Storia Della Notazione Musicale

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STORIA DELLA NOTAZIONE MUSICALE Voce13 I motivi della scrittura della musica, si legano a necessità di tramandabilità, archivio, fissazione dell’opera in originale, importanza di lasciare il segno di quello che l’autore ha scritto. I sistemi di notazione nel tempo e nelle vari luoghi fisici sono stati diversi, anche se ora la omologazione ormai ha universalizzato il sistema, rendendo il sistema poco entomusicale. E’ da tempo relativamente recente che la musica viene insegnata, e quindi la notazione, non serviva, e per secoli la musica veniva tramandata oralmente. La pratica improvvisativa, dove da un’idea scritta e/o riportata, quindi non esecuzione di una cosa scritta, ma improvvisata su un testo linea melodica base viene ancora ora utilizzata vedi jazz, blues. Altra necessità di scrittura è scaturita dalle forme come le sonate, i concerti, quartetti, sinfonia: quindi la necessità di suonare assieme per mezzo di partiture per strumenti diversi che suonano assieme. A fine 800 si arriva alla ipercodificazione delle musica dove tutto è segnato, tempo, altezza, dinamica, espressione. Voce14 Nelle numerose scritture censite finora, poco più di un centinaio, il sistema più diffuso comune a queste è quello di usare le lettere dell’alfabeto. Dall’occidente le prime notazioni segnavano l’altezza del suono, con qualche segno di modalità di esecuzione: durezza, dolcezza, incisività LINEE DI CONTINUITA‟ SPAZIO-TEMPORALI Mesopotamia OPTOCENTRISMO Prime testimonianze di scrittura per musica (Nippur, ca. 2000 a. C.) … “Istruzioni per uso di strumenti a corda” Segmentazione del continuum linguistico-musicale Ugarit Nippur Tradizione greco-romana Medioevo Rappresentazione segnica XXI secolo Evoluzione teorico-pratica SNM_1 - Introduzione 10 SNM_1 - Introduzione 12 SNM_1 - Introduzione 11 Le prime forme di scrittura attraverso i greci provengono dalle culture fenice del Libano e Mesopotamiche dove la parola viene segmentata in fonemi, quindi come la parola è formata dalle lettere anche la musica viene segmentata in altezze in un continum a differenza di raffigurazioni grafiche(ideogrammi), che indicano una parola un concetto e solo quello(cinese). Tavoletta d‟argilla (ca. 2500 a. C.) Dialogo tra un maestro e un allievo. (“323 – 31 a.C.”) Elenco di oggetti, tra cui le 9 corde musicali (= note), 23 tipi di Unico testo di “lezione di musica”. Età ellenistica strumenti musicali (vari tipi di arpe, lire e strumenti sconosciuti) . Ki-na-ru kinnor (arpa di Davide) SNM_1 - Introduzione 13 SNM_1 - Introduzione 14 SNM_1 - Introduzione 20 “Intavolatura” in antico Babilonese (2000-1700 a.C.) con titoli: “intonazione” e “incantesimo”. Qui sopra un papiro dove Unico testo musicale completo: inno del tardo periodo di Ur, su scala discendente di Fa. sopra il testo si vedono La più antica notazione musicale conosciuta. Informazioni su liuto a 4 corde. Presenza di tastiera sul manico con valori segni che indicano il semitonali e tonali accuratamente calcolati. Testimonianza di manuali in istituzioni educative di 4000 anni fa. suono da accompagnare alla parola SNM_1 - Introduzione 15 Altro sistema per trasmissibilità del messaggio sonoro, da eseguire, con la tecnica della mano dove gesti codificati indicano le altezze come le note in un pentagramma. Metodo chironomico: derivazione probabile degli accenti grammaticali soprattutto accento acuto e grave in modo che con il gesto della mano del praecentor potesse esprimerla a beneficio dei cantori disposti di fronte a lui. Da questi si venne a poco a poco sviluppando un sistema di segni, i neumi, che indicavano più suoni riferiti alla nota o alle note da cantare su se stessa. Teoria Note Pianeti Sesso Elementi Giorni INDIA Musica monodica SHRUTI: 22 microintervalli disuguali entro l‟ottava Sa Saturno M Aria Sabato Ri Venere M Aria Venerdì RAGA: (diverse centinaia) concetto complesso: Ga Luna F Acqua Lunedì - Scala