Ada Leung JP

h k - l a w y e r . org 知識產權署署長梁家麗專訪 Department Property Director of theHongKong Intellectual Ada Leung Face to Face with CoverStory 封面專題 FINTECH ICO功能型代幣以及與證券法的關聯性 of SecuritiesLaw ICO UtilityTokens andtheRelevance 金融科技 JP JP REGULATORY 在香港進行眾籌－具備充足的門道 there areSufficientGateways Crowdfunding inHongKong – 監管 M FAMILY LAW arch 跨境婚姻關係所涉及的子女管養權問題 Across theBorder Custody ofChildreninRelationships

2018 家庭法 HK$308 二零一八年三月

www.hk-lawyer.org Hong Kong Lawyer 香港律師 The official journal of The Law Society of Hong Kong (incorporated with limited liability) 香港律師會 (以有限法律責任形式成立) 會刊 HONG KONG LAWYER www.hk-lawyer.org THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE LAW SOCIETY OF HONG KONG 香港律師會會刊 Editorial Board 編輯委員會 Chairman 主席 Huen Wong 王桂壎 Inside your March issue Jenkin SF Chan 陳少勳三月期刊內容 Nick Chan 陳曉峰 Peter CH Chan 陳志軒 Heidi KP Chu 朱潔冰 Elliot Fung 馮以德 Steven Brian Gallagher Warren P Ganesh 莊偉倫 Gu Minkang 顧敏康 Julienne Jen 任文慧 Dave CK Lau 劉子勁 Byron TW Leung 梁東華 Michelle KM Tsang 曾憲薇 Adamas KS Wong 黃嘉晟 Tony YH Yen 嚴元浩 16 COVER STORY THE COUNCIL OF THE LAW SOCIETY OF HONG KONG 香港律師會理事會 President 會長 Thomas ST So 蘇紹聰 Vice Presidents 副會長 Melissa K Pang 彭韻僖 Amirali B Nasir 黎雅明 Council Members 理事會成員 Stephen WS Hung 熊運信 Huen Wong 王桂壎 Michael J Lintern-Smith 史密夫 Billy WY Ma 馬華潤 30 FINTECH Cecilia KW Wong 黃吳潔華 Brian W Gilchrist 喬柏仁 Denis G Brock 白樂德 Nick Chan 陳曉峰 Bonita BY Chan 陳寶儀 Mark Daly 帝理邁 CM Chan 陳澤銘陳潔心 Serina KS Chan 36 REGULATORY Warren P Ganesh 莊偉倫 Simon SC Lai 黎壽昌 Roden ML Tong 湯文龍 Robert C Rhoda 羅睿德 4 EDITOR’S NOTE 編者的話 Jonathan Ross 羅彰南 6 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 會長的話 Secretary General 秘書長 Heidi KP Chu 朱潔冰 9 CONTRIBUTORS 投稿者 Law Society’s Contact: www.hklawsoc.org.hk 12 LETTER TO HONG KONG LAWYER 給《香港律師》的信與律師會聯繫 Tel: +852 2846 0500 4 1 FROM THE SECRETARIAT 律師會秘書處資訊 Annual Subscription 全年訂閱: HK$3,696 16 COVER STORY 封面專題 Thomson Reuters Hong Kong Limited Face to Face with 專訪 16/F, Cityplaza 3, Taikoo Shing, Hong Kong Ada Leung JP 梁家麗 JP Tel: +852 2847 2088 Director of the Hong Kong Intellectual Property Department www.thomsonreuters.com 知識產權署署長 ISSN 1025-9554 24 LAW SOCIETY NEWS 律師會新聞 © Copyright is reserved throughout. No part of this publication can be reproduced in whole or 30 FINTECH 金融科技 part without the express permission of the editor. ICO Utility Tokens and the Relevance of Securities ICO功能型代幣以及與證券法的關聯性 Contributions are invited, but copies of work should be kept, as Hong Kong Lawyer can accept no Law responsibility for loss. 36 REGULATORY 監管 Crowdfunding in Hong Kong – there are Sufficient 在香港進行眾籌－具備充足的門道 Gateways March 2018 二零一八年三月 HK$308

Editor 編輯 42 FAMILY LAW 家庭法 Navin G. Ahuja Custody of Children in Relationships Across the 跨境婚姻關係所涉及的子女管養權問題 [email protected] Border Tel: +852 2841 5837 47 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視 Managing Editor 執行主編 Ranajit Dam 鄧文杰 58 CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要 [email protected] 實踐技能 Tel: +65 6870 3393 74 PRACTICE SKILLS LegalTech: eDiscovery Explained and Analytics 法律科技：eDiscovery 解釋及分析 Design and Production 設計及制作 Analysed Samson Pang 彭振生 [email protected] 78 PROFESSIONAL MOVES 會員動向

Translation team 翻譯組 82 CAMPUS VOICES 法學院新聞 InfoPower 法律知識測驗 Tang Mei Kwan 86 LEGAL TRIVIA QUIZ

Special thanks to Hong Kong Law Reports & 88 LAWYERS AT LEISURE 律師閒情 Digest and Reuters News Sailing Through a Legal Mind 思考航海特別感謝香港法律彙報與摘錄及路透社新聞

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All information and views expressed by contributors and advertisements in Hong Kong Lawyer do not 74 PRACTICE SKILLS necessarily reflect the official opinion of The Law Society of Hong Kong. Whilst every effort is made to ensure editorial and commercial integrity, no responsibility is accepted by the Publisher or The Law Society of Hong Kong for the accuracy of material appearing in this journal. Members are encouraged to contribute but the Editorial Board of The Law Society of Hong Kong reserves the right to publish only material it deems appropriate. 88 LAWYERS AT LEISURE Overview Confirmed speakers to date* Keynote speakers Asian Legal Business invites you to join us at the • Moray Taylor-Smith, Head of Anti-Bribery Hong Kong Anti-Corruption Forum on 22 March & Corruption, Greater China and North Asia, 2018 to learn about recent regulatory updates on Standard Chartered Bank anti-corruption and anti-bribery and address key • Catherine Kardinal, General Counsel and concerns faced by legal/compliance professionals Regional Compliance Officer, Siemens Limited in safeguarding corporate reputations and • Maaike van Meer, Chief Legal & Compliance businesses. Officer,AXA Insurance Hong Kong • Bibsy Llenos-Flauta, Assistant General Counsel, Join us at this event to get regulatory updates and Citibank explore practical tips to mitigate anti-corruption • Fiona Callanan-Thorsby, Assistant General risks and delve deep into key concerns which legal/ Counsel, Head of Litigation and Regulatory compliance professionals need to address to Enquiries APAC, Bank of America William Tam, SC successfully safeguard corporate reputations and • Sasha Kalb, Vice President Compliance and Risk, Deputy Director of businesses. APAC, American Express Global Business Travel Public Prosecutions, • Vivian Chui, Regional AML and Sanctions Head of the Commercial Agenda at a glance* Advisor, BNP Paribas Hong Kong Crime and Corruption Sub-Division, • Hong Kong Government Keynote Address: The • Robinson Cheng, Chief Compliance Officer, ZTE Prosecutions Division Latest Developments in Hong Kong’s Anti- Corporation Department of Justice Corruption Law and Enforcement Trends • And more to be confirmed! • International Anti-Corruption Enforcement *Not finalized and subject to further revisions Trends and Priorities • Identifying Third Party Risks and Implementing Register Due Diligence Solutions to Mitigate these Risks www.regonline.com/hkanticorruption2018 • Corporate Transparency and Legal Compliance – How can In-House Counsels Work Better by www.legalbusinessonline.com/conferences/ Learning from Best Anti-Corruption Practices hk-anticorruption-2018 • How has U.S. FCPA Act and UK Anti-Bribery Act Influence Asian Businesses? For Speaking Opportunities • Handling Crisis Management and Safeguarding Willy Leonardi Corporate Reputation during Regulatory (65) 6870 3102 / [email protected] Sandra Moser Investigations Acting Chief, • Implementing Effective Risk Assessment For Sponsorship Opportunities Fraud Section Methodology and Monitoring Procedures in High U.S. Department of Amantha Chia Corruption Profile Businesses Justice (65) 6870 3917 / [email protected] • Corruption Pitfalls to Avoid and Useful Compliance Tips to Follow When Negotiating For Event Registration Cross-Border M&A Transactions Taranjit Kaur • Enhancing Cyber Security and Data Privacy (65) 6870 3909 / [email protected] Against Cross-Border Anti-Corruption Risks

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EDITOR’S NOTE 編者的話

Most of us are aware of the fact that technology, crowdfunding, and ICOs 科技、眾籌和首次代幣發行(ICO)都是當前的熱門 are hot topics at the moment. But what exactly are they and how do they 話題，但它們究竟是什麼？如何運作？(第33頁) work? (p. 30) 想像一下你在網上看到一些非常創新的產品，但它 Imagine browsing online and you somehow land on a page that displays 們僅有概念，或者只製作了樣本雛形。項目擁有人 some very innovative products but they are merely in the form of an idea or perhaps some prototype has already been produced. The owner of the 仍需要第三方的資金進行大規模生產，才能把產品 project(s) is still in need of funds from third parties in order to progress 賣給消費者。這就是眾籌，通過各種平台從個人或 the project(s) by way of mass production and making them available to 群體籌集資金的項目或企業。《監管》專欄討論香 the consumers. This is known as crowdfunding. It deals with projects or 港對眾籌方面的規管措施。(第39頁) ventures raising funds from various individuals or groups of people through various platforms. The Regulatory feature discusses Hong Kong’s approach 近期，投資ICO似乎比投資首次公開招股(IPO)更熱 in regulating crowdfunding. (p. 36) 門。《金融科技》專欄解釋何謂ICO及ICO功能型 It appears that there is more excitement when investing in ICOs rather 代幣以及與證券法的關聯。《實踐技能》專欄集中 than in IPOs these days. The Fintech feature explains what an ICO is and 討論eDiscovery科技及技術如何簡化訴訟和仲裁中 examines the relevance of Securities Law in relation to ICO utility tokens. 的文件披露。(第76頁) With regard to technology, the Practice Skills section concentrates on eDiscovery technologies and techniques to simplify document disclosures in 離婚或分居在香港日益普遍，確定子女的監護權可 litigation and arbitration. (p. 74) 能因而出現問題。如果一方父母決定單方面帶子女 Divorces or separation is increasing in Hong Kong and determining custody 離境，情況就更為複習，這個情況並不罕見，因為 of the child in such cases can be problematic. What might be even more 香港是中國的一部分，而擁有子女全面監護權的一 challenging is when one parent decides to unilaterally take a child across 方父母希望子女回港。《家庭法》專欄就這方面分 the border which is not uncommon given that Hong Kong is part of China, and the other parent who has full custody of the child wants his or her child 享寶貴見解。(第45頁) back. The Family Law feature shares valuable insights in this context. (p. 42) 香港被視為國際法律樞紐。在香港的註冊外地律師 Hong Kong is considered as an international legal hub. There are more 行有超過一千間。《會長的話》討論允外地律師在 than one thousand registered foreign lawyers practising in Hong Kong. 香港執業的規管框架。(第8頁) The President’s Message discusses the regulatory framework that permits foreign lawyers to practise law in Hong Kong. (p. 6) 最後，嗅嗅大海的氣味，感受微微的海風，聽聽海 Ending with a thought of a whiff of the sea, feeling the breeze and hearing 浪聲，在《律師閒情》專欄，Bo Lee律師分享他 the ocean, the Leisure section features Bo Lee’s experience in sailing and 駕駛帆船及參加香港首次主辦的環球帆船賽的經 competing in the Volvo Ocean Race which Hong Kong hosted for the first 驗。(第89頁) time. (p. 88)

Navin G. Ahuja Navin G. Ahuja Editor, Hong Kong Lawyer 《香港律師》編輯 Legal Media Group Thomson Reuters Legal Media Group 湯森路透 [email protected] [email protected]

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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 會長的話

An Open Regulatory Regime for Foreign Lawyers

The 2018 Index of Economic Freedom, with the requirements set out in the Kong solicitors cannot advise on the an annual guide published by The Legal Practitioners Ordinance (‘LPO‘) laws of other jurisdictions in which they Heritage Foundation, Washington’s No. and its subsidiary legislation. The are not qualified to practise. 1 think tank, was released on 2 February requirements are reasonably standard. There is no residency requirement for 2018. Hong Kong tops the Index again For example, the applicant must be registration as a foreign lawyer in Hong as the world’s freest economy for the of good standing, qualified to practise Kong. Nevertheless, to ensure proper 24th consecutive year. Its overall score the law of his jurisdiction of admission indemnity protection, the services has increased with improvements in and covered by professional indemnity provided to the public by a registered government integrity, business freedom insurance in a manner and extent foreign lawyer as a practitioner of and monetary freedom, and is well similar to the indemnity provided to a foreign law must be from within a Hong above the regional and world averages. Hong Kong solicitor under the statutory Kong firm or a registered foreign firm in Professional Indemnity Scheme. Hong Kong adopts a free trade policy, Hong Kong. which applies to both merchandise The practice requirements applicable Foreign legal services are also trade as well as trade in services. to a foreign lawyer in Hong Kong under permitted on a temporary basis With respect to the legal services the Foreign Lawyers’ Practice Rules to facilitate a lawyer with foreign sector, consistent with the free trade mirror those applicable to a Hong qualifications, who is not registered as policy, our aim is to achieve services Kong solicitor under the Solicitors’ a foreign lawyer, to serve the public in liberalisation to enable Hong Kong’s Practice Rules. A Hong Kong solicitor Hong Kong as a practitioner of foreign legal practitioners to compete with their cannot practise on his own account law provided that he does so from overseas counterparts on a level playing or in partnership if he has not been within a registered foreign firm or a field. Locally, the open regulatory employed as a solicitor of a Hong Kong Hong Kong firm for a limited period (not regime for foreign lawyers also aligns law firm for at least two years after more than three continuous months or seamlessly with the territory’s free trade his admission. Similarly, if a foreign 90 days in any 12 month period). policy approach. lawyer does not have at least two years of post-qualification experience Foreign practitioners are also welcome From time to time, I receive enquiries in the full-time practice of foreign law, to establish a commercial presence from our international counterparts on he may only practise foreign law as in Hong Kong by applying to the Law the extent of liberalisation with respect an employee of a law firm subject to Society for registration of a foreign to the practice of foreign lawyers in conditions as to supervision. law firm. Once a foreign law firm is Hong Kong. I would like to take this set up and registered, it can form an opportunity to elaborate on the subject. Foreign lawyers can only advise on Association with a Hong Kong law firm the laws of their own jurisdictions or An overseas lawyer is permitted to and apply to register the Association international law. For the protection of offer his services to the public in Hong with the Law Society. The two firms the public, they cannot advise on Hong Kong as a practitioner of foreign law if in a registered Association are then Kong law as they are not qualified as he registers himself as a foreign lawyer permitted to share fees, profits, Hong Kong solicitors. Similarly, Hong with the Law Society in accordance

6 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 會長的話

premises, management and employees Tribunal Convenor has to constitute If members have any views on the between them. This avenue of co- a Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal to operation of the foreign lawyer operation allows foreign lawyers and hear a case and the matter relates to a regulatory regime in Hong Kong or have Hong Kong solicitors to work closely foreign lawyer at the time, the Tribunal encountered difficulties in entering together paving the way for a full Convenor is obliged under the LPO the legal service markets in other integration of their services when they to appoint a foreign lawyer to be a jurisdictions, you are most welcome to are ready to do so in accordance with member on the Tribunal, in addition to share with us at president@hklawsoc. the statutory requirements. Since the the standard Tribunal composition of org.hk. commencement of the statutory foreign two solicitors and one lay person. lawyer regulatory regime in 1995, We embrace diversity and welcome 72 foreign firms have subsequently talent from other jurisdictions to join become localized as Hong Kong law and strengthen our legal services firms. sector. The current open regulatory With respect to professional discipline, regime for foreign lawyers achieves the foreign lawyers, same as Hong Kong right balance between ensuring free solicitors, are subject to the powers competition for all on a level playing of the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal field, maintenance of high professional Convenor to dispose of complaints standards, and protection of clients’ Thomas So, President under the LPO. In the event that the interests.

www.hk-lawyer.org 7 • March 2018

對外地律師的開放規管制度

華盛頓舉足輕重的智庫傳統基金會於否則只能以僱員身分從事外地法律執集人根據《法律執業者條例》處理針 2018年2月2日由公佈《2018經濟自業，並受督導的條件限制。對香港律師及外地律師的申訴。若召由度指數》。香港連續第24年成為全集人必須成立律師紀律審裁組聆訊案外地律師只可就其本身的司法管轄區球最自由的經濟體，在「政府誠信」件，而案件涉及外地律師，召集人必之法律或國際法提供意見。為保障公、「營商自由」和「貨幣自由」方面須根據《法律執業者條例》委任一名眾，他們不得就香港法律提供意見，的得分均有進展，總分較去年為高，外地律師、2名律師及1名非法律專業因為他們並非合資格的香港律師。同亦遠高於地區和世界平均水平。人士組成審裁組。樣地，香港律師也不能就其他司法管香港實行自由貿易政策。自由貿易既轄區的法律提供意見，因為他們不具我們擁抱多元化，歡迎來自其他司適用於商品貿易，也適用於服務貿備這些地方的執業資格。法管轄區的人才加入，提升法律服易。法律服務領域亦配合自由貿易政務界。現行對外地律師的開放規管制在香港註冊為外地律師並無居港要策，我們的目標是實現服務自由化，度，在公平競爭、保持高專業水平和求。儘管如此，為確保獲適當彌償保讓香港的法律執業者能夠在公平的環保障客戶利益之間取得了平衡。障，註冊外地律師作為外地法律的執境下與海外同行競爭。就本地而言，業者而向公眾人士提供服務，必須透若會員對香港外地律師規管制度的運針對外地律師的開放規管制度，也與過香港律師行或在香港註冊的外地律作有任何意見，或在其他司法管轄區香港的自由貿易政策一致。師行進行。進入法律服務市場遇到困難，歡迎電我不時收到海外同行的查詢，問及外郵至[email protected]與我擁有外地資格的律師而未註冊為外地地律師在香港執業的自由程度。我想們分享。律師者，亦獲准暫時以外地法律的執藉此詳細就此闡述。業者身分向公眾提供外地法律服務，海外律師按照《法律執業者條例》及但必須透過註冊外地律師行或香港律其附屬法例的要求註冊成外地律師師行進行(在任何一段12個月的期間不後，即可作為外地法律執業者向香港超過連續3個月或不超過90天)。公眾提供服務。這些要求是合理的標我們也歡迎外地律師向律師會申請在準，例如申請人必須聲譽良好、在本蘇紹聰會長港註冊外地律師行。外地在港律師行身的司法管轄區合資格從事法律執業成立並註冊後，便可向律師會申請註及已投購專業彌償保險，彌償的方式冊與香港律師行聯營。已註冊聯營的及程度須類似向香港律師所提供彌償兩間律師行即可分享律師費、利潤、的法定專業彌償計劃。場所、管理層和員工。這個合作渠道根據《外地律師執業規則》，適用於令外地律師和香港律師能夠密切合香港外地律師的執業要求，與根據《作，為外地律師按照法定要求把他們律師執業規則》適用於香港律師的一的服務全面融入香港作好準備。自法致。香港律師獲認許為律師後，須受定外地律師規管制度在1995年生效僱於香港律師行從事律師至少2年，以來，已有72間外地律師行進行本地才可獨自或以合夥形式執業。同樣化，成為香港律師行。地，外地律師具備資格後亦須具備至在專業紀律方面，律師紀律審裁組召少2年全職從事外地法律執業經驗，

8 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CONTRIBUTORS 投稿者

CONTRIBUTORS 投稿者

Syren Johnstone Syren Johnstone Keel Consulting, Director; University of Hong Kong, Keel Consulting董事；香港大學法律 Faculty of Law, Principal Lecturer and Executive 學院首席講師及法律碩士(合規與監 Director of the LLM (Compliance and Regulation) 管)課程策劃總監問 Programme Mr Johnstone has worked for over 25 years in securities Mr. Johnstone在證券監管和企業融資方 regulation and corporate finance. He has undertaken 面工作了超過25年。他曾擔任證券及期 senior management roles regulated by the Securities and 貨事務監察委員會及香港聯合交易所有 Futures Commission and The Stock Exchange of Hong 限公司的高級管理人員職位。在2016 Kong Limited. In 2016 he co-authored “Financial Markets 年他合著了"Financial Markets in Hong in Hong Kong: Law and Practice” (Oxford University Press). Kong: Law and Practice"（牛津大學出版 Syren holds two masters degrees, in science and law, from 社）。Syren分別持有牛津大學和倫敦大 Oxford and London universities respectively. He is on the roll of solicitors in England & Wales and Hong Kong. 學的科學和法學碩士學位。他是英國以及香港的註冊律師。

Alexa Lam 林張灼華 University of Hong Kong, Professor 香港大學法律學院教授 Professor Alexa Lam teaches securities law and regulation 林張灼華教授在香港大學法律學院教授證 in the Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong. Prior to 卷法規。在加入香港大學之前，林教授曾 joining HKU, Professor Lam was the Deputy CEO and 任香港證券及期貨事務監察委員會副行政 Executive Director of the Hong Kong Securities and Futures 總裁兼執行董事。在擔任這些職務時，林 Commission. In those roles, Professor Lam promoted 教授積極推動內地與香港在跨境資本市場 actively financial co-operation between the Mainland and 創新和開放方面的金融合作，包括人民幣 Hong Kong on cross border capital market innovations and opening, including the Renminbi Qualified Foreign 合格境外機構投資者(RQFII)和基金互認計 Institutional Investors (RQFII) and Mutual Recognition 劃。她並且在倡議國際監管方面發揮了重 of Funds programs. She also played a significant role in 要作用。她擔任巴塞爾銀行監督委員會保 international regulatory initiatives. She co-chaired the 證金要求工作小組和國際證券委員會組織 Working Group on Margining Requirements of the Basel 的共同主席。 Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions.

www.hk-lawyer.org 9 • March 2018

Philippa Hewitt Philippa Hewitt Withersworldwide, Professional Support Lawyer 衛達仕律師事務所專業支援律師 Philippa is a professional support lawyer in the divorce and Philippa是離婚和家庭事務的專業支援 family. She is a matrimonial lawyer dealing with all aspects 律師。她是一位婚姻事務律師，負責處 of family law, information management, legal writing and 理家事法、信息管理、法律寫作和出版 publications. 物的各方面事情。

Billy Ko Billy Ko Withersworldwide, Associate 衛達仕律師事務所律師 Billy is an associate in the family and media & reputation Billy是家事和媒體與聲譽團隊的律 team. Billy’s practice is varied and covers family law, civil 師。Billy的執業有多方面，涉及家事法， litigation and media law issues. 民事訴訟和媒體法律問題等。

Sebastian Ko Sebastian Ko Epiq, Regional Director and Senior Legal Counsel 埃貝，區域總監兼高級法律顧問 Mr. Ko leads Epiq’s document review services in Asia, including Mr. Ko現時領導埃貝在亞洲的文件審查 the review teams in Epiq’s offices in Greater China, India, 服務，其中包括埃貝在大中華區、印度 and Japan, and provides in-house legal support regionally, 和日本辦事處的審查小組，並在區域內 particularly on data protection compliance, and is admitted 提供機構內部的法律支援，尤其是在數 to practice in Hong Kong and New York (USA). Epiq globally 據保護合規方面，並獲認許在香港和美 provides integrated technology and services for the legal 國紐約執業。埃貝為法律界提供全球性 profession, including eDiscovery, court reporting, and regulatory and compliance. 的綜合技術服務，包括電子透露、法庭報告以及有關監管和合規。

10 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CONTRIBUTORS 投稿者

Michael Yuen Michael Yuen Epiq, Manager 埃貝，經理 Mr. Yuen is a manager of Epiq’s document review services in Mr. Yuen是埃貝在亞洲的文件審查服務 Asia, focusing on the Greater China market and supporting 部的經理，主要負責大中華區市場及支 eDiscovery projects regionally, and is admitted to practice 援該區域內的電子透露項目，並獲認許 in California (USA). Epiq serves law firms, corporations, 在美國加州執業。埃貝在全球有30個地 financial institutions and government agencies with 30 點為律師事務所、公司、金融機構和政 locations worldwide. 府機構提供服務。

Bo Lee Bo Lee Citigroup, Vice President (Senior Counsel) 花旗集團副總裁(高級法律顧問)

www.hk-lawyer.org 11 • March 2018

Letter to Hong Kong Lawyer 給《香港律師》的信

By Amy Chen, Associate Simmons & Simmons Disruptive Technologies in Legal Practice 在法律實務使用破壞性技術 The business concept of disruptive innovation becomes noteworthy in the 在法律實務中，破壞性創新成為值得留意的營商概念。 legal practice. It refers to a process by which a product or service takes 它指的是一個過程，產品或服務最初以簡單應用的方式 root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then 在市場底層扎根，然後向市場上層長驅直進，最終取代 relentlessly moves up market, eventually displacing established competitors. 成熟的競爭對手。 In his book Tomorrow’s Lawyers: An Introduction to Your Future, the legal futurist Richard Susskind commented that our legal profession will Richard Susskind是法律未來主義者，他在自己的著作 be dismantled in favour of increasingly capable systems. He highlighted Tomorrow’s Lawyers: An Introduction to Your Future the emergence of various disruptive legal technologies to challenge and 評論說，法律界會改轅易轍，採用能力越來越強的系 change delivery of current legal services. Document automation, document 統。他強調會有多種破壞性法律技術出現，挑戰並改變 analysis and legal project management are three currently widely-adopted 目前提供法律服務的方式。現在，文件自動化、文件分 technologies used in big law firms. 析及法律項目管理是三種獲廣泛採用的技術，也是大型 Document automation can automate a time-consuming and repetitive 律師行所使用的技術。 manual task into an almost instantaneous deliverable in minutes, whereas, in the past, junior lawyers and paralegals would have taken numerous 文件自動化能夠在數分鐘內將耗時並重複的工作自動化 hours to complete. This provides a much more less costly client solution and 到幾近彈指之間就可交付，反觀過往，初級律師及法律 eliminates human errors. 輔助人員要花多個小時才可完成。這樣，所提供的客戶 Document analysis is particularly relevant to litigation and regulatory 解決方案成本更低，連帶人為錯誤也被消除。 investigation work which often involves review of a large volume of 文件分析特別關係到通常需要檢閱大量文件的訴訟和監 documents. For instance, an e-discovery platform can enable lawyers to focus on the analysis of relevant information extracted from big data 管調查工作。例如，電子文件披露平台使律師能夠集中 analytics. 分析從大數據分析提取的相關資料。 Legal project management involves new methods, systems and techniques 法律項目管理需要新的方法、系統和技術以滿足客戶的 to meet a client’s particular needs with a level of efficiency akin to mass 特別需要，效率與大規模生產的相若。這些策略可以改 production. These strategies can improve communication amongst different 善事物週期中不同利益攸關者之間的溝通，省卻任何費 stakeholders in the matter cycle, eliminate any wasteful steps, minimize 時失事的步驟，盡量降低複雜性，判斷瓶頸並繼續監察 complexity, diagnose bottlenecks and keep monitoring performance. 表現。 Innovation always starts from intrinsic motivation. Lawyers need time and space to experiment and explore without fear of being disadvantaged 創新總是由本身的動力開始。律師需要時間和空間試驗 because of their contributions and at the same time law firms need to be 和探索，也需要不怕自己因為作出貢獻而失去優勢，同 able to efficiently develop and assess new ideas and get them to market. The 時，律師行需要有能力有效地開發和評估新的想法，並 future generations of lawyers can look for premium advisory work that would 將想法推向市場。新一代律師可尋找相當可能較多需要 likely favour human judgment and capabilities. At the same time, they can 人的判斷和能力的增值諮詢工作。與此同時，他們可以 directly get involved in building technological products that would ultimately automate some of the time-consuming manual repetitive work at the lower 直接參與建立最終會自動化某些耗時並重複的低端人手 end. 工作。 Law firms can inspire their fee earners to develop own innovation capabilities 律師行可以激勵他們的賺取費用者發展本身的創新能 and become original thinkers. In the UK, lawyers are now encouraged to 力，成為原創思想家。英國現在鼓勵律師從計劃時間中 pitch for time off from billable hours for exploration and reflection. An 抽時間探索和反思。律師行可以設立創新小組，由合資 innovation group led by qualified professionals can be set up to encourage 格專業人員帶領，鼓勵機構合作，構想創新概念，對律 organisational collaboration and bring innovative ideas which will be a source of sustainable competitive advantage for law firms and for the clients. 師行和客戶來說，這會是可持續競爭優勢的來源。畢 Afterall, a clear strategy, efficient delivery and engaging effectively with 竟，明確的策略，有效的服務提供，實際參與新興技 emerging technologies will be essential but disruption starts with people 術是必不可少的，只不過，破壞也是始於人和他們的想 and their ideas. 法。 12 www.hk-lawyer.org C

CMY

K • March 2018

FROM THE SECRETARIAT 律師會秘書處資訊

Ms. Heidi Chu, Secretary General 秘書長朱潔冰律師全新面貌迎接挑戰 A Facelift to Meet Changing Needs 律師會於1998年4月從前太古大廈搬到永安集團大廈，至今歷20年。太古大廈後來拆卸重建，並 This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Law Society’s move to its current 改名為遮打大廈。自喬遷以來，法律專業的人數 office at Wing On House. We relocated from the former Swire House in April 增加了一倍。截至2018年1月底，我們共有9,299 1998, which was scheduled to be demolished and redeveloped into the current Chater House. Since then, our profession has doubled in numbers. As of the 名持有執業證書的會員，秘書處職員有100人，而 end of January 2018, we had 9,299 members holding a practising certificate 1998年持有執業證書的會員人數僅為4,619人， and a team of 100 at the Secretariat, compared to 4,619 members holding a 秘書處職員僅56人。 practising certificate and 56 Secretariat staff in 1998. 面對不斷增長的會員人數和變化中的法律服務環 The scope of operation of the Law Society has been expanding to meet 境，律師會的業務範圍不斷擴大，以滿足各方的 the needs of the growing membership and the changing legal services 需要。 environment. 2008年，律師會設立會員服務部，致力為會員提 In 2008, the Law Society set up a new Member Services Department 供更多支援。其工作範圍包括為會員提供康樂和體 dedicated to providing more support to members. Its work ranges from the 育活動，促進會員的工作與生活平衡；組織社交活 offer of recreation and sports activities to promote a work-life balance, to the 動，協助會員建立專業網絡及免費法律諮詢計劃， organisation of social activities to facilitate professional networking and free 讓會員貢獻專業知識，幫助有需要的人士。 legal advice schemes to enable members to contribute their expertise to help those in need. 為應對全球化的挑戰，律師會積極參與國際活動，以保持其作為亞洲法律服務中心的法律專業 To cope with the challenges of globalisation, the Law Society is taking a more 代表機構的地位，在世界各地迅速變化的法律界 active role in international activities to maintain its status as the representative 中與時並進。 body of the legal profession in the legal services hub of Asia and to keep itself abreast of the rapid changes taking place in the legal industry around the 2017年，律師會接待了來自大中華地區及其他海 world. 外司法管轄區41個代表團。我們還資助了年青會 In 2017, the Law Society received 41 delegations from the Greater China region 員參加國際會議，擴闊他們的國際視野，讓年青律 and other overseas jurisdictions. We also sponsored young members to attend 師更好地裝備自己應對全球化。世界各地司法管轄 identified international conferences to gain more international exposure 區之間的互動日益增加，法律專業人員的流動性亦

Committee Room II 會議室II Online Library 網上圖書館

14 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • FROM THE SECRETARIAT 律師會秘書處資訊

to better equip them for increasing globalisation. The growing interaction 日益加強，律師會會密切關注各司法管轄區的執業 among jurisdictions around the world and the increasing mobility of the legal 及監管環境，因此，需要更多人手從事研究工作和 professionals across borders demand the Law Society to keep a close watch on 籌辦各種活動。 the changing practice and regulatory landscape in different jurisdictions. More 因應會務擴展需要更多辦公空間，律師會秘書處辦 manpower is required to cover the research work and the organisation of a 公室已進行翻新，擴闊工作空間。 diverse range of events and activities. 此外，隨著律師會圖書館設施全面數碼化，圖書館 To fulfill the space needs generated by its expanding operation, the Law 和閱讀區已改建為會議室。律師會接待處的共用區 Society offices had been renovated to create more office area for the 域設有4個配備電腦的工作站，以供瀏覽網上圖書 Secretariat. 館，歡迎律師、實習律師、註冊外地律師及律師行 Further, with the Law Society library facilities fully digitalized, the Library and 授權的法律助理使用。網上線圖書館提供的參考資 the reading area had been replaced with a new conference room. Four new 料訂閱清單，將透過會員通告發放。 work-stations each equipped with a computer for access to the Law Society’s Online Library have been installed in the common area at the Law Society 前律師會會所區域已翻新成為多用途活動室。律 Reception. Solicitors, trainee solicitors and registered foreign lawyers as well 師會一直提供強制性風險管理教育(RME)課程及持 as paralegal staff authorised by law firms are most welcome to use the facility. 續專業發展(CPD)課程。律師會及法律專業學會在 The list of reference subscriptions available on our Online Library is published 2017年舉辦了375項培訓課程。預期部分RME/ in our Circulars. CPD研討會、午間研討會及晚間招待會將可在多用 The former Clubhouse area had been refurbished into a multi-function room. 途活動室舉行，以減輕在中環物色合適場地的壓 The Law Society has been offering training courses under its mandatory Risk 力。 Management Education (‘RME‘) Programme and the Continuing Professional Development (‘CPD‘) Scheme. In 2017, the Law Society and The Academy of Law organised 375 training courses. It is expected that the multi-function room can be utilised to conduct some of the Law Society’s RME/CPD workshops, lunchtime seminars as well as evening receptions to relieve the pressure of sourcing suitable venues in Central.

Multi-function Room 多用途活動室

Monthly Statistics on the Profession 業界每月統計資料 (updated as of 31 January 2018): (截至2018年1月31日)： Members (with or without Practising Certificate) 10,752 會員(持有或不持有執業證書) 10,752 Members with Practising Certificate 9,299 持有執業證書的會員 9,299 (out of whom, 7,021 (76%) are in private practice) (當中有7,021位 (76%) 是私人執業) Trainee Solicitors 1,176 實習律師 1,176 Registered Foreign Lawyers 1,458 (from 34 jurisdictions) 註冊外地律師 1,458 (來自34個司法管轄區) Hong Kong Law Firms 894 (48% are sole proprietorships and 香港律師行 894 (獨資經營佔48%，2至5名合夥人的 41% are firms with 2 to 5 partners, 21 are limited liability 律師行佔41%，21間為按照《法律執業者條例》 partnerships formed pursuant to the Legal Practitioners Ordinance) 組成的有限法律責任合夥律師行) Registered Foreign Law Firms 85 (14 are limited liability partnerships formed 註冊外地律師行 85 (14間為按照《法律執業者條例》 pursuant to the Legal Practitioners Ordinance) 組成的有限法律責任合夥律師行) Civil Celebrants of Marriages 2,110 婚姻監禮人 2,110 Reverse Mortgage Counsellors 446 安老按揭輔導法律顧問 446 Solicitor Advocates 51 訟辯律師 51 (46 in civil proceedings, 5 in criminal proceedings) (民事程序：46位，刑事程序：5位) Student Members 176 學生會員 176 Registered Associations between Hong Kong law firms and 38 香港律師行與外地律師行 38 registered foreign law firms (including Mainland law firms) (包括內地律師行)在香港聯營

www.hk-lawyer.org 15 • March 2018

Face to Face with Ada Leung JP the Director of the Hong Kong Intellectual Property Department (‘IPD’)

By Navin G. Ahuja

da showed me the oldest After five years at AGC, Ada had the very beginning is to administer the trademark registration in Hong contemplated specialising. Although registration of trademarks, patents, AKong which was dated back to the thought of specialising in IP had and designs. In particular, registration 1874. The mark consisted of an eagle not occurred, opportunity led her to it. of trademarks is their bread and butter. design and the words ‘NESTLE’s EAGLE One of Ada’s colleagues at AGC told “We have close to 40,000 trademark BRAND’. The mark had an antique her about at an opening at IPD which applications each year.” The range in the appearance, having an old burnt treasure was still relatively new as it had been recent years has been between 35,000 map effect. Hong Kong’s trademark law established for approximately five years. and 40,000 trademark applications per was introduced in 1873 and is one of the Ada conducted some research and learnt year. “You can imagine the amount of oldest in the world (even older than the that IP was an emerging area at that work that we are handling taking into legislation in the UK). The registration time with Hong Kong being a founding account that we have to search each of trademarks was administered by the member of WTO and the implementation and every new application against our Office of the Colonial Secretary at the of the TRIPS Agreement. Moreover, 400,000 records.” time. This shows the long history of there were a lot of amendments to the IP “There are also back and forth intellectual property (‘IP‘) protection in legislation and there was discussion of communications if we raise objections.” If Hong Kong. localisation of Hong Kong’s IP legislation IPD raises objections, then the applicant at the time. Ada majored in science. After completing will have to respond to the objections her Bachelor of Science, she eventually IP was appealing. It was up-and-coming. within a certain period which is set joined the government as an executive However, Ada hadn’t studied IP. It was out in the legislation, and there would officer. She wanted to pursue further not that common in those days for be a chain of correspondence before studies and applied for a government LL.B. programs to offer IP as an elective a decision is made. If eventually the scholarship for an Applied Science course, and the university she studied at application is not accepted, the applicant degree in a medical related field. did not offer such program. She set her can apply for a registrability hearing. However, the scholarship was not mind to it. She learnt IP after joining IPD If however the application is accepted, available that year and Ada was told in 1995. IPD would advertise the application to that she might consider a legal training check if there is any opposition to the scholarship instead. Knowing at the Role of IPD registration. Any opposition could result time the high demand for local lawyers, IPD, compared with other government in an opposition hearing. Ada started studying law. She then departments is relatively small and Another main role is to act as the joined Attorney-General’s Chambers new, as it was established in 1990. government’s legal and policy adviser. (‘AGC’) as an Assistant Crown Counsel There are around 230 staff members “We provide legal advice to other a.k.a. trainee. After her training Ada including examiners, lawyers, marketing, government bureaus and departments was appointed as Crown Counsel and administrative and IT staff. on IP related matters. For example, if gradually promoted to Senior Crown One of the major roles of IPD since a government department handling Counsel.

16 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • COVER STORY 封面專題

www.hk-lawyer.org 17 • March 2018

Furthermore, IPD introduced the IP Manager Scheme also in 2015. “We have had over 700 business enterprises joining the IP Manager Scheme. Over 1,100 participants have already attended our two-day training course with thanks to the tremendous support from experienced IP practitioners. The course provides basic legal concepts on IP protection as well as suggestions and advice on formulation of IP within their businesses. We also offer a more advanced workshop which is a half- day course. Additionally, we provide information leaflets and reference materials to them. For example, two booklets in the areas of IP audit, diligence and licensing authored by Mr. Kenny KS Wong, Chairman of the a contract and there are IP issues for them to be aware of the value of and Intellectual Property Committee of which they need legal advice, they will managing their IP, and to formulate their the Law Society of Hong Kong, were come to us. We have a team of lawyers strategy in commercialising their IP.” published in collaboration with the Law Society of Hong Kong.” handling this sort of requests for advice. In 2015, the Working Group on IP Trading We also provide policy advice to our which was formed in 2013 released ”I think these booklets are very useful policy bureau, namely the Commerce a report with 28 recommendations for SMEs, and would help them identify and Economic Development Bureau. under four strategic areas on measures important IP assets and properly They are the responsible policy bureau to further develop Hong Kong as an manage them. Also, infringement on IP policies and legislation, but we IP trading hub in the region. “We are threats and risks might be identified provide advice to them. We look at the working on those measures. The four and resolved at the earliest opportunity. international development, we conduct strategic areas include enhancing Besides, SMEs can grasp the basics of the legal research, and we provide the or rather further enhancing the IP the general contents of an IP licence and assessment to them both from a legal protection regime; further supporting the preferences of licensors and licensees perspective and policy angle and provide IP creation and exploitation; fostering from their different perspectives. So, them with policy options to consider. the strength of our IP intermediary these are the sort of practical tips well So, we work very closely with our policy services and manpower capacity; and summarised in the form of a booklet.” bureau on development of future collaborating with different stakeholders What are trademarks? “Well, I think legislation and work with Department of in Hong Kong as well as externally.” we all come across trademarks day- Justice on the drafting of legislation.” IPD currently runs a scheme which in-day-out. Of course the Eagle Brand A third major role is to promote and provides free IP consultation services for trademark I showed in the beginning, educate the public on protection of SMEs. “With the assistance and support some might not know of it but for us intellectual property. “We have a budget of the Law Society of Hong Kong and its especially the older generation like of around nine million Hong Kong dollars members, we offer a one-on-one free IP myself, should be very familiar with this each year to do local promotion as well consultation for SMEs. The pilot service trademark as it one of the few brands if as fostering regional cooperation and commenced in 2015 and was formally not the only brand of milk that existed cooperation with the Mainland. Since launched in September 2016 and is when we were young. A trademark is a 2015, we have had a budget each year to well received by SMEs. The aim is to sign that distinguishes goods or services promote IP trading. We provide support raise their awareness of IP, assist them provided by one trader from another. You to SMEs and promote the importance of to develop effective IP management could say it is a form of identification as it making use of IP trading such as selling, and commercialisation strategies, and displays the trade origin of the goods or assigning, and effective licensing to to enable them to deal with possible services. Sometimes it is referred to as realise the value of IP. We also support challenges.” a brand name. There are however some businesses, especially SMEs in assisting

18 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • COVER STORY 封面專題

requirements in law which one has to This means that in future an applicant apply for international registration of fulfill in order for the brand name to be a can apply for a standard patent here trademarks in Hong Kong designating registered trademark.” in Hong Kong without first applying different countries that are Contracting anywhere in the world. “We will have Parties to the Madrid Protocol. Then Do trademarks require registration? “A substantive examination in our system, the IPD would have to look at their brand does not have to be registered although in the beginning we expect application to see whether it complies as a trademark in order to be protected that we will not have the capacity to do with the domestic legislation. The by law. It can be either protected as the full range of substantive examination convenience lies in the application stage. a registered trademark, or it can be here in Hong Kong which requires a The applicant needs only to file a single protected as an unregistered trademark lot of technical expertise, a very strong application and pay one set of fees. If under common law. Of course there are database and so on. We would do an international application is filed in a lot of advantages for it to be registered the substantive examination with the Hong Kong, we would then send it to as it would provide certainty. It becomes assistance of the State Intellectual the International Bureau of the World public knowledge that a particular Property office in Beijing. In the future Intellectual Property Organization mark belongs to a particular trader. we hope to build our own substantive (‘WIPO’) after a formality checking. WIPO When there is dispute it is easier for the examination capacity in patents will distribute it to the destination IP registered proprietor to establish its case. area, maybe starting with particular offices for further handling. Conversely, Generally, we expect most businesses technology areas.” an overseas would have applied for registration if applicant for they are conducting their business in International registration international Hong Kong.” What if a business in Hong Kong registration If the largest number of applications wishes to register its trademark may file an are for trademarks, what comes next? internationally? “The Protocol Relating application “Patents. We have around 13,000 to the Madrid Agreement Concerning in one of applications for standard patents each the International Registration of the Madrid year. We have short-term patents and Marks (‘Madrid Protocol’) adopted in Protocol standard patents. The former deals 1989 is an international treaty that with protection for eight years whereas facilitates international registration the latter is protected for 20 years. of trademarks. Currently there At the moment we do not conduct are 100 countries that are substantive search and examination party to the Madrid Protocol. of the novelty or inventiveness of the Although Mainland China is a invention. Based on a report issued by party to the Madrid Protocol, the Advisory Committee on Review of the Protocol has yet to be the Patent System in Hong Kong in late applied to Hong Kong. Hong 2012, we are undertaking a major reform Kong has an independent of our patent system. The Committee IP system which is separate comprising legal professionals, patent from the system in practitioners, members of the academia, Mainland China. However, members from the industrial sectors and under the international officials from the relevant government registration system, there is agencies, recommended that one of the usually one trademark office new major initiatives is the introduction per country.” of an original grand patent system in Hong Kong while retaining the existing “The good news is that it has re-registration route. The Government been decided Mainland China accepted the report of the Committee in is going to have two trademark early 2013. Since then, we have started offices for the purpose of this to take forward the recommendations international registration system, of the Committee. Hopefully the new which will include the Hong Kong patent system will be up and running in trademarks office. So in the future, 2019.” a trademark owner will be able to

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countries and seek trade mark Hong Kong and Mainland Dispute resolution protection here by designating Hong China “For IP infringement, an owner can Kong as one of the territories they wish “Although Hong Kong and Mainland commence civil action in court. There to cover.” China have separate IP regimes, we are also criminal sanctions enforced by “Once the amendment of our trademark do have a lot of cooperation with our the Customs and Excise Department in legislation is passed and other mainland counterpart including at a some cases of trademark and also for preparatory tasks (such as building national level, regional level, as well as copyright infringement. I think arbitration the necessary IT infrastructure) are provincial level. I would like to mention and mediation are options which parties completed, Mainland China will submit that the IP office in Mainland China is should consider when they have a a formal notification to WIPO to apply one of the biggest in the world and has a dispute on IP matters.” the Madrid Protocol to Hong Kong.” very strong patent examination capacity. “Of course, one of the biggest Would overseas registration then affect We started our cooperation with advantages of using arbitration and existing registrations in Hong Kong? “IP mainland since around the year 2000 mediation instead of the court’s is basically territorial. If the trademark and of course, we have seen a growth of proceedings is party autonomy - they can right granted in let’s say UK has no the mainland IP office in a very fast pace well choose their arbitrator or mediator effect in Hong Kong, then we would not in the past years. I believe it received 1.3 and can choose the issues which they consider it as conflicting or infringement million patent applications in 2016 which like to be resolved first. They can also as far as Hong Kong is concerned. is the highest in the world.” decide on where the hearing should But there could be a scenario where, What happens when for example Party A take place and the applicable law and for example, there is already a local from Hong Kong travels to Shanghai and so on. The Arbitration Ordinance has registration of a particular trademark sees this beautiful coffee shop owned by been amended and it has been clarified here in Hong Kong and a different Party B and likes it so much that Party that IP disputes whether or not in Hong overseas proprietor of the same mark, A decides to open a coffee shop with a Kong, and whether it involves validity or say in the UK, wishes to extend its similar name and design as the one he otherwise (because in the past there has international registration to Hong Kong saw in Shanghai? “It would really depend been some uncertainty on whether issues but the mark is conflicting as the goods on whether that Shanghai coffee shop involving validity of IP rights could be are overlapping somehow.” has any business in Hong Kong or any resolved by arbitration) can be resolved “Although the international registration goodwill in Hong Kong. The easiest way by arbitration. We produced a leaflet originating from the UK was not is to prove that the Shanghai coffee shop together with the Department of Justice extended to Hong Kong at the time has a business in Hong Kong established on the amendments and benefits of of registration, once the Protocol is but in some cases it might be that Party resolving IP disputes by arbitration.” applied to Hong Kong the registered B has not yet established any business Ada is responsible to lead, manage owner in the UK may decide to extend in Hong Kong. There might still be a and develop the Intellectual Property that registration to Hong Kong, which is situation though where goodwill, ie the Department as a specialised legal permissible under the Madrid system. reputation of the Shanghai coffee shop services department in the Government. However, if the proposed extension is so strong that Party B could argue She also performs the statutory functions conflicts with a Hong Kong domestic that his coffee shop has a spill-over as Registrar of Trade Marks, Patents, registration which is already on the reputation in Hong Kong. It would of Designs and Copyright Licensing Bodies. register, a decision will have to be made course be more difficult to prove but it She also acts as the departmental as to who should have priority. Prima would depend on the evidence.” Controlling Officer in financial facie, the local proprietor should have “Of course, this scenario would not be management. n an earlier right, just like the case where limited to Mainland China and Hong a conflicting domestic application is Kong. It could apply to other countries made when there is already an earlier too. However, Mainland China and registration. But of course, it is open for Hong Kong are so close geographically the subsequent applicant to challenge and in terms of culture with frequent the validity of the earlier registration, exchange of personnel and high volume and in which case, the Registrar will of travel between the two places, so the have to make a decision on the evidence possibility of such occurrence might be produced by the parties.” greater.”

20 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • COVER STORY 封面專題

專訪

梁家麗JP 知識產權署署長

作者 Navin G. Ahuja

女士向我展示了香港歷史最法律培訓後先後晉升為檢察官和高級檢察知識產權署的角色久遠的商標註冊，可追溯到官。與其他政府部門相比，知識產權署規模較梁1874年。該商標的設計由一在律政署工作5年後，梁女士考慮轉投專小，歷史亦不悠久。該署於1990年才成隻鷹和NESTLE’s EAGLE BRAND字樣業法律領域，機緣巧合下開始從事知識產立，約有230名職員，包括審查主任、律組成，加上舊藏寶圖的燒焦效果，外觀古權工作。律政署的一位同事告訴她，知識師、市場推廣主任、行政和資訊科技人色古香。香港的商標法於1873年訂立，產權署即將增設新職位，當時知識產權員。是世界上最古老的商標法之一（甚至比英署僅成立了約5年。梁女士知悉知識產權知識產權署的主要職能之一，是管理商國商標法還要早）。商標註冊由當時的殖是個新興領域，而香港是世貿組織的創始標、專利和設計的註冊。當中又以商標註民地大臣辦公室管理。這顯示了香港在知成員，並落實《與貿易有關的知識產權協冊的工作最為繁重。「我們每年接獲近4 識產權保護方面擁有悠久歷史。議》(TRIPS)。此外，當時對知識產權法萬個商標申請。」近年，每年的商標申請梁女士大學主修科學。完成理學學士學位例進行了多項修改，亦正討論知識產權法數量在35,000個到40,000個之間。「每後，她加入了政府擔任行政主任。她想繼本地化。個新申請必須與400,000個記錄對照，可續進修，於是申請了政府的獎學金，本知識產權是新興專業，甚具吸引力，但梁想而知我們的工作量不輕。」想修讀醫學相關領域的應用科學學位。然女士未曾修讀知識產權範疇。當時法律學「若我們提出異議，就要進行來回溝通。而，那年的獎學金還未發放，梁女士便獲士課程知識產權選修課程並不常見，她所」如果知識產權署提出反對意見，申請人建議申請法律培訓獎學金。她知道當時對讀的大學並沒有提供。但她心意已決，於就必須按法例規定在指定時間內就反對意律師的需求很高，於是便開始修讀法律， 1995年加入知識產權署後才研習知識產見作出回應，在最終決定前會有一連串的隨後加入前律政署擔任助理檢察官，完成權。

www.hk-lawyer.org 21 • March 2018

通信。若申請最終不被接受，申請人可以出，深受中小企歡迎。計劃旨在提高中小供的商品或服務的標誌。你可以說它是一申請召開是否可予註冊的聆訊。若申請被企的知識產權意識，協助它們制定有效的種識別形式，顯示貨物或服務的來源，有接受，知識產權署將公佈申請詳情，以待知識產權管理和商業化策略，令它們能夠時稱為品牌名稱，不過品牌名稱必須滿是否有人就註冊提出反對。若有任何反應對可能出現的挑戰。」足一些法律要求，才能成為註冊商標。」對，就可能會召開反對聆訊。此外，知識產權署亦於2015年推出知識商標是否需要註冊？「品牌不必註冊為商知識產權署的另一個主要職能，是充當政產權管理人員計劃。「該計劃已有超過標，也受到法律保護。註冊商標及未註冊府的法律和政策顧問。「我們就知識產權 700家企業參加，有賴經驗豐富的知識產商標在普通法下同樣受到保護。當然，商相關事宜向其他政府部門提供法律意見。權從業人員鼎力支持，1,100多位人士參標註冊賦予確定性，好處很多。若一個特例如政府部門要處理合約而需要有關知識加了為期兩天的培訓課程。該課程提供關定商標眾所周知屬於某個特定的商人，產權的法律建議，便會聯絡我們。我們有於知識產權保護的基本法律概念，及在業當出現爭議時，註冊持有人更容易據理力一組律師處理這類要求。我們亦向所屬政務中制定知識產權的建議。我們亦舉辦更爭。大部分在香港開展業務的企業都會申策局，即商務及經濟發展局提供政策建高階的半天課程。此外，我們還製作了傳請註冊。」議。該局負責制定知識產權政策和立法，單和參考資料，例如與香港律師會聯合出申請數量最多的是商標，那第二多是甚而我們會向該局提供建議。我們會審視版、由律師會知識產權委員會主席黃錦山麼？「專利。我們每年接獲大約13,000 國際發展，進行法律研究，並從法律和政律師編寫的兩本有關知識產權領域審計、份標準專利申請。專利分為短期專利和標策角度進行評估，提供可供選擇的政策方盡職審查和發放許可的小冊子。準專利，前者的保護期為8年，後者則為案。我們與商務及經濟發展局緊密合作，我認為這些小冊子對中小企非常有用，有 20年。目前，我們沒有對發明的新穎性制定未來立法方向，並與律政司合作起草助它們識別重要的知識產權資產，妥善管或原創性進行實質審查。香港專利制度法律。」理，並盡早發現及解決侵權威脅和風險。檢討諮詢委員會於2012年年底發表的報知識產權署的第三個主要職能是促進和此外，中小企可掌握知識產權許可的一般告表示，我們正在對專利制度進行重大改教育公眾保護知識產權。「我們每年有內容，及發出人和持有人各自的喜好。這革。該委員會由法律界人士、專利從業約900萬港元預算，用以進行地區宣傳及些實用技巧在小冊子內均有扼要介紹。員、學者、工業界及有關政府官員組成，促進與區域及內地的合作。自2015年以建議中的主要措施之一，是在香港引入甚麼是商標？「我們每天都會看到商標。來，我們每年獲分配預算用以促進知識產原授專利制度，同時保留現有的再註冊制剛剛提及的鷹牌商標，有些人可能未看權貿易。我們為中小企業提供支援，宣傳度。政府在2013年初接受了委員會的報過，但我們老一代就應該非常熟悉，因利用知識產權貿易的重要性，如銷售、分告。從那時起，我們開始推進委員會的建為它是少數我們自小就認識的牛奶品牌之配和有效許可等，以實現知識產權的價議，新的專利制度可期於2019年投入運一。商標是區分一個商人與另一個商人提值。我們還協助企業，特別是中小企了解作。」知識產權的價值和管理及制定商業化知識這意味著將來申請人可以在香港申請標準產權策略。」專利，無需事先在其他地方申請。「我們一個成立於2013年的知識產權貿易工作將在制度中加入實質審查。預計起初我小組在2015年發表報告，就4個策略範們將不具備在香港進行全面實質審查的能圍作出28項建議，提出進一步發展香港力，因為這需要大量的專業知識和強大的作為區內知識產權貿易樞紐的措施。「我資料庫等。我們將在北京國家知識產權局們正著手這些措施。4個策略範圍包括：協助下進行實質審查。展望未來，我們期優化知識產權保護制度；支援知識產權的望在專利領域建立自己的實質審查能力，創造和使用；促進知識產權中介服務和提或許從特定科技術領域開始著手。」升人力資源；推廣、教育及對外合作的工作。」國際註冊若香港企業希望註冊國際商標，應怎樣知識產權署目前為中小企提供免費知識產做？「1989年通過的《商標國際註冊馬權諮詢服務。「在香港律師會及其會員德里協定有關議定書》（《馬德里議定的協助和支持下，我們為中小企提供一書》）是促進商標國際註冊的國際條約。對一的免費知識產權諮詢服務。試驗計劃目前有100個國家簽訂了《馬德里議定於2015年啟動，並於2016年9月正式推書》。雖然中國是《馬德里議定書》的締

22 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • COVER STORY 封面專題

約國，但議定書尚未適用於香港。香港的知識產權制度獨立於中國內地。但是，根據國際註冊制度，每個國家通常只有一個商標局。」

「好消息是中國內地已決定設立兩個商標局，以配合國際註冊制度，其中包括香港的商標局。因此，未來商標擁有人將能在香港申請國際註冊商標，指定覆蓋《馬德里議定書》締約方的各個國家。知識產權署會審視申請是否符合本地法律。申請將十分便利，申請人只需提交一份申請，繳付一項費用。若在香港提交國際申請，我們會在形式審查後將申請發送給世界知識產權組織的國際部。世界知識產權組織會將申請分發給目的地的知識產權局，以便進一步處理。相反，海外國際註冊申請人可在《馬德里議定書》締約國申請尋求商標保護，並指定香港為保護的覆蓋地點之一。」

「一旦對商標法的修訂獲得通過並完成其他籌備工作（如建設必要的資訊科技基礎香港及中國內地爭議解決設施），中國內地將向世界知識產權組織「雖然香港與中國內地各自有獨立的知識「面對知識產權侵權，知識產權擁有人提交正式通知，屆時《馬德里議定書》將產權制度，但我們與內地國家級、地區級可在法庭開展民事訴訟。海關在某些適用於香港。那麼，海外註冊屆時是否會和省級對口單位緊密合作。國家知識產權商標及侵犯版權案件中也實施了刑事制影響到現時在香港的註冊？「知識產權基局是世界上最大的知識產權機關之一，專裁。我認為仲裁和調解是知識產權糾紛本上以領土為本。假如英國授予的商標利審查能力很強。我們從2000年開始與內中各方應予考慮的選擇。」地開展合作。過去數年，我們看到國家知權在香港無效，那麼在香港不會出現衝突「以仲裁和調解取代法庭程序的好處之識產權局的進展速度驚人。該局在2016年或侵權行為。但可能會出現這個情況：例一，是當事人擁有自主權，可選擇仲裁接獲130萬件專利申請，是世界之最。」如，在香港已經有一個特定商標的本地註員或調解員，並可選擇他們想先解決的冊，而在英國有另一個相同商標的海外擁如果甲從香港去到上海，看到乙的咖啡店很問題。他們還可以決定聆訊地點和適用有人希望將其國際註冊延伸到香港，但是漂亮，很喜歡，決定在香港開一家類似的法律等。《仲裁條例》已經修訂，釐清由於商品某程度上重疊，因此出現商標衝咖啡店，那會怎樣？「這要取決於上海的咖知識產權爭議不論是否在香港或是否涉突。」啡店在香港是否有業務，或在香港有沒有商及有效性或其他方面（因為過去涉及知「雖然在英國的國際註冊在註冊時並未延譽。最簡單的方法是證明上海的咖啡店在識產權有效性的問題不肯定是否可以通伸至香港，但《馬德里議定書》一旦適用香港已建立業務，但在某些情況下，乙可能過仲裁解決），均可通過仲裁解決。我於香港，按規定英國註冊擁有人可決定將尚未在香港開展業務。另一個情況時，上海們與律政司一起就製作了宣傳單張，介註冊延伸至香港。但若建議的延伸與已註的咖啡店很著名，乙可能會爭辯說其咖啡店紹該等修訂和通過仲裁解決知識產權糾冊的香港本地註冊出現衝突，就必須決定在香港的聲譽已經溢於言表。這當然較難證紛的好處。」明，要視乎證據而定。」誰擁有優先權。表面看來，本地註冊擁有梁女士負責領導和管理知識產權署，把人應有在先權利，正如本地申請時出現已當然，這種情況不僅限於中國內地和香該署發展為專門提供法律服務的政府有較早註冊的情況一樣。但當然，後來的港，也適用於其他國家。不過，中國內地部門。她還履行商標註冊處、專利註冊申請人可對先前註冊的有效性提出質疑，與香港在地域和文化上如此密切，兩地人處、外觀設計註冊處和版權特許註冊處在這種情況下，註冊處處長必須就當事人員往來頻繁，所以發生這種情況的可能性處長的法定職能。此外，她亦是部門財提供的證據作出裁決。」或許更大。政管理的管制人員。n

www.hk-lawyer.org 23 • March 2018

LAW SOCIETY NEWS 律師會新聞

Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2018 in Hong Kong The Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2018 (‘OLY’) was held on 8 January. Distinguished bar leaders from different jurisdictions around the world gathered in Hong Kong to experience and witness this solemn ceremony. This year, we have over

60 guests coming from 39 law societies and President Thomas So spoke at the From left: President Thomas So; the Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng bar associations outside Hong Kong. Apart Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2018. SC; and Mr. Paul T.K. Lam SC, then Chairman of HKBA at the dinner reception. from attending the OLY Ceremony at City 會長蘇紹聰律師在2018年法律年度開啟典禮上致辭。左起：會長蘇紹聰律師、律政司司長鄭若驊資深大律師及時任大律師公會主 Hall and a visit to the Court of Final Appeal, 席林定國資深大律師出席晚宴。 the overseas guests were invited to participate in a number of OLY activities during the day. speeches. The speech made by the President of the Law The day started with a visit to the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. Society has been posted on the Law Society website. The Hon. Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma welcomed the delegates. Registrar It was indeed an honour for the Law Society to have Simon Kwang Cheok-weung then provided our guests with a historical assisted the Judiciary in coordinating the participation overview of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal building, which was of all overseas, PRC, Taiwan bar leaders and legal followed by a guided tour. representatives on this occasion. We would further like Jointly with the Hong Kong Bar Association, we hosted a series of events to express our appreciation to the Secretary for Justice for our overseas guests including a Presidents’ Roundtable on the topic Teresa Cheng SC who attended the dinner reception. of “Enhancing Competition and Talent Retention”, a luncheon and a Meetings with representatives of several overseas dinner reception graced by the presence of the Secretary for Justice. lawyers associations, including Commonwealth Lawyers It was a valuable opportunity to showcase Hong Kong’s hospitality, Association, Osaka Bar Association, The Law Society of strengthen connections with our counterparts around the world and to Brunei Darussalam, Tokyo Bar Association, and The Law update each other on the developments in the legal sector in our home Society of England & Wales, were conducted on 8 to 10 jurisdictions. January to discuss the possibility of future collaboration. At the OLY, the Chief Justice, the Secretary for Justice, the President of the Law Society and then Chairman of HKBA all delivered enlightening

Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2018 2018年法律年度開啟典禮

24 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • LAW SOCIETY NEWS 律師會新聞

49 delegates from other jurisdictions attended the Presidents’ Roundtable. 49位代表團團長出席會長圓桌會議。

2018年香港法律年度開啟典禮道之餘，透過活動加強與世界各地同業的聯繫，以及交流各地法 2018年法律年度開啟典禮於1月8日隆重舉行。來自世界各地法律律業界發展的最新消息。界代表雲集香港，見證此莊嚴的盛典。來自39個律師協會及大律在法律年度開啟典禮上，終審法院首席法官、律政司司長、律師師公會的60位代表除出席在大會堂舉行的法律年度開啟典禮，亦會會長及時任大律師公會主席均發表發人深省的演說。律師會會參觀了香港終審法院及參與當日的眾多活動。長的講辭已上載至律師會網站。律師會有幸獲邀協助司法機構接待與會的海外、內地和台灣法當天，代表團參觀香港終審法院，獲首席法官馬道立接待，而司律界領袖及代表，非常感謝律政司司長鄭若驊資深大律師出席法常務官鄺卓宏為大家講解香港終審法院大樓的歷史，及帶領隊晚宴。伍參觀。另外，律師會亦於1月8日至10日分別與Commonwealth Lawyers 律師會與大律師公會為海外嘉賓合辦了一系列活動，包括會長圓 Association、大阪辯護士會、The Law Society of Brunei 桌會議，今年的主題為：「提升競爭優勢」、午宴及晚宴，律政 Darussalam、東京辯護士會和The Law Society of England & Wales 司司長鄭若驊資深大律師亦出席當晚活動。展現出香港的好客之的代表會面，討論日後合作的機會。

Belt & Road Seminar in Beijing 一帶一路論壇在北京舉行 In conjunction with the Belt and Road General Chamber of 香港特區政府聯同一帶一路總商會於2月3日在北京舉行「國 Commerce, the HKSAR Government held a seminar entitled 家所需香港所長——共拓一帶一路策略機遇」論壇。會長蘇 “Strategies and Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative - 紹聰律師、前會長熊運信律師與理事會成員陳澤銘律師及黎 Leveraging Hong Kong’s Advantages, Meeting the Country’s Needs” 壽昌律師代表律師會出席論壇。 in Beijing on 3 February. President Thomas So, Immediate Past 論壇旨在展示香港作為國際金融、貿易及法律樞紐的獨特優 President Stephen Hung and Council Members C.M. Chan and Simon Lai attended the seminar on behalf of the Law Society. 勢，以及香港在促進「一帶一路」發展中扮演着不可或缺的角色。論壇吸引了超過700位香港商界及專業界別人士，以 The seminar aimed to showcase the distinctive edge of Hong Kong 及中國企業高級代表出席。 as an international finance, trade and legal hub as well as its integral function to expedite the Belt and Road development. It was well 應商務和經濟發展局的邀請，會長蘇紹聰律師在「『一帶一 attended by over 700 participants from the Hong Kong business and 路』下創意和科技產業與支柱產業的相結合」專題環節上發 professional services sectors, as well as senior representatives from 表演講，解釋了中國企業在「引進來」和「走出去」過程中 Chinese enterprises. 的潛在法律風險，並強調香港法律服務在「一帶一路」下促 At the invitation of the Commerce and Economic Development 進跨境交易的優勢。 Bureau, the President spoke at one of the thematic sessions on “The Integration of Creative and Information Technology Industries with Pillar Industries under the Belt and Road Initiative”. He explained the potential legal risks which Chinese enterprises would encounter during the process of “Bring in” and “Go Global”, and highlighted the strength of Hong Kong legal services to facilitate cross- border transactions under the Belt and Road Initiative.

www.hk-lawyer.org 25 • March 2018

The 12th Recreation and Sports Night On 21 October 2017, over 470 members and guests set their sails for an evening on the “Ark of Justice” for the 12th Recreation and Sports Night, the must-go event every year organised by the Recreation and Sports Committee. We saw participants dressed up like sailors and pirates. Some even turned themselves into mermaids and other sea creatures blissfully “flowing” and “swimming” around the ballroom decorated with shells and pearls depicting the mysterious yet beautiful underwater world. Among those contestants who joined the Best Dressed Competition, “Captain Jack Sparrow” seized the first prize in the individual category and the team with twelve members forming a lifelike steam boat took home the group champion title. Besides a palatable buffet dinner and rounds of enjoyable dancing and live band performances by our fellow members, the voyage was also filled with fun games with prizes! The grand prize winner would continue his journey to Bali after disembarking the Ark of Justice as his prize was two Hong Kong to Bali return business class air-tickets with three-nights accommodation at a renowned resort! The journey had come to an end but the memories would stay forever as participants could create their own photo flipbooks and videos recording their happy moments. Our special thanks must go to Mr. TC Chan, Chairman of the Organising Committee of this year’s event, and his team for bringing us this amazing marine experience!

Reported by: Caroline Wong

26 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • LAW SOCIETY NEWS 律師會新聞

第12屆康樂及體育晚會超過470名會員及嘉賓於2017年10月21日參加康樂及體育委員會舉辦的第12屆康樂及體育晚會，登上「正義航海號」暢遊一個晚上。來賓打扮成水手和海盜，有些甚至化身美人魚和其他海洋生物，「浮游」於滿佈貝殼和珍珠的神秘海底世界。在芸芸最佳服裝造型比賽參賽者當中，「積克船長」憑其霸氣勇奪個人組冠軍，而由12人組成的「蒸氣船」則接走團體組冠軍的名銜。會員一面享用美味的自助晚餐，一面在現場樂隊表演伴奏下起舞，航程還充滿了有趣的遊戲和豐富獎品！終極大獎得獎者獨享雙人來回香港至峇里島商務機票連三晚豪華住宿，繼續精彩的旅程! 旅程雖已圓滿結束，但來賓可於會埸即時製作個人相冊和錄製視頻，記錄愉快時光，讓回憶得以永久保存。我們特別鳴謝籌委會主席陳子遷律師和他的團隊，給我們帶來這個不一樣的海洋體驗！

由王洛林律師報導

www.hk-lawyer.org 27 • March 2018

Lions Club 100th Anniversary New Year’s Eve 獅子會百週年除夕慈善跑 Charity Run 很多人都在2017年的最後一天忙著籌備倒數派對或其他慶祝 While most people were planning for the countdown party or other 活動，但我在當日黎明時分就到達大學港鐵站，為代表長跑隊 New Year celebrations on the last day of 2017, I found myself at 參加獅子會百週年除夕慈善跑作好準備。 University MTR station at the crack of dawn as part of the Distance Running Team getting ready for the Lions Club 100th Anniversary 每支參賽隊伍有10人，只有跑得最快的5名選手的時間才會被 New Year’s Eve Charity Run (the ’Run’). 計算在內，所以對我來說毫無壓力！ Only the time of the five fastest runners in each team of ten would 當日初時風勢較大，但慈善跑於早上8時半在白石角海濱長廊 be counted in the Run, so no pressure for me! 開始時，風勢已減弱，清風送爽。我們沿著海濱長廊向元洲仔 It was a beautiful day. Although it was quite windy to start with, 公園方向跑再調頭，全程長10公里，沿途可欣賞吐露港的美 the wind turned into a lovely breeze by the time the Run started 景。 at 8:30am at Pak Shek Kok Promenade. We were to run along the Promenade towards Yuen Chau Tsai Park and back again, a 我們發現沿途有些跑手速度甚快（香港紀錄保持者般快）， distance of 10km, overlooking the Tolo Harbour. 賽後戰戰兢兢地等待賽果。結果我們在非政府組織的組別中 We spotted a couple of fast runners (and I meant Hong Kong record 排名第一，5名最快跑手的完成時間為3:43:05，較亞軍快了 holders fast), and waited for the results with trepidation. It was an 超過半小時！ amazing feat that we came first in the category of NGO with our five top runners completing the race in 3:43:05 hours, a good half 是次活動為長跑隊的2017年劃上完美的句號。我們展望在 an hour ahead of the first runner-up! 2018年再創驕人成績！ This was a perfect ending to 2017 for the Distance Running Team 由周慧文律師報導 and we hope for another amazing year in 2018!

Reported by: Dora Chow

Basking in the inspiring hues of a beautiful sunrise of Ma On Shan, our team completed the 10km race with our gorgeous smiles and fabulous team spirit! Special thanks to our coaches Mr. Gi Ka Man (fifth from right) and Mr. John Yu (third from right) for their professional training. 長跑隊憑著笑容和團隊精神，在馬鞍山的日出美景下完成了10公里的比賽！特別感謝教練紀嘉文先生（右五）和余懷瀚先生（右三）的專業訓練。

28 www.hk-lawyer.org Asian Legal Business is the leading legal magazine in Asia. Each issue is packed with news, hard hitting analysis and investigative journalism. Regional editors provide up-to- the-minute legal and regulatory updates, while a team of dedicated journalists provide in depth analysis of all the issues facing lawyers and in-house counsel throughout the region.

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By Syren Johnstone

braham Lincoln famously posited be, regulated. Around the end of 2016, ICOs were that if one calls a tail a leg it generally considered to be undesirable A focus of this article is “utility tokens”. doesn’t mean that a dog has five owing to the risk of mis-disclosure and A Unlike tokens that clearly operate like legs. Similarly, a blockchain-based token fraud, risks magnified by the speed and equity or debt (via payments, voting offered in an initial coin offering (‘ICO’) ease at which money was able to be rights, etc), utility tokens present may, irrespective of how it is called, raised – eight figure US dollar sums problems as regards their legal be a security subject to securities laws were able to be raised in a matter of characterisation. The nature of a utility applicable to the primary market as well minutes or hours with no regulatory token is to permit the holder to access a as secondary market activities. ICOs oversight. The origin and subsequent service provided by the issuer’s platform. are an example of how new technology use of funds being transacted also raise This is typically a pre-sale made by is changing the way the public capital money laundering and terrorist financing a start-up seeking capital to develop market is accessed by businesses, concerns. the promised service. While token- typically start-ups, in need of capital. holder rights bear resemblances to, for By this time it had already been widely The legal treatment of tokens remains example, licensees, franchisees, or club understood that blockchain technology unclear in many jurisdictions, which is memberships, utility tokens may have is important to future economic increasingly problematic as ICO activity other features that lend securities-like development. Tokens are important in has ballooned from around US$300 properties to them. this context because they collectively million during 2013 to 2016 to well in facilitate a blockchain-based ecosystem excess of US$5 billion in 2017. As Hong Regulatory attitudes that provides operational functionality Kong is now considering its potential Regulatory and practice attitudes (in – imagine that one had train carriages status as an ICO hub, it is essential markets that have not banned ICOs) but no train tracks. Going into 2017 that regulatory agencies and market have evolved with the ICO market and regulators were adopting a more professionals come to grips with a better roughly fall into three phases. cautionary watching role, reluctant to understanding of how tokens are, or may inhibit evolution.

30 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • FINTECH 金融科技

one form of security, is widely drafted and remains open to interpretation in its application. Hong Kong is absent of case law that provides useful guidance on either of these defined terms. The report of the UK’s Financial Markets Law Committee (July 2008) has acknowledged that the definition of CIS in s. 253 of the UK Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which the SFO’s definition reflects, is very wide and subject to legal uncertainties. There have been a handful of cases in the UK that provide some limited assistance to understanding the CIS term, though less so regarding the particular characteristics of tokens. The scope of the term “security” has been more extensively explored in the U.S. and the ICO community has long been well aware of the relevance of the test established by the U.S. Supreme Court in SEC v. W.J. Howey Co. (328 U.S. 293 1946) (‘Howey’). Howey established that an “investment contract”, which is one type of security as defined by the Securities Act of 1933, means “a contract, transaction, or scheme That began to change with the rapid The law applying to the offering of whereby a person invests his money in a growth of offerings in 2017 and following securities and their marketing in Hong common enterprise and is led to expect the “21(a) Report” issued by the U.S. Kong, as set out in the Companies profits solely from the efforts of the Securities and Exchange Commission (Winding Up and Miscellaneous promoter or a third party” (Howey, 2). (‘U.S. SEC’) in July 2017. The 21(a) Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) and the Howey is of interest here for two reasons. Report concluded that a token known Securities and Futures Ordinance (‘SFO’) First, because Howey has been applied as “Slock.it” was a security, although it (Cap. 571), is in general consistent to tokens by the U.S. SEC. First in the had not been promoted as such. The with best international practices that 21(a) Report to the Slock.it ICO and U.S. Sec and the Hong Kong Securities prohibit accessing public capital most recently (December 2017) to the and Futures Commission (‘SFC’)) have unless registration or authorisation “Munchee” ICO. Slock.it unsuccessfully recently gone on the offensive to warn requirements are complied with or a sought to take its tokens outside of the issuers and market professionals not relevant exemption applies. Tokens securities legislation via a distributed to put form over substance when that are securities may also be subject autonomous organisation (‘DAO’) that structuring tokens as a means of seeking to laws concerning regulated activities tried to remove the concept of a third to circumvent securities laws that serve and the operation of exchanges and party’s efforts. “Munchee” actively to protect investors, and are accordingly automated trading services. However, promoted that its tokens could be traded applying greater scrutiny to ICOs. whether a specific token is a security will and investors could expect to profit from What is a “security”? require careful consideration. the increase in the value of the tokens as a result of the efforts of its promoters, ie In consequence of the foregoing, there The SFO’s definition of “security” a purchaser of the tokens could expect has been a more profound examination provides little assistance in relation to profits from the efforts of another. Both of what are the features of a utility token tokens that do not clearly fall into pre- of these cases are relatively clear cut, that might render it to be regarded as a established categories, such as shares or and that may not always be the case. security. debentures. The definition of “collective investment scheme” (‘CIS’), which is

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Second, because of potential similarities regulatory treatment. potential uncertainties and attendant to elements in the definition of CIS that risks, and that full and fair disclosures While best practices have been align with, though are not identical are made in connection with the ICO. developed to promote self-regulation to, the concept in Howey of a common of the industry, they have not always Solicitors in Hong Kong should also enterprise in which the efforts of been observed in practice. As already be cognisant of Law Society’s Practice another are key. The “purpose or effect” noted, the form of a token may be Direction P (Guidelines on Anti-Money requirement under the CIS definition is given precedence over its substance Laundering and Counter Terrorist possibly wider than Howey because that in an attempt to remove them from Financing). phrase may encompass expectation, securities laws. This has led to stern and the notion of “profit” in Howey is warning language from the Chairman The purpose of securities laws easily encompassed by the CIS concept of the U.S. SEC as regards semantic The overarching purpose of securities of profits, income, payments or “other gymnastics or elaborate structuring laws is to regulate investments, returns”. exercises (before the Senate Committee irrespective of the form or name they However, applying existing law to tokens on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, assume. Accordingly, the development is inherently problematic because 6 February 2018). Two days later, of securities laws and the definition blockchain has enabled fundamental the SFC issued a circular stating that of “security” were intended to be changes in the ease and manner of “ICO issuers are typically assisted by adaptable, not to create fixed and accessing public capital, the cost and market professionals such as lawyers, unchangeable categories. Flexibility is timing of doing so, the willingness of accountants and consultants for advice the foundation on which the Financial the public to purchase tokens and the to structure the offering as utility tokens Secretary has the power under s. 392 ease of trading them. Moreover, the ICO to fall outside the purview of the SFO of the SFO to specify interests, rights or market, and the new digital economy it and to circumvent the scrutiny of the SFC” property as securities. represents, is global and borderless in (emphasis added). One might point to the development a way never before encountered. These Legal practitioners will be well aware of structured product regulation as a new realities make it difficult to continue that avoidance and evasion are quite lesson in the failure of looking at how with oversimplified analogies to user different matters. Professional advisers a product fits into a pre-existing set licenses, franchises or memberships often structure transactions to avoid or of categories, rather than considering that have traditionally not amounted to minimise various legal ramifications, its function in the market. A product capital raising exercises from a large and and are under no responsibility, structured as a debenture that bears no anonymous public market. moral, legal or otherwise, to bring a relationship to the usual commercial Hong Kong practitioners will therefore matter under consideration within any purposes of a debenture is a debenture need to exercise some caution when particular law or regulatory scrutiny. in name only. Similarly, there is a advising on the nature of a proposed There is a significant difference between risk that bisecting utility tokens into token issuance and how it is undertaken. that role and engaging in professional “securities” or “not securities” based on misconduct by advising issuers to established categories fails to identify Best practices engage in (or cooperating in) evasion of and regulate how tokens are interacting the law through, for example, window with the public capital market. dressing that mischaracterises the real The increasing awareness that tokens New challenges may require regulatory nature of the token. Doing so may be can be subject to securities laws that agencies to interpret the law with one tantamount to conspiracy to defraud. possess uncertainties in their potential eye firmly fixed on regulatory intent. scope of application has had an impact While that distinction may be clear-cut The Howey test and the definition of on practices in the industry. This has in principle, the characteristics of a utility securities in the SFO with its broadly led to the emergence of best practices token that might cause it to be regarded drafted definition of CIS, both permit such as Coinbase’s “A Securities Law as a security are less clear. Where a considerable latitude. The recent Framework for Blockchain Tokens” relevant grey area is in play, advice may comment of the Chairman of the U.S. (December 2016) and the “Best fall into the difficult territory of avoision. SEC that “by and large, the structures Practices for Token Sales” issued by Here it will be essential that advice is of ICOs that I have seen involve the the Fintech Association of Hong Kong based on a thorough understanding offer and sale of securities and directly (December 2017). A core principle of of the token’s functionality and the implicate the … investor protection both is that an ICO should be, inter alia, other circumstances of the offering, is provisions of our federal securities transparent as to its legal structure and appropriately qualified to recognise laws” (made in his personal capacity

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to the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, 6 February 2018) may indicate a leaning toward a broader purposive approach, but purposive approaches can present risks. Care needs to be taken that purposive flexibility is not applied by regulators in a way that creates uncertainty. The Swiss financial regulator, FINMA, faced with an absence of ICO-specific law, issued guidelines in February 2018 on how it intends ICO功能型代幣以及與 to treat ICOs under Swiss law. It may treat a utility token as a security if it functions solely or partially as an 證券法的關聯性 investment in economic terms. One might ask whether this could risk subjecting token issuers to ex post 作者 Syren Johnstone facto regulation because, unlike traditional markets, an issuer may not 伯拉罕林肯有一句名言，就台所提供的服務。因此，這基本上是等 be involved in an exchange’s decision 是：假如人們將尾巴稱為腿，同一項預售，由該等在設法尋求資本， to list its tokens – this will depend 這不能說狗便是有五條腿。以發展其所承諾的服務的初創公司所提 on the exchange’s perception of 亞供。儘管代幣持有者的權利，與例如獲 demand – and it is quite possible that 同樣地，發行人如果為其以區塊鏈作基礎 the listing will itself promote demand 的代幣進行「首次代幣發行」（initial coin 許可人、特許經營者、俱樂部會員等相 that makes the token function like offering，以下簡稱ICO），那麼不論這些類似，但功能型代幣也可能具有其他與 an investment in economic terms. 代幣是以甚麼名稱來表示，它都有可能會證券相類似的特性。 This poses a conundrum where the 被視作證券的一種，須受適用於一級市場監管態度 issuer has taken no steps to promote 及次級市場活動的證券法所監管。對於有 secondary market activity. 資金需求的企業（一般是指初創企業）而社會對ICO的監管和實際運作所抱持的態 Returning to Abraham Lincoln, he 言，ICO是一種新技術，改變它們以往進入度（在並無禁止進行ICO的市場中），隨 was wrong semantically. If a tail is 公開資本市場的做法。著ICO市場的發展而有所改變，並可大致 called a leg then it can be said that a 分為三個階段。 dog has five legs. And if utility token 法律上如何處理代幣問題，許多司法管轄 issuances put public capital at risk, 區對此的態度有欠明確。然而，由於ICO活在2016年底以前，ICO一般而言並不受 expose consumers to fraud, and 動所涉及的金額，已從2013年至2016年期市場所歡迎，因為它存在不實披露和欺 behaves similarly to an investment in 間的大約3億美元，激增至2017年的超過詐等方面的風險，亦存在因資金籌集的 established classes of securities, then 50億美元，代幣問題亦因此而日益受到關速度與便利程度的提升所增加的風險－ perhaps that is enough to render it 發行人可在數分鐘或數小時之內，募得 a security within the original intent 注。香港正在考慮是否有可能發展成為一八位數字的美元金額，而不須接受任何 of the legislature. Practitioners call 個ICO中心，因此讓監管機構和市場專業人 it “the smell test”. Indeed, the SFO 員能夠更有效地掌握和了解如何（或可以監管和監督。此外，交易金額的來源及 provides that “interests, rights or 如何）對代幣進行監管，實在是至關重要。其後續使用，也引起當局對清洗黑錢和 property … commonly known as 恐怖主義融資的關注。 securities” are to be regarded as 本文將重點放在討論「功能型代幣」 (utility 此時，人們已普遍認識到區塊鏈技術對 securities. On the other hand, calling tokens)方面。功能型代幣有別於該等有 a security a utility token does not 如股權或債權般運作的代幣（通過支付和未來經濟發展的重要性，而代幣在這方 change its nature. n 表決權等方式），因為前者在法律的識別面扮演非常重要的角色，因它們在整體上仍然有欠明確。功能型代幣的性質，是上促成了一個運用區塊鏈技術，從而發讓代幣持有者能夠享用到代幣提供者的平揮運作功能的生態系統－試想想：要是只有火車廂，但沒有建造火車軌，這些

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火車廂還可以起甚麼作用？踏入2017 引。英國金融市場法律委員會的報告書可能比Howey案的涵蓋範圍更廣，因年，監管機構所扮演的，是一個給予市（2008年7月）確認，《2000年英國金為「目的」可以包含期望；而且，由於場告誡的監察者角色，而不會隨意干預融服務及市場法》第253條中所載的關 Howey案中所述的「收益」概念，可以這領域的發展。於「集體投資計劃」的定義（其內容顯包含在「集體投資計劃」的定義所設想示於《證券及期貨條例》所載的定義）的各種回報中，當中包括來自購買、持隨著該等代幣的發行量在2017年大幅攀，其含義非常廣泛，並受法律上的不明有、管理或處置有關財產的回報。升，以及美國證券交易委員會在2017年確因素所影響。英國有若干案例在某程 7月所發表的《21(a)報告書》，情況開然而，將現行法律適用於代幣，事實上度上，有助我們了解「集體投資計劃」始逐漸發生變化。該《21(a)報告書》所是存在本質上的問題，因為區塊鏈技術一詞的含義，但關於代幣的特性為何，下的結論是：該等稱為“Slock.it”的代促使以下各種情況產生了根本變化：獲則未見對此有所說明。幣，其性質實際上是證券，儘管它並沒取公開資本的便捷程度和方式、所需的有以此作招徠。美國證券交易委員會（美國對「證券」一詞的適用範圍作出了成本和時間、公眾購買代幣的意願、以以下簡稱「美國證交會」）與香港證券更為廣泛的探討，而ICO社群亦早已明確及進行代幣交易的便利性等各方面。此及期貨事務監察委員會（以下簡稱「香知悉美國最高法院在SEC v. W.J. Howey 外，ICO市場（以及其所代表的新數碼港證監會」）近期主動表態，告誡發行 Co. (328 U.S. 293 1946) 一案（以下經濟）是全球性的，並無任何疆界，此人和市場專業人員不要只強調形式而忽稱‘Howey案’）中所確立的測試之關等情況實屬前所未有。新現實情況的出視實質，將代幣構建成為一種規避法律聯程度。Howey案確認「投資合約」是現，讓人們不能繼續以過於簡化的形監管的手段，企圖讓它不受保障投資者《1933年證券法》所界定的其中一種式，將其與用戶許可、特許經營權、會的證券法所監管，並因而對ICO採取了更證券，意思是指「一項合同、交易或計員資格等來進行類比，而事實上一直以嚴格的審查。劃，任何人可透過它將資金投放於一個來，它們都並不存在於大規模和不具名共同企業，並預期可單憑發起人或第三的公開市場所進行的集資活動。何謂「證券」？方所付出的努力而獲得收益」(Howey, 因此，香港的法律執業者如果須就某項基於上述情況，人們對功能型代幣的特 2)。Howey案是基於下述兩項原因而與擬議的代幣發行之性質，以及應該如何質乃進行更深入的研究，以了解在甚麼這方面相關。將其付諸實行等問題提供意見，便務須情況下，它們有可能會被視作證券。首項原因是，美國證交會已將Howey 格外審慎行事。一般而言，香港的與證券發行和營銷有案適用於涉及代幣的情況。《21(a) 關的法規（例如是《公司（清盤及雜項報告書》首先談及Slock.it ICO的情最佳常規條文）條例》（第32章）和《證券及況，並於最近期（2017年12月）談及如果代幣發行須受證券法的規管，而有期貨條例》（第571章）所載的條文）「Munchee」ICO的情況。Slock.it試圖關法例的潛在適用範圍卻存在不確定與最佳國際常規一致，而該等常規訂通過一個分布式自主組織 (distributed 性，那麼該產業的運作亦可能會因此受明，除非發行人遵守相關的註冊或認可 autonomous organisation) 而將第三方到一定程度的影響。此等情況乃促使最規定，又或是適用相關的豁免，否則不努力的概念移除，使其所發行的代幣不佳常規的出現，例如：Coinbase的「區得取用公開資本，而在性質上屬於證券受證券法的規管，然而它的此舉並不成塊鏈代幣的證券法框架」（2016年12 的代幣，也許亦須遵守與受監管活動、功。“Munchee”強調它的代幣可進行月）；香港金融科技協會發表的「代幣交易所運作、自動交易服務等有關的法買賣交易，而投資者可期望通過發起人銷售最佳常規」（2017年12月），而它律。然而，某一特定代幣其在性質上是的努力，使代幣的價值上升，從而獲得們的核心原則皆為：ICO的法律架構和監否屬於證券，仍需詳加對其作出審視。收益；亦即是說，購買代幣的人可期望管處理都應當具透明度。《證券及期貨條例》對「證券」所下的透過其他人的努力而獲得收益。雖然這儘管當局已制定最佳常規，促進行業的定義，對於該等未被明確涵蓋在先前所兩個案例較為清晰，但情況並非經常如自我監管，但在實際運作上，該等常規確立的類別（例如股份或債權證類別）此。並沒有經常被遵守。正如所指出的情況的代幣而言，未能起太大的參考作用。第二項原因是，由於與「集體投資計那樣，發行人若試圖將代幣置於證券法「集體投資計劃」（作為證券的其中一劃」的定義中的元素存在相類似之處（的規管範圍以外，便可能會特別強調它種）一詞的定義所涵蓋的範圍相當廣，儘管不盡相同），該定義亦與Howey 的形式，多於它的實質內容。此舉促使其適用情況仍有待給予進一步的闡明，案中的共同企業概念一致，而在當中，美國證交會主席就代幣發行方面所運用而香港現行的判例法，並未能對該兩其他人的努力是至為關鍵的因素。「集的語義技巧和複雜建構操作，發出了措個被界定的用詞所具的含義提供有用指體投資計劃」的定義所述的「目的」，辭嚴厲的警告（2018年2月6日在美國參

34 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • FINTECH 金融科技

議院的銀行業、住房和城市事務委員會證券法的目的的做法亦有可能會帶來風險。的席前）。兩天後，香港證監會亦發出證券法的首要目的，是對各項投資進行監需要注意的是，監管機構所採取的該等了通告，指出「ICO發行人一般會徵詢管，不論該等投資是以甚麼形式或名稱來以目的為本的靈活做法，並不會因此律師、會計師及顧問等市場專業人士的呈現。因此，證券法的發展以及對「證帶來不確定性。瑞士的金融監管機構意見，並在他們的協助下，將所發售的券」所下的定義，必須對環境的轉變具有 FINMA面對本國缺乏ICO方面的法律，遂加密貨幣建構為功能型代幣，藉此繞過適應能力，從而不致囿於各個固定和不可於2018年2月發出了相關指引，就其擬《證券及期貨條例》的監管範圍和規避變更的類別中。故此，靈活性是其基礎，如何根據瑞士法律來處理ICO作出了相關證監會的監管」（斜體字以示強調）。而財政司司長在這一基礎上，有權根據《說明。如果其所發揮的功能，是完全或法律執業者明確知悉，迴避與逃避是截證券及期貨條例》第392條指明權益、權部分地有如在經濟上的一種投資，則該然不同的兩回事。專業顧問經常會將利或財產為證券。機構可能會將該功能型代幣視為一種證

有關的交易建構起來，使其得以廻避或有人或會指出，結構性產品監管的加強，券。有人可能會問，此舉是否會導致代盡量減輕各種可能的法律後果，而無是由於業界未能正視如何將產品適當地置幣發行人須面對事後的監管，因為此等需承擔該等須將某一事宜置於特定法律於先前確立的各個類別中（即並非只考發行有別於傳統市場的做法，而有關的或監管審查之下的責任（不論是道德、慮該產品在市場上的功能），而從中吸取發行人也許並無機會參與交易所批准其法律，還是其他方面的責任）。這一的一個教訓。一項被建構成為債權證的代幣上市的決定－這將會取決於該交易職能，與作出專業不當行為有著明顯的產品，如果其本身與債權證的一般商業目所對需求的認知－而相當可能出現的情差異，因為後者是建議發行人通過櫥窗的並無任何關連，那麼它只能說是名義上況是，該項上市本身會促進需求，而此粉飾，就所發行的代幣之真實性質，作的債權證。同樣地，假如根據既定的類別等需求會促使該等代幣發揮有如經濟上出（或與他人共同作出）與事實不符的而將功能型代幣區分為「證券」或「非證的投資功能。如果發行人並沒有採取適描述。此等作為屬於逃避法律規管的行券」，那麼當中所存在的風險將會是：它當措施，促進在次級市場方面的活動，徑，有可能等同於串謀欺詐。可能對於該等代幣與公開資本市場如何進這將會導致複雜問題的出現。儘管該等區分在原則上也許是明確的，行互動，無法作出識別和監管。現在回到亞伯拉罕林肯於上面所說的一

但使功能型代幣會被視為證券的該等特基於現時所面臨的各種新挑戰，監管機構番話。林肯的說法，可以說是在語義上徵，卻並非如此清晰明確。假如當中存在解釋有關法例時，可能需要將部分注意犯錯。如果我們將尾巴稱為腿，那麼我在灰色地帶，那麼顧問所提供的意見，力牢牢地放在監管機構的意圖上。Howey 們的確可以說：狗有五條腿。如果發行便也許會陷入廻避與逃避之間 (avoi- 案中的測試與《證券及期貨條例》對證券功能型代幣，會導致公開資本被置於風 sion) 的困難境地。這兒最重要的一點所下的定義，連同法例給「集體投資計險之下，消費者可能會面對欺詐風險，是，顧問所提供的意見，必須建基於對劃」一詞所下的寬泛定義，均顯示法例允而該等代幣的表現，如果又與已確立的該代幣的功能，以及對該發行所涉及的許享有相當的自由度。美國證交會主席近證券類別中的投資項目相類似，這也其他情況具有透徹的了解；具備適當的期發表評論稱：「大體而言，我所見到的許足以使該等代幣發行，等同於立法機資格來識別潛在的不確定性和當中伴隨 ICO結構都涉及證券的發行和銷售，並直構原來所指的證券。對此，法律執業者的風險；並且針對有關的ICO作出全面接涉及……美國聯邦證券法的投資者保稱之為「嗅覺檢定法」。事實上，《證和公平的信息披露。障條款」（該等評論是他以個人身份，於券及期貨條例》訂明：「通常被稱為證券的權益、權利或財產」，將被視為證此外，香港的律師亦須充分明瞭香港律 2018年2月6日向美國參議院的銀行業、券；而另一方面，即使我們將證券稱師會所發出的《實務指示P》（《打擊住房和城市事務委員會作出），這也許顯為功能型代幣，這亦不會改變其原來性洗錢及恐怖分子資金籌集指引》）。示，美國現時傾向採納一個範圍更廣，並且以目的為本的做法。然而，以目的為本質。 n

www.hk-lawyer.org 35 • March 2018

Crowdfunding in Hong Kong – there are Sufficient Gateways

By Alexa Lam, Professor University of Hong Kong

36 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • REGULATORY 監管

s start-ups and small cap on their investments. Under these introduced any new exemption businesses continue to restrictions, Title III might not be as for securities offerings through Acrowdfund through the Internet, helpful for a fund raising avenue as its crowdfunding. These offerings must governments and regulators have had founding architects first envisaged. comply with applicable prospectus and to respond. The United States created registration requirements, unless one The unsung hero is in Title II of the a tailored regime for crowdfunding. The or more of the existing exemptions (eg JOBS Act, which liberalised the private United Kingdom and Singapore publicly private offerings to accredited investors placement exemption. Before Title II, consulted and clarified their regulatory and small-size offerings) are available. private offerings to accredited investors approaches. The Hong Kong regulator The traditional restrictions commonly under Rule 506 of Regulation D were has been less proactive, thus inviting applicable to private placements exempt from SEC registration, but issuers criticisms that Hong Kong has fallen continue to apply with these offerings. could not advertise or promote their behind in enabling financial innovation offerings. This created an information and entrepreneurship. Where is Hong Kong? barrier, making it difficult for issuers to (i) Offerings to Professional Investors Are these criticisms fair and accurate? seek out and connect with latent angels Not necessarily so. In my latest research and accredited investors. Given the reach In Hong Kong, the exemption for paper, I ventured to show that gateways of the Internet, the ban was particularly offerings to professional investors is in for crowdfunding already exist in Hong problematic. Title II and the new Rule s. 103(3)(k) of the Securities and Futures Kong. If these exemptions were fully 506(c) lifted the ban, allowing issuers Ordinance (‘SFO’). While s. 103(1) SFO utilised, Hong Kong would be broadly to engage in general solicitation and prohibits the issue to the public of any on a par with, or even ahead of, other advertising in respect of their private invitation, advertisement or document international financial centres in securities offerings. So long as an issuer that offers or invites offers in respect allowing entrepreneurs to tap capital takes reasonable steps to verify that all of securities, structured products or from professional (accredited) investors investors are accredited investors and interests in a collective investment – the investor pool most coveted by they continue to be so at the time of sale, scheme (‘CIS’), s. 103(3)(k) provides that entrepreneurs. the offering comes within the exemption the s. 103(1) prohibition does not apply even if the advertisement reached non- if the relevant investments “… are or How Far Did the United accredited investors. There is no ceiling are intended to be disposed of only to States Go? on the number of investors or the amount professional investors.” A plain reading With a strong political will to create jobs raised, and no requirement for disclosure of s. 103(3)(k) suggests that a person and promote growth after the global (subject however to antifraud provisions may issue an invitation to the public or a financial crisis, the United States was in federal and state securities law). sector of the public and still come within the most ardent in enacting legislation the s. 103(3)(k) exemption, provided that Accredited investors account for only 7.4 to enable crowdfunding. The Jumpstart the investments in question are or are percent of all households in the U.S., Our Business Startups Act (‘JOBS intended for professional investors only. but they control over 70 percent of the Act’) was passed in 2012 against this Yet, not wanting to test the limits of the available capital. A significant portion background. exemption lest they found themselves of capital-raising in the U.S. comes from on the wrong side of the s. 103(1) What often hit the headlines was Title the non-public capital market. Given the prohibition, issuers and their advisers III of the JOBS Act, which crafted a new relaxations in Title II, some anticipated have followed the practice for private exemption for securities crowdfunding that Title III will be much less used placements: no public advertising, small for retail investors. Securities offerings than Title II. It has been suggested that pool of recipients, existing or personal not exceeding US$1.07 million over a only issuers who failed to raise funds relationships with recipients, etc. 12-month period are exempted from among accredited investors will resort SEC registration. The exemption comes to crowdfunding with retail investors, This practice should be revisited in light with restrictions designed for investor making the latter a “market for lemons”. of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal protection – issuers are subject to (‘HKCFA’) decision in the case of SFC substantial disclosure requirements, What have the United Kingdom v Pacific Sun Advisors Ltd. [2015] 18 the offering must be conducted via and Singapore Done? HKCFAR 138 (‘Pacific Sun case’). regulated intermediaries, and retail The regulators in both markets consulted In the Pacific Sun case, an investment investors are subject to an annual the public. In the end, neither regime adviser sent emails to contacts on its

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database about a new fund. It also proof of “intention”. If an issuer in Hong authority. Under s. 103(2)(ga) SFO, these posted relevant documents on the Kong advertised its offering on a mass- exempt offers are also exempted from firm’s website. It was accepted in the scale, such as in all local supermarkets the s. 103(1) prohibition. The combined courts (the Magistrate’s Court, Court or on open-to-all social media, it might effect of these provisions is that small- of First Instance and the HKCFA) that be difficult to convince the court that scale offers can be made to the public the advertisements were issued to the there was a genuine intention to limit without the disclosures in a compliant public or a sector of the public. The the offer to professional investors prospectus. question was whether the s. 103(3) exclusively. The HK$5 million small-scale offer (k) exemption was available. On the The HKCFA’s clarification of the exemption is slightly lower than the face of the documents, there was no application of s. 103(3)(k) has potentially US$1.07 million small-scale offering mention that the fund was exclusive for far-reaching implications. There are exemption in the United States. professional investors. Is a statement 200,000 high net worth individuals The Hong Kong regime however to that effect necessary for the issue of in Hong Kong holding US$1.1 trillion comes with a lighter touch. There is an advertisement to come within the s. in wealth. Start-ups will likely prefer a effectively no particular disclosure 103(3)(k) exemption? smaller number of keen professional requirement (subject however to The HKCFA answered in the negative. investors to a large number of random provisions in the SFO governing false As a matter of statutory construction, s. retail investors. It has been reported or misleading statements). One should 103(3)(k) only requires a person to prove that angel investors tend to stay away not underestimate the potential of this a genuine intention to limit the offer to from companies that have crowdfunded exemption for small or initial capital- professional investors exclusively. There from retail – a company with too many raising, such as seed funding. Note is no further requirement of a statement investors is difficult to manage. The however that the exemption is available to that effect in the advertisements or HKCFA decision will make it easier for to companies only. This exemption is not documents. Hence, the case turned on issuers to locate and connect with these available to projects that are structured a question of fact: did the investment business angels. There is speculation in the form of a non corporate CIS or a adviser genuinely intend to limit the that the authorities may consider structured product. offer to professional investors only? The legislating to reverse the HKCFA Magistrate’s finding, which was binding decision. That would be regrettable. Going Forward in the appeal hearings, was that the As Fok PJ succinctly explained in his As demonstrated, Hong Kong is not fund was intended to be available to judgement in the PacificSun case, “… falling behind in the gateways that are professional investors only, as the firm if the investment products are not in available for securities crowdfunding. had adopted procedures to screen out fact sold or intended to be sold to the Yet, because the prohibitions and non-professional investors. As a result, general public and instead are sold or exemptions in the securities offering the exemption under s. 103(3)(k) was intended to be sold only to professional regime are fraught with difficulties, and available. investors, there is no necessity for the penalties for contravention severe, protection to be afforded to the general market players have been hesitant in It follows logically that issuing an public since they are not exposed to any making full use of the exemptions. invitation to the public or a sector of material risk.” the public is permissible so long as We have heard endless debates on why there is a genuine intention (the burden (ii) Offerings to Retail Investors and how the Hong Kong regulatory of proof being on the issuer) to limit Small-scale retail crowdfunding has rules should facilitate crowdfunding. the offer to professional investors, always been an option. Under Part 1 Rather than wait for a tailored regime and no investments have been sold to of Schedule 17 of Companies (Winding to come, issuers should kick-start their non-professional investors. What took Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) projects by making purposeful use of the U.S. many years of debate and a Ordinance (‘CWUMPO’), offers of existing exemptions. As the market long legislative process to accomplish securities not exceeding HK$5 million starts to mature, regulators will have a (through JOBS Act Title II), Hong Kong over a 12-month period are exempted fuller sense of how best to facilitate and effectively landed in a somewhat similar from the prospectus requirement under regulate the crowdfunding space. In the place. CWUMPO. Issuers need only state on meanwhile, there is sufficient room for going forward. n There should be a word of caution here. the document that it has not been The s. 103(3)(k) exemption turns on a reviewed by any Hong Kong regulatory

38 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • REGULATORY 監管

在香港進行眾籌－具備充足的門道

作者林張灼華教授香港大學法律學院

著源源不斷的初創企業和小論文中，嘗試指出香港其實已存在眾籌的 Business Startups Act) 就是在這一背景型企業透過互聯網進行眾籌門道，如果有關的豁免措施能夠被充分利下，於2012年獲得通過。 (crowdfunding)，各國政府用，香港在讓創業者尋求專業(或認可)投隨該法案最受關注的部分，是它的「第三和監管機構不得不對此作出回應。美國成資者(它們是創業者最覬覦的一群投資者) 章」，當中涵蓋新制訂的豁免措施，而散立了一個有關眾籌的專門制度，而英國和投入資金方面，將不亞於其他國際金融中戶投資者可據此得以參與證券眾籌。發行新加坡也進行了公眾諮詢，並說明了其對心，甚至有超越它們的可能。人在12個月內所發行的證券，其總額如此等活動的監管策略。唯獨香港的監管機美國採取了甚麼措施？果不超過107萬美元，可免除向美國證券構似乎對此有欠積極，因而招致外界的批交易委員會登記。該項豁免措施附有為保評稱：香港在金融創新與企業開創方面皆環球金融危機發生後，美國在政治上，有障投資者而訂立的各項限制 – 發行人必落後於人。強烈的意願希望能創造更多就業機會，和須遵守實質性的披露規定；有關的發售必促進經濟的增長。因此，他們在制訂法然而，此等批評是否公允、無誤呢？事實須透過受監管的中介機構進行；以及，散規以推動眾籌方面，態度最為積極。美國不見得如此。筆者在最近期所撰寫的研究戶投資者所作的投資，須受每年最高金額的《初創企業扶助法案》(Jumpstart Our

www.hk-lawyer.org 39 • March 2018

的限制。基於這種種限制，「第三章」現有豁免(例如，向認可投資者作出的私麼，在刊發有關廣告時，該投資顧問是也許不如其建構者原來設想的那樣，能人發行和小規模發行)，否則該等發行必否必須作出有如此含意的聲明，才能夠有效地協助企業進行集資。須符合適用的招股章程和註冊規定，而享有第103(3)(k)條下的豁免呢？一般適用於私人配售的傳統限制，亦將其實，真正的無名英雄該是「第二章」終審法院的答案是否定的。從法定解釋繼續適用於此等發行。，即該法案中，對私人配售的豁免作出來看，第103(3)(k)條只規定某人必須證放寬的那一部分。在「第二章」的有關香港的情況又如何？明他的真正意圖，是僅局限於向專業投規定實施前，發行人根據《規例D》第資者作出要約，而沒有進一步規定，他 (i) 以專業投資者為發行對象 506條規則向認可投資者作出的私人要必須在有關的廣告或文件中，作出有如約，可免除向美國證券交易委員會登在香港，向專業投資者作出要約所獲此含意的聲明。因此，該案件須進而考記，前提是發行人不得為其產品進行任的豁免，載於《證券及期貨條例》第慮的一個事實問題是：該投資顧問是否何宣傳或推廣。此舉構成了信息流通 103(3)(k)條。雖然《證券及期貨條例》真的只打算局限於向專業投資者作出要的障礙，以致發行人難以尋找和聯繫潛第103(1)條就集體投資計劃中的證券、約？原審裁判官的裁斷是(該裁斷對其後在的天使和認可投資者。由於互聯網的結構性產品或權益所作出的要約或邀請的上訴聆訊具有約束力)：由於該公司已接觸面廣，該等禁令確實令人感到困作出要約，禁止向公眾發出任何邀請、採取步驟將非專業投資者排除在外，故擾。然而，「第二章」以及新制訂的第廣告或文件，但該條例第103(3)(k)條亦該基金確實只擬局限於向專業投資者提 506(c)條規則，解除了此等禁令，並批規定，如果相關投資「...... 是只轉讓予或供，第103(3)(k)條下的豁免因此可予適准發行人就其私人證券發行，進行一般擬只轉讓予專業投資者」，則第103(1) 用。性的招攬和和廣告宣傳。只要發行人採條的禁止規定將不予適用。第103(3)(k) 因此從邏輯上說，只要發行人真的有意取合理措施，核實所有投資者皆為認可條表明，只要有關的投資項目僅限於或圖將其要約局限於僅向專業投資者作出投資者(且在發售之時仍然如是)，則即使擬僅限於向專業投資者提供，則即使是 (舉證責任在發行人身上)，並且沒有發有關的廣告宣傳，有被非認可投資者看向公眾或某部分公眾發出邀請，它仍然售任何投資項目予非專業投資者，那麼到的可能，該等證券發行仍然是在豁免是在第103(3)(k)條的豁免範圍內。然向公眾或部分公眾發出邀請並無不可。範圍之內。至於投資者的人數或所募集而，為了避免因測試該等豁免的底線，美國經過多年辯論和漫長的立法程序才的金額，皆沒有設立任何上限，也沒有而觸犯了第103(1)條的禁令，發行人及能夠達到的事情(通過《初創企業扶助任何資料披露規定(但必須遵守聯邦及有其顧問寧可繼續遵循私人配售的做法，法案》第二章)，香港實際上也能大致做關州份的證券法所載的反欺詐條款)。亦即：不作公開廣告宣傳、只有小量的到。接收者、與接收者之間存在現行或私人在美國，認可投資者僅佔所有投資戶總關係，等等。必須注意的一點是：發行人要享有第數的百分之七點四，但在它們控制下的 103(3)(k)條下的豁免，必須能夠證明存可用資本，卻佔其總額的百分之七十以我們可根據香港終審法院在SFC v Pacific 在相關「意圖」。香港的發行人若就其上。美國大部分的資金籌集，皆來自非 Sun Advisors Ltd. [2015] 18 HKCFAR 證券發行進行大規模廣告宣傳(例如在所公開的資本市場。由於「第二章」放寬 138(下稱‘Pacific Sun案件’)一案所作有本地超市，又或是在該些向所有人開了有關限制，因此有人估計「第三章」的裁決，對上述的此等取態重新作出審放的社交媒體上進行宣傳)，這便很難說的使用率將遠低於「第二章」。也有人視。服法院相信，發行人真的有意圖僅局限認為，只有那些無力向認可投資者籌集在Pacific Sun案件中，一名投資顧問根於向專業投資者作出要約。資金的發行人，才會向散戶投資者進行據其數據庫中的資料，向各聯繫人發送終審法院就第103(3)(k)條的適用範圍所眾籌，從而使得後者成為一個「劣幣驅了關於某隻新基金的電子郵件，並在公作的解釋，具有潛在的深遠影響。香港逐良幣的市場」。司的網站上發布了相關文件。各級法院( 現時有20萬高淨值人士，其總計持有共包括裁判法院、原訟法庭和終審法院)均英國和新加坡兩地如何應對？ 1.1萬億美元財富。也許，在初創企業認同，該等廣告宣傳是向公眾或部分公的心目中，它們寧可獲得那些更具誠意兩地市場的監管機構曾經進行公眾諮眾發布，故此需要考慮的問題是：此等的專業投資者垂青，而並非大批隨機性詢，結果是，並沒有任何一個制度為涉行為是否仍能享有第103(3)(k)條下的豁的投資散戶，即使前者的數目遠比後者及眾籌的證券發行，訂立任何新豁免措免？從該等文件的表面看來，它並沒有為少。有報導指出，天使投資者並不願施。除非發行人獲得給予一項或以上的提到該基金只是向專業投資者提供。那

40 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • REGULATORY 監管

意染指那些曾向散戶投資者進行眾籌的文)條例》中的招股章程規定。發行人只獲給予豁免。公司－如果一家公司的投資者太多，將需在有關文件上聲明，它未經任何香港邁步向前會導致經營管理上的困難。終審法院的監管機構的審查。根據《證券及期貨條裁決，將有助發行人更易於尋找此等商例》第103(2) (ga)條，該等發售也獲得正如所展示的情況般，香港在為證券眾業天使，並與他們建立聯繫。但有人推免除遵守第103(1)條的禁止規定。該等籌提供門道方面，並沒有落後於人。然測，當局可能會考慮進行立法，從而推條文的綜合效力是：如果只是向公眾作而，由於該證券發行制度附隨著各種禁翻終審法院所作的裁決。果真如此，此出小規模的發售，便可以不需在合規招止和豁免，給市場參與者造成諸多的妨舉將是令人遺憾的。終z審法院常任法官股章程中作出披露。礙，而違反有關規定，又有可能招致嚴霍兆剛在Pacific Sun案件的判詞中解釋厲的處罰，因此市場參與者對於是否充香港為500萬港元之小規模發行所給予的稱：「...... 投資產品如果並非實際出售或分利用此等豁免，一直是舉棋不定。豁免，與美國為107萬美元之小規模發打算出售給公眾，而是只出售或打算只行所給予的豁免比較，金額雖然略低，香港的監管規則為何及應如何推動和促出售給專業投資者，那麼便沒有必要為但香港的制度卻較為寬鬆，並無任何特進眾籌，當中存在許多無休止的辯論。公眾提供保障，因為他們並沒有面對任定披露要求(惟須遵守《證券及期貨條發行人與其等待一個專門為此成立的制何重大風險。」例》中有關虛假或誤導性陳述的規管條度出現，倒不如積極運用現行的豁免措 (ii) 以散戶投資者為發行對象文)。我們不應低估此等向小規模或初始施，推動其各個項目的發展。隨著這一市場逐漸邁向成熟，監管機構將更懂得進行小規模的散戶眾籌，向來都是一個集資(例如種子基金)提供的豁免所具的潛如何最有效地促進和規範眾籌領域的發選項。根據《公司(清盤及雜項條文)條力，但必須注意的是，此等豁免僅限於展，而即使在現階段，眾籌仍有著充足例》附表17第1部的規定，所發售的證券向公司提供，而以非法團集體投資計劃的活動空間。 n 金額，如果在12個月內並不超過 500 萬 (non-corporate CIS)、結構性產品 (struc- 港元，可免除遵守《公司(清盤及雜項條 tured product) 等形式構建的項目，將不

www.hk-lawyer.org 41 • March 2018

Custody of Children in Relationships Across the Border

By Philippa Hewitt, Professional Support Lawyer Withersworldwide Billy Ko, Associate Withersworldwide

42 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • FAMILY LAW 家庭法

n 20th June 2017 the Secretary (CACV 204 of 2016 1st November 2017). sons to China for a holiday. for Justice in Hong Kong and This case involved a mother who was The case concerned two boys (eight the Executive Vice President of a Chinese national but holding a “one O and six), their Australian/UK father the Supreme People’s Court of the PRC, way permit” which allowed her to stay and Chinese mother. Both boys held signed an Arrangement on Reciprocal in Hong Kong and a Hong Kong born dual British and Australian citizenship Recognition and Enforcement of Civil and bred father. Here the child was and neither held Chinese citizenship. Judgments in Matrimonial and Family clearly habitually resident in Hong Kong They had been born and brought up Cases. The need for a clear and effective prior to the mother leaving for China in England, with visits in the past to legal regime, similar to that which without the consent of the father, and Australia and China to see relatives. already exists in respect of civil claims, the whereabouts of the mother and was becoming increasingly obvious with child remain unknown. She left shortly Baker J held that it was not in the the growing number of cross border after receiving the divorce papers and boys’ interests to be taken to China at relationships and marriages. In 2016, therefore had been effectively served this stage, given the lack of sufficient 35 percent of marriages in Hong Kong in Hong Kong. The mother had not safeguards to ensure that they would involved a party from the PRC. Since contested the jurisdiction of the Hong be returned and the dire consequences the handover of Hong Kong from British Kong court and the father was granted if they were not. He cited the leading rule to the PRC in 1997, there has been interim custody of the child. He then Court of Appeal authority on the law a significant increase in the number applied in the Lo Wu People’s Court in relating to temporary relocation of of families with connections in both Shenzhen, who declined jurisdiction children (Re R (A Child) [2013] EWCA jurisdictions. Family members are often on the basis that the Hong Kong court Civ 1115) and drew on earlier authorities, born and marry in one place and move had already assumed jurisdiction in the in particular the decisions of the to work in the other, they buy property matter. The father successfully appealed same Court in Re K (Removal from the in both places and sometimes travel to the Court of Appeal for the interim Jurisdiction: Practice) [1999] 1 FLR 1084 weekly between the two, effectively custody order to be made final. Such and Re M (A Child) [2010] EWCA Civ living and working in both jurisdictions. order, however, remains unenforceable 888, Patten LJ observed (at para 23): Children are born and schooled in in China. Whilst the Reciprocal “The overriding consideration for either or both and often families will be Arrangement has been signed, it has no the court in deciding whether to Chinese citizens but also hold a Hong retrospective effect and only applies to allow a parent to take a child to a Kong Permanent Residency. orders made after the effective date. This non-Hague Convention country is will be when both sides have completed However, until the agreement in June, whether the making of that order their respective internal procedures. China would not recognise a Hong would be in the best interests of Specifically, it will be implemented Kong divorce decree and the orders of the child. Where (as in most cases) in the Mainland by way of judicial Hong Kong courts in respect of families there is some risk of abduction and interpretation and in Hong Kong by way were not enforceable. This provided an obvious detriment to the child of legislation. It is anticipated that this real difficulties for many families as if that risk were to materialise, the will happen before the end of 2018. In cross border disputes are commonplace court has to be positively satisfied the meantime, the father in this case and the position of vulnerable children that the advantages to the child of has not seen his five-year-old son since acutely felt. In addition, although Hong her visiting that country outweigh the December 2014 with no real prospect of Kong signed the Hague Convention and risks to her welfare which the visit will seeing him in 2018, despite having full incorporated its provisions into the Child entail. This will therefore routinely custody of the child. Abduction and Custody Ordinance Cap. involve the court in investigating 512 in 1997, the PRC has yet to sign and Headway has been made, therefore, what safeguards can be put in place there has been real concern in Hong here in Hong Kong, but the problem of to minimise the risk of retention Kong regarding the ability of parents getting a child out of China remains a and to secure the child’s return if to find their children should one parent problem for other jurisdictions. This has that transpires. Those safeguards decide to unilaterally take a child across been recognized by the High Court in should be capable of having a real the border. England & Wales recently in DO and BO and tangible effect in the jurisdiction (Temporary Relocation to China) [2017] in which they are to operate and be This was highlighted recently in the EWHC 858 (Fam) in which a mother capable of being easily accessed by Court of Appeal in Hong Kong: L v. L applied for permission to take her two the UK-based parent.”

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The court also stressed the importance of a Chinese citizen to hold more than of obtaining expert legal advice in one nationality is explicitly precluded by respect of the foreign jurisdiction in Chinese domestic law. these scenarios. When in doubt, the Despite the dire consequences therefore court should err on the side of caution for a Chinese mother should she and refuse to make the order. In this renounce her citizenship, the court case, the expert advice on Chinese still found on balance that she might law was sought from Ms Flora Huang decide to make the move in view of of the Shanghai Promise Law Firm. a the turbulent nature of the parties’ She confirmed that China was not a relationship, her contacts and family in signatory to the Hague Convention China and her ability to find work and and that foreign orders for custody stability there, and therefore that the risk were not recognised or enforceable, to the children was too high. The court but may be brought in evidence in the looked at the consequences of such a PRC. The father would have to bring retention for the boys and found that it the case to the Chinese Court de novo, would be “devastating” for them - the but it was some comfort that Chinese judge commenting, “apart from the Courts have a similar aim in respect of company of each other and their mother, children’s welfare. Ms Huang confirmed they would be deprived of everything that the PRC court would not issue a in their lives to date - friends, home mirror order without first considering environment, school, the culture in the case in full. Although both the father which they have been brought up, and, and the mother had the right to start above all else, the relationship with their proceedings regarding their children in father”. the PRC, such proceedings would be conducted in Chinese with application It is noteworthy that the children’s of Chinese law and there was no legal guardian had, on balance been in favour mechanism to apply for or issue urgent of their trip in order to enable the boys or emergency orders in family law cases to explore their Chinese heritage and to in the PRC. get to know their maternal family. Clearly the best result for such cases would be for China to sign the Hague The expert also made useful Bearing in mind the number of Convention on Child Abduction. Failure observations in respect of the mother’s Chinese nationals worldwide, the lack to do so does not just cause problems, Chinese nationality. As a Chinese citizen, of reciprocity presents a significant of course, for parties with connections the mother had sufficient jurisdictional problem. Under article 5 of the in China. There appears to be a connection to start a case in the PRC, Nationality Law of the PRC “any person general trend in England and Wales even though she has been habitually born abroad whose parents are both whereby the Family Court is declining resident in England. However, she would Chinese nationals or one of his parents to grant permission for temporary lose the ability to claim jurisdiction is a Chinese national shall have Chinese removal of children for holidays to as of right if she renounced her nationality” although “ a person whose non-Hague countries. In his article Chinese citizenship: she would have to parents are both Chinese nationals and “On the Side of Caution” for Family complete one full year of uninterrupted have settled abroad, or one of whose Law Journal November 2017, James residency and although she could parents is a Chinese national and has Copson comments on such applications reapply for citizenship, the failure rate settled abroad, and who has acquired and argues that more could be done was “extremely high”. Abandonment foreign nationality at birth, shall not internationally to ensure that a ‘safety- would be considered a permanent have Chinese nationality”. Therefore first’ policy, which results in families decision and if she renounced her the boys in this case were not Chinese being cut off from their roots, is not the citizenship, and travelled to China on nationals but it is a potential problem default position of the court. n her British passport, she would be for many individuals in this increasingly subject to Chinese laws and regulations integrated world. concerning foreign aliens. The ability

44 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • FAMILY LAW 家庭法

約》，並將該公約的條文納入本地的《擄拐和管養兒童條例》（第512章）中，但中國在目前仍不是《海牙公約》的簽署國，這會令人關注到：假如父母其中一方自行決定將子女帶回內地，另一方是否有能力將其子女尋回？

香港上訴法庭的一宗近期案件L v L(CACV 204 of 2016 1st November 2017) 突顯了此等情況。該案的母親擁有中華人民共和國國籍，並獲發可在香港居留的「單程證」；而該案的父親是在香港出生和長大。該名母親在未經其丈夫同意的情況下，將孩子帶返內地，而該名孩子之前是一直在香港生活。至今，該名母親及孩子依然下落不明。她是在收到有關的離婚文件不久之後才離港的，因此該份離婚文件是在香港有效送達，而她亦並未就香港法院的司法管轄權提出爭議。該名父親獲香港法庭授予子女的臨時管養權。之後，他跨境婚姻關係所涉及的向深圳市羅湖區人民法院提出申請，但不獲受理，理由是該案受香港法院的司法管轄權所管轄。該名父親向香港高等法院上子女管養權問題訴法庭成功提出上訴，將該項臨時管養權轉化成為最終管養權。然而，儘管香港與作者 Philippa Hewitt 專業支援律師衛達仕律師事務所內地已經簽訂上述的《相互認可安排》， Billy Ko 律師衛達仕律師事務所但由於該協議並沒有追溯力，而是只適用於在生效日期之後所頒發的判令，因此該判令仍然無法在內地強制執行。該協議有 017年6月20日，《關於內地與並前往另一地工作。他們在兩地購置物待雙方完成各自的內部程序後生效。具體香港特別行政區法院相互認可和業，有時每週往返於兩地之間，儼然是而言，該協議將會分別通過司法解釋和立 2執行婚姻家庭民事案件判決的在兩地生活和工作。他們的子女有些是法，在內地和香港實施，而正式的生效時安排》，由香港律政司司長與中華人民在香港或內地出生和就學；另一些則是間，預計是2018年年底。雖然該案的父共和國最高人民法院常務副院長共同簽在一地出生，於另一地就學。他們的家親目前獲法庭授予子女的全面管養權，但訂。隨著香港與內地之間的跨境聯繫不庭成員通常是中國公民，但持有香港的從2014年12月至今，他一直無法與其5 斷加強、兩地人士跨境婚姻的數目不斷永久居留權。歲的兒子取得聯繫，而今年的情況也不容上升，建立一個與這方面有關的清晰而然而，在上述協議於去年六月達成樂觀。有效法律制度，實在已到了刻不容緩的以前，內地並不承認香港的離婚判令因此，儘管中、港在相互認可安排方面地步（在民事申索方面，雙方已經建立 (divorce decree)，而香港法院所頒發的取得了進展，但如何讓子女離開中國，了類似的法律機制）。2016年在香港登家事判令，亦不能在內地執行。這情況仍然是其他司法管轄區必須面對的問記結婚的人士，有百分之三十五其配偶給許多家庭帶來了相當程度的困難，因題。英格蘭和威爾士高等法院在近期的是內地人。自香港於1997年脫離英國統為跨境性質的家庭糾紛經常發生，而這 D O and BO (Temporary Relocation to 治，回歸中華人民共和國以來，在中港些家庭的子女也因此受到重大影響。此 China), Re [2017] EWHC 858 (Fam) 一兩地均有聯繫的家庭大幅增加。這些家外，儘管香港於1997年加入了《海牙公案中，同意此等顧慮。在該案中，一名庭的成員，通常是在一地出生和結婚，

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母親要求法院批准她帶同兩名兒子往中轄區的專家法律意見。若有任何疑問，謀生能力和所享有的穩定環境，而會毅國度假。法院寧可失之謹慎，而考慮選擇一個穩然作出某些決定，以致她的孩子面對非妥的做法，就是拒絕作出有關判令。該常高的風險。法院在審視了該兩名男孩該案涉及兩名男孩（一個8歲，另一個6 案的當事方就有關的中國法律，向上海假如被留在當地的後果之後，認為這會歲），以及其澳洲籍/英籍父親和中國籍普若律師事務所的Ms Flora Huang尋求專對他們造成「極大的傷害」，而法官亦母親。該兩名男孩皆擁有英國和澳洲雙家意見，並獲得她確認，中國並非《海指出：「儘管該兩名男孩可以彼此、以重國籍，但並無中國國籍。他們是在英牙公約》的締約國，外國法院所頒發的及與其母親一起生活，但他們在生活中國出生和長大，過往曾經到過澳洲和中管養令在中國不獲承認，亦不能強制執所擁有的其他一切將會被剝奪，包括：國探親。行，但可以作為證據提出。因此，該名朋友、家庭環境、學校、他們的成長環 Baker J裁定，鑑於並沒有足夠的保障措父親必須重新向中國法院提起訴訟。惟境中的文化，以及最重要的，是他們與施，確保他們能夠返回其原居地，若然令人稍感欣慰的是，在考慮子女的福祉其父親的關係。」他們到了中國後不能離開，這將會產生方面，中國法院也是持相類似的立場。值得注意的一點是，該兩名男孩的監護嚴重的後果。因此，在現階段將他們帶此外，Ms Huang亦確認，在未對有關案人大致贊成他們前往中國，認為此舉可往中國，並不符合他們的利益。Baker J 件的案情作出全面審視以前，中國法院讓他們加深對中國傳統習俗的認識，以援引了上訴法院與暫時重新安置子女不會作出「反映命令」(mirror-order)。儘及對其母親家族的了解。之法律有關的權威判例 (Re R (A Child) 管該案的父母有權在中華人民共和國就 [2013] EWCA Civ 1115)，並引用了一些其子女的情況提起訴訟，但中國法院將我們都曉得，全球華人數目眾多，兩地更早期的典據，特別是同一法院在Re K 會根據中國法律來對該案進行審訊，而法院如果沒有一個民事相互認可的機 (Removal from the Jurisdiction: Practice) 審訊的語言亦將會是中文，且在家事法制，這將會導致嚴重問題出現。《中華 [1999] 1 FLR 1084 and Re M (A Child) 案件方面，中國並沒有任何法律機制可人民共和國國籍法》第5條訂明：「父母 [2010] EWCA Civ 888一案中所作的裁以讓當事方要求、或是讓法院頒發迫切雙方或一方為中國公民，本人出生在外決。在這案件中，Patten LJ指出（第23 或緊急判令。國，具有中國國籍」，但「父母雙方或段）：一方為中國公民並定居在外國，本人出此外，Ms Huang亦就該名母親所擁有生時即具有外國國籍的，不具有中國國「法院在決定是否批准父母將子女帶往的中國國籍提供了有用的意見。儘管該籍」。因此，該案的兩名男孩並非中國該等並非《海牙公約》締約國的國家名母親長居英國但她仍然擁有中國公民公民，而對於在這個日益融合的世界中時，其首要考慮的問題是：作出有關判身份，因此她與中國有著充分的司法聯的許多人來說，這是一個潛在的問題。令是否符合該子女的最佳利益？如果當繫，有權在中國提起訴訟。然而，假如中存在某程度的擄拐風險（正如在大多她放棄其中國公民身份，那麼她將不能很明顯，該等情況的最理想結果是：中數情況中），以及，假如該等風險真聲稱自己享有在中國提起訴訟的當然國加入有關國際兒童擄拐的《海牙公的出現，並會給該名子女帶來明顯的傷權利：她需要連續在中國住滿一整年，約》。不然的話，這會使得那些與中國害，在這情況下，申請人必須能明確而儘管她可以就其中國國籍重新提出申存在聯繫的人面對許多困難；而現時即地讓法院信納，該名子女前往該國家所請，但被拒絕接納的成數「極高」。放使是英格蘭和威爾士，也出現一個普遍獲得的好處，超過對其福祉所構成的風棄公民身份會被視為乃一項永久性的決趨勢，就是當地的家事法院不願意批准險。這通常會促使法院查問：究竟可採定。如果該名母親作出了放棄中國國籍父母將子女送往該些並非《海牙公約》取甚麼保障措施，以盡量減低該名子女的聲明，並且是持英國護照進入中國國締約國的國家度假。James Copson於被留在當地的風險？並必須確保假如此境，那麼她必須遵守規管外國人的中國 2017年11月在Family Law Journal刊登等情況真的發生，該名子女仍能安返其法規。中國的本地法律明確禁止中國公了一篇題為 “On the Side of Caution” 原居地。該等保障措施在其所實施的司民擁有多於一個國籍。的文章，而在該文章中，他就有關的申法管轄範圍內，應當能夠產生實質和有請作出了評論，並指出其實國際社會中一名擁有中國國籍的母親放棄其國籍，形作用，並且必須讓身處英國的父親能可以有更多的作為，從而確保該項導致儘管會給她帶來嚴重的後果，但法院在夠輕易掌握。」許多家庭被切斷了根源的「安全第一」作出權衡後，仍然認為她有可能會基於政策，不會成為許多法院的既定立場。 n 此外，法院亦強調，在面對此等情況自己與丈夫之間關係的破裂、她在中國時，有關案件必須取得相關外國司法管所建立的聯繫和家人、以及她在當地的

46 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

ARBITRATION The court’s judgment is a good review of court’s supervisory jurisdiction is not the relevant legal principles. A number of impacted, although (as readers will Disputes Over Legal Fees points are worth noting: appreciate) seeking to challenge an arbitration award or an arbitration The recent case of Fung Hing Chiu v. • there is no public policy which agreement in Hong Kong is difficult. Henry Wai & Co [2018] HKCFI 31 confirms prevents disputes relating to a While such challenges are not that the High Court’s power to order the solicitor’s legal fees from being supposed to be the norm they are not taxation of a solicitor’s bill, pursuant decided by arbitration. Indeed, while unusual. Unsuccessful challenges to s. 67 of the Legal Practitioners acknowledging the supervisory are visited with indemnity costs Ordinance (Cap. 159), does not prevent a jurisdiction of the court, pursuant against applicants. Whether this is a solicitor and a client agreeing to include to s. 67 of the Legal Practitioners deterrence is a moot point; an arbitration clause in their letter of Ordinance, the judgment is another engagement. testament to the Hong Kong courts’ • a party that engages a solicitor in the pro-arbitration stance; course of a business is not acting as For solicitors and their clients the • depending on the wording of the a “consumer”, so s. 15 (“Arbitration judgment is important. Where a client, agreements”) of the Control of acting in the course of a business, and a arbitration agreement, it is not only disputes as to legal fees that are Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. solicitor enter into a letter of engagement 71) is not engaged*; that contains a model arbitration clause, arbitrable. Allegations of breach of • whether a solicitor’s firm should or where they subsequently agree in contract or claims in tort against a include an arbitration clause in writing to arbitrate a dispute over legal solicitor’s firm are arbitrable; (for example) its standard terms of fees, as a matter of legal principle the • the arbitration of a dispute over business is a matter for the firm. arbitration clause or agreement is valid. legal fees does not deprive a client of protection. An arbitrator can apply There are plenty of “model clauses” to In this case, the solicitors’ two the same taxation principles as a choose from. engagement letters contained court and can usually award reliefs comprehensive arbitration clauses. The - David Smyth and Warren Ganesh, that could have been ordered by a engagement letters were signed by RPC court had the dispute been subject to an individual client and on behalf of a court proceedings (“Award of remedy * Requirement for “written consent signified” corporate client (of which the individual or relief” – s. 70 of the Arbitration after a dispute has arisen. was a director). A dispute arose as to the Ordinance); solicitor’s outstanding fees alleged to be owed by the two clients. The solicitors • where a solicitor is retained in 仲裁 commenced separate arbitration contentious proceedings by a proceedings against both clients. commercial client and charges hourly 法律費用爭議 rates based on the guideline rates The clients, in turn, commenced separate used in court proceedings, it is difficult 根據《法律執業者條例》(第159章)第 court proceedings seeking (among to see how an arbitrator could decide 67條，法院有權命令評定律師帳單，最近 other things) to stay the arbitration that those rates are unreasonable; 的Fung Hing Chiu v Henry Wai & Co proceedings and to refer the dispute to a • if a party to an arbitration concerning [2018] HKCFI 31確定，高等法院這項權 taxing master of the court. The solicitors legal fees is dissatisfied with a 力不阻止律師及客戶同意將仲裁條款納入 applied for the legal proceedings to be tribunal’s award that party can stayed to arbitration, pursuant to s. 20 of 他們的委任書內。 apply to the court to set aside the the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 609). award or seek appropriate relief. The 判決對律師和他們的客戶是重要的。原則

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上，如果在業務過程中，客戶和律師訂立人如果敗訴，就得支付彌償訟費。這 to use Hong Kong’s legal and dispute 一份包含標準仲裁條款的委任書，或者他點是否礙事尚有商榷餘地； resolution service for disputes arising from commercial transactions related to 們其後書面同意藉仲裁解決法律費用爭在商業過程中委聘律師的一方不是以「客 the Initiative. 議，仲裁條款或協議是有效的。戶」的身份行事，因此，《管制免責 Encourage Chinese enterprises to 在這宗案件，律師的兩份委任書包含涵蓋條款條例》(第71章)第15條(「仲裁 choose Hong Kong as the dispute 協議」)不適用*；全面的仲裁條款。該兩份委任書是由客戶 resolution venue (個人)及另一客戶(公司)(「兩名客戶」)的應否在(譬如說)標準商業條款中包括仲裁 With the continuous growth of trade 代表簽署的，該人是該公司的董事。兩名條款在內是律師行得考慮的問題。現 globalization and the Initiative, cross- 客戶被指拖欠律師費用，兩方因為未清繳時有大量「標準條款」可供選擇。 border transactions become even more 的費用發生爭拗。 active. Hence, the number of disputes - 施德偉及莊偉倫，RPC related to cross-border investments 之後，兩名客戶另行展開法律程序，尋求 * 規定在爭議發生後「獲得……書面同 and international trade will increase (其中包括)擱置仲裁程序，將爭議轉呈法意」。 accordingly. Imagine, in a transaction 庭訟費評定官。律師根據《仲裁條例》(第 where one party is a Chinese enterprise 609章)第20條申請擱置法律程序，進行仲 and the other is an overseas enterprise, 裁。 ARBITRATION the overseas enterprise would always seek overseas arbitration institutions 法庭的判決充分檢討了相關的法律原則。 Establishing Hong Kong as for settlement of any potential contract 以下幾點值得留意： an International Legal Hub dispute. This is out of the concerns • 公共政策並不阻止律師法律費用爭議 that overseas enterprises are generally On 14 December 2017, the HKSAR incomprehensive of and are also lack 藉仲裁作決定。事實上，根據《法律 government and the National of trust for mainland legal system and 執業者條例》第67條承認法庭有監督 Development and Reform Commission arbitration institutions. Nevertheless, for 權的同時，判決是香港法庭支持仲裁 signed “Advancing Hong Kong’s Full Chinese enterprises, equally, they will be 的另一證明； Participation in and Contribution uncertain about going overseas to settle to the Belt and Road Initiative” (the •視乎仲裁協議的措詞而定，不只是關於 disputes and also will have concern on ’Arrangement’). The Arrangement serves 法律費用的爭議可予仲裁。指稱某律 the expensive legal costs. Under such as a blueprint for Hong Kong’s further circumstance, as the only common law 師行違約或針對某律師行的侵權申索 participation in the “Belt and Road jurisdiction in China and also under 是可予仲裁的； Initiative” (the ’Initiative’). the protection of the Basic Law, as well •就法律費用爭議進行仲裁並不剝奪客 The Arrangement has explicitly given as having the unique geographical 戶享有的保護。假如爭議事項是法庭 its support to establish Hong Kong location which allows for Western- 法律程序的標的，法庭可命令判給濟 as an international legal and dispute Chinese cultural fusion, Hong Kong will resolution service hub for the Asia-Pacific undoubtedly be the ideal arbitration 助，仲裁員通常可以一如法庭般，應 region, hence to provide international venue where both parties can accept. 用一樣的稅務原則，並且通常可以判 legal and dispute resolution services 給該項濟助(「判給補救或濟助的裁 As the bargaining power of Chinese for the Initiative. In order to practically enterprises in international trade and 決」――《仲裁條例》第70條)； implement the policies under the investments gradually increase, it •如果商業客戶就具爭議的訴訟聘用律 Arrangement and effectively realize a becomes obvious to “stay at home” 師，而律師每小時費率是按法律程序 series of preferential policies towards for dispute resolution regarding Hong Kong, there is an imperative need 所用參考費率收取的，人們就難以 disputes in cross-border investments for the negotiation between HKSAR 明白仲裁員怎麼可以決定費率並不合 and transactions. Therefore, HKSAR government and legal industries to government should establish a cross- 理； formulate specific proposals with department group, and actively seek to •如果仲裁是與法律費用有關，而仲裁 detailed measures. Hence, the following set up a cooperation mechanism with 一方不滿意仲裁庭的裁決，該方可向 foremost question for Hong Kong is, the relevant national authorities and how to utilize the preferential policies 法庭申請將裁決作廢或要求合適的濟 organisations, which are respectively under the Central Government’s overall 助。法院的監督權不受影響，不過(讀 responsible for communications with the jurisdiction and make full use of Hong 者會理解)，想在香港質疑仲裁裁決或 stated-owned enterprises and private Kong’s advantages under its high degree enterprises. This group should aim to 仲裁協議是困難的。雖然這類質疑不 of autonomy in order to attract more promote Hong Kong’s legal and dispute 被認為是常態，但卻並不罕見。申請 mainland and overseas enterprises resolution services to all kinds of Chinese

48 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

enterprises, and also encourage these 仲裁為各方接受的理想仲裁地點。 enterprises to choose Hong Kong as 隨著中國企業在國際貿易和投資中討價還 the seat of arbitration for commercial 建立香港成為國際法律樞紐價的能力逐漸增強，「留在家中」處理跨 disputes. 香港特區政府與國家發展和改革委員會於境投資和交易爭議是必然的選擇。因此， Provide more accommodation for the 2017年12月14日簽署了《關於支持香港香港特區政府應該建立跨部門工作組，積 recognition and enforcement of Hong 全面參與和助力「一帶一路」建設的安 Kong arbitration awards in mainland 極與負責與國有企業和私營企業的溝通的排》（《安排》），是香港進一步參與「國家部門和組織建立合作機制。工作組應 With the progression of the Initiative, it is envisaged that there will be more 一帶一路」的藍圖。以向各類中國企業推廣香港的法律和爭議 foreign-invested enterprises as well 《安排》明確表示支持建立香港成為國際解決服務為目標，鼓勵這些企業選擇香港 as wholly foreign-owned enterprises 法律樞紐和亞太區爭議解決服務中心，從作為商業爭議的仲裁地點。 incorporated in Mainland China and 而為「一帶一路」提供國際法律和爭議解 especially in free trade zone (FTA). If 為香港的仲裁裁決在內地獲承承認和執行 both such companies agree to arbitrate 決服務。為切實落實《安排》下的政策及提供條件 overseas (including Hong Kong), 一系列針對香港的優惠政策，香港特區政隨著「一帶一路」的推進，預計內地及自 according to the current Chinese 府與法律界亟需商討以制定具體措施。因由貿易區將會有更多的外資企業及外商獨 legislation, the relevant arbitration 此，香港未來的首要問題是如何把握中央資企業落戶。根據中國現行法例，若兩家 awards are very likely not to be 政府管轄下的優惠政策，充分利用香港高 recognized and enforced by the Chinese 公司同意在海外進行仲裁（包括香港），度自治的優勢，吸引更多內地和海外企業 courts because such awards do not have 相關仲裁裁決很可能不被中國法院承認和使用香港的法律和爭端解決服務處理與「 foreign affairs. 執行。一帶一路」有關商業交易引起的爭議。 In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court (the 2015年，最高人民法院出台了文件，為 ’SPC’) introduced a document with a 鼓勵中國企業選擇香港作為爭議解決地點「一帶一路」提供司法協助和保護。最高 view to providing judicial assistance and 隨著貿易全球化和「一帶一路」不斷發 protection to the Initiative. In particular, 人民法院特別提到，支持「一帶一路」各 the SPC indicated to support the parties 展，跨境交易更加活躍。因此，與跨境方解決爭議。因此，香港特區政府應與最 to resolve the disputes in relation to the 投資和國際貿易有關的爭議數量將相應高人民法院和其他內地部門進行磋商，提 Initiative. Thus, HKSAR government 增加。試想像一宗交易中，一方是中國出相關司法解釋，確認在上述情況下在香 should negotiate with the SPC and 企業，另一方是海外企業，海外企業港作出的仲裁裁決的執行不會受到影響。 other mainland authorities to introduce 總是會找海外仲裁機構解決潛在的合同若能成事，將吸引更多的商業合同選擇香 relevant judicial interpretations to affirm 糾紛，因為海外企業普遍不理解內地的港作為仲裁地點，因而提升香港作為國際 that the enforcement of arbitration awards made in Hong Kong will not be 法律制度及仲裁機構，對它們亦缺乏信仲裁中心的地位，同時有助改善中國內地 affected due to its absence of foreign 任。相反，中國企業也不願意到海外解的整體營商環境。 affairs under the abovementioned 決爭議，還會擔心法律費用高昂。在這 - 劉洋，禮德律師事務所高級律師 circumstances. If this result can be 種情況下，香港作為中國唯一的普通法香港與內地法律專業聯合會副會長 successfully realized, it will inevitably 管轄區，受到《基本法》的保障，地理 attract more commercial contracts to 位置獨特，東西方文化融合，無疑是可 choose their arbitral seat in Hong Kong. Hence it will in no doubt enhance the status of Hong Kong as the international arbitration hub and help to improve the general business environment in Mainland China. Hong Kong - Edward Liu, Senior Associate, Reed Smith Richards Butler, Vice President, The Hong Kong and Mainland Legal Profession Association

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CROSS-BORDER China’s foreign currency reserves to foster involving multiple countries. Hong Kong increased investment in countries covered is the world’s leading offshore renminbi Belt & Road’s Funding by the BRI. market and gateway for more than half the mainland’s outward investment. Shortfall: Hong Kong’s Key AIIB President Jin Liqun has stated that Mainland companies account for half the bank aimed to lend US$1.2 billion Opportunity the market capitalisation of Hong Kong’s in 2016. The bank approved US$3.3 stock exchange offering direct two-way The mighty Dragon has changed billion in its second year for a total of access to exchanges in Shanghai and direction. It has begun to breathe fire just under US$4.5 billion in approved Shenzhen. West, across an ancient route through lending to date. However, the BRI has an the Taklimakan Desert, bounded by the infrastructure deficit estimated at US$1.5 Hong Kong’s resident BVI, Cayman Kunlun Mountains to the South and the trillion per year. The Asian Development Islands and Bermuda lawyers will play Pamir Mountains to the North, once Bank has estimated a funding shortfall their usual support role to their Hong known as the Silk Road, now known as for Asian (only) infrastructure projects of Kong counterparts in assisting in the the “Belt and Road Initiative” (‘BRI’). The US$750 billion per year through 2020. establishment of offshore vehicles which BRI is the greatest infrastructure project Or another way at looking at it, the provide efficient hub-connectors for in human history, affecting 65 percent of present China-based institutions do not the influx of capital and financing from the world’s population, 70 countries and have sufficient capital to make BRI work around the world. As more flexible POEs 30 percent of global GDP, driven, in part, on their own. By way of comparison, the play a larger part in BRI transactions, by a Chinese economy with over-capacity. rival Asian Development Bank led by and as BRI transactions begin to move The role for Hong Kong is very simple. Japan approved new loans worth US$17.5 into more complex industries that The BRI cannot be funded with current billion in 2016 andUS$19.1 billion in 2017 benefit from improved infrastructure capital commitments. It requires funding for a two year total of US$36.6 billion, including technology and logistics, there from international finance markets. more than eight times the approvals of will be greater requirements for more Hong Kong is uniquely placed to be the the AIIB. In fact, China has borrowed complex structuring. In such industries centre for capital-raising for BRI projects. more from the ADB than it has lent people and not assets are the real value Packaging a comprehensive suite of through the AIIB. Furthermore, increased and a holistic investment approach services to this effect is the next step. exposure to countries with poor credit providing financial incentives and some profiles along the Belt & Road could put influence over management can help The BRI is a significant development China at risk of being bogged down by to maximise returns and provide project strategy launched by Chinese President the costs involved. China will be keen to stability. This is often best established Xi Jinping in 2013. On 3 February 2018, spread that risk with other financiers. through contractual agreement at Zhang Dejiang, Chief of the National the offshore level where both Chinese The BRI provides an historic opportunity People’s Congress addressed the Belt and and local counterparties can have the to Hong Kong to leverage its status as Road General Chamber of Commerce comfort of a tax neutral platform with China’s most cosmopolitan city – an here in Hong Kong and trumpeted the predictable laws and robust judges efficient financial hub combining rich idea of Hong Kong playing a key role in with disputes ultimately being capable infrastructure experience, well-regulated BRI. At its heart it is, for all intents and of being resolved by the universally markets with deep understanding of both purposes, infrastructure project financing. well-regarded Privy Counsel in the Chinese and Western culture as well as Building overland economic corridors UK. Offshore structures will continue business practices. BRI infrastructure towards Europe and maritime corridors to facilitate international finance the BRI projects bring together investors, through the Indian Ocean creates an era. The opportunities for Hong Kong are bankers, construction companies and infrastructure system designed to make boundless. China the primary economic power in other business enterprises. The complex transactions require deep analysis of the world. By investing in rail, ports and - Ian Mann and Jonathan Culshaw, legal, regulatory and tax parameters power plants along the centuries old Harneys silk routes, China is seeking to stimulate cross-border trade. China has established two major new financial entities – the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (‘AIIB’), and the Silk Road Infrastructure Fund. The AIIB provides financing in a variety of ways including loans, investing in the equity capital of an enterprise and guaranteeing as primary or secondary obligor loans for economic development. The Silk Road Fund is a state-owned investment fund primarily backed by

50 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

跨境去看資金短缺的問題；中國機構目前沒有 CROSS-BORDER 充裕資金一力進行「一帶一路」的工作。一帶一路資金短缺：香港的重相比之下，由日本主導的競爭對手，亞洲 “Powdered Milk Formula” 大機遇開發銀行，2016年批出新貸款175億美 For many readers (particularly, “couples” 元，2017年191億美元，兩年合共366 travelling through the customs channel 巨龍翻身轉了方向，騰雲駕霧，向西方進億美元，較亞投行多出八倍。事實上，中 from Hong Kong to the Mainland), the 發，沿著古代絲綢之路，現稱「一帶一 Court of Final Appeal’s judgment in 國從亞銀借入的貸款多過透過亞投行借出路」，橫越南連崑崙山，北倚帕米爾山的 HKSAR v. Lam Tan Ching [2018] HKCFA 的貸款。此外，「一帶一路」沿線有信貸塔克拉瑪干沙漠。「一帶一路」是人類有 1, 25 January 2018, may come as some 狀況較差的國家，風險相繼增加，中國有 relief. 史以來最偉大的基建項目，影響全球65% 可能得承擔因為成本問題而陷入困境的風人口，70個國家及全球國內生產總值的 The defendant (appellant) was 險。 apparently stopped by customs officers 30%，推動力部分來自產能過盛的中國經 and found to have had four cans of 濟體。「一帶一路」給香港提供千載難逢的機 powdered milk formula in his backpack, 會。香港可利用本身作為中國首要國際城香港的角色非常簡單。「一帶一路」不能 being two cans for him and two for his 市的地位――有效率並且基礎設施經驗豐 wife. By the time he was stopped the 以現時的資金承諾為資金來源，需要在國富的融資樞紐、監管完善並且深入了解中 defendant had become temporarily 際金融市場籌集資金。位處中心地帶，獨西文化及營商方法的市場。「一帶一路」 separated from his wife. 享優勢，有利給「一帶一路」項目籌集資基建項目將投資者、銀行家、建築公司及 As some readers may recall, the Import 金的香港，下一步是包裝一套全面周到的其他商企聚攏起來。複雜的交易需要對 and Export (General) (Amendment) 集資服務組合。 Regulation 2013 came into operation on 關乎多個國家的法律、法規及稅收參數進 1 March 2013 in order to combat so- 「一帶一路」是國家主席習近平2013年行深入分析。香港是全球主要的離岸人民 called parallel trading in powdered milk 推出的重大發展策略。2018年2月3日，幣市場，也是內地一半以上對外投資的門 formula between Hong Kong and the 全國人大常委會委員長張德江在港府和香戶。內地公司佔香港證券交易所市場資本 Mainland. As a result of amendment to 港「一帶一路」總商會合辦的論壇上致總額的一半，為上海及深圳兩地的交易所 the relevant regulations (Cap. 60A), the export of powdered formula to all places 辭，宣傳香港在「一帶一路」擔當關鍵角提供直接雙向通道。 outside Hong Kong became prohibited 色的想法。實際上來說，重點是基建項目香港常駐英屬處女群島、開曼群島及百慕 pursuant to s. 6D(1) of the Import and 的融資。陸上興建經濟走廊通往歐洲，海達的律師將如常給香港同行提供支援， Export Ordinance (Cap. 60), unless done 上打通穿越印度洋的航道，建立基礎設施 in accordance with an export licence. 協助他們成立離岸工具，提供高效的樞紐系統，旨在使中國成為世界上的經濟強 However, regulation 6(1D) exempted 連接服務，促進從全球各地流入資金和國。絲綢之路經歷了幾個世紀，中國現時 powdered formula that (among other 融資。由於更為靈活，私營企業在「一帶 things): 投資沿路興建鐵路、港口和發電廠，尋求一路」交易發揮較大作用，加上「一帶一刺激跨境貿易。 “… is exported in the accompanied personal 路」交易開始進入受惠於完善基建(包括 baggage of a person aged 16 or above 中國已經新設立兩大金融實體――亞洲基技術和物流)並且更為複雜的行業，對複雜 leaving Hong Kong – 礎設施投資銀行(「亞投行」)及絲綢之路結構的需求將會更大。在這些行業之中， (a) if – 基礎設施基金。亞投行提供不同方式的融人，不是資產，才是真正的價值所在，另 (i) the person did not leave Hong Kong 資，包括貸款、投資企業股本，以及作為外，提供經濟誘因的綜合投資方法及在管 in the last 24 hours; and 經濟發展的主要或次級貸款債務人。絲理上的一些影響力，皆有助達到最大回報 (ii) the formula does not exceed 1.8 kg 路基金是國有投資基金，主要靠中國外幣並維持項目穩定性。通常來說，離岸工具 in total net weight;”. 儲備作後盾，以促進更多投資於「一帶一最好透過離岸合約協議成立。在海外，中 The four cans found in the defendant’s 路」沿線國家。國及當地交易對手同樣可以安心使用稅務 possession apparently weighed approximately 3.6 kg. He was convicted 中立平台，相關法例可以預測得到，判斷亞投行行長金立群表示，亞投行的目標是 before a magistrate of an attempted 在2016年放貸12億美元。亞投行在第二也很穩妥，爭議最終能夠在英國享譽國際 offence under s. 6D(1) of the Ordinance and 年批出33億美元，到目前為止，合共批的樞密院解決。離岸結構將繼續促進國際 received a nominal fine. That decision was 出接近45億美元貸款。然而，「一帶一金融的「一帶一路」時代。香港的機會數 affirmed by a High Court judge. It appears that the defendant’s explanation that he 路」的基礎設施赤字估計為每年1.5萬億之不盡。 was carrying two cans for his wife was to no 美元。亞洲開發銀行(「亞銀」)估計，直 - Harneys的Ian Mann及Jonathan Culshaw avail because the magistrate took the view 到2020年，亞洲(只是亞洲)基建項目資 that each person leaving Hong Kong was 金每年短缺7,500億美元。或者換個方式 not allowed to export more than 1.8 kg of

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powdered formula. 跨境終審法院席前的主要論點是，「人士的私 The issue before the CFA was essentially 人隨身行李」是否限於該名人士携帶的私 whether “the accompanied personal 「配方奶粉」人行李，抑或延伸至陪伴該人離開香港的 baggage of a person” was limited to the 對很多讀者(特別是經海關通道前往中國另一人携帶的行李。這個論點牽涉到「私 personal baggage carried by the person or 人隨身行李」的涵義。終審法院法官一致 extended to baggage carried by another 的「夫婦」)來說，終審法院在HKSAR v 裁定，這是日常用語，一件物品是否私人 who accompanied the person leaving Hong Lam Tan Ching [2018] HKCFA 1(2018年 Kong. This issue turned on the meaning 1月25日)的判決讓他們鬆了一口氣。隨身行李屬事實問題，也是一種常識。判 of “accompanied personal baggage”. The 決書其中一段(第13段)透露法官的想法： unanimous judgment of the CFA treated 案情很明顯，被告人(上訴人)被海關人員「本席不會試圖詳盡無遺地立下定義，但 this as an everyday expression that was fact 截停，海關人員在他背囊發現四罐配方奶 dependent and a matter of common sense. 粉，兩罐是他自己帶的，另兩罐是他為妻根據辯方的說法，認為那四罐配方粉的其 A telling passage from the judgment states 子帶的。被告人被截停之前，已經開始與中兩罐應被視作妻子私人隨身行李的一部 (at paragraph 13): 妻子暫時分開走。分，正如她跟丈夫共用一個行李箱，而她 “… Without attempting an exhaustive 的衣服放在他的行李箱裡一樣。那兩罐配可能有讀者記得，《2013年進出口(一般) definition, I am of the view that on the basis 方粉跟妻子是在同一個旅程中，又是屬於 of the defence case, two of the four cans of (修訂)規例》於2013年3月1日實施，目她的，所以應被視她的私人隨身行李。」 powdered formula should be regarded as 的是打擊中港配方奶粉水貨客。由於修訂 part of the wife’s accompanied personal 了相關規例(第60A章)，現根據《進出口終審法院撤銷被告人的定罪，毫不猶豫。 baggage, just as if she shared a suitcase 正如在判決書指出，「與家人外遊，通常 with her husband and her clothes were 條例》(第60章)第6D(1)條，任何人除非是彼此代携私人物品的」。 in his suitcase. They were travelling on 按照出口許可證的規定，否則不得將配方 the same journey with her and belonged 粉輸出香港境外任何地方。然而，規例第香港水貨問題相當嚴重(特別是某幾種項 to her and should be regarded as her 6(1D)條豁免某些輸出配方粉的情況，包目)。不過，想深一層，這宗案件看來不屬 accompanying personal baggage.” 括：於規例所針對的情況。海關人員日後遇上 The CFA had no hesitation in quashing the 兩夫婦帶行李過關，向他們強制執行規例 defendant’s conviction. As the judgment 「……作為離開香港的年滿16歲人士的私之前，想必先三思而後行。 notes, “Families travelling together often 人隨身行李而輸出的……— carry stuff for one another”. (a) 以下條件均獲符合— - 莊偉倫及施德偉，RPC The issue of parallel trading in Hong (i) 在過去24小時內，該人沒有離開香 Kong is serious (particularly, with respect 港；及 to certain items). However, on reflection, EMPLOYMENT LAW it would seem that the circumstances (ii) 該等配方粉總淨重不超逾1.8公斤；」 of this case are not the sort that the Hong Kong Ponders regulations were designed to catch. 在被告人物品發現的四罐奶粉共重3.6公 Discrimination Law Shakeup Presumably, customs officers seeking 斤左右。他被控企圖觸犯《進出口條例》 to enforce the regulations in the future 第6D(1)條所訂罪行，在裁判官席前被裁 The Hong Kong Government is considering key changes to the existing may think twice before coming between 定罪名成立及判處象徵式罰款。高等法院 a married couple and their personal anti-discrimination ordinances. The 法官確定該裁決。被告人解釋有兩罐配方 baggage. proposed changes have been brought 奶粉是為妻子帶的，但似乎不湊效，因為 forward following a consultation - Warren Ganesh and David Smyth, 裁判官認為，每名離港人士不可輸出超過 carried out by the Equal Opportunities RPC 1.8公斤配分粉。 Commission (‘EOC’) in 2014. In her inaugural policy address, the Chief Executive Carrie Lam said the Government would submit legislative amendment proposals in the 2017- 2018 session of the Legislative Council (‘LegCo’) to implement the key recommendations. The major changes The proposed changes are meant to encourage family-friendly workplaces, expand the scope of harassment protection and address the issue of

52 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

stereotypical assumptions during the sub-tenants and club managers. example, an employer may make hiring process. The main changes are as an assumption that a candidate follows: Dispensing with proof of intention to does not read or speak Chinese or discriminate English based on their surname or Discrimination on the basis of The Government proposes to repeal appearance, when the candidate is breastfeeding provisions under the SDO, FSDO and fully capable of doing so. Employers The Government plans to introduce RDO that require proof of intention to should be warned not to make express provisions in either the Sex discriminate in order to award damages stereotypical assumptions before Discrimination Ordinance (‘SDO’) for indirect discrimination claims. making any hiring, firing or promotion or the Family Status Discrimination At present, awarding damages for decisions. Ordinance (‘FSDO’) prohibiting direct indirect discrimination under these • Anti-harassment policies, training and indirect discrimination on grounds of Ordinances requires proof that the & complaint procedures: It is breastfeeding and to include expressing respondent intended to discriminate important for corporates to have in milk in the definition of breastfeeding. against the claimant. Successful claims place appropriate anti-harassment Although Hong Kong has made every for indirect discrimination are therefore policies and procedures and to make effort to normalise breastfeeding, quite rare in Hong Kong. The repeal of sure these are communicated and breastfeeding is still plagued by provisions requiring a proof of intention understood by everyone working on discrimination at work and amongst the to discriminate will make it easier for the premises. public at large. If the proposed changes genuinely aggrieved parties to make To promote a harassment free and become law, it will become unlawful good their indirect discrimination cases non-hostile workplace, everyone should to ask women to stop expressing and obtain damages from the wrongdoer. be encouraged to report any incident of milk in the workplace or breastfeed in harassment by co-workers, customers Best practice for employers restaurants, libraries and clubs. Rigid and service users whether on the or inflexible policies that prohibit or Even before the proposed changes are basis of sex, disability, race and even restrict employees from taking lactation tabled for discussion at LegCo, there is breastfeeding. Disciplinary action should breaks could give rise to discrimination much that employers can do to improve also be taken against the wrongdoer for complaints. their brand, promote diversity and attract inappropriate behaviour in the workplace! talent. Discrimination on the basis of - Anita Lam, Counsel, Clifford Chance “imputed” race. • Family-friendly facilities and policies: Employers should be Amendments to the Race Discrimination prepared to provide appropriate space 僱傭法 Ordinance (‘RDO’) will include protection in the office to allow employees to from discrimination and harassment by take lactation breaks and express perception or imputation that a person is 香港考慮給歧視法推陳出新 milk. Work policies should be of a particular racial group. sufficiently flexible to enable new 香港政府現正考慮對現存的反歧視條例作 If the changes become law, it will be mothers to take lactation breaks at 出重大修訂。修訂建議早在平等機會委員 unlawful to harass or treat an individual work. 會(「平機會」)2014年進行諮詢之後提 less favourably by automatically • No stereotypical assumptions: The 出。行政長官林鄭月娥在她的第一份施政 assuming the individual is of a particular provisions regarding discrimination 報告表示，政府會在立法會2017-2018年 race group or ethnic origin, even when on the ground of the race of an 度會期將修訂建議提交立法，以落實主要 they are not. “associate” are likely to have most 建議。 Expanding the scope of harassment effect in the hiring process. For protection Harassment and in particular sexual harassment, unfortunately still remains rife in Hong Kong. If the proposed changes become law, harassment on the basis of sex, disability, race (including imputed race and association with a race) will be made illegal in a common workplace, in co-tenanted or sub- tenanted premises, on aircraft, ships and in clubs. This will apply not only to employees and co-workers, but also to service providers, customers, co-tenants,

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主要修訂接歧視提出申索而獲判勝訴的案件在 Litecoin, Ripple…etc.) and Initial Coin 修訂建議旨在鼓勵提供給予家庭方便的工香港非常罕見。如果廢除要求證明歧 Offerings (‘ICOs’)—and smart contracts to many unsung potentials such as 作場所，擴大免被騷擾的保障範圍，並處視意圖的條文，真正受屈的人更容易在間接歧視的案件中勝訴，並獲判給 supply chain audit, counterfeit combat, 理招聘時抱有定型觀念的問題。主要修訂 governance and compliance. 如下：由違法者支付的損害賠償。 But for the over-emphasis of the 基於餵哺母乳的歧視僱主的最佳做法 cryptocurrences, people would have had realised the epoch-making features of 政府計劃在《性別歧視條例》或《家庭崗即使在修訂建議提交立法會討論之 distributed ledger technology. 位歧視條例》引入明確條文，禁止基於餵前，僱主也有很多改善其品牌、促進 Crowdfunding through ICOs is probably 哺母乳而直接或間接作出的歧視，並在餵多元化及吸引人才的事可以做。 the most powerful feature of these 哺母乳的定義中包括擠奶在內。 • 家庭友好設施及政策：僱主應當願意 cryptocurrences. Yet, in Hong Kong, 儘管香港已盡力使餵哺母乳正常化，但在在辦公室提供合適空間，讓僱員有哺 equity crowdfunding, as in the case of ICOs, is to be regarded as ‘regulated 工作時間餵哺母乳仍然受到歧視，也受到乳休息時間及可以擠奶。工作政策應 activities’ under the Securities and 市民大眾歧視。要是修訂建議成為法例，當靈活，足以讓新媽媽工作時有哺乳 Future Ordinance, Cap. 571 (the ‘SFO’) 休息時間。要求婦女停止在工作場所擠奶或在酒家∕ whereas peer-to-peer lending, depending 餐廳、圖書館及會所餵哺母乳便屬違法。 • 不抱有定型觀念。在招聘過程中，有 on its scale and frequency (ie business 死板或不靈活的政策禁止或限制給僱員哺關基於「有聯繫人士」的種族而作出 model), may subject to the requirement 乳休息時間，可能會引起歧視投訴。歧視的條文可能最為見效。譬如說， of a license under the Money Lenders 應徵人完全能講或能讀中文或英文， Ordinance, Cap. 163 as well as the 基於「所歸類」種族的歧視 SFO. (See: the Securities and Future 但僱主有可能基於姓氏或外貌而假定 Commission’s news on 9th February 2018, 《種族歧視條例》的修訂將包括保障該人不懂。作出任何招聘、解僱或晉 circular on 11th December 2017, and 任何人免因被認為屬某一種族或歸類升決定之前，僱主務應記住不要抱有 notice dated 7th May 2014.) Assuming 為某一種族而受到歧視或騷擾。定型觀念。 license is not a problem, one would still have doubts on the ‘smartness’ of the 要是修訂成為法例，不假思索地假定 • 反騷擾政策、訓練及投訴的程序：對 contracts built on these cryptocurrences 某人屬於某種族人士或某族群本源(即公司來說，有兩件重要的事要做：制 blockchain after the hard lessons learned 便該人並不屬於)而騷擾該人或給該人定合適的反騷擾政策和程序，以及肯 from the US$50 million hack of the 較差待遇，即屬違法。定已向處所每名工作人員傳達政策和 decentralized investment fund from the 程序，而他們亦了解有關內容。 Decentralized Autonomous Organization 擴大免受騷擾的保障範圍 (DAO) in June 2016 and most recently, 為了促進建設一個不受騷擾及沒有暴力的不幸的是，騷擾，特別是性騷擾，在 over US$500 million hack of Coincheck 工作場所，應鼓勵所有人舉報任何由同香港依然相當普遍。要是修訂建議成 in Japan. 事、客戶、服務使用者作出的騷擾事件，為法例，在普通工作場所、共同出租 On 4th September 2017, the People’s 不管騷擾是基於性別、殘疾、種族，甚至或分租的處所、飛機、船及會所基於 Bank of China issued a ban on ICOs 餵哺母乳亦然，也應針對違法者在工作場性別、殘疾、種族(包括所歸類種族及 totally, declaring them to be illegal and 所作出的不當行為採取紀律行動。 disruptive to economic and financial 與某種族有關聯)而作出騷擾即屬違 stability. Settling for less, many 法。這不單只適用於僱員和同事，也 - 高偉紳律師行顧問律師林尹菁 suggested that cryptocurrences are the 適用於服務提供者、顧客、共租戶及 future of micropayments as they provide 會所經理。 a free and instant way to exchange value FINTECH without middleman and/or government 免除有歧視意圖的證明 supervision. The day won’t come unless 為了就間接歧視判給申索人損害補 Blockchain – the Future? and until technology of and confidence 償，政府建議廢除《性別歧視條例》 Comes with the Bitcoin fever and its fall, on cryptocurrences have been raised; the reasons are twofold: 、《家庭崗位歧視條例》及《種族歧 believe it or not blockchain is the future. 視條例》要求證明有歧視意圖的條文 This 10-year-old technology allows The issue of efficiency: cryptocurrences digital information to be distributed 規定。 are not totally free and instant; their but not copied; its application ranges current process time and level of energy 現時，要根據上列條例就間接歧視判 from the mostly-talked-about payments consumption simply render them 給損害賠償，必須證明答辯人有針對 and banking—including the uses of inefficient—transactions per second for 申索人作出歧視的意圖。因此，就間 cryptocurrences (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin is three to four, whereas those for Ethereum, PayPal and visa are 20,

54 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

193, and 1,667 respectively; the energy 金融科技 2017年9月4日，中國人民銀行發出禁 consumption of Bitcoin for each second’s 令，全面封殺ICO，宣布ICO屬非法活動， transactions is 35 times higher than that 區塊鏈–就是將來? 擾亂經濟金融穩定。很多人退而求其次， for visa. 信不信由你，隨著比特幣由高峰滑落，盛指加密貨幣是小額付費的未來，因為它們 The issue of security: if you put your 提供免費即時交換價值的方法，不需要中 money in banks or use the credit cards 極而衰，未來是區塊鏈的世界。這項有10 issued by them, anything goes wrong, 年歷史的技術容許把數碼資料分發而不被介人及∕或政府監管。除非加密貨幣技術 to a certain extent (say, HKD500,000 複製；它的應用範圍廣泛，從通常被議論提升了，人們對加密貨幣的信心也增強， under the Deposit Protection Scheme), 的付款及銀行業務――包括加密貨幣(比否則這一天不會來到；原因有二： you are covered; none would apply for 特幣、以太幣、萊特幣、瑞波幣等)及首 cryptocurrences—the case of Mt. Gox, 效率問題：加密貨幣不是完全免費和即時 world largest Bitcoin trader in 2014, 次代幣發行(「ICO」)的使用――及智能交換的；它們現時的處理時間和能源消耗 losing over US$400 million investor 合約，到許多未被讚揚的潛能，例如供應水平的確是效率不足的原因――比特幣每 money by theft for example. 鏈的審核、打假、管理及遵規。秒處理三、四宗交易，比太幣、PayPal及 The above problems coupled with 要不是加密貨幣過度突出，人們早已認識 visa則分別是20、193及1,667宗；比特 the existence of cash eliminate any 幣每秒鐘交易的能源消耗量比visa的高出 practical uses of cryptocurrences, save 到分散式總帳科技的劃時代特色。 35倍。 for speculation and illegal transactions. 透過ICO進行的眾籌大有可能是這些加密 However, the current dead-end of 貨幣最厲害的功能。不過，香港的股權安全問題：如果你把錢放在銀行或使用銀 cryptocurrencies uses does not mean 行發出的信用咭，一旦出了甚麼岔子，你 an end of the blockchain application. 眾籌被視為香港條例第571章《證券及期 To the contrary, blockchain technology 貨條例》所指的「受規管活動」，情況跟受到一定程度的保障(比如說，存款保障 has been applied to all walks of ICO的一樣，而點對點借貸則視乎借貸規計劃的港幣500,000元存款保障)；沒有一 life, spearheaded by different bank- 模和頻率(即商業模式)而定，有可能受制種保障會適用於加密貨幣――例如，全球 backed projects, such as IBM-backed 最大比特幣交易所Mt. Gox的投資是不受 Hyperledger Fabric project, the Utility 於香港條例第163章《放債人條例》及《 Settlement Coin and R3’s blockchain 證券及期貨條例》的持牌規定(見：證券保障的，該交易所在2014年被盜走投資 consortium. The Hong Kong Monetary 及期貨事務監察委員會(「證監會」)2018 者款項，損失逾4億美元。 Authority has commissioned the Hong 年2月9日新聞稿、2017年12月11日通除了是投機和非法交易之外，上述問題和 Kong Applied Science and Technology 函及日期為2014年5月7日的公告)。去中 Research Institute to conduct researches 現金的存在都化除加密貨幣任何的實際 on the deployment of such technology 心化自治組織(DAO)2016年6月遭黑客入用途。然而，目前加密貨幣在用途上是走 (see its two Whitepapers dated 11th 侵，被盜走5000萬美元去中心化投資基到了盡頭，但這不意味區塊鏈的應用同 November 2016 and 25th October 2017.) 金，日本Coincheck最近也被黑客盜走逾樣告終。相反，區塊鏈技術一直有應用於 With blockchain application in different 5億美元加密貨幣；經歷兩次慘痛教訓之 internet-of-things (IoT), such as your fitbit 各行各業，率先應用的是不同銀行所支 (imprecisely), one would expect to live in 後，即使牌照不是問題，我們仍然會對建持的項目，例如IBM支持的超級帳本項目 a truly ‘smart city’ in the near future. 基於這些加密貨幣和區塊鏈的合約的「機 (Hyperledger Fabric project)、多功能結算 - Foster Yim, Liberty Chambers 靈」(smartness)存疑。幣(Utility Settlement Coin)及R3的區鏈塊聯盟。香港金融管理局已經委託香港應用科技研究院進行關於調配這種技術的研究 (見研究院兩份白皮書，日期分別為2016 年11月11日及2017年10月25日)。隨著區塊鏈在各個物聯網(IoTs)的應用，例如你的Fitbit(純屬推測)，你會期望不久的將來在真正的「智能城市」生活。

- Foster Yim， Liberty Chambers

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FINTECH involves a sanctions target, could trigger consider with a view to mitigating the the facilitation prohibition. risks. Spoke in the Wheel – The Risks • Blockchain technology should Economic Sanctions incorporate sanctions screening One of the concepts underpinning Compliance in the Age of technologies. blockchain technology is that Blockchain information is verified by multiple users • For US banks, as well as other US Blockchain, the technology that agreeing that the content on the ledger persons, it is important to have the underpins digital currencies such is complete and accurate – the “shared ability to block transactions involving as Bitcoin, has the potential to truth”. The integrity of the information Specially Designated National (SDN) drastically alter the global financial is then protected by the ledger protocol. or other blocked persons. system. However, developers and For trade finance transactions, this • Sanctions provisions should be built market participants must consider the means that a user will need to input into blockchains. extraordinary reach of US economic into the blockchain ledger, relevant • Blockchain technology should include sanctions and the magnitude of the information from the bills of lading, the ability for users to record data penalties for breach. letters of credit, and other shipping in accordance with their regulatory documents. requirements and retrieve all of Blockchain and trade finance Failure to enter in all information the data in the ledgers if required Trade finance is a cornerstone of the relevant to sanctions (even if not all of to produce the data to the relevant global economy to this day. However, it is necessary for commercial reasons) authorities. it is costly, unwieldy, and slow, with a may expose those involved in the Sanctions regimes in their current single transaction often taking weeks to transaction to OFAC or other sanctions form cut against the vision of a global complete. risks. financial system underpinned by Blockchain technology uses digitised There is also a risk that sanctions might blockchain technology, a wide-open ledgers of title and assists with execution deliberately be evaded if, through ledger that disintermediates traditional and settlement, thereby reducing collusion between the exporter or gatekeepers such as banks and trading costs, streamlining the cash cycle, and importer or even the issuing bank, houses, and with which governments increasing transparency. But as the use information is included in the ledger and regulators cannot interfere. of blockchain technology increases, that does not accurately reflect the Ultimately, blockchain advocates will sanctions risks will come into sharper underlying transaction details. have to submit to the reality of cross- focus for the parties involved. One potential solution would be for the border, extra-territorial regulation, The impact of economic sanctions parties to agree on the information that including sanctions. An open and frank The jurisdiction-based sanctions needs to be entered into the ledger and discussion on where the sanctions administered by the US Treasury who will be responsible for the accuracy pitfalls lie in implementing blockchain Department’s Office of Foreign Assets of the data. Banks could agree that the solutions will help developers focus Control (‘OFAC’) generally prohibit “mandatory” information will include, on these commercial and regulatory “US persons” from directly or indirectly for example, basic information such as challenges. engaging in or facilitating transactions the name and address of the exporter - Ali Burney, Counsel, Clifford Chance involving individuals, entities, and the importer, the banks involved, the Brian Harley, Registered Foreign governments, or countries that are the ports of loading, unloading and transit, Lawyer, Clifford Chance target of OFAC sanctions. the vessels and the insurers as well as Blockchain technology owned or the origin and description of the goods 金融科技 developed in the United States or by US being shipped. persons will be subject to US jurisdiction Keeping one step ahead 阻路石頭–在區塊鏈年代接受 and may also be subject to US export Given that OFAC sanctions are subject 經濟制裁 controls depending on the technology to change without notice developers of used. If the blockchain is owned or 區塊鏈，支撐比特幣等數碼貨幣的技術， blockchain technology need to consider licensed by a US person, OFAC may take 有潛質給全球金融體系搞個天翻地覆。然 a range of issues to ensure they are not the view that any transaction using the 而，開發商和市場參與者必須顧慮的是， unwittingly caught by sanctions. Here, blockchain – or which involves the selling we highlight four sanctions-specific 美國經濟制裁的非凡影響力及及違約懲罰 or licensing of the software - which functionalities that developers should 的輕重。

56 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 業界透視

區塊鏈及貿易融資貿易融資是現今全球經濟體的基石。然 Economic Sanctions 而，如果花數星期才完成一宗交易，成本既高昂，過程也複雜、緩慢。

區塊鏈技術使用數碼化總帳科目，協助執行和結算，從而降低成本、精簡現金週期並增加透明度。不過隨著區塊鏈技術的使用增多，制裁風險將成為有關各方更加深切關注的問題。

經濟制裁的影響一般而言，美國財政部外國資產管制辦公室(OFAC)在司法管轄權的基礎上實施制裁，禁止「美國人」(US persons)直接或間接參與或促進涉及已成為OFAC制裁目標的個人、實體、政府、國家的交易。

由美國擁有或由美國人開發的區塊鏈技術將受美國司法管轄權管轄，並視乎所使用的技術而定，可能受制於美國出口口、卸貨港口、中轉港口，還有船隻、保當局提交數據時，檢索總帳內所有數管制。如果區塊鏈是由美國人擁有或特險商，以及裝運貨物的來源地和說明。據。許，OFAC可能認為，任何使用區塊鏈區塊鏈技術是完全開放的總帳，不需要銀的交易――或涉及軟件銷售或許可的交繼續領先一步行和貿易公司等傳統中介人，政府及監管易――軟件涉及一項制裁目標，有可能觸鑒於OFAC的制裁可以改變而無須預先通機構無法干預由區塊鏈技術支持的金融體動便利化禁令。知，區塊鏈技術的開發商需要考慮一系列系。制裁制度現時的形式與全球金融體系問題，確保它們不會被制裁但卻不明所風險的願景背道而馳。以。我們在此特別指出開發商要減輕風險支撐區塊鏈技術概念之一是，資訊是由眾就應顧慮到的四種制裁的具體功能。最終，區塊鏈的擁護者將不得不面對現多同意總帳內容完整準確的用家核實―― 實，屈服於跨境域外監管，包括制裁。就 • 區塊鏈技術應加上制裁篩選技術。「共用的真相」(shared truth)，而資訊的落實區塊鏈解決方案時的制裁陷阱進行公 • 對於美國銀行以及其他美國人來說，完整性是受到總帳協定保護的。就貿易融開坦誠的討論，將有助開發商專注於這些重要的是有能力阻止涉及被特別指認資交易來說，這意味用家需要在區塊鏈總商業及監管挑戰。帳輸入提單、信用證及其他付運文件的相國民(SDN)和被阻禁者的交易。 - 高偉紳律師行顧問律師Ali Burney 關資料。 • 區塊鏈應包含制裁規定。高偉紳律師行註冊外地律師Brian Harley 如果沒有輸入所有與制裁有關的資料(即使 • 區塊鏈技術應包括用家能夠按照其管基於商業理由而不必輸入所有資料)，參與理要求記錄數據，並在有需要向有關交易的人有可能承擔被OFAC制裁的風險或其他制裁風險。

出口商或進口商，甚至開證行有可能互相 Feel free to write in to us with more short contributions on latest industry developments and trends. Simply contact the editor at: [email protected] 串通，在總帳輸入並不準確反映相關交易本刊歡迎各位提交短篇文章，廣大讀者分享業界的最新發展和動態。請與本刊編輯聯絡。詳情的資料，故意逃避被制裁。這亦是一電郵：[email protected] 種風險。

有一種可能的解決方案：各方協定需要 The information provided here is intended to give general information only. It is not a complete statement 輸入總帳的資料，以及誰人就數據的準 of the law. It is not intended to be relied upon or to be a substitute for legal advice in relation to particular circumstances. 確性負上責任。銀行可同意「強制性」本欄所提供的資訊僅屬一般資訊，並不構成相關法律的完整陳述，亦不應被依賴為任何個案中的 (mandatory)資料包括(例如)出口商及進口法律意見或被視作取代法律意見。商的姓名和地址、參與的銀行、裝貨港

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CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要

ventilation in the locality. X had provided the Remark constituted part of the ADMINISTRATIVE LAW its own Air Ventilation Assessment Report basis for Reason (c), as the effect on in support of the Application. During air ventilation in the area under the Jonnex International Ltd v. Town consideration of the Application and the proposed development scheme was Planning Board [2018] HKEC 42 MPC Paper in the deliberation session one of the main issues discussed by Court of First Instance by the MPC (‘the MPC Meeting’), the the MPC. The PD and MPC Paper Constitutional and Administrative Law Vice-Chairman said that the proposed rejected X’s air ventilation assessment List No 130 of 2015 east-west orientation of the Tower would report as inaccurate and insufficient Judge Thomas Au J block the air path between certain streets to demonstrate the Tower would not 20 September 2016, 12 January 2018 and create air ventilation problems adversely affect air ventilation in the Town planning — Town Planning (‘the Remark’). The MPC rejected the vicinity. (See paras. 41–42, 44–47.) Board — decision rejecting Application (‘the Decision’) for the • The MPC’s reliance on the Remark application under s. 12A to similar reasons given by the PD in the in rejecting the Application was a rezone site from “open space” MPC paper. X applied for judicial review, procedural irregularity. The purported arguing that inter alia the MPC’s Reason to “residential” — whether concern about the orientation of the (c), namely that there was no strong Tower blocking air ventilation was procedural irregularity by taking planning justification or merit in rezoning, into account irrelevant matter — never raised in the MPC Paper or at was based partly on the Remark and so the Meeting and it was procedurally whether decision Wednesbury took into account an irrelevant matter unreasonable — Town Planning unfair that X had no opportunity to and was procedurally unfair (Ground properly address it before the Decision Ordinance (Cap. 131) s. 12A 2); and the MPC’s Reason (d), namely was made. (See paras. 48–49.) that the approval of the application Administrative law — Town • Reason (d) was Wednesbury would set an undesirable precedent for Planning Board — decision unreasonable. There were clearly similar applications in the “O” zone and rejecting application to rezone relevant and material differences the cumulative effect would deprive the site from “open space” to between the Site and UOL, but the built-up environment of much needed “residential” — judicial review MPC had failed to properly evaluate spatial and visual relief, was unlawful the differences and explain why the X and other owners of land zoned as “O” (Ground 4). Over 70 percent of one of the sites were nevertheless treated alike (Open Space) (‘the Site’) since 1970 in a two other undeveloped “O” zoned sites in considering rezoning applications. densely built-up area, applied to rezone (‘UOL’) in the same outline zoning plan Further, the Board’s argument it for residential use (‘the Application’). was Government-owned and previous that, even without Reason (d), the The Planning Department (‘PD’) opposed applications for residential development MPC would have reached the same the Application. In a paper submitted to by its private owners were refused due conclusion was rejected. Given the Metro Planning Committee (‘MPC’) to the “more congested residential that some MPC members were of the Town Planning Board (‘Board’) environment” which would ensue. sympathetic toward X and one even (‘the MPC Paper’), the PD summarised Held, allowing the judicial review on supported the Application, the Court inter alia X’s view that the findings of a Grounds 2 and 4 only, quashing the could not exclude the possibility that PD review of “O” zones in 2006 were Decision and remitting the Application Reason (d) might have “tipped the outdated because there was still no plan to the MPC for reconsideration in light of balance” and ultimately resulted in to develop the Site as public open space the Court’s reasons under those Grounds the Decision (R (FDA) v. Secretary of through acquisition and urban renewal; that: State for Work and Pensions [2013] 1 and the proposed development (‘the WLR 444 applied). (See paras. 63, Tower’) would not exacerbate the poor air • Properly understood in context, 66–67, 71–74.)

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Application This was an application for judicial review CASES IN BRIEF of the decision of the Metro Planning Committee of the Town Planning Board rejecting an application to rezone land from “open space” to “residential”. The 案例撮要 facts are set out in the judgment. 行政法

Jonnex International Ltd v. Town Planning Board [2018] HKEC 42 開會審議該項申請及MPC文件時，會議的 • 都會規劃小組委員會依據該意見駁回原訟法庭副主席指出，X所建議的該大樓的由東至了該項申請，這於程序上存在欠妥之憲法及行政訴訟案件2015年第130 西方向，將會堵塞某些街道之間的空氣流處。關於該大樓的方向是否會妨礙空號動路徑，從而造成通風問題（下稱「該意氣流通，MPC文件或該會議從來沒有區慶祥法官見」）。都會規劃小組委員會基於規劃署提出所宣稱的對這方面的關注，而在在MPC文件中所提出的類似理由而否決了作出該決定前，X並沒有獲得給予機 2016年9月20日；2018年1月12日該項申請（下稱「該決定」）。X乃提出司會適當表達它的意見，這是屬於程序城市規劃 — 城市規劃委員會 — 法覆核申請，聲稱都會規劃小組委員會所上的不公。（參見第48-49段）對於根據第12A條將場地從「休提出的第(c)項理由（亦即是：並不存在強 • 第(d)項理由與Wednesbury案的合憇用地」重新規劃為「住宅用地」而有力的重新規劃理據或優點），是部分理性原則不符。該場地與未發展的申請予以駁回的決定 — 考慮了建基於該意見，因此他們是考慮了不相關的“O”用途場地之間，明顯地存在不相關事宜是否在程序上欠妥 — 的事宜，並且在程序上不公（下稱「理由2 相關及重大的差異，但都會規劃小組有關決定是否與Wednesbury案的」）；而都會規劃小組委員會的第(d)項理委員會沒有適當衡量此等差異，以及合理性原則不符 —《城市規劃條由（亦即是：如果批准該項申請，這將會解釋為何在考慮有關的重新規劃申請例》 (第 131章) 第 12A條為類似的“O”地帶申請，立下了一個不時，會以相類似的做法來處理該等場適當的先例，而它所產生的累積作用，將地。此外，城規會稱即使第(d)項理行政法 — 城市規劃委員會 — 將會剝奪了已建成的環境所極為需要的視覺由沒有被提出，都會規劃小組委員會場地從「休憇用地」重新規劃為「調劑與緩衝空間）是不合法的（理由4）。仍然會達致相同的結論，法庭並不接住宅用地」的申請予以駁回的決定同一分區計劃大綱圖中的其他兩幅未發展納這一論點。由於若干都會規劃小組 —司法覆核的“O”用途場地的其中一幅，其業權有超委員會的成員對X是持同情的態度，過百分之七十是由政府所擁有，而基於有而其中一位成員甚至支持通過該項申 X以及一幅土地的其他擁有人－該土地可能會導致出現「更為稠密的居住環境」請，因此法庭不能排除第(d)項理由坐落於高樓宇密度地區，而自1970年以，該土地的私人擁有者於先前提出的住宅可能在當中起了決定性的作用，並來，它已被規劃作為“O”（即休憩用發展項目申請遭到駁回。最後導致委員會作出該決定（援引R 地）用途（下稱「該場地」）－申請將 (FDA) v. Secretary of State for Work 該幅土地重新規劃為住宅用途（下稱「該裁定－基於理由2及理由4而提出的司法覆 and Pensions [2013] 1 WLR 444一項申請」），但該項申請遭規劃署反對。核得直，有關決定被撤銷，並將該項申請案）。（參見第63、66–67、71– 在規劃署向城市規劃委員會（下稱「城規發回都會規劃小組委員會重新考慮。法庭 74段）會」）轄下的都會規劃小組委員會所提交的理由如下：的文件（下稱「MPC文件」）中，該署 • 對有關情況的正確了解是，該意見構有關申請稱X的看法總括而言是（除其他事項外）成第(c)項理由的部分基礎，因為該項本案是關乎申請人要求將一幅土地從「休：規劃署在2006年對“O”地帶進行檢擬進行的發展計劃對區內的空氣流通所憇用地」重新規劃為「住宅用地」，但遭討所得出的結果已經過時，因為當時仍然產生的影響，是都會規劃小組委員會所到城市規劃委員會轄下的都會規劃小組委沒有計劃要通過收購及市區重建，將該場討論的其中一個主要議題。規劃署及員會拒絕批准，申請人乃就該委員會的決地發展成為公眾休憇用地；而X擬進行的 MPC文件否決了X的「空氣流通評估報定向法庭提出司法覆核申請。該案的案情發展項目（下稱「該大樓」），並不會使告」，認為它在說明該大樓的興建不詳見有關的判案書。該範圍的通風不佳情況更形惡化。X提供會對區內的空氣流通造成不良影響方了它自己的「空氣流通評估報告」以支持面，是不準確和不充分的。（參見第它所提出的申請。在都會規劃小組委員會 41–42、44–47段）

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BANKRUPTCY and extending, throughout the lifetime within B’s Estate and thus vested in Ts of the Grantors”; and claiming that his depended on the status of the interest Re Chu Wai Tung (a bankrupt) (No 2) entitlement was effective “since the at the time of the Bankruptcy Order, [2017] 4 HKLRD 610 commencement and execution of the ie 16 August 2016, not any later date. Court of First Instance [Agreement] June 2010” and he was “a (See paras. 11–15, 25.) Bankruptcy Proceedings No 4839 of present beneficiary, not a future one”. • Even if the Agreement was valid and/ 2016 Held, dismissing the application, that: or recognised, under s. 43(3) read Deputy Judge Marlene Ng in Chambers with ss. 12 and 58 of the Bankruptcy 30 November, 13 December 2017 • B’s proposed grounds of appeal had Ordinance (Cap. 6), the question was, no reasonable prospect of success. assuming B was a trustee, whether (See para. 26.) Bankruptcy — bankrupt’s estate — at the time of the Bankruptcy Order whether property subject to living • The Resolution was inadmissible. P he held the Property on trust “for any trust agreement and excluded had failed to satisfy the first condition other person”. Further, the effect of from bankrupt’s estate — whether in Ladd v. Marshall that such new the Agreement was determined not new evidence to be adduced on evidence could not have been by the Grantors or Trustees’ subjective appeal — Bankruptcy Ordinance obtained with reasonable diligence intent or motive, but on an objective (Cap. 6) s. 43(3) for use at the hearing below. The reading of its terms which did not Trusts — family trust — living trust Resolution was self-created after create any present trust in favour of S. agreement executed by husband the hearing and might have been The Trustees could distribute the trust and wife — whether created prompted or coloured by what had assets for the benefit of the couple, present trust in favour of son happened then. In any event, it was not only S as their successor; and Civil evidence — appeal — B’s duty to advance his case at once during the couple’s lifetimes, they, adducing further evidence — self- and not piecemeal as he found out the as both Grantor and Trustees, would created document made between objections in his way (Ladd v. Marshall enjoy the trust assets (in particular the hearing and decision below — [1954] 1 WLR 1489 applied). (See para. Property) and the beneficial interest failed to satisfy first condition in 10.) in the Property would not vest in S, Ladd v. Marshall • B had also failed to satisfy the second despite being the beneficiary and condition in Ladd v. Marshall that being allowed to live with the couple B and his wife, W, were joint owners the Resolution must be relevant and in the Property. (See paras. 19–24.) of a flat (‘the Property’). B was made would, as far as could be foreseen, be Application bankrupt on 16 August 2016 (‘the a determining factor. B’s claim that the Bankruptcy Order’). Under a Living Trust Resolution took effect in June 2010 This was an application by the bankrupt Agreement (‘the Agreement’) made in was inconsistent with its express term for leave to appeal against the dismissal June 2010, the couple were named as that it was effective on 18 August 2017, by Deputy Judge Marlene Ng of his “grantor” and “trustee” and their son (‘S’) which was too late to have any legal application for a determination to as the sole “beneficiary”; and only on the effect. Whether any interest in the validate a living trust agreement (see death of the Grantor and his/her spouse, remaining equity of the Property fell [2017] 4 HKLRD 610). The facts are set would the trust assets be distributed to out in the judgment. S. B’s application for a determination against the trustees in bankruptcy (‘Ts’) to validate the Agreement and thereby exclude the Property from his Estate was dismissed on 24 August 2017 (‘the Decision’). B applied for leave to appeal, seeking to adduce a Resolution passed by B, W and S on 18 August 2017, after the hearing and before the Decision was handed down, in which they agreed that “Upon approval by all trustees “Unanimously” with signatures on this Resolution, … [S], shall be entitled to the “Distribution” effective immediately,

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破產 Marshall案例的第一個條件，即不能 CIVIL PROCEDURE 以合理的努力獲得新證據用於聆訊。 Tao Soh Ngun v. HSBC International Re Chu Wai Tung (破產人) (第2號) 該決議是在聆訊後自行進行，可能由 Trustee Ltd [2018] HKEC 348 [2017] 4 HKLRD 610 當時的情況提起或受其影響。無論如 Court of First Instance 原訟法庭何，B有責任立即處理其案件，而不 High Court Action No 3246 of 2016 破產法律程序2016年第4839號是當發現有反對意見時才零碎地處理 Anderson Chow J in Chambers 21 December 2017, 12 January 2018 暫委法官吳美玲內庭聆訊 (Ladd v Marshall [1954] 1 WLR 1489) 2017年11月30日及12月13日。(見第10段) Civil procedure — pleadings — • B亦未能滿足Ladd v. Marshall案例的第 further and better particulars 破產 - 破產人的產業 – 物業是否二個條件，即該決議必須是相關的， — denial of negative allegation — whether amounted to mere 屬於生前信託協議的財產而排除於並且在可以預見的情況下成為決定性破產人的產業 - 上訴時引用新的證 traverse (in respect of which no 因素。B聲稱該決議於2010年6月生 particulars would be ordered) 據 - 《破產條例》(第6章)第43(3) 效，與其明示條款顯示於2017年8月 or pregnant negative (in respect 條 18日生效不一致，屆時其法律效力已 of which particulars would be 信託 - 家庭信託 - 由夫妻執行的生無意義，因物業餘下股權中的任何權 ordered) 前信託協議 – 兒子可否現即受益益是否屬於B的財產，因而歸於T擁 P claimed that there was a common 於信託有，取決於破產令的日期，即2016年 understanding (the Alleged Common 8月16日當日的權益狀況，當日之後 Understanding) between the Original 民事證據 - 上訴 – 援引進一步證 Trustee and subsequently D (HSBC 不計算在內。(見第11-15、25段) 據 - 在聆訊和裁定之間自行訂立的 International Trustee Ltd, which became • 即使該協議有效及／或獲承認，根據 trustee in place of the Original Trustee 文件 - 未能滿足Ladd v. Marshall案《破產條例》(第6章)第43(3)條及第 in 1999), P and her husband (F, who 例的第一個條件 died in 2006) in relation to the Trust in 12及58條，假設B是受託人，問題是 question. Under the Alleged Common B和妻子W是一個單位(「物業」)的共同在發出破產令時他是否以信託方式「 Understanding, the Trust was to be 擁有人。B於2016年8月16日破產(「破產為任何其他人」持有該物業。此外， established solely for the purpose of 令」)。根據一項2010年6月訂定的生前協議的效力並非由授予人或受託人的 minimising the estate duty payable in respect of the assets of P and F, including 信託協議(「協議」)，夫婦二人被指定為主觀意圖或動機決定，而是客觀地理 their controlling interest in a group of 「授予人」和「受託人」，而其兒子S是解其條款的目的，而這些條款並無構 companies (‘GE’), passing on their death 唯一的「受益人」；只有在授予人及其配成給S的即時信託。信託人可以把信託 and that the trustee would administer 偶去世後，信託的資產才能分配給S。B向資產分配予這對夫婦，而不僅予承繼 the Trust in accordance with the 法庭申請裁定破產受託人T 將該協議排除人S；夫妻作為授予人和受託人，在生 couple’s wishes. P further claimed that D departed from the Alleged Common 於他的產業之外，該申請於2017年8月24 時亦可享受信託資產(尤其是該物業)， Understanding and refused to follow P’s 日被駁回(「裁決」)。B申請上訴許可，尋而且該物業的實際權益並不歸於S，儘 requests regarding the administration of 求援引B、W和S在2017年8月18日通過管S是受益人並獲准與該對夫妻同住在 the Trust since January 2016. P claimed 的決議，在聆訊後及作出裁決前，他們同該物業內。(見第19-24段) against D for, inter alia, an order that D 意「所有受託人『一致』同意並簽署本決 reconsider P’s requests or alternatively, 申請 that D be removed as trustee of the 議……S有權立即獲分配資產，並在授予 Trust. D’s case was that the Trust was 這是一宗針對暫委法官吳美玲駁回確定人在生時有效」；並聲稱其權利自「[協 a conventional discretionary trust 生前信託協議有效申請的上訴(見[2017] 議]於2010年6月生效及執行起」生效，而 and it disputed the Alleged Common 4 HKLRD 610)。案情已在判決書詳細列他是「現在而非未來的受益人」。 Understanding. P applied for further and 出。 better particulars in relation to various 裁決－駁回申請： paragraphs of D’s Amended Defence. • B的上訴理由沒有合理勝算。(見第26 Held, allowing P’s application in part, 段) that: • 該決議不獲接受。B未能滿足Ladd v. • P was not entitled to the first set of particulars sought, namely in relation to paras. 26(1), 59 and 64

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of the Amended Defence. By those “important” customers of the HSBC 是，撤銷D作為有關信託的受託人。而D paragraphs, D denied that, in acting in Group and would explain why the 的說法是，有關信託是一項傳統的酌情信 accordance with F’s wishes in relation Original Trustee and D would be 託，並否認它們與對方存在「指稱的共同 to a number of specific matters as prepared to accept a fixed percentage 理解」。P要求D就它們在經修訂的抗辯書 pleaded by P, the Original Trustee fee for acting as trustee of the Trust 中的各個不同段落的內容，提供更詳盡清 or D were not exercising discretions which, according to P, was “relatively conferred on them as trustee of the insubstantial compared with the value 楚的詳情。 Trust. Thus D was denying a negative of the Trust Fund”. D’s submissions 裁定－批准P所提出的部分申請，理由如 allegation. Whether a denial of a that those particulars related to 下： negative allegation amounted to a matters of evidence or were wholly mere traverse (in respect of which unnecessary for the fair disposal of • P無權就首系列的詳情提出要求，即是 no particulars would be ordered) this action or for saving costs were 該經修訂的抗辯書中的第26(1)、59 or a pregnant negative raising an rejected. (See para. 38.) 及 64段。D在該等段落中，否認當它 affirmative case (in respect of which Application 們就P所提述的若干特定事宜，在根據 particulars would be ordered) was to F的意願來行事時，「原來受託人」或 be determined primarily on the basis This was an application by the plaintiff for D作為有關信託的受託人，並沒有行 of existing pleadings. Nevertheless, further and better particulars of various the Court was also entitled to act pleas in the Amended Defence. The facts 使所賦予它們的酌情決定權。因此，D upon the confirmation by D’s counsel are set out in the judgment. 是在否認一項負面指稱，而否認一項 that the relevant paragraphs did not 負面指稱，是否只單純構成拒認（法 involve any traverse which imported 民事訴訟程序庭不會命令提供關於它的詳情），還 affirmative allegations (Pinson v. 是構成一項隱含肯定意思的否定（法 Lloyds and National Provincial Foreign 庭會命令提供關於它的詳情），這主 Bank Limited [1941] 2 KB 72, Tin Shui Tao Soh Ngun v. HSBC International Wai Development Ltd v. AG [1991] 1 Trustee Ltd [2018] HKEC 348 要須根據現有的狀書來確定。然而， HKC 511 applied). (See paras. 26–27, 原訟法庭法庭也有權根據D的代表律師所作出的 30–31). 高等法院訴訟編號2016年第3246號確認（即是各相關段落並不涉及任何意味著含有肯定指稱的拒認）來行事 • A fair reading of paras. 26(1), 59 and 周家明法官於內庭進行聆訊 64 of the Amended Defence was （援引Pinson v. Lloyds and National 2017年12月21日；2018年1月12日 that the denial was a mere traverse Provincial Foreign Bank Limited [1941] and not a pregnant negative raising 民事訴訟程序 — 狀書 —更詳盡清 2 KB 72；Tin Shui Wai Development an affirmative case. P’s allegations 楚的詳情 — 否認負面指稱 — 是 Ltd v. AG [1991] 1 HKC 511 等案 that the Original Trustee and D never 例）。（參見第 26-27、30-31段） properly exercised their discretionary 否只單純構成拒認（法庭不會命令 powers under the Trust prior to 2016 提供關於它的詳情）還是構成一項 • 如果我們正確閱讀該經修訂的抗辯書 but simply acted in accordance with 隱含肯定意思的否定（法庭會命令中的第26(1)、59 及 64段，該等否認 the wishes of F and/or P was put 提供關於它的詳情）純粹是屬於拒認，因而並不構成一項 forward for the purpose of evidencing 隱含肯定意思的否定。P指稱「原來受 the Alleged Common Understanding. P聲稱「原來受託人」及其後的D（即匯豐託人」及D從來沒有在2016年以前， There was no allegation on the 國際信託有限公司，其於1999年取代「根據有關信託來適當行使其酌情決定 pleadings that the Original Trustee 原來受託人」成為與本案有關的受託人） or D failed to properly discharge 權，而只是單純根據F及/或P的意願，與P及其丈夫F（他於2006年去世）就 their duties as trustee in acting in 來行事。P的此舉，是為了證明存在「本案所涉及的有關信託，存在一項共同理 accordance with the wishes of F 指稱的共同理解」。該等狀書中並沒解（下稱「指稱的共同理解」）。根據「 in relation to the specific matters 有任何指稱，認為「原來受託人」或 pleaded. Further, P’s request for 指稱的共同理解」，有關信託的設立，是 D在根據F的意願，就所提述的特定事 particulars went beyond D’s pleas. 純粹為了就P及F的資產，盡量減少所須宜行事方面，沒有適當履行其作為受 (See paras. 28–33.) 繳付的遺產稅，包括他們在一個企業集團託人的職責。此外，P要求D提供的詳 • P was entitled to the second set of (‘GE’)中的控股權益（於他們二人去世情，是超越了D的申辯範圍。（參見第 particulars sought in relation to para. 時轉移），而該受託人會根據他們夫婦的 54(3)(b) of the Amended Defence. 28-33段）意願管理有關信託。P進一步聲稱D沒有遵 The request sought particulars of fact • P有權就次系列的詳情提出要求，亦即從「指稱的共同理解」，並就有關信託的 which went directly to D’s allegation 是經修訂的抗辯書的第54(3)(b)段。 that various named persons, including 管理，自2016年1月開始，拒絕依從P的該要求所尋求提供的某些事實詳情， GE, F, P and their children, were 要求。P向D所提出的申索，是要求法庭命直接關乎D所作出的指稱，即是：各指令D重新考慮P向它們所提出的要求；又或定人士（包括GE、F、P及其子女）乃

62 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要

匯豐銀行集團的「重要」客戶，這解 of Appeal, T was fined $300,000, 公司法釋了「原來受託人」及D為何在擔任有 although after the written application Re JV Fitness Ltd [2017] HKEC 2834 關信託的受託人方面，願意接受一個 was made. PLs subsequently issued a 原訟法庭固定百分比的收費。但根據P的說法， summons seeking a regulating order; an order dispensing with the first meeting 公司清盤案件2016年第206號該等收費若與「該信託基金的價值相 of creditors because there was a large 高等法院原訟法庭法官夏利士內庭聆訊比，實在是微不足道」。D向法庭提 number of them; the appointment 2017年11月29日出，該等與證據事宜有關的詳情，對 of H and K only as liquidators; and a 於有效處理該宗訴訟或節省有關訟費 committee of inspection. The Official 公司法 - 清盤人 - 委任的單方面書 Receiver raised no objection. 來說，是完全不必要的。（參見第38 面申請 - 未有披露三名建議清盤人段） Held, making the orders sought, that: 之一被裁定藐視法庭 - 是否委任新有關申請 • Although the finding of contempt 的清盤從業員 against T did not fall within s. 262D 這是一項由原告人提出，就經修訂的抗辯 of the Companies (Winding Up and 公司法 - 強制清盤 – 規管令 – 召書中所提出的名項申辯，要求對方提供更 Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance 開第一次債權人會議的命令詳盡清楚的詳情之申請。該宗案件的詳情 (Cap. 32) and so did not need to be 載於有關的判案書。 included in the s. 262C disclosure 法院拒絕處理T、H和K擔任公司C的臨時 statement, H and K should have 清盤人的單方面申請，因為申請內沒有提 appreciated the duty on an ex parte 到T在HCMP 450/2016一宗被裁定藐視 application to make full and frank COMPANY LAW disclosure required the finding to 法庭。上訴法庭隨後部分推翻該裁決後， be brought expressly to the Court’s 在提出書面申請後T被判罰款30萬元。臨 Re JV Fitness Ltd [2017] HKEC 2834 attention. (See paras. 9–12.) 時清盤人隨後發出傳票，尋求法庭作出規 Court of First Instance • Although H and K had failed in their 管令；由於有大量債權人，作出召開第一 Companies Winding-Up Proceedings duties to the Court, they would be 次債權人會議的命令；僅委任H和K為清盤 No 209 of 2016 appointed as liquidators. On balance, Harris J in Chambers the liquidation of was so far advanced 人；和設立審查委員會。破產管理署署長 29 November 2017 that replacing PLs with new insolvency 沒有提出反對。 practitioners at this stage would incur Company law — liquidators — ex potentially significant additional costs, 裁決 –作出有關命令： parte application in writing for to the prejudice of the interests of the • 儘管T被裁定藐視法庭一事並不屬於 appointment — failure to disclose unsecured creditors for no real benefit. 《公司(清盤及雜項條文)條例》(第32 finding of contempt against one (See para. 13.) of three proposed liquidators 章)第262D條的範圍，因而不須納入 Application — whether new insolvency 第262C條規定的披露陳述書，但H和 practitioners to be appointed This was an application by summons K應該理解單方面申請的義務，全面而 Company law — compulsory for the appointment of two of three winding-up — regulating order provisional liquidators of the subject 坦白地將裁決披露，明示提請法庭注 — order dispensing with first company, a regulating order, an order 意。（見第9-12段） meeting of creditors dispensing with the first meeting of creditors and for a committee of • 雖然H和K沒有履行對法庭的義務，但 The Court declined to deal in writing inspection. The facts are set out in the 他們被委任為清盤人。權衡之下，由 with the ex parte application of T, H judgment. 於清盤程序已經進行，在此階段以新 and K, the provisional 的清盤從業員取代臨時清盤人有可能 liquidators (‘PLs’) of C, a company, for inter 產生大筆額外費用，將損害無擔保債 alia their appointment 權人的利益。（見第13段） as liquidators, because it did not mention 申請 that T had been found 藉傳票提出申請委任該公司的三名臨時清 in HCMP 450/2016 盤人其中兩名、規管令、召開第一次債權 to be in contempt of 人會議的命令及設立審查委員會。案情已 court. Following the subsequent partial 在判決書詳細列出。 overturning of that finding by the Court

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CONTEMPT OF COURT [various companies including C1 and shareholder did not make the former C2] …” (‘the Undertaking’). In August an agent for the latter. L and those China Metal Recycling (Holdings) Ltd v. 2015, the Court ordered Ds to disclose, involved in the liquidation process of Chun Hei Man [2017] HKEC 2769 among other things, what had become C2 were not Ds’ servants or agents. Court of Appeal of USD82 million injected into the PRC Given the finding that Ds were Civil Appeal No 238 of 2016 Companies (‘the Disclosure Order’). Ds, ignorant of the liquidation process of Lam V-P, Cheung and Kwan JJA through their mother, entrusted the C2, there was no basis for holding that 5, 22 December 2017 task of compliance with the Disclosure Ds acquiesced in that process. There Order to a professional accountant was no breach of the Undertaking Contempt of court — committal (F). While information was sought by Ds (Hone v. Page [1980] FSR 500, for contempt — undertaking from C2’s director (L), Ds and F were Concrete Constructions Pty Ltd v. given by defendants against not informed of C2’s liquidation which Plumbers and Gasfitters Employees’ diminishing value of their shares had commenced in March 2015. A Union of Australia (1987) 72 ALR 415, in holding company — no breach report was duly produced by F, but Ps Kao, Lee & Yip v. Koo Hoi Yan (2009) considered the disclosure to be deficient. 12 HKCFAR 830 distinguished). (See of undertaking as defendants Ps obtained leave to commit D1–2 for paras. 32–35, 40–49.) were ignorant of liquidation contempt of court, contending that D1–2 of subsidiary — director of • As Ds were protected by the right were in breach of the Undertaking and subsidiary did not constitute against self-incrimination, no the Disclosure Order. In particular, Ps defendants shareholders’ agents adverse inference could be drawn contended that D1–2 permitted or failed on the basis that F did not conduct — no breach of disclosure order — to prevent C2’s liquidation. The Judge burden on applicant to show that any investigation into the assets dismissed Ps’ application to commit of the companies covered by the it was within defendants’ power D1–2 for contempt. to comply with order Undertaking. Further, considering Held, dismissing the appeal, that: matters relied on by Ps such as Ds not Contempt of court — committal taking steps to ascertain C2’s assets Alleged breach of Undertaking for contempt — duty of party against Ds’ background and the role seeking leave to apply for • The Undertaking operated only as a they played in the companies, the committal to give full and frank negative undertaking restraining Ds steps taken by F to obtain information disclosure — materiality to be from doing certain acts. It was not from L about the companies, there determined by court — material a guarantee by Ds that the assets was no basis for holding that Ds consideration of defendants’ of the relevant companies would should have pursued the matter more continued willingness to seek not be depleted by acts or events vigorously (HKSAR v. Lee Fuk Hing information occasioned by third parties. Further, (2004) 7 HKCFAR 600, YBL v. LWC the Undertaking was given by Ds, [2017] 1 HKLRD 823 applied; Inplayer D1–3 were the daughters of X, the not C1. Ds were only responsible Ltd v. Thorogood [2014] EWCA Civ former chairman, CEO and majority for their personal acts or those 1511, NFU v. Tiernan [2015] EWCA shareholder of the Ps group of of their servants or agents. The Civ 1419 distinguished). (See paras. companies. Unbeknownst to Ds until mere relationship of director and 36–39.) June 2015, X caused shares in C1, a Belize company, to be given to Ds. C1 was at the top of a web of corporate structure, the bottom of which were two PRC companies (‘the PRC Companies’), including C2. Between June 2011 and March 2012, X caused USD82 million to be transferred to the PRC Companies. Ds were not involved in the management or operation of C1 and did not hold any position in C2. In related proceedings, Ps alleged fraud against X. In June 2015, Ds gave an undertaking to the Court that they “shall not … deal with or diminish the value of their shareholdings in [C1] or the direct or indirect assets of

64 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要

Alleged non-compliance with Disclosure the consideration of whether an 藐視法庭 Order application for committal should be filtered out, including information • To establish a case of contempt, the China Metal Recycling (Holdings) Ltd material to suspicions of oppression applicant had to show not only non- v. Chun Hei Man [2017] HKEC 2769 in proceeding by way of committal. compliance with an order, but also 上訴法庭 Materiality was to be determined by that it was within the power of the 民事上訊案件2016年第238號 the court, not the applicant or his alleged contemnor to comply with it. 上訴法庭副庭長林文瀚上訴法庭法 legal advisers (Secretary for Justice This was a question of fact. The judge v. Choy Bing Wing (unrep., CACV 官張澤祐上訴法庭法官關淑馨 had to be satisfied that there was a 11/2004, [2004] HKEC 1481), Tiong 2017年12月5日及22日 specific omission on the part of the King Sing v. Sam Boon Peng Yee alleged contemnor which was within [2015] 1 HKLRD 981, Pat Chung Pat 藐視法庭 - 因藐視罪拘押 - 被告承 the latter’s power to do. The burden Wo Tong (Hong Kong) Ltd v. Law Yan 諾控股公司的股票價值不會減少 - was on the applicant to prove beyond Wai (unrep., HCA 17109/2010, [2017] 由於被告不知悉子公司清盤，因而 reasonable doubt such specific HKEC 890) considered). (See paras. omission was within the power of the 沒有違反承諾 - 子公司董事並非被 80–81.) alleged contemnor. The mere fact 告股東代理人 – 沒有違反披露令 that an order was made would not • Given the unusual nature of the - 申請人有責任證明遵守命令在被 pre-empt an alleged contemnor from Disclosure Order and the fact that 告能力範圍內 showing in a contempt application Ds had apparently been doing what based on non-compliance with such the Judge had expected them to 藐視法庭 - 因藐視罪拘押 - 尋求全 order that it was not within his power do to comply with the order at the 面如實披露一方的義務 – 重要性 to comply (Kao, Lee & Yip v. Koo Hoi time when she made the order, the 由法庭決定 - 被告繼續尋求資料的 continued willingness on Ds’ part Yan (2009) 12 HKCFAR 830, Re L-W 意願的重要性考慮 (Enforcement and Committal: Contact) to seek information from L must [2010] EWCA Civ 1253, Re Jones be a very material consideration in XD1-3是X的女兒，X是原告集團公司前 [2013] EWHC 2730 (Fam) applied). assessing whether it was oppressive 主席、行政總裁和大股東。D直至2015年 (See paras. 64, 66–68, 71, 77.) to proceed by applying for committal 6月才知道，X把一間伯利茲公司C1的股 against Ds. The non-disclosure of a • By reason of the principle that 份授予D。C1位於企業結構的頂端，下面 letter from Ds’ solicitors in which Ds contempt should be a last resort, 有兩家中國公司，其中包括C2。2011年 indicated that they were going to seek it was wrong to bring contempt information from L was material, and 6月至2012年3月期間，X把8200萬美元 proceedings without regard to the non-disclosure was a breach of the 轉至兩家中國公司。D沒有參與C1的管理 efforts and continued efforts by the duty of full and frank disclosure. (See 或營運，亦沒有擔任C2的任何職位。在 alleged contemnor to comply with paras. 83–84.) the order even though he had failed 相關訴訟中，原告指稱X涉嫌欺詐。2015 to completely fulfil its requirement • Though the rules provide that an 年6月，D向法院承諾她們「不得...... 處理 within the time prescribed. The application for leave was to be made 或減少C1股份的價值或[各公司，包括C1 Judge was correct in holding that ex parte, it was open to a judge to 和C2]的直接或間接資產 ...... 」(「承諾」) one could not consider the fact seek further information or hold a 。2015年8月，法庭命令D披露注入中國 that Ds were C1’s only shareholders hearing inviting submissions from 公司的8200萬美元的去向(「披露令」) putative respondents. However, as the without regard to the other relevant 。D通過其母親將遵守披露令的任務委託 factual circumstances, including leave application was only a filtering 給專業會計師F。儘管C2的董事L披露了相 the uncooperativeness of L and process, even if a hearing was to be 關資料，但D和F並未被告知C2在2015年 the difficulties F faced in obtaining held it should not be an elaborate information. (See paras. 72–73, 75, process in any event. (See para. 85.) 3月開始的清盤。F正式編寫了報告，但原告認為披露不足，申請許控告D1-2藐視法 78–79.) Appeal 庭，認為D1-2違反了承諾書和披露令，原 • The leave application was a filtering This was an appeal by the plaintiffs 告亦認為D1-2允許或未能阻止C2清盤。 process to screen out oppressive against the decision of Bebe Chu J 法官駁回了原告對D1-2的藐視法庭申請。 applications and those which dismissing the applications to commit obviously had no chance of success. the first and second defendants for 裁決－駁回上訴： In order to satisfy the duty of full contempt of court. The facts are set out and frank disclosure, an applicant in the judgment. 據稱違反承諾 must give to the court the relevant • 承諾只是作為一項消極承諾，限制D information which was material to

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作出某些行為。D並不保證相關公司 EWHC 2730 (Fam))。(見第64、66– CRIMINAL LAW AND 的資產不會因第三方引起的行為或事 68、71、77段) PROCEDURE 件而減少。此外，承諾是由D作出， • 由於藐視法庭應為最後手段，因此未而不是C1。D只負責他們的個人、其有考慮據稱藐視者就遵守命令作出的 HKSAR v. Walsh Kent Andrew [2017] HKEC 2714 員工或代理人的行為。董事和股東努力就提起藐視法庭程序是不對的， Court of First Instance 之間的關係並不使前者成為後者的儘管據稱藐視者在限定時間內未能完 Criminal Case No 368 of 2015 代理人。L和參與C2清盤過程的人員全滿足要求。法官認為，認為D是C1 Zervos J in Chambers 並非D的員工或代理人。鑑於D並不的唯一股東的同時，法庭亦必須顧及 16 November, 15 December 2017 知悉C2的清盤過程，沒有理由相信其他相關事實，包括L的不合作態度和 D默許清盤。D並無違反承諾(Hone F在獲取資料方面遇到的困難。(見第 Criminal law and procedure v. Page [1980] FSR 500, Concrete 72-73、75、78-79段)。 — arraignment — defendant’s Constructions Pty Ltd v. Plumbers • 許可申請用以篩選壓迫性及顯然沒 personal attendance at his and Gasfitters Employees’ Union of 有勝算的申請。為了履行全面如實披 arraignment necessary even if he Australia (1987) 72 ALR 415, Kao, 露義務，申請人必須向法院提供有關 resided abroad and arraignment Lee & Yip v. Koo Hoi Yan (2009) 12 only for purpose of his formal 資料，對考慮申請應否被篩選甚為重 HKCFAR 830 distinguished)。（見第 acquittal 要，包括交付對懷疑受到訴訟壓迫的 32-35、40-49段） Words and phrases — “direct 重要資料。資料的重要性由法庭決 • 由於D受到自證其罪的權利的保障， otherwise” — Criminal Procedure 定，而不是申請人或其法律顧問決定 Ordinance (Cap. 221) s. 49(1) 不能作出F沒有對承諾所涵蓋的公司的 (Secretary for Justice v. Choy Bing 資產進行調查的不利推斷。此外，考 Wing (unrep., CACV 11/2004, [2004] The Department of Justice having 慮到原告的理據，例如D沒有採取步 HKEC 1481), Tiong King Sing v. Sam decided to terminate the prosecution of D for unlawful trafficking in dangerous 驟來確定C2的資產，以D的背景及她 Boon Peng Yee [2015] 1 HKLRD drugs and he wanting to be arraigned so 們在公司的角色，F從L獲取關於公司 981, Pat Chung Pat Wo Tong (Hong as to be formally acquitted, the Court was 資料所採取的步驟，沒有理由認為D Kong) Ltd v. Law Yan Wai (unrep., asked to decide whether his arraignment 應該更積極地跟進事件 (HKSAR v. Lee HCA 17109/2010, [2017] HKEC could take place without his presence or Fuk Hing (2004) 7 HKCFAR 600, YBL 890) considered)。(見第 80–81段) via television link from Australia where he v. LWC [2017] 1 HKLRD 823 applied; • 鑑於披露令的不尋常性質，以及D顯 was currently residing. Inplayer Ltd v. Thorogood [2014] 然一直在執行法官在發出命令時預期 Held, ruling that neither of those two EWCA Civ 1511, NFU v. Tiernan 她們為遵守命令應做的事，D一直願 courses was open to the Court, that: [2015] EWCA Civ 1419 distinguished) 意向L取得資料，對評估申請對D進行 • The court’s discretion under s. 49(1) 。(見第36-39段) 拘押是否壓迫性時是非常重要的考慮 of the Criminal Procedure Ordinance 據稱不遵守披露令因素。沒有披露D的律師的一封信， (Cap. 221) to “direct otherwise” related to the norm of defendants 信中顯示D向L尋求資料，這是一個重 • 要確立藐視法庭案件，申請人除必須 being placed at the bar of the court 要因素，違反全面如實披露義務。(見證明對方不遵守命令，還要證明遵守 unfettered and not in prison clothes. 命令是在被指控的藐視者的能力範圍第83-84段) It did not extend to permitting his 之內。這是一個事實問題。法官必須 • 雖然規定許可申請由單方面提出，但 absence at his arraignment. (See 信納，被指控的藐視者作出了具體疏法官可以尋求進一步的資料或舉行聆 paras. 5–6.) 忽，而後者有能力處理。申請人必須訊，邀請推定的答辯人提交意見。然 • As appears by ss. 79H to 79L (Taking 在毫無合理疑點下證明具體的疏忽屬而，由於許可申請只是一個篩選，即 Evidence From Witnesses Outside Hong Kong by Live Television Link) 於被指控的藐視者的能力範圍之內。使要舉行聆訊，在任何情況下也不應 of the Criminal Procedure Ordinance 一項命令的發出並不會阻止據稱的藐該是一個複雜的程序。(見第85段) (Cap. 221) and Practice Direction 9.9, 視者在不遵守該命令的藐視法庭申上訴 what was permitted by television link 請中辯稱其無能力遵守該命令(Kao, was the taking of evidence of evidence 針對高等法院原訟法庭法官朱珮瑩駁回原 Lee & Yip v. Koo Hoi Yan (2009) 12 from witnesses. It did not include a 告對第一和第二被告藐視法庭的申請，原 HKCFAR 830, Re L-W (Enforcement defendant’s arraignment. (See para. 告提起上訴。案情已在判決書詳細列出。 and Committal: Contact) [2010] 7.) EWCA Civ 1253, Re Jones [2013]

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Application CRIMINAL SENTENCING from ATV. On 14 June 2015, D2–3 were This was an application for a ruling that observed on ATV’s rooftop, mixing the defendant’s personal attendance at HKSAR v. Chan Yiu Shing and adding substances to bottles and his arraignment was unnecessary in the [2017] HKEC 2716 leaving with the cooler box and white circumstances. The facts are set out in Court of First Instance smoke was later seen billowing from a the judgment. Criminal Case No 41 of 2016 window of ATV. On the same day, D2 Zervos J was found with explosive substances for 刑事法及刑事訴訟程序 17 November, 8, 15 December 2017 making a thermite mixture (‘Count 2’); D3 was found with explosive substances Criminal sentencing — conspiracy for making smoke bombs, a thermite HKSAR v. Walsh Kent Andrew to make explosive substances — mixture, and a nitrate explosive mixture [2017] HKEC 2714 possessing explosive substances (‘Count 3’); and D1 was found at and 原訟法庭 — conspiracy to make smoke outside his home with substances for 刑事案件2015年第368號 bombs for use at impending making a thermite mixture (‘Count 4’). 高等法院原訟法庭法官薛偉成內庭 public demonstrations — A McDonald’s cup was retrieved from 聆訊 possessing explosive substances ATV containing a substance which, when ignited, emitted a large volume of smoke. 2017年11月16日及12月15日 including those for making smoke bombs, thermite mixture Police found in D3’s home materials, 刑事法及刑事訴訟程序 - 提控 – and triacetone triperoxide — including acetone, for making smoke 即使被告人居於外國，提控只為 deterrent sentence required bombs and also Triacetone triperoxide due to ready availability of (‘TATP’); apparatus for causing 正式裁定無罪，被告人亦須親身 explosions, ie a detonating device (‘Count 出席提控 information, instructions and materials 5’); and a Post-it note and electronic data about explosives, including using 單詞和短語 - 「另作指示」 - 刑事 D2–3 were convicted of conspiracy to acetone to make TATP. The jury rejected 訴訟程序條例(第221章)第49(1)條 make explosive substances (smoke D1–3’s claims that they possessed bombs) from “a mixture of nitrate salts, 律政司決定終止起訴D非法販運危險藥 explosive substances for a lawful object, capable of producing a pyrotechnic including to make thermite for welding 物，D希望法庭提控，以被正式裁定無 effect” (‘Count 1’). D1, D4–5 were and cooling packs. D1–2 were aged 36 罪。因D現居澳洲，法庭須決定提控是否 acquitted of Count 1. D1, D2 and D3 and 31 respectively. D3 was a 24-year-old 可以在D缺席下進行，或與澳洲電視直播 were convicted of possession of various aeronautical engineering graduate and of 聯繫進行。 explosive substances contrary to s. clear record. 55(1) of the Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 裁決 – 法庭無權行使下列兩項條文： Held, that: 22) (Count 4; Count 2; and Counts 3 •《刑事訴訟程序條例》(第221章)第 and 5 respectively). On 27 May 2015, • At a time when information about 49(1)條的「另作指示」指對正常情況 police conducting surveillance on D1–5, how to obtain ingredients for making 法庭的酌情權，即被控人置於犯人欄 observed them going to a McDonald’s explosives, as well as the instructions themselves, were so readily available 內，不得扣上銬鐐和不得穿上囚衣。 restaurant, returning to D1’s home and D1 taking a cooler box to the ATV studio on the Internet and when materials for 該條並無伸延至准許他缺席提控。(見 (‘ATV’) with D4–5. In the early hours of improvised explosives were generally 第5-6段） 28 May 2015, police observed D2 join found in commercial and household • 根據《刑事訴訟程序條例》(第221章) D1 and D4–5 and flashes and smoke items, deterrence must play a 第79H條至第79L條（藉電視直播聯繫錄取在香港以外的證人的證據）及《實務指示》9.9，藉電視直播聯繫錄取證據指證人的證據，不包括被告人的提控。（見第7段）申請申請法庭裁決在本案的情況下被告人不必親自出庭提控。案情已在判決書詳細列出。

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significant part in the sentencing general inquiries; there was only a 。2015年5月28日凌晨，警方發現D2加 process (R v. Marcin Kasprzak [2014] small quantity of acetone and no end 入D1和D4-5，並發現ATV窗戶發出閃光 1 Cr App R (S) 20 115 applied). (See product; and there were no mitigating 和煙霧。2015年6月14日，D2-3被發現 paras. 2–3.) factors, D3 was sentenced to 2 years 在ATV屋頂用水樽混合和添加物質，然 and 6 months’ imprisonment on Count 1: D2–3 後提著冷藏箱離開，後來看到ATV窗戶 Count 3 and 3 years and 2 months’ • D2–3 had conspired together to imprisonment on Count 5. Having 冒出白煙。同一天，D2被發現管有爆炸 make explosive substances with regard to totality, 8 months of the 性物質，用於製造鋁熱混合物(第二項控 a pyrotechnic effect for use at 2-year term on Count 1 would run 罪)；D3被發現管有用於製造煙霧彈、鋁 impending public demonstrations. consecutively to concurrent terms on 熱混合物和硝酸鹽炸藥混合物的爆炸性 The smoke bombs were rudimentary Counts 3 and 5, making an overall 物質(第三項控罪)；在D1的家中和外面發 and designed only to emit a large sentence of 3 years and 10 months’ 現用於製造鋁熱混合物的物質(第四項控 volume of smoke. D2–3 were each imprisonment. (See paras. 45–49, 罪)。從ATV獲取的一個麥當勞杯內含有 sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment 52.) on Count 1. (See paras. 22, 43.) 一種物質，當點燃時，該物質會釋放大量 Hearing Count 4: D1 煙霧。警方在D3家中發現了包括丙酮在 This was a hearing to sentence the • As regards Count 4, thermite was 內的材料，用以製造煙霧彈及Triacetone first, second and third defendants for dangerous as it produced extreme triperoxide (TATP)引爆裝置(第五項控罪) possession of explosive substances and heat and there was no reason for ，以及關於爆炸物的便箋和電子數據，包 the second and third defendants for D1 to have possessed it other than conspiracy to make explosive substances. 括如何使用丙酮製造TATP。陪審團駁回 for some untoward purpose. The The facts are set out in the judgment. D1-3聲稱他們管有爆炸性物質用於合法用 quantities were small but they could 途，包括製造用於焊接和冷卻包裝的鋁熱 cause great harm and damage. 劑。D1-2年齡分別為36歲和31歲。D3是 There being no mitigating factors, 刑事判刑 D1 was sentenced to 2 years and 2 一名24歲的航空工程畢業生，並無犯罪記錄。 months’ imprisonment (R v. Marcin HKSAR v. Chan Yiu Shing Kasprzak [2014] 1 Cr App R (S) 20 115 [2017] HKEC 2716 裁決： considered). (See paras. 42, 48–50.) 原訟法庭 Count 2: D2 and overall sentence • 獲取爆炸品材料及製造爆炸品的信息刑事案件2016年第41號現今可輕易透過互聯網取得，爆炸品 • The same sentencing considerations, 原訟法庭法官薛偉成的材料一般亦可在商業和家庭用品中 including lack of mitigating factors, 2017年11月17日、12月8日及15日找到，判刑必須發揮重要的阻嚇作用( in respect of D1 applied to D2 on 引用R v. Marcin Kasprzak [2014] 1 Cr Count 2 as did a sentence of 2 years 刑事判決 – 合謀製造爆炸性物 and 2 months’ imprisonment. Taking App R (S) 20 115)。(見第2-3段) 質 – 管有爆炸性物質 – 合謀製 into account totality, 8 months of 第一項控罪：D2–3 the 2-year term on Count 1 would 造用於即將舉行的公眾示威的煙 • D2-3共謀製造有煙火效果的爆炸性物 run consecutively to the sentence 霧彈 – 管有爆炸性物質，包括用 on Count 2, making an overall 於製造煙霧彈、鋁熱劑混合物和質，於即將舉行的公眾示威使用。煙霧彈很簡單，只是為了發出大量的煙 sentence of 2 years and 10 months’ triacetone triperoxide - 由於信 imprisonment. (See paras. 42, 48–49, 霧。就第一項控罪，D2-3各被判處監息、說明和材料易於獲取，判刑 51.) 禁2年。(見第22、43段) 需要有阻嚇性 Counts 3 and 5: D3 and overall sentence 第四項控罪：D1 D2-3被裁定共謀以「能夠產生煙火效果 • Count 5 reflected a greater culpability • 就第四項控罪，鋁熱劑很危險，因為的硝酸鹽混合物」製造爆炸性物質(煙霧 on D3’s part because of the materials 它會產生高熱，除了出於某種不軌目 for making TATP, which could cause 彈)(第一項控罪)。D1、D4-5被判第一項的，D1沒有理由擁有鋁熱劑。鋁熱 loss of life and serious harm to 控罪無罪。D1、D2和D3被裁定管有炸劑數量很少，但可能造成很大的傷害 persons and serious damage to 藥，違反《刑事罪行條例》(第22章)第 property, and also apparatus for 和損失。沒有任何減刑因素，D1被判 55(1)條(第4、第2項控罪及第3及第5項 detonation. Further, researching 處監禁2年2個月(考慮了R v. Marcin explosive substances was one step 控罪)。2015年5月27日，警方對D1-5 Kasprzak [2014] 1 Cr App R (S) 20 away from making them and another 進行監視，發現他們先去了一家麥當勞 115 )。(見第42、48-50段) step away from using them. Given 餐廳，然後回到D1家，D1取了一個保溫第二項控罪：D2 及整體判刑 that D3’s research was limited to 箱，然後與D4-5前往亞洲電視廠房(ATV)

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• D1的量刑考慮，包括沒有任何減刑因 court appearances during the past 14 starting point, whilst not by itself 素，亦適用於對D2的第二項控罪，故 years. Two of the previous convictions objectionable, should be explained D2同樣被判處監禁2年2個月。考慮到 were for possession of dangerous drugs, where it is significant, the DC Judge 整體情況，第一項控罪判處監禁2年， in respect of which he had been sent to did not say he found any aggravating 其中8個月與第二項控罪的判刑同期 Drug Addiction Treatment Centre. The features to justify the departure in 執行，合共監禁2年10個月。(見第42 DC judge did not appear to find any this case. 、48-49、51段) aggravating features and said he saw • The general principle, that a “no reason to depart from the guidelines sentence may be enhanced for 第三及第五項控罪：D3及整體判刑 as set down by the higher court”. He previous convictions of the same or • 由於製造TATP的材料可造成人命傷 sentenced D to 53 months imprisonment a similar kind, is best exemplified 亡、嚴重傷人和嚴重破壞財產，並且 after a 1/3 discount for his guilty plea. where offences of dishonesty, sexual 還會引爆爆炸裝置，第五項控罪反映 D appealed against sentence on the offences or offences of violence are 了D3的罪行更嚴重。此外，研究爆炸 ground that the DC judge wrongly concerned. 性物質與製造及使用它們只有一線之 adopted a starting point of 80 months’ • However, the CA found it difficult 差。鑑於D3的研究僅限於一般調查， imprisonment, when the appropriate in treating previous convictions for 他只管有少量的丙酮，最終沒有製作 sentence after trial should have been, simple possession of dangerous 成品，以及沒有減刑因素，D3就第 on an arithmetical basis, no more than drugs as aggravating features for 三項控罪被判刑監禁2年6個月，就第 72 months imprisonment under the a sentence for trafficking. The relevant guidelines in R v. Lau Tak Ming & legislature and the courts have 五項控罪被判刑監禁3年2個月。考慮 Others [1990] 2 HKLR 370. recognised that the offences of 了整體情況，第一項控罪2年刑期中8 simple possession and trafficking are 個月與第三及第五項控罪的刑期同期 Held, allowing the appeal, quashing the qualitatively very different offences 執行，即合共監禁3年10個月。(見第 sentence of 53 months imprisonment calling for very different levels of 45-49、52段) and substituting it with 48 months’ imprisonment, that:- punishment and/or types of sentence. 聆訊 • In any event, it was not strictly • It was agreed by the parties that necessary for the CA to express a 這是指控第一、第二和第三被告管有爆炸 a strict application of sentencing concluded view on whether, in the 性物質，及第二和第三被告共謀製造爆炸 guidelines would have produced a normal course, previous convictions 性物質的判刑聆計。案情已在判決書詳細 starting point of just under 72 months for simple possession can aggravate 列出。 imprisonment. The DC judge did a sentence for trafficking. This was not explain why he adopted a much because not only did the DC judge higher starting point of 80 months’ not appear to consider there were imprisonment. The Court of Appeal CRIMINAL SENTENCING any aggravating features, but D’s considered this a significant increase two previous convictions for which (11.97 percent) of what would have HKSAR v. Wan Wai Lun he was sent to Drug Addiction been a strict arithmetical application [2018] HKEC 64 Treatment Centre, did not justify an of the relevant guidelines to the Court of Appeal enhancement of his sentence for quantity concerned. Whereas the Criminal Appeal No. 90 of 2017 trafficking. CA in HKSAR v. Smit Hector Edward Macrae and Pang JJA [2017] 1 HKLRD 287 has said that a Morley Chow Seto 16 January 2018 departure from a strict arithmetical Criminal Sentencing - Dangerous Drugs – previous convictions - very different offences calling for very different levels of punishment and/or types of sentence D was convicted, on his own plea, of one charge of trafficking in a dangerous drug, namely 22.72 g of heroin. The District Court judge noted D had 10 previous convictions spread over seven

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刑事判處雖不致使它遭受非議，但如果幅度顯 access order, but declined unsupervised 著，便應當給予解釋。然而，該區域 access to the children. F applied for HKSAR v. Wan Wai Lun 法院法官並沒有提及他是否確認任何 leave to appeal, arguing that the Judge erred in according undue weight to the [2018] HKEC 64 加重刑罰的因素，作為本案的判刑偏 concerns of the previous supervisor and 上訴法庭離有關指引的理據。 not accepting the recommendation of 刑事上訴 2017年第90號 • 該項一般性原則－亦即是，判刑可因 the expert for unsupervised access. 上訴法庭法官麥機智、彭偉昌過往的相同或類似定罪而加重－主要 Held, dismissing the application, that: 2018年1月16日適用於涉及不誠實、性侵犯、暴力等方面的罪行。 • Interim interim arrangements 刑事判處 – 危險藥物 – 先前定 concerning children were in the • 然而，上訴法庭認為，將過去純粹罪 – 極為不同的罪行在處罰程度 discretion of the judge and meant to 涉及管有危險藥物的定罪，作為販運及/或判刑類別方面存在重大區別 be temporary, provisional and very 危險藥物的加刑因素，將會導致產生 short-term pending a full inquiry. 法庭基於D自行承認控罪，裁定他一項難於處理的問題。立法機關和法院均 (See paras. 3–7.) 販運危險藥物（即22.72克海洛英）的罪確認，純粹管有危險藥物與販運危險 • The Court of Appeal was not the 名成立。審理該案的區域法院法官注意藥物，二者於本質上是極為不同的罪 forum for the parties to make a 到，D過去曾有過10次被定罪的紀錄（包行，其處罰程度及/或判刑類別也存 second attempt when they failed 括在過去14年間曾經7次出庭）。他有其在重大區別。 at first instance. That was not a proper use of an appeal. Unless it 中兩次定罪，是因為管有危險藥物，被法 • 不管如何，如果被告人過往純粹因 was extremely plain that the judge 庭判入戒毒治療中心。該區域法院法官看管有危險藥物而被定罪，在一般情況 had gone wrong, the parties should 來並未發現任何可加重刑罰的因素，並指下，法庭是否可據此加重其在販運危 not appeal against the exercise of 出他“找不到有任何理由，可偏離較高層險藥物方面的刑罰呢？上訴法庭並非 discretion (Edwards v. Edwards [1986] 級的法院所作出的指引”。在考慮到D認必須對此提出決定性的看法，這不僅 1 FLR 205, Re J [1989] 2 FLR 304 罪而作出1/3刑期的扣減後，D被判入獄因為該區域法院法官看來並沒有考慮 applied). (See paras. 6, 8.) 53個月。案中是否存在加重刑罰的因素，也基 • On the facts here, the appeal had no D就刑期提出上訴，理由是該區域法院於該等導致D被判進入戒毒治療中心 reasonable prospect of success. It was not reasonably arguable that the 法官錯誤地，以80個月監禁作為判刑起的兩項先前定罪，並不能構成將他在 Judge had gone plainly wrong. The 點，而事實上，根據R v. Lau Tak Ming & 販運危險藥物方面的刑罰加重的理 weight to be attached to the concern 由。 Others [1990] 2 HKLR 370一案的相關判 in light of the other evidence was 刑指引，經過審訊後而作出的適當判刑， very much a matter for the Judge. 麥樂賢周綽瑩司徒悅律師行於計算後，應當是不超過72個月監禁。 (See para. 9.) 裁定－上訴得直，撤銷原來的53個月刑 Application 期，改以48個月監禁取而代之，理由如 FAMILY LAW This was an application by the 下： respondent-husband for leave to appeal NPYJ v. SMRC [2018] HKEC 36 against an interim interim order of • 雙方同意若嚴格適用有關的判刑指 Court of Appeal the Judge for supervised access to the 引，有關的判刑起點將會是72個月 Miscellaneous Proceedings No 50 of children. The facts are set out in the 以下的監禁。該區域法院法官並沒有 2017 judgment. 解釋，他所採納的判刑起點，為何會 Lam V-P and Bebe Chu J 是一個較此高出許多的80個月監禁 5 January 2018 刑期？上訴法庭認為，原來只須通過 Family law — children — access 精確計算而將相關指引適用於有關刑 — interim interim order granting 期，但目前所提升的幅度（百分之十 access — appeal against exercise 一點九七）確實不少。上訴法庭曾在 of discretion not appropriate, HKSAR v. Smit Hector Edward [2017] unless extremely plain decision 1 HKLRD 287一案中指出，法庭如果 was wrong 偏離了經精確計算的判刑起點，此舉 The Judge granted F an interim interim

70 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要

家事法 LAND LAW other lots immediately adjoining the Subject Lot (‘2nd Adjoining Lots’). The NPYJ v. SMRC [2018] HKEC 36 First Mate Development Ltd v. Gee Wing 2nd Adjoining Lots were the subject of 上訴法庭 Chung [2018] HKEC 86 another compulsory sale application by 雜項訴訟2017年第50號 Lands Tribunal X. R2 applied for an extension of time to file and serve inter alia a supplemental 上訴法庭副庭長林文翰及原訟法庭 Land Compulsory Sale Main Application No 8000 of 2016 report on marriage value, arguing that 法官朱珮瑩 2018年1月5日 Judge Angela Kot, Presiding Officer as there was evidence that the Subject and Member Lawrence Pang Lot would be redeveloped with the 1st 家事法 —子女 —探視權 —批予探 5, 19 January 2018 and 2nd Adjoining Lots as one merged 視權的臨時命令 —除非原審法官 site, the open market value of the 所作出的決定明顯犯錯，否則就其 Land law — compulsory sale Subject Lot should take into account the for redevelopment — valuation 行使酌情決定權提出上訴並不恰當 redevelopment potential of the 1st and of lot — “marriage” value — 2nd Adjoining Lots in determining its F獲法庭頒發臨時探視令，但拒絕讓其於 whether open market value reserve price. Under para. 2 of Sch. 2 of 不受監督的情況下探視子女。F提出上訴 of subject lot should include the Ordinance, “The lot the subject of the 許可申請，辯稱法官錯誤地過度偏重先前 redevelopment potential of auction shall be sold subject to a reserve 的監督人員對有關情況所表達的關注，而 adjoining lots on a merged site price — (a) which takes into account the basis — reserve price qualified by 沒有接受專家就於不受監督的情況下探視 redevelopment potential of the lot on requirement in Sch.2 para.2 to 子女所提出的建議。 its own (or where 2 or more lots are the take into account redevelopment subject of the auction, on their own) …”. 裁定－駁回有關申請，理由是： potential of lot “on its own” Section 4(1)(b)(i) provides for the making • 對探視子女所作的臨時安排是由法官 — Land (Compulsory Sale for of an order for sale concerning “all the Redevelopment) Ordinance (Cap. 酌情決定，而該等安排只屬於暫時性 undivided shares in the lot the subject 545) Sch. 2 para. 2 質和相當短期，好讓法庭有足夠時間 of the [s. 3(1)] application”. Under s. 5(1), if an order for sale of all the undivided 對該案進行全面性的考量。（參見第 Words and phrases — “on its shares is granted, and the parties cannot 3-7段） own” — Land (Compulsory Sale for Redevelopment) Ordinance agree on other means of sale, the lot in • 上訴法庭並非各當事方在原訟階段 (Cap. 545) Sch. 2 para. 2 question shall be sold by public auction 敗訴後，作出第二次申訴的地方，而 in accordance with the conditions 這亦並非提出上訴的正確態度。除非 X, the majority owner of land (‘the specified in Sch. 2. 原審法官是極為明顯地犯錯，否則各 Subject Lot’), applied for the compulsory Held, dismissing the application, that: 當事方不應對法官酌情作出的決定 sale of all the undivided shares thereof for redevelopment under s. 提出上訴 (援引Edwards v. Edwards • Given the wording of para. 2 of 3(1) of the Land (Compulsory Sale Sch. 2, ss. 4(1)(b)(i) and 5(1) of the [1986] 1 FLR 205； Re J [1989] 2 for Redevelopment) Ordinance (Cap. Ordinance, only the lot the subject FLR 304等案例)。 (參見第 6、8段) 545). X also owned 100% of various of the application itself should be • 根據本案的案情，該上訴並沒有合理 lots (‘1st Adjoining Lots’) and 80% of considered when deciding the reserve 的成功機會。因此辯稱原審法官明顯犯錯，這一論點並不具備可合理爭辯的成份。原審法官基於其他證據而重視監督人員所表達的關注，這在很大程度上是在他的職權範圍之內。（參見第9段）有關申請本案是作為答辯人的丈夫，針對原審法官規定他必須在受監督的情況下才可探視其子女，並頒發相關臨時命令，所提出的上訴許可申請。相關案情詳見於該案的判案書。

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price and the order for sale. The 土地法賣令時，只應顧及申請地段本身。「 words “the lot on its own” and “2 or 該等地段本身」及「2個或多於2個地 more lots … on their own” refer to the First Mate Development Ltd v. Gee 段……本身」指申請的地段。立法語 subject of the application, no more, Wing Chung [2018] HKEC 86 言很簡單，無任何爭議空間稱在相連 no less. The legislative language was 土地審裁處的地段也應考慮其他地段的重建價值 plain and left no room for arguing 土地強制售賣主要申請2016年第 (引用First Kind Ltd v. Liu Keng Chor that in attached rows of lots, the 8000號 [2016] 3 HKLRD 39 applied)。(見第 redevelopment value of other lots 土地審裁處法官葛倩兒及審裁處成 14-19段) not the subject of the application 員彭浩泉 should also be considered (First Kind • 因此，附表2第2條已指明審裁處 2018年1月5日及19日 Ltd v. Liu Keng Chor [2016] 3 HKLRD 決定底價時顧及申請地段「本身」 39 applied). (See paras. 14–19.) 土地法 - 強制售賣供重建 – 地段或的公開市場價值，必須給予該用 • Accordingly, the reserve price was 估價 - 「婚後」價值 – 有關地段詞目的含義(引用Trocette Property qualified by para. 2 of Sch. 2 which 的公開市場價值是否應包括相鄰 Co Ltd v. Greater London Council requires that the Tribunal to take 地段的合併重建潛力 - 按照附表2 (1974) 28 P & CR 408, Director of into account the open market value 第2條要求的底價只顧及地段「本 Lands v. Yin Shuen Enterprises Ltd of only the lot the subject of the 身」的重建潛力 - 《土地(為重新 (2003) 6 HKCFAR 1, Capital Well Ltd application “on its own”, which 發展而強制售賣)條例》(第545章) v. Bond Star Development Ltd (2005) phrase must be given its purposive 附表2第2條 8 HKCFAR 578, [2005] 4 HKLRD meaning (Trocette Property Co Ltd 363, Dragon House Investment Ltd v. Greater London Council (1974) 28 用字和短語 — 「本身」 — 《土 v. Secretary for Transport (2005) 8 P & CR 408, Director of Lands v. 地(為重新發展而強制售賣)條例》( HKCFAR 668)。(見第25、27-28 Yin Shuen Enterprises Ltd (2003) 6 第545章)附表2第2條、34段) HKCFAR 1, Capital Well Ltd v. Bond Star Development Ltd (2005) 8 X是土地(「有關地段」)的主要擁有人， • R2關於婚後財產價值的建議與附表2 HKCFAR 578, [2005] 4 HKLRD 申請根據《土地(為重新發展而強制售賣) 第2條的要求不一致。其援引補充專 363, Dragon House Investment Ltd 條例》(第545章)第3(1)條強制售賣所有家報告的申請必須予以駁回。(見第35 v. Secretary for Transport (2005) 8 不分割份數。X同時擁有第一相鄰地段的段) HKCFAR 668 applied). (See paras. 100%和第二相鄰地段的80%。第二相鄰申請 25, 27–28, 34.) 地段是X申請強制售賣的另一地段。R2申第二答辯人申請延長為強制售賣某些重建 • R2’s suggestion regarding marriage 請延長存檔及提交婚後財產價值的補充報 value was inconsistent with the 告，辯稱由於有證據顯示有關地段將第一地段提供反駁估價報告和補充報告。案情 requirement under para. 2 of Sch. 和第二相鄰地段被合併重建，確定有關地已在判決書詳細列出。 2 and its application to adduce a 段的公開市場價值時，應考慮第一和第二 supplemental expert report must be 相鄰地段的重建潛力。根據條例附表2第 dismissed. (See para. 35.) 2條，「屬拍賣標的之地段須設底價，而 LEGAL PROFESSION Application 該底價須 —— (a)顧及該地段本身或(如屬 Tai Yuk Cheung v. Hung Sing 上述拍賣標的之地段關乎2個或多於2個地 This was an application by the second Construction Engineering Co respondent for an extension of time to 段)該等地段本身的重新發展潛力」。第 [2018] HKEC 69 serve a rebuttal valuation report and 4(1)(b)(i)條規定作出「有關[第3(1)條]申 Court of First Instance a supplemental report on marriage 請標的之地段而售賣該地段的所有不分割 Personal Injuries Action No 298 of 2015 value for the compulsory sale for 份數」的售買令。根據第5(1)條，若審裁 Bharwaney J redevelopment of certain lots of land. 處就所有不分割份數作出售賣令，而當事 4 December 2017, 16 January 2018 The facts are set out in the judgment. 人不能就其他銷售手段達成一致意見，則 Civil procedure — legal aid 該地段須按照附表2指明的條件而以公開 — legally aided person — 拍賣方式售賣。 permissible for assigned solicitor 裁決－駁回申請： to act on private basis for aided person for part of proceedings • 鑑於條例附表2第2條、第4(1)(b)(i)條 not covered by legal aid 及第5(1)條的措詞，在決定底價及售 certificate — obligations owed by solicitor so acting

72 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CASES IN BRIEF 案例撮要

Legal profession — solicitors — legal aid — assigned solicitor — permissible to act on private basis for aided person for part of proceedings not covered by legal aid certificate — obligations owed Civil procedure — discovery — specific discovery — appeal against dismissal of application

This was an appeal to the Judge against the Master’s refusal of the specific discovery sought by a legally aided plaintiff in a personal injuries action. Appeal 裁決 – 駁回上訴： Legal Aid not having been extended to This was an appeal against the decision • 指派的律師是可以在法律援助未涵蓋 cover the appeal, the assigned solicitor of Master Harold Leong dismissing acted in the appeal on a private basis for the plaintiff’s application for specific 的部分訴訟程序以私人方式代表受助 the aided person. discovery. The facts are set out in the 人。（見第5-14、17段） judgment. Held, dismissing the appeal, that: • 如是者，律師承擔的義務包括：確保獲客戶指示他以私人方式作為其 • It was permissible for an assigned solicitor to act on a private basis for 法律專業代表；向客戶解釋在不獲法律援助的 the aided person for the part of the 情況下所需訟費及缺乏訟費保障；通 proceedings not covered by the legal Tai Yuk Cheung v. Hung Sing 知法律援助署、法院和與訟另一方他 aid certificate. (See paras. 5–14, 17.) Construction Engineering Co 是以私人方式代表當事人。（見第 [2018] HKEC 69 • The obligations owed by a solicitor 15-16段）原訟法庭 so acting included: ensuring that he • 他也有義務避免處於與其當事人利益 had his client’s instructions to act on a 人身傷害訴訟2015年第298號有衝突的位置（正如在本案中，拒絕 private basis; explaining to the client 原訟法庭法官包華禮特定文件透露聆案官考慮虛耗訟費命 the costs implications and the lack of 2017年12月4日及2018年1月16日 costs protection without legal aid; and 令）。律師最初有收費，隨後表示會 informing the Legal Aid Department, 民事訴訟程序 - 法律援助 - 法律援無償服務，而且會親自承擔被告的上 the court and the other parties that 助的受助人 - 允許指派的律師在私訴費用。（見第18-22、39段） he was acting on a private basis. (See 人基礎上為法援受助人處理法律 • 所尋求的特定文件透露範圍非常廣 paras. 15–16.) 援助證書未涵蓋的部分法律程序 - 泛，對公平地處理案件或節省成本既 • He was also under an obligation 不公平也不必要。（見第37段） not to put himself in a position of 如此代表行事的律師負有的義務 conflict with his client’s interests (as 法律專業 - 律師 - 法律援助 - 指派上訴 happened in the present case since 的律師 - 允許在私人基礎上為法援這是一宗針對梁國安法官駁回原告申請特 the Master who refused specific 定文件透露的裁決而提起的上訴。案情已 discovery was contemplating making 受助人處理法律援助證書未涵蓋在判決書詳細列出。 a wasted costs order). Initially acting 的部分法律程序 - 負有的義務 for a fee, the solicitor subsequently indicated that he would act pro bono 民事訴訟程序 - 文件透露 - 特定文 and, moreover, would personally bear 件透露 – 針對駁回申請而提出的 the costs of the appeal awarded to the 上訴 For full summaries and judgments, please refer defendants. (See paras. 18–22, 39.) 這是針對聆案官駁回一宗人身傷害訴訟中 to Westlaw and Hong Kong Law Reports & • The specific discovery sought was of Digest at www.westlaw.com.hk. 法律援助受助人原告申請特定文件透露而 a very wide scope and was neither 就完整的摘要和判決書，請到 proportionate nor necessary, either 提出的上訴。法律援助並未涵蓋上訴，指 www.westlaw.com.hk 參閱Westlaw fairly to dispose of the case or to save 派的律師以私人方式為受助人提起上訴。及《香港法律彙報與摘錄》。 costs. (See para. 37.)

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PRACTICE SKILLS 實踐技能

LegalTech: eDiscovery Explained and Analytics Analysed By Sebastian Ko, Regional Director and Senior Legal Counsel Epiq Michael Yuen, Manager Epiq he volume of electronically before the first case management documents that are non-responsive stored information (‘ESI’) kept conference, including, where appropriate, and/or are legally privileged. Case Tby businesses and individuals is “the tools and techniques (if any) which teams should take time to consider growing exponentially as storage costs should be considered to reduce the carefully the legal, operational, plummet, while the types of ESI and burden and cost of discovery of Electronic and technological requirements of velocities at which they are exchanged Documents” and “the preservation of document review and production. over networks increase prolifically (See eg Electronic Documents”. Compliance with Relevant questions include: Is the Global Yellow Pages Limited v. Promedia these rules require parties to understand production of native files required? Directories Pte Ltd and another suit [2013] eDiscovery technologies and techniques, Must image files containing text SGHC 111, para 1). As Justice Lee of the and to employ them in reasonable and be rendered searchable, and is this High Court of Singapore opined, “[t]he proportional ways. even feasible? Is the preservation of sheer volume of electronic information, In common law and civil law jurisdictions, metadata required? as well as the difficulty of accessing some parties increasingly employ eDiscovery to ESI collected in breach of forensic types of electronic information, presents conduct complex, large-scale document principles or improperly processed and considerable practical challenges in the disclosure projects. Again, the parties analysed could waste substantial costs area of discovery in litigation.” These could only do so in cost-effective and and time, especially when the problems developments have triggered great forensically-sound manner, while are discovered much later (resulting demand for sophisticated technologies managing legal and operational risks in the need to repeat eDiscovery and techniques to facilitate complex suitably, if they understand the pertinent procedures). In a worse-case scenario, and large-scale document disclosures in issues of running eDiscovery projects. This the case team could miss production litigation, arbitration, and internal and article provides an overview of eDiscovery deadlines, inadvertently produce regulatory investigations (“eDiscovery”) project considerations and current privileged documents, or withhold today. technologies and techniques. relevant documents that should have been disclosed. Litigants in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Planning for Review and several other common law jurisdictions Production are subject to court rules concerning Traditional Techniques and eDiscovery. For example, Practice A key objective of eDiscovery is to identify Tools Direction SL1.2 of the High Court of Hong and produce non-privileged documents When the project commences, ESI Kong requires parties and their legal that are responsive to a subpoena, must be collected, processed, and representatives in certain Commercial List document disclosure request, or internal hosted in a well-organised database. and other actions to discuss eDiscovery investigative needs, and to withhold Hardcopies should be converted

74 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • PRACTICE SKILLS 實踐技能

into ESI by scanning and made text- eDiscovery review platforms available software using abstracts and excerpts of searchable using optical character today, which help to accelerate and responsive text passages. recognition software. Processing involves automate certain review procedures. Several kinds of advance eDiscovery aggregating and unitising diverse software provide “predictive coding” types of ESI (eg emails, chat messages, Automating and Accelerating capabilities, which Australian, English, Word documents, PDFs, and audio Review with Analytics Irish, and U.S. courts have recognised as files), rendering them structured and Traditional techniques and tools tools appropriate in discoveries involving searchable data. Processing tools could have their limitations. In searching by significant ESI volumes (See eg Pyrrho also cull out duplicative and corrupted keywords, reviewers are essentially Investments Ltd & Another v. MWB files, and files containing computer- guessing the words that authors of Property Limited & Others [2016] EWHC generated content. After creating the responsive documents have used. But, 256 (Ch); McConnell Dowell Constructors pool of documents for manual review, these keyword searches yield both (Aust) Pty Ltd v. Santam Ltd (No 1) [2016] but before the review actually begins, the under-inclusive results (eg documents are VSC 734.). Using machine-learning pool could be split into different batches omitted because the reviewer is unaware algorithms, based on the analytics and work streams, prioritised, and further of certain variations and regionalisms framework discussed above, predictive refined in scope to enhance efficiency adopted by the author, and there might coding software identifies and prioritises and ultimately reduce review costs. be misspellings) and over-inclusive results documents responsive to the case. Pools of potentially responsive and (eg keywords picking up non-responsive Manual review of document samples are non-responsive documents are created documents because the words were used used to train the software to recognise by filtering documents based on their in contexts that are likely irrelevant). For textual patterns or “concepts”. The custodians and time of creation and example, documents containing “apple” software is trained sufficiently after modification, among other attributes, could relate to both the company and the several rounds of manual review and and by applying keyword searches using fruit with the same name, but only the adequate sample sizes are reviewed. The combinations of keywords likely to be company might be responsive to the case. software will then rank the documents responsive to particular legal and factual Latest analytics software can sharpen according to their responsiveness to issues. Documents can be categorised the search results and minimise false certain “concepts”. Reviewers may then by language to help the case team staff positives and negatives. The software manually check/review highly-ranked reviewers with appropriate language could group documents that have documents and de-prioritise or even skills and to manage review work been self-identified, categorised, and ignore lowly-ranked documents. streams. Documents can be reviewed conceptualised by certain repetitive Through a combination of traditional contextually with greater consistency patterns of words contained therein – and advance eDiscovery technologies and speed by grouping documents patterns that traditional Boolean strings and techniques, case teams could with over 50 percent similarity, and by and fuzzy searches would have difficulty conduct large-scale ESI review and grouping emails within the same thread identifying. Reviewers could show production, while ensuring the quality of communication, including branches of documents already manually identified to and consistency of the analysis, these threads. Language detection, near- be responsive to the software as samples minimising risks of error, and managing duplicate analysis, and email threading to find “conceptually” similar documents. costs and timelines efficiently.n are tools commonly packaged with Likewise, reviews could “teach” the

www.hk-lawyer.org 75 • March 2018 法律科技： eDiscovery 解釋及分析

作者 Sebastian Ko，區域總監兼高級法律顧問埃貝 Michael Yuen，經理埃貝

儲成本下降，企業和個人電務指示》SL1.2條要求商業案件審訊表的計劃審閱和製作子存儲信息(ESI)數量大幅訴訟各方和他們的法律代表在首次案件 eDiscovery的主要目標，是識別和製作非存增長，而ESI的類型和網絡管理會議之前商討如何運用科技進行電特權文件，回應傳票、文件披露請求或流動速度也大大增加(例如Global Yellow 子文件透露，包括「為了減輕進行電子內部調查需求，並保留非相關和／或具 Pages Limited v. Promedia Directories 文件透露的辛勞和費用而應考慮使用的有法律特權的文件。案例小組應仔細考 Pte Ltd and another suit [2013] SGHC 工具和技術(如有的話)」及「保存電子文慮文件審查和製作的法律、操作和技術 111, para 1)。正如新加坡高等法庭法官件」。要遵守這些規則，各方必須了解要求。相關問題包括：是否需要製作原李兆堅所說：「電子信息量大，某些類 eDiscovery科技和技術，並以合理的方式生文件？包含文本的圖像文件是否必須型的電子信息難以獲取，對訴訟查證領和比例使用它們。轉換為可搜索格式？這是否可行？是否域帶來相當大的挑戰。」這些發展觸發越來越多普通法和大陸法司法管轄區採需要保存元數據？了對先進科技的巨大需求，以便利現今用eDiscovery來進行複雜的大型文件披露違反法證原則收集的ESI，或未經正確處的訴訟、仲裁及內部和規管調查中複雜工作。雙方只能以符合成本效益和法律理和分析的ESI，可能會浪費大量成本和而大型的文件透露工作(eDiscovery)。規定的方式進行，同時適當地管理法律時間，尤其是太遲才發現問題，導致需香港、新加坡以及一些其他普通法司法和操作風險，如果他們了解eDiscovery操要重複進行eDiscovery程序。在更糟糕管轄區的訴訟人受到有關eDiscovery的法作的相關問題。本文概述eDiscovery項目的情況下，案例小組可能會錯過截止日院規則約束。例如，香港高等法院《實須注意的事項及當前的科技和技術。期，不慎製作了特權文件，或者保留了

76 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • PRACTICE SKILLS 實踐技能

應該披露的相關文件。接近重複分析和電子郵件往來是當今幾種先進的eDiscovery軟件提供「預測 eDiscovery審閱平台常見的工具，有助於編碼」功能，澳洲、英國、愛爾蘭和美傳統技術和工具加速和自動化某些審閱程序。國的法院已將確認該工具適用於涉及大項目開始時，ESI必須收集、處理並管量ESI的案件(見例如Pyrrho Investments 通過分析自動化並加速審閱理一個組織良好的數據庫。將實體文件 Ltd & Another v MWB Property Limited 掃描轉換為ESI，並使用光學字符識別軟傳統的技術和工具有其局限。在搜索關 & Others [2016] EWHC 256 (Ch); 件，令文本可作搜索。處理涉及聚合統鍵字時，審閱者實質上是在猜測響應性 McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) 一不同類型的ESI(例如電子郵件、聊天消文件作者使用的單詞。但是，這些關鍵 Pty Ltd v Santam Ltd (No 1) [2016] 息、Word文檔、PDF和音頻文件)，使它字搜索結果可能會不足(如因為審閱者不 VSC 734.)。使用機器學習演算法，基於們成為結構化和可搜索的數據。處理工知道作者採用的某些變化和區域用語，上述的分析框架，預測編碼軟件可識別具還可以剔除重複和損壞的文件，以及及可能拼寫錯誤，而忽略了一些文檔) 響應性案例的文檔並設置優先順序。人包含電腦生成內容的文件。建立文件庫或者過度(如關鍵字搜索得出非響應性文手審閱文檔樣本用於訓練軟件識別文本供人工審閱後，在開始審閱前，可以將件，因為可能使用了與情況不相干的文的模式或「概念」。經過幾輪人手審閱文件庫分為不同的批次和工作流程，確字)。例如，包含「蘋果」的文檔可能與後，軟件得到充分訓練，審閱了足夠的定優先次序，進一步細化以提高效率，同名的公司和水果有關，但只有公司名樣本。然後，軟件將根據他們對某些「最終降低審閱成本。可能會對案例作出響應。概念」的響應性進行文檔排序。然後，潛在的響應性和非響應性文件庫，是根最新的分析軟件可提高搜索結果的精確審閱人員可以人手檢查／審閱排名高的據其保管人及創建和修改時間及其他屬度，最大程度地減少誤差。該軟件可將文檔，容後處理甚至忽略排名低的文性過濾文件，並使用可能具響應性的特文檔分組，通過其中重複的詞語進行自檔。定法律和事實的關鍵字組合搜索而創建我識別、分類和概念化，傳統的Boolean 結合傳統和先進的eDiscovery科技和技的。文件可按語言分類，以助具適當語 strings和模糊搜索將難以識別。審閱者術，案例小組可以進行大規模的ESI審言技能的案例小組人員管理審閱流程。可以已經人手識別的文件作為樣本，讓閱和製作，同時確保分析的質量和一致可通過對文件進行分組，超過50%相似軟件找出「概念上」類似的文件。同性，盡量減少錯誤風險，並有效管理成度為一組，並將同一對話的電子郵件通樣，審閱可用摘要和響應性文本段落摘本和時間。 n 信組合起來(包括對話的分支)，以使審閱錄來「教導」軟件搜索。達至更高的一致性和速度。語言檢測、

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Partnerships and Firms 合夥人及律師行變動

changes received as from 1 January 2018 取自2018年1月1日起香港律師會所提供之最新資料

• CHEUNG PAK HOI • NG SHAN YUNG • WONG YAT WA BENNY became a partner of Lee Chan Cheng ceased to be a partner of L & Y Law Office ceased to be a partner of Lau, Chan as from 01/02/2018. as from 19/01/2018. & Ko as from 18/01/2018 and joined 張百凱吳燦榕 B. Mak & Co. as a consultant as from 自2018年2月1日成為李陳鄭律師行自2018年1月19日不再出任林余律師事務 01/02/2018. 合夥人。所合夥人一職。黃鎰華自2018年1月18日不再出任劉陳高律 • HUI KA WAI • SIT HOI LAM BERYL 師事務所合夥人一職，並於2018年2 joined Chak & Associates as a partner joined William Ji & Co. as a partner as from 月1日加入麥耀華律師行為顧問。 as from 05/02/2018. 02/01/2018. 許嘉慧薛凱琳 • ZHANG YAN 自2018年2月5日加入翟氏律師行為自2018年1月2日加入紀晓東律師行為合 became a partner of Sidley Austin as 合夥人。夥人。 from 26/01/2018. 張岩 • LAU WANG YIP • SZETO WAI LING VIRGINIA 自2018年1月26日成為盛德律師事務 ceased to be a partner of Joseph Chu, ceased to be the sole practitioner of 所合夥人。 Lo & Lau as from 22/01/2018 and the Virginia Szeto & Co. as from 07/02/2018 firm closed on the same day. Mr. Lau and the firm closed on the same day. • ZHANG YUE joined Yip, Tse & Tang as a consultant 司徒惠玲 became a partner of Guantao & as from 22/01/2018. 自2018年2月7日不再出任司徒惠玲律師 Chow Solicitors and Notaries as from 劉宏業事務所獨資經營者一職，而該行亦於同日 01/01/2018. Ms. Zhang ceased to be a 自2018年1月22日不再出任朱羅劉律結業。 partner of the firm as from 01/02/2018 師事務所合夥人一職，而該行亦於同 and remains as an assistant solicitor of 日結業。劉律師於2018年1月22日加 • TAN VIM YEW ERIC the firm. 入葉謝鄧律師行為顧問。 ceased to be a partner of Peter Yuen & 張悅 Associates as from 01/02/2018. 自2018年1月1日成為觀韜律師事務所 • LIN CHING YANG 陳偉耀 (香港)合夥人。張律師於2018年2月1 became a partner of Sullivan & 自2018年2月1日不再出任阮葆光律師事日不再出任觀韜律師事務所(香港)合夥 Cromwell (Hong Kong) LLP as from 務所合夥人一職。人一職，而轉任為該行助理律師。 25/01/2018. 林靖揚 • THOMAS SARAH JANETTE 自2018年1月25日成為蘇利文‧克倫 became a partner of Morrison & Foerster 威爾律師事務所(香港)有限法律責任 as from 18/01/2018. 合夥合夥人。自2018年1月18日成為美富律師事務所合夥人。 • LO KIN KEI ceased to be a partner of Joseph Chu, • THOMSON ROBERT LINDSAY Lo & Lau as from 22/01/2018 and the ceased to be a partner of Jones Day firm closed on the same day. Mr. Lo as from 01/01/2018 and remains as a joined Mike So, Joseph Lau & Co. as a consultant of the firm. consultant as from 22/01/2018. 湯慕信羅建基自2018年1月1日不再出任眾達國際法律自2018年1月22日不再出任朱羅劉律事務所合夥人一職，而轉任為該行顧問。師事務所合夥人一職，而該行亦於同日結業。羅律師於2018年1月22日加入蘇與劉律師事務所為顧問。

www.hk-lawyer.org 81 • March 2018 CAMPUS VOICES 法學院新聞

Greater China Legal History Seminar on “The History 大中華地區法律史研討會「神秘的歷 of a Mystery: The Development of the Law of Unjust 史：不當得利法律在香港、中國與德 Enrichment in Hong Kong, China and Germany” 國發展」 With more than 110 attendees, this successful full house CPD seminar was 本CPD研討會於2018年2月2日舉行，吸引了超過 delivered by Professor Steven Gallagher, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs; 110名與會者出席，講者包括助理院長(學術事務) Professor Lutz-Christian Wolff, Wei Lun Professor of Law and Dean of the Professor Steven Gallagher教授、研究院院長偉倫法 Graduate School; and Ms. Siyi Lin, Research Postgraduate Student at the 律學講座教授鄔楓教授及中大研究生法律中心研究 CUHK Graduate Law Centre on 2 February 2018. The speakers compared the historical developments, related sources and specific functions of the law of 生Siyi Lin女士。講者比較了香港、德國和中國不當得 unjust enrichment in Hong Kong, Germany and China, which provided valuable 利法律的歷史發展、相關來源和具體功能，就這個 insights regarding this complex, mysterious and confusing area of law. 複雜、神秘而混亂的法律領域提供寶貴見解。

Professor Steven Gallagher, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, CUHK Law. The seminar attracted more than 110 participants to attend. 講者包括中大法律學院助理院長(學術事務) Professor Steven Gallagher教授研討會吸引了超過110 名參加者出席。

The next Greater China Legal History seminar on “The Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in China” jointly organised by CUHK Law and the Centre for Chinese and Comparative Law of City University of Hong Kong will be held on 16 March at the CUHK Graduate Law Centre. For more information, please visit: 由中大法律學院與香港城市大學中國法及比較法研究中心聯合主辦的大中華法律史研討會下次將於3月16日香港中文大學法律學院研究生部舉行，題目為「中國民法傳統的歷史發展」。詳情請瀏覽： http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/en/event- page/20180316.php

82 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CAMPUS VOICES 法學院新聞

Event on “IP Protection and Enforcement: from Policy to 「知識產權保護與執法：從政策到戰 Strategy to Practice” 略到實踐」活動 CUHK Law organised this half-day CPD event on 26 January 2018 to explore 香港中文大學法律學院於1月26日舉辦了為期半天的 what is currently being done to protect intellectual property in Hong Kong 持續專業發展活動，探討保護香港知識產權的現行 and what should be done in the future in order to best maintain Hong Kong’s 措施及維持香港目前的地位未來方向。此次活動匯 current position. The event brought together experts from the government, industry and legal practice to speak and attracted over a hundred participants 聚了來自政府、行業和法律界的專家，並吸引了來 from different sectors to attend, including representatives from the Consulate 自不同行業的100多名與會者出席，其中包括法國、 Generals of France, Italy, Belgium and the UK, European Union Office to Hong 意大利、比利時和英國總領事館、歐盟駐香港辦事 Kong, members from the Hong Kong Judiciary, senior officers from well- 處的代表、香港司法機構的成員、知名國際時裝品 known international fashion brands, IP and legal practitioners, academics and 牌高層、知識產權和法律執業者、學者和學生。 students. The event was divided into two sessions. The first session focused on 該活動分為兩節。第一節側重於政府知識產權措施 government intellectual property initiatives and enforcement practices, which 和執法，講者包括：知識產權署助理署長(法律意 was delivered by Ms. Michelle Chong, Assistant Director of Intellectual Property 見)莊麗娟女士、版權及商標調查(行動)課監督方永 (Advisory) of the Intellectual Property Department; Mr. Guy Fong, Head of 佳先生及香港貿易發展局製造業拓展高級經理朱啟 Operations Group, Intellectual Property Investigation Bureau of the Customs 華女士。第二節會議重點討論私人機構目前的最佳 and Excise Department; and Ms. Rebecca Tse, Senior Product Promotion Manager of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council. The second session 做法，講者包括：Ella Cheong & Alan Chiu, Solicitors focused on current best enforcement practices in the private sector, with & Notaries執行合夥人Alan Chiu先生、宏德顧問有限 speakers include Mr. Alan Chiu, Managing Partner, Ella Cheong & Alan Chiu, 公司董事總經理高照先生、國際唱片業協會亞洲地 Solicitors & Notaries; Mr. Kelvin Ko, Managing Director of Verity Consulting 區顧問Candy Lam女士、路易威登知識產權總監(亞 Limited; Ms. Candy Lam, Regional Counsel, Asia of International Federation 太區)Mayank Vaid先生。兩節會議的討論均引起出 of the Phonographic Industry; Mr. Mayank Vaid, Intellectual Property Director (Asia Pacific) of Louis Vuitton. The stimulating discussions of both sessions 席者的積極迴響。 drew positive response from the audience.

The event drew upon some of the best minds in government, industry and legal practice to address various IP issues. Mr. Paul Schmidt, Professional Consultant of CUHK Law, served 是次活動吸引了政府、行業和法律界最優秀人才出席，共同探討各種知識產權問題。 as Moderator of the second session. 中大法律學院專業顧問舒明德先生擔任第二節會議的主持人。

www.hk-lawyer.org 83 • March 2018

Inaugural CUHK Law Alumni Cocktail Reception 中大法律校友首屆酒會 On 30 January 2018, the Faculty of Law of The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學法律學院於2018年1月30日假 (‘CUHK Law’) hosted this cocktail reception as the first major alumni event in the 香港會花園廳舉辦首屆大型校友酒會，並榮 Garden Lounge of the Hong Kong Club. The Faculty was very pleased to welcome 幸邀得首席法官馬道立法官發表有趣而振奮 the alumni and was honoured to have The Honourable Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma joining and giving an amusing and inspiring address. The Court of Final Appeal 人心的講話。終審法院常任法官李義法官、 Permanent Judges The Honourable Mr. Justice Roberto Ribeiro and The Honourable 霍兆剛法官、香港大律師公會主席戴啟思資 Mr. Justice Joseph Fok, and Non-Permanent Judge The Honourable Mr. Justice 深大律師、司法機構人員、法律從業人員及 Kemal Bokhary were also present along with Mr. Philip Dykes, Chairman of the Hong 多年來為法律學院作出貢獻的嘉賓，均出席 Kong Bar Association, members of the Judiciary, legal practitioners, and many other 了盛會。許多現任和前任教職員也藉此機會 guests who have contributed to the Faculty over the years in so many different ways. A good number of current and former faculty members also attended and took the 與舊學一聚。 opportunity to catch up with their students from previous years. 所有嘉賓當晚均盡興而返。中大法律學院感 It was a splendid evening that all participants enjoyed. CUHK Law would like to 謝所有校友和嘉賓的光臨，並期待他們明年 thank all alumni and distinguished guests for coming along, and looks forward to 再次撥冗出席酒會。 their participation at the cocktail reception next year – this time on a Friday evening!

The Honourable Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma (middle) with Mr. The Honourable Mr. Justice Joseph Fok (second from The Honourable Mr. Justice Kemal Bokhary, Non- Richard Morris, Associate Dean for Alumni and Professional right) and The Honourable Mr. Justice Roberto Ribeiro Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Affairs of CUHK Law (left) and Professor Christopher Gane, (first from right), Permanent Judges of the Hong Kong Appeal. Dean of CUHK Law. Court of Final Appeal. 終審法院非常任法官包致金法官首席法官馬道立法官（中）與中大法律學院校友及專業事務副院長香港終審法院常任法官霍兆剛法官（右二）李義法官（右一）穆寧思先生（左）及中大法學院院長Christopher Gane教授。

Mr. Philip Dykes (right), Chairman of the Hong Kong Guests who have contributed to CUHK Law over the years were invited to Ms. Karen Lam gave a speech at the opening Bar Association attend, including Guests of Honour of past Master’s Degree Graduation session as the alumni representative 香港大律師公會主席戴啟思資深大律師（右） Ceremonies, Advisory Board members, Distinguished Professional 校友代表Karen Lam女士在開幕式上致辭 Mentors and Trial Advocacy judges, among others. 多年來為中大法律學院作出貢獻的人士，包括碩士學位畢業典禮嘉賓、顧問委員會成員、傑出專業導師和審訊訟辯評審等均獲邀出席。

The event was a great occasion for the alumni to meet up with teachers and guests who assisted them academically and professionally during their studies at CUHK. 校友藉此機會與在學術和專業上協助過他們的老師和嘉賓們聚舊

84 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • CAMPUS VOICES 法學院新聞

Ceremony of 2017-18 Admission Scholarship, Sir Oswald Cheung Memorial Fund PCLL Scholarship & 2016-17 Outstanding Performance in Mooting Competitions. 2017-18 入學獎學金、張奧偉爵士紀念基金法學專業證書獎學金及 2016-17 模擬法庭比賽傑出表現頒獎典禮。

The Ceremony was well attended by award recipients, their family members, distinguished guests, coaches of mooting competitions, senior management of the University and faculty members. 得獎學生及其家人、嘉賓、模擬法庭比賽導師、大學要員及學院老師均踴躍出席典禮。

Dr Marco Wan from HKU 香港大學文灝博士獲頒發2017年度Penny Pether獎 awarded the 2017 Penny 恭喜香港大學法律學院温文灝博士，其著作“Masculinity and Pether Prize the Trials of Modern Fiction”榮獲2017年度澳大利亞法律、 Congratulations to Dr Marco Wan of the Faculty of Law at The 文學和人文學科協會頒發的Penny Pether獎。該獎項是為對已 University of Hong Kong, whose book, Masculinity and the Trials 故澳大利亞學者Penny Pether表示敬意而設立，並頒給“對澳 of Modern Fiction, was awarded the 2017 Penny Pether Prize of 大利亞法律、文學和人文學科領域作出最重大貢獻”的作品。 the Law, Literature, and Humanities Association of Australasia. The Prize honours the late Australian scholar Penny Pether, and 大家還記得十九世紀的英格蘭和法國，當時有不少涉及 is awarded to the work which has made “the most significant 文學作品的起訴，本書檢視了五本小說在法庭中的解釋方 contribution to the field of Australasian law, literature and 式：Gustave Flaubert的Madame Bovary，Paul Bonnetain的 humanities”. Charlot s’amuse，Henry Vizetelly對ÉmileZola的作品La Terre的 Nineteenth-century England and France are remembered for 英文譯本，Oscar Wilde的The Picture of Dorian Gray和Radclyffe their active legal prosecution of literature, and this book examines Hall的The Loneliness。 the ways in which five novels were interpreted in the courtroom: 正如該協會在引文中所讚 Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Paul Bonnetain’s Charlot s’amuse, Henry Vizetelly’s English translation of Émile Zola’s La 美的那樣，“（這本書） Terre, Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and Radclyffe Hall’s 是一個特別細緻而精美的 The Well of Loneliness. 文本：除了法律、文學、男性氣質和性別研究方面 As the Association commended in the citation, “(the book) is an exceptionally meticulous and beautifully crafted text: alongside 的貢獻外，温博士還以清 its contribution of the fields of law, literature, and masculinity 晰和權威的方式就自已的 and gender studies, Dr Wan prosecutes his case with clarity and 情況提起「申訴」，並不 Dr Marco Wan (left) and Professor Julia Kuehn, authority, and with the pleasure of the reader in mind.” 忙娛悅讀者。” School of English at the Book Launch. 温文灝博士（左）和英文學院教授Julia Kuehn在新書發布會。

www.hk-lawyer.org 85 • March 2018 LEGAL TRIVIA #46

This month, we return to esoterica about members of Hong Kong’s legal community. We would like to congratulate Kenneth The questions have been prepared by Douglas Clark, Barrister-at-Law. Suggestions for K. K. Mo, Assistant Solicitor, Paul C.K. questions to appear in next month’s journal are most welcome. Tang & Chiu, Solicitors & Notaries, the winner of our Legal Quiz #45.

1. Geoffrey Briggs, Chief Justice of Hong Kong, 6. Which current member of the Court of Final Appeal served had a fascination with which animal? previously as Chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association? A. Frogs A. Geoffrey Ma B. Birds B. Robert Ribeiro C. Horses C. Robert Tang D. Cats D. Joseph Fok 2. Which Hong Kong judge wrote a book “I’ll Do 7. Which Hong Kong judge served on the District Court of Palestine Better Next Time”? immedately before his appointment to Hong Kong? A. Ivo Rigby A. Paul Cressal B. Denys Robert B. Roger Lindsell C. John Hulme C. Atholl McGregor D. Joseph Kemp D. Michael Hogan 3. Which Hong Kong High Court judge started 8. Which Hong Kong Chief Justice served with the RAF during WWII? his career as a member of the British South A. Atholl MacGregor Africa Police in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe): B. Leslie Gibson A. Michael Lunn C. Henry Blackall B. Michael Hartmann D. Michael Hogan C. James Findlay 9. Which former Hong Kong judge spoke Chiuchow, Hokkien and 4. Mohamed Saied, a Hong Kong judge, had Cantonese? to flee which country after being threatened A. TL Yang with death in his previous role as Chief Jusitce B. Henry Gompertz of that country? C. James Russell A. Rhodesia D. Kemal Bokhary B. Uganda C. Palestine 10. Which Chief Justice of Hong Kong sat on the Anglo-Japanese D. Pakistan Commission dealing with claims under the San Francisco Peace Treaty? 5. Which Hong Kong Chief Justice served as A. Henry Blackall Attorney General to British Guiana prior to his B. Leslie Gibson appointment in Hong Kong? C. Michael Hogan A. Francis Piggot. B. Fielding Clarke C. William Rees-Davies Answers to Legal Trivia Quiz #45 D. John Carrington 1. A. Andy Lau brought a passing off action against Hang Seng Bank for using his photograph on credit cards. (Lau v Hang Seng Bank [2000] 1 HKC 280) 2. C. The photos showed that Faye Wong (referred to in the case (incorrectly) as Huang Fei) was pregnant. (Oriental Press Group v Apple Daily [1998] 2 HKLRD 976) 3. D. Nicholas Tse was convicted of perverting the course of justice for agreeing with his driver for his driver to claim he was driving at the time. (HKSAR v Tse HCMA 39/2003) Contest Rules: 4. D. Carson Yeung was, at first, a hairdresser. To be eligible to win a bottle of Ch. Roquettes 2010 (Grand Cru) or Ch. Tour Phillipines. Ronald Singson, a member of the Phillipines House of Representatives, was Baladoz 2006 (Grand Cru) from Global Vintage Wines Centre, please send your 5. B. quiz question answers to [email protected]. The first reader convicted for possession of dangerous drugs in 2011. (HKSAR v Singson DCCC938/2010) to respond with the most correct 6. A. Soler (made up of Giulio and Dino Acconci) were in a dispute with Hummingbird Music. answers, with no more than 3 (Hummingbird Music v Acconci [2007] 4 HKLRD 79) incorrect responses, will be 7. C. Stephen Chan received payment as an appearance fee from Olympian City. This was found by deemed the winner. The the CFA not to involve breach of the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance. (Secretary for Justice v decision of Thomson Chan [2017] HKCFA 33) Reuters regarding the winner is final and 8. A. Eva Huang (Huang Shengyi) was sued her former manager in 2007. (Worth Achieve v Huang conclusive. Sheng Yi HCA 2058/2005) 9. B. Alan Tam sued for passing off for the use of his photo on Karaoke discs. (Tam v Lex Video Production HCA 5301/1990) 10. A. The first instance trial was before a jury. (Shaw Brothers v Golden Harvest [1972] HKCA 233) 86 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • LEGAL TRIVIA QUIZ 法律知識測驗

法律知識測驗 #46

在本月，我們再看香港法律界人士的鮮為人知的事情。本刊謹此祝賀毛冠喬，劉林陳律師行律問題由馬錦德大律師編製。歡迎建議下期問題。師，在法律知識測驗＃45中勝出。

1. 香港首席法官貝里士特別喜歡哪種動物？ 6. 哪位終審法院現任成員曾擔任香港大律師公會主席職務？ A. 青蛙 A. 馬道立 B. 鳥類 B. 李義 C. 馬匹 C. 鄧國楨 D. 貓 D. 霍兆剛

2. 哪位香港法官寫了一本書名稱叫"I'll Do Better Next 7. 在香港獲任命前，哪位香港法官在巴勒斯坦地方法院任職？ Time"? A. Paul Cressall A. Ivo Rigby B. Roger Lindsell B. 羅弼時 C. 麥基利哥 C. 曉吾 D. 何瑾 D. 金培源 8. 第二次世界大戰期間哪位香港首席法官在皇家空軍服役？ 3. 哪位香港高等法院法官以他作為英國駐南非羅得西亞（ A. 麥基利哥現在的津巴布韋）警察的一成員開始了他的職業生涯： B. 幾卜生 A. Michael Lunn C. 白高樂 B. 夏正民 D. 何瑾 C. 范達理 9. 哪位前香港法官會說潮州話、福建話和廣東話？ 4. 香港法官沙義德在哪一國擔任他以前的首席法官的角色 A. 楊鐵樑中受到死亡威脅後不得不逃離該國？ B. Henry Gompertz A. 羅得西亞 C. 羅素 B. 烏干達 D. 包致金 C. 巴勒斯坦 D. 巴基斯坦 10. 哪位香港首席法官加入「英日委員會」處理根據《舊金山和平條約》的申索？ 5. 哪一位香港首席法官在香港被任命前曾擔任英屬圭亞那 A 白高樂的律政司？ B. 幾卜生 A. 碧葛 C. 何瑾 B. 賈樂 C. 戴華士法律知識測驗#45的答案 D. 賈靈頓 1. A. 劉德華曾控告恒生銀行侵權，事緣該銀行在信用卡上使用他的肖像。(Lau v Hang Seng Bank [2000] 1 HKC 280) 2. C. 照片中的王菲(案中被誤稱為Huang Fei) 懷孕。(Oriental Press Group v Apple Daily [1998] 2 HKLRD 976) 3. D. 謝霆鋒因妨礙司法公正被定罪，事緣他同意讓司機自稱他是當時駕駛的司機。(HKSAR v Tse HCMA 39/2003) 競賽規則：楊家誠最初為髮型師。讀者如欲贏取一瓶由Global Vintage Wines Centre提供的 4. D. 2007年Ch. Roquettes 2010 (Grand Cru)或Ch. Tour Baladoz 2006 5. B. 菲律賓眾議院議員Ronald Singson於2011年因持有危險藥物被定 (Grand Cru)葡萄酒，請將問題答案寄交罪。(HKSAR v Singson DCCC938/2010) [email protected]。 6. A. Soler(成員有Giulio和Dino Acconci)與Hummingbird Music出現糾首位能提供最多正確答案(答錯的題紛。(Hummingbird Music v Acconci [2007] 4 HKLRD 79) 目不得多於三題)的讀者將成為優 7. C. 陳志雲收取奧海城的出場費。終審法院認為這不涉及違反《防止賄賂條勝者。湯森路透就得獎者所作例》。(Secretary for Justice v Chan [2017] HKCFA 33) 的決定是最終及不可推翻的。 8. A. 黃聖依於2005年控告其前經理人。(Worth Achieve v Huang Sheng Yi HCA 2058/2005) 9. B. 譚詠麟控告一間公司侵權，事緣該公司在卡拉OK唱片上使用其肖像。(Tam v Lex Video Production HCA 5301/1990) 10. A. 原審有陪審團。(Shaw Brothers v Golden Harvest [1972] HKCA 233) www.hk-lawyer.org 87 • March 2018 Sailing Through a Legal Mind

By Bo Lee, Vice President (Senior Counsel) Citigroup

he last few months have witnessed 1. The rules. Before even stepping numerous colour coded “lines” (ropes many firsts for Hong Kong in one onboard a boat, each sailor needs to be to the layman) to raise, lower and adjust Tof the world’s toughest sporting aware of the rules governing the race so sails. These are controlled by grinding competitions: the Volvo Ocean Race that their participation counts and, more winches, which provide the mechanical (‘VOR’). Hong Kong’s first time being a importantly, to ensure safety. There are advantage necessary to overcome the host city, first time competing and first many visual and sound signals given force of the wind in the sails. To gauge time winning a leg of the race. throughout the race, each signifying the scale of the boats in the VOR, the a particular instruction from the race size of the sails used are larger than two VOR race teams sail more than 45,000 committee. A particular pattern on a tennis courts. Indeed, all hands, and nautical miles across the globe, enduring flag and accompanying series of blasts certainly more than one pair, must be on the harshest elements for weeks on end, from a horn, may indicate a recall or deck as with any legal project involving and routinely surviving on just two hours postponement of the start time for consideration of cross disciplinary issues sleep. All the while, they are aiming to the class of boat you are sailing. There and production of countless documents, give their best performance ever. Against are also codes of conduct for specific all within challenging deadlines. Neither this inspiring backdrop, I started to think situations, such as when a boat must feats are achievable by an individual about my own sail racing, which began give way to another boat. A breach of alone - teamwork is key. three years ago upon the invitation of these rules may result in time penalties my then boss. Limited to Hong Kong 3. Complex environment. The or disqualification and, at worst, waters and off terra firma for just hours physical conditions at sea can change physical injury. Clearly, knowledge and at most, my experience is certainly dramatically in a matter of minutes. I understanding of an extensive body of much more modest compared to those have faced the scorching summer sun rules is at the heart of what a lawyer does competing in the VOR. Nonetheless, as well as violent rainstorms within the and the consequences of not knowing the same fundamental skills and same race in Hong Kong. Around the them are equally dire. attributes are required of sailors of all world, changes in the winds, currents and levels to complete a race successfully - 2. Scale and time pressures. There weather patterns are taking place at an an incredibly exhilarating feeling. The are various pieces of equipment spread accelerating rate due to climate change. more I reflected, the more I also saw the across a boat which need to be operated Bringing in the right combination of similarities between competitive sailing at the same time during a race. For talents at the right time is crucial to and working as a lawyer. example, a typical racing sailboat has navigating through these changes

88 www.hk-lawyer.org March 2018 • LAWYERS AT LEISURE 律師閒情

successfully, much like the timely collaboration of the appropriate expertise needed in the ever transforming legal 思考航海 and economic landscape. 4. Preservance. During a race, there are things that can go wrong which 作者 Bo Lee 副總裁(高級法律顧問) are completely out of your control. For 花旗集團 example, I have experienced sudden changes in wind resulting in a loss of 去幾個月，香港在世界上 critical boat speed which the team had spent a long time gaining. In the VOR, a 最困難的體育競賽之一刷 sailor may miss loved ones that they have 過新了第一次：香港首次成 not seen for weeks while at sea. They 為Volvo Ocean Race環球帆船賽的主都需要了解比賽規則，以便不會犯規，更重 may long for sustenance other than the 辦城市、首次參賽並首次贏得一站賽要的是確保安全。整場比賽途中有很多視覺 freeze dried food provided in the name of 事。 reducing storage space. Meanwhile, the 和聽覺的信號，每個信號都代表競賽委員會 race is ongoing and giving up is not an Volvo Ocean Race環球帆船賽的參賽的特別指示。旗幟上的特定圖案和伴隨喇叭 option. The parallels with life as a lawyer 隊伍橫跨世界四大洋，全程45000海聲可能代表你的船隻被召回或延遲起航。面 are self-explanatory. In such times, 里，忍受最惡劣的環境，經常每天只對特定情況也有行為準則，例如，有時船隻 individual grit as well as camaraderie 睡兩個小時，盡力交出最佳表現。他必須讓位給另一艘船。違反這些規則可能會 among teammates are essential to getting over the finishing line. 們的拼勁令我開始思考自己的帆船經取消資格，甚至造成人身傷害。而了解廣泛驗。三年前，應當時的上司的邀請，的規則體系顯然是律師工作的核心，不熟悉 I have found sailing in general immensely 這些規則同樣會產生嚴重後果。 humbling, challenging and rewarding. 我開始接觸帆船。當然，我的經驗肯 We are privileged in how accessible 定比環球帆船賽溫和得多，因為只 2. 規模和時間壓力。船上有各種各樣的設 sailing is in Hong Kong; there are not 限於香港水域，最多駕駛幾個小時。備，比賽時需要同時運行。例如，一艘典型 many cities in the world where you can 儘管如此，想想所有船員似乎都擁有的競賽帆船有許多不同顏色的繩索通過絞盤 grab a cab and get onto the water within 相同的基本技能和屬性，這些技能和 20 minutes. For more information on 來升起、降低和調節。環球帆船賽所使用的屬性有助於成功完成一場比賽，就有 adult beginner sailing courses and/or 帆船大過兩個網球場。事實上，所有人手必 how to get involved in competitive sailing, 令人難以置信的振奮感覺。我越想就須在甲板上合作，正如涉及法律項目一樣， please contact the Leisure and Cultural 越看到帆船比賽和律師工作的相似之要在緊迫的期限內製作無數文件，兩者都是 Services Department, Aberdeen Boat 處：單獨一個人都無法實現的壯舉，團隊合作是 Club, Hebe Haven Yacht Club and/or the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club. n 1. 規則。在踏上帆船之前，每個船員關鍵所在。

www.hk-lawyer.org 89 • March 2018

在進行，絕不能放棄。律師的生活亦一樣，在艱難時刻，隊友之間的勇氣和友誼，是成功走到終點的關鍵。

我覺得帆船比賽總體來說可以令人謙卑、充滿挑戰性和滿足感。我們很幸運，在香港很容易就能享受航行。世界上坐20分鐘的士就能到海邊的城市不多。有關成人初級帆船課程及／或如何參與帆船比賽的更多資料，請聯絡康樂及文化事務署、香港仔遊艇會、白沙灣遊艇會及／或香港遊艇會。 n

3. 複雜的環境。海洋環境一天的變化可遇過突然的風力變化，能很大。在同一場香港比賽中，我面對過令船隊航速大減，船隊炎炎夏日和暴雨。在世界性比賽，氣候變花費了很長時間才能追化引起的風、氣流和天氣變化就更急促。回。在環球帆船賽中，團隊的專業知識和協調對於成功駕馭這些船員在海上幾週不能與變化至關重要，就像在不斷變化的法律和親人見面，可能陪覺思經濟環境中，需要專業知識和團隊合作一念。為了減少儲物空樣。間，船員僅獲供應冷凍乾燥食品，可能渴望其 4. 生存。在比賽中，有些事情可能會出他糧食。同時，比賽正現，完全超出你的控制範圍。例如，我

90 www.hk-lawyer.org

MICHAELMICHAEL PAGEPAGE LEGALLEGAL SPECIALISTSSPECIALISTS ININ LEGALLEGAL RECRUITMENTRECRUITMENT

MEETMEET THE THE TEAM TEAM FINANCIALFINANCIAL SERVICES SERVICES COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL PRIVATEPRIVATE PRACTICE PRACTICE

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We We have have successfully successfully placed placed candidates candidates across across all all levels levels from from Associates Associates and and Junior Junior Legal Legal Counsels, Counsels, to to Partners Partners and and Heads Heads of of Legal. 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TheyThey havehave createdcreated aa newnew commercialcommercial space space with with a a broad broad client client base base including including large large MarketsMarkets businesses businesses within within the the region. region. You You will will participate participate headcountheadcount to to cope cope with with the the expanding expanding business. business. You You will will EUEU headquartered headquartered industrial industrial groups. groups. The The firm firm is is registered registered OlgaOlga has has been been specialising specialising in in legal legal recruitment recruitment for for over over ten ten years, years, with with a a focus focus on on financial financial servicesservices clients.clients. 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TheThe ideal ideal candidate candidate will will possess possess at at least least 4 4 years’ years’ PQE PQE developmentdevelopment matters.matters. TheThe reviewreview andand negotiationnegotiation ofof toto the the Managing Managing Partner, Partner, you you will will focus focus on on growing growing the the [email protected]@michaelpage.com.hk | |+852 +852 2848 2848 4791 4791 | |linkedin.com/in/olgayung linkedin.com/in/olgayung withwith relevant relevant experience experience in in the the area area of of DCM DCM or or leverage/ leverage/ tenancytenancy agreements agreements and and general general leasing leasing matters matters will will be be a a firm’sfirm’s businessbusiness law law servicesservices andand networknetwork in in Asia.Asia. TheThe ideal ideal acquisitionacquisition finance. finance. AnyAny exposureexposure to to USUS related related workwork oror prioritypriority for for this this role. role. The The ideal ideal candidate candidate will will have have at at least least 6 6 candidatecandidate willwill possesspossess atat leastleast 88 years’years’ PQEPQE obtainedobtained USUS securities securities will will be be useful useful though though not not mandatory. mandatory. Strong Strong years’years’ PQE PQE advising advising property property developers developers and and managers managers in in inin Hong Hong Kong Kong and and with with experience experience in in a a broad broad variety variety of of languagelanguage skills skills required required and and fluency fluency in in MandarinMandarin willwill bebe a a tenancytenancy matters, matters, preferably preferably with with solid solid experience experience gained gained transactions,transactions, with with an an emphasis emphasis on on joint joint ventures, ventures, mergers mergers plus.plus. Ref: Ref: 3976037 3976037 inin a a sizable sizable Hong Hong Kong Kong developer. developer. Fluency Fluency in in English English and and andand acquisitions acquisitions and and private private equity equity investments. investments. Strong Strong SerenaSerena Tang, Tang, Associate Associate Director, Director, In In House House Corporate Corporate MartaMarta Verderosa, Verderosa, Manager, Manager, Private Private Practice Practice CantoneseCantonese are are a a must. must. This This is is a a rare rare opportunity opportunity to to work work EnglishEnglish andand ChineseChinese languagelanguage skillsskills areare required.required. Ref:Ref: SerenaSerena hashas overover 77 yearsyears ofof recruitmentrecruitment experience,experience, specialisingspecialising MartaMarta hashas overover 55 yearsyears ofof legallegal recruitmentrecruitment experience,experience, withwith aa withwith a a high high calibre calibre team. team. Ref: Ref: 3968059 3968059 39591183959118 inin the the recruitment recruitment of of in-house in-house lawyers lawyers where where her her industry industry focus focus is is dedicateddedicated focus focus on on private private practice. practice. She She has has extensive extensive experience experience acrossacross in in house house corporate, corporate, assisting assisting all all types types of of commercial commercial clients clients inin recruitment recruitment covering covering all all areas areas of of practices practices for for lawyers, lawyers, from from newly newly inin Hong Hong Kong. Kong. 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Marta Marta is is › › GlobalGlobal Financial Financial Services Services House House › › FMCGFMCG Company Company › › UKUK Firm Firm asas well well as as domestic domestic private private and and listed listed companies. companies. Graduating Graduating from from the the University University aa LLM LLM graduate graduate and and worked worked in in a a leading leading law law firm firm andand a a globalglobal insurance insurance companycompany ofof Wisconsin, Wisconsin, Serena Serena gained gained experience experience in in management management consulting consulting prior prior to to joining joining beforebefore joining joining Michael Michael Page. Page. 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FluencyFluency inin bothboth shouldshould comfortable comfortable with with dealing dealing with with clients clients in in both both English English privateprivate and and listed listed companies companies in in Hong Hong Kong. Kong. Tina’s Tina’s in-depth in-depth market market paralegalsparalegals and and company company secretaries secretaries at at all all levels. levels. Kamil Kamil was was born born in in Ref:Ref: 3977023 3977023 EnglishEnglish and and Chinese Chinese languages languages required. required. Ref: Ref: 3977701 3977701 andand Mandarin. Mandarin. Ref: Ref: 39779223 39779223 knowledgeknowledge and and extensive extensive networks networks in in the the region region allows allows her her access access HongHong Kong Kong and and speaks speaks both both English English and and Cantonese, Cantonese, he he graduated graduated toto high high calibre calibre candidates candidates and and clients. clients. Tina Tina is is CPA CPA qualified qualified withwith a a withwith a a Bachelor Bachelor Degree Degree in in Law Law from from University University of of Bristol. Bristol. ProductsProducts Lawyer Lawyer SeniorSenior LegalLegal CounselCounsel –– InvestmentInvestment CorporateCorporate Associate Associate priorprior career career in in PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers prior prior to to joining joining Michael Michael Page. Page. [email protected]@michaelpage.com.hk | |+852 +852 2848 2848 4798 4798 | |linkedin.com/in/kamilbutt linkedin.com/in/kamilbutt [email protected]@michaelpage.com.hk | |+852 +852 2848 2848 9561 9561 | |linkedin.com/in/tinawangcpa linkedin.com/in/tinawangcpa › › 5+5+ PQE PQE AdvisoryAdvisory › › 3+3+ PQE PQE › › TopTop Tier Tier Investment Investment Bank Bank › › 15+15+ PQE PQE › › InternationalInternational Law Law Firm Firm TakingTaking on on a a new new lawyer lawyer to to support support key key businesses businesses within within › › SizableSizable Hong Hong Kong Kong Group Group OurOur client’sclient’s corporatecorporate practicepractice isis top-tiertop-tier withwith aa widewide thethe bank bank including including Sales Sales & & Trading Trading Equities, Equities, Fixed Fixed Income Income andand interestinginteresting spectrumspectrum ofof workwork onon offer.offer. TheyThey areare SabinaSabina Li, Li, Senior Senior Consultant, Consultant, Legal Legal Support Support SorayaSoraya Tennent, Tennent, Consultant, Consultant, Legal Legal Support Support andand Private Private Wealth, Wealth, you you will will look look after after and and advise advise on on all all core core ThisThis is is a a Senior Senior Counsel Counsel position position being being part part of of a a large large high high currentlycurrently looking looking for for a a junior junior to to mid-level mid-level Associate Associate with with calibrecalibre legal legal team team for for an an established established Hong Hong Kong Kong group. group. SabinaSabina specialisesspecialises inin thethe recruitmentrecruitment ofof companycompany secretarialsecretarial Soraya’sSoraya’s career career with with Michael Michael Page Page commenced commenced in in Australia Australia in in 2015. 2015. She She equitiesequities sales sales and and trading trading matters, matters, brokerage brokerage sales sales and and strongstrong experience experience in in Initial Initial Public Public Offerings, Offerings, Mergers Mergers & & tradingtrading involving involving securities securities listed listed in in Asian Asian jurisdictions jurisdictions as as YourYour prioritypriority willwill bebe inin advisingadvising investmentinvestment decisions,decisions, Acquisitions,Acquisitions, Private Private Equity, Equity, JV JV transactions transactions and and general general professionalsprofessionals atat allall levels,levels, withwith aa focusfocus onon inin househouse commercialcommercial hashas 2 2 years years of of recruitment recruitment experience experience in in the the areas areas of of legal legal and and finance. finance. workingworking closely closely with with the the finance finance andand treasury treasury department.department. clientsclients in in Hong Hong Kong. Kong. She She has has over over 3 3 years years of of recruitment recruitment experience experience AfterAfter moving moving to to Hong Hong Kong, Kong, Soraya Soraya specialises specