procedures of a of the H. Sapiens, our species, since it is not given sector or product (Royal Spanish clear if we will be able to evolve towards Academy, RAE 2019). becoming gifted beings with different In his transcendental work From Animals consciences and feelings, in comparison with into Gods: A Brief History of Humankind, the way in which we currently know and Harari (2018) distinguishes three important understand them or if, by contrast, the use of revolutions in the history of humanity: the technology will fragment us into increasingly cognitive revolution that marks the beginning unequal societies, with the predominance of of history approximately 70,000 years ago; some groups over others. this is located at the beginning of the era of This technological, economic, and cultural the H. sapiens species, when human cultures development transferred to the physical emerged. The second is the agricultural expression of the territory has generated a revolution, between 12,000 and 5,000 years current growth model for the city that is one ago, when some authors place the origin of of accelerated, disconnected, and dispersed the first human settlements as villages and urbanization. It is a model where the use of towns in Neolithic societies that lived closely private vehicles prevails, and where public with the Nature-Mother Goddess (Eisler, transport expenses are high due to the great 1998, Mumford, 1961). And the third is the distances traveled to access sources of scientific revolution that began only 500 employment, education, and other basic and years ago, which gave rise to the Age of recreational services. There is a poor Enlightenment and the industrial revolutions distribution and coverage of infrastructure of the 18th century to the present day. and equipment services, as well as a These three revolutions have brought proclivity towards a horizontal housing significant changes in the way we humans model which does not help to generate have developed as a species, and to our sustainable living conditions. This translates relationship with other organisms and the into a state of inequality, as there is a lack of Revista de Morfologia Urbana (2020) 8(1): e00171en Rede Lusófona de Morfologia Urbana ISSN 2182-7214 Perspetivas 2 / 10 access to opportunities; a situation whose polluted environments as premises of care to underlying problem is on the rise and that improve the quality of life (Batty et.al, 2012, mainly affects the lower-income population, p. 483). who are typically excluded and pushed Smart cities are typically defined as those towards the outskirts of the cities where land which rely on the use of information tools for housing is affordable. and communication technologies (ICTs) for Castells (2010) establishes among the smarter, and therefore, more efficient characteristics that delineate the causes of performance of resources, which translates spatial dynamics and, therefore, the urban into energy savings, and improvements in form of the global network society, the close services and in the overall quality of life, interaction between the technological while reducing adverse impacts on the transformation of society and the evolution of environment (Shaheen & Cohen, 2017). its spatial form. In other words, technology Albino, Berardi and Dangelico (2015) trace not as a determining factor, but rather as a the use of the term smart city for the first facilitator of new social structures. So, what time in the 90s, related to the employment of should be the form in the future? One that new ICTs. This concept has become popular reflects a more democratic society, in Scott's in scientific literature and in international terms (2014). politics, where it is recognized that cities are Mostly in the last decade, the rise of key elements for the future, due to their role information and communication technologies in social and economic aspects, but the (ICTs) has permeated all the scenarios of serious impact that they have generated on daily life in order to make the city more the environment is also acknowledged. This efficient, to the point that now there is an poor environmental performance is one of the “abuse” of the term ‘Smart City’. pillars that support the arguments for smart growth, so that cities develop new ways to The connotation of the intelligent city is not meet these challenges. In this sense, the new. In the past, there have been different concept of smart city is not limited only to approaches that address the study of the city the application of technologies in the cities, as an organic entity, which is structured from but it takes it to other areas, which has networks and flows (Batty, 2013). According created confusion among public policy to Mitchell (2007), at the beginning of the makers seeking to make their cities smarter. 21st century and derived from a series of technological and communication advances, According to Peter Hall and Kathy Pain cities have been made up of a series of (cited in Castells, 2010), in the knowledge subsystems similar to living organisms that economy “advanced or specialized” services allow them to respond as such, in an are the dynamo of urban growth, wealth and intelligently coordinated manner. According power, and it is one of the reasons that to the author, the intelligence in the cities explain the phenomenon of metropolitan resides in the effective combination of digital concentration. These types of services are telecommunications and transport mainly concentrated in the urban centrality infrastructure (nervous system), the and in well-connected areas. In other words, embedded intelligence which is present the phenomenon of intra-urban inequality is everywhere (brains), the sensors (sensory present in both developed and developing organs), and the software (knowledge and economies, this regarding who can take cognitive competence). advantage of the services and the knowledge economy. However, the concept of the smart city surfaced just at the beginning of the A New Transdisciplinary Urban Science millennium as a merging of ideas about how information and communication technologies After a literature review on smart cities, other could improve the functioning of cities, to apparently related concepts and disciplines make them more efficient and competitive, appear, such as city science, urban science, and to provide new ways to address the computer science or urban analytics, among issues of poverty, social deprivation and others. This is noteworthy, as it indicates that Revista de Morfologia Urbana (2020) 8(1): e00171en Rede Lusófona de Morfologia Urbana ISSN 2182-7214 Perspetivas 3 / 10 there is no consensus in the definition of approach of the socio-eco-technological smart cities, and neither is there a conceptual systems (SETs) (McPhearson et al, 2016; framework for these new meanings. Van der Leer et al, 2019, cited in Gómez However, the following examination will et.al, 2019). In this approach, the social attempt to make an initial approach and to subsystem encompasses the economic, establish distinctions with respect to what is political, cultural, and biosocial socio- referred to as the smart city. systems, whose components are fundamentally individuals or human In the City Science perspective, cities are organizations related to each other and to the considered as complex systems of systems other subsystems through actions, which are not predictable and which are interactions, and transactions. The based on the understanding of these systems ecological-territorial subsystem, in turn, of networks and flows that interact with the includes natural systems that act in two ways, objects within them (Siller, 2015). To study since they function as a territorial support or the city, other sciences are required, such as hinterland of the other subsystems, enabling social physics, urban economics, transport
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