modale Ma Sole M Fuoco Domenica - Ornamenti specifici Pa Mercurio F Terra Mercoledì Dha Giove M Fuoco Giovedì - Formula melodica Ni Marte F Acqua Martedì - Indicazioni esecutive (attacco, registro, durata, …) Purandara Dasa (1480 – 1564) “padre” della musica carnatica Relazione tra Raga, astri, ore del giorno, elementi, … SNM_1 - Introduzione 23 SNM_1 - Introduzione 24 SNM_1 - Introduzione 25 India – Note e pause SNM_1 - Introduzione 26 SNM_1 - Introduzione 27 TIBET Parte di una composizione tibetana del XIX secolo. SNM_1 - Introduzione 30 CINA YUE “un oceano sconfinato “La musica è la sostanza dell‟universo, nel quale si può avanzare indefinitamente la natura degli esseri. L‟unione con questa sostanza, l‟accordo con questa nel tempo e nello spazio” natura, questo è l‟armonia.” (250 a.C.) 7 millenni di storia Musicista: mediatore tra Terra e Cielo YUE SNM_1 - Introduzione 32 SNM_1 - Introduzione 33 Ideogrammi Nella musica cinese (giapponese, balinese, …): ideogrammi = sillabe = note Intavolatura per Guqin (1425) SNM_1 - Introduzione 35 SNM_1 - Introduzione 34 Voce015 Usare l‟alfabeto Doppia notazione greca Alfabeto fenicio (strumentale) (krusis) Alfabeto attico (vocale) (lexis) Era cristiana Sistema alfabetico: dalla Grecia classica e ellenistica all‟Occidente medievale, attraverso: De Musica (Severino Boezio, ca. 480 – ca. 525) SNM_1 - Introduzione 41 SNM_1 - Introduzione 46 SNM_1 - Introduzione 48 Tornando al concetto che la notazione musicale usava quella alfabetica dal 4° 5° secolo a.c. in Grecia per la notazione musicale venivano usava due alfabeti: l’attico per la vocale e fenicio per la strumentale. Tutto questo arriva fino a Roma del 4° 5° sec. d.c. dove il primo trattatista Boezio comincia a scriverne la teoria nel suo De Musica. Severino Boezio, De Institutione Musica Illustrazione della scala greca e deiSNM_1 generi - Introduzione 52 diatonico, enarmonico e cromatico Nel sistema di notazione greco non sono segnate solo le altezze, ma anche le durate, visto che nella poesia, i testi, le vocali possono essere lunghe e/o corte, e dove addirittura la stessa parola assume significato diverso a seconda di come viene più o meno allungata la vocale in essa. Inizialmente le note venivano associate alle lettere, una nota una lettera, e già con le maiuscole e le minuscole si posso segnare due ottave. Interessante è notare il moto contrario in questo organum, prima forma polifonica, in questo “ad organamun facendum” trattato milanese del 1000 circa. Scrittura alfabetica Oggi Paesi anglosassoni Sistema tedesco A = la (anche paesi Nord Europa) B = si A = la Cis/Des = Do#/Reb C = do B = si b D = re C = do Dis/Es = Re#/Mi b D = re E = mi Fis/Ges = Fa#/Solb F = fa E = mi G = sol F = fa Gis/As = Sol#/La b G = sol Ais/B = La#/Sib Flat = b H = si Sharp = # SNM_1 - Introduzione 53 SNM_1 - Introduzione 54 Scrittura dei semitoni con la estensione is e es per per i bemolle e i diesis soprattutto usato in area nordeuropea. Ci sono voluti quasi 1000 anni per dare una codifica precisa alla notazione musicale, per arrivare al 20° secolo dove tutto viene smontato per esigenze diverse di sonorità, forme, strumenti nuovi. I cambiamenti radicali nella scrittura musicale si avranno in coincidenza di quei momenti di passaggio da un sistema concettuale ad un altro(come dalla monodia del gregoriano alla polifonia): il novecento che ha fatto esplodere tanti vulcani, aveva forse bisogno di mettere in crisi anche il modo di scrivere. Voce023 Non tutte le culture hanno prediletta l’altezza il parametro più importante da notare, e questo dipende dalla struttura generale culturale. Per noi è stato cosi almeno dai Greci in poi, con la notazione alfabetica ancora in uso in certi ambiti. Ora noi usiamo la notazione neumatica, pallini su righi, è stata un’ evoluzione lenta dal sec. IX in su fino al XV. Sec. Notazione musicale SCRITTURA a.a. 2013-2014 STORIA della NOTAZIONE MUSICALE 3 Obiettivi Perché scrivere? (prof.ssa Federica Fortunato) - Tradizione - Diffusione • Pluralità di obiettivi - Controllo della costruzione 2. SCRIVERE LE ALTEZZE • Trasformazioni della percezione e della Notazione neumatica (secc. IX – XV) trasmissione Risultati - Permanenza del repertorio (potenziale) - Perdita elementi dinamici (trasformazione/arricchim) TRIENNIO III - Specializzazione separazione SNM3_2 - Scrivere le SNM3_2 - Scrivere le SNM3_2 - Scrivere le altezze altezze altezze Fra i vari motivi per cui si comincia a notare come sopra, molto importante, è dovuto alla nascita della polifonia, per cui per suonare assieme importante era codificare l’insieme delle linee melodiche e soprattutto ritmiche. Il controllo della costruzione libera il fatto di inventare cose nuove e fissarle elaborarle, per non essere costretti a forme tradizionali che per la loro essenza fondata sul tramandazione erano sempre le stesse e semplici, visto che erano trasmesse oralmente, anche se il fatto di fissare esattamente tutto altezze, dinamiche, tempo forse porta ad una perdita di immediatezza, di improvvisazione. Questo concetto di partitura con tutta la descrizione di cosa esattamente fare, concetto occidentale, porta ad alla perdita di interpretazione, mentre in altre culture, non è cosi, dove solo viene messo a disposizione una traccia su cui interpretare. Questo soprattutto nell’ottocento crea la divisione tra compositore ed esecutore/interprete. Inoltre la notazione, la scrittura, comporta un’ educazione alla lettura e quindi studio con la nascita di una nuova figura del musicista, non più artigiano che acquisiva melodie, forme, musiche, per via orale ascolti, esempi, senza acquisire una tecnica di lettura. Questo soprattutto nel popolare visto si poteva manifestare
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  • Differential Cognitive Responses to Guqin Music and Piano Music in Chinese Subjects: an Event-Related Potential Study

    Differential Cognitive Responses to Guqin Music and Piano Music in Chinese Subjects: an Event-Related Potential Study

    Neurosci Bull February 1, 2008, 24(1): 21-28. http://www.neurosci.cn DOI: 10.1007/s12264-008-0928-2 21 ·Original Article· Differential cognitive responses to guqin music and piano music in Chinese subjects: an event-related potential study Wei-Na ZHU 1, Jun-Jun ZHANG1, Hai-Wei LIU1, Xiao-Jun DING1,2, Yuan-Ye MA1,3, Chang-Le ZHOU1 1Mind, Art and Computation Laboratory, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Information Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 2College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 3Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Abstract: Objective To compare the cognitive effects of guqin (the oldest Chinese instrument) music and piano music. Methods Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data in a standard two-stimulus auditory oddball task were recorded and analyzed. Results This study replicated the previous results of culture-familiar music effect on Chinese subjects: the greater P300 amplitude in frontal areas in a culture-familiar music environment. At the same time, the difference between guqin music and piano music was observed in N1 and later positive complex (LPC: including P300 and P500): a relatively higher participation of right anterior-temporal areas in Chinese subjects. Conclusion The results suggest that the special features of ERP responses to guqin music are the outcome of Chinese tonal language environments given the similarity between Guqin’s tones and Mandarin lexical tones. Keywords: music; guqin; piano; cognitive process; event-related potential (ERP); N1; LPC; P300 1 Introduction and long-lasting positivity[16]. There are some other studies available regarding about the effects of cross-cultural music Music is considered as a culturally specific phenom- on the musical synchronization[7], music phrase perception enon and characterized with ethnic background, social envi- [15] and music scale structure[16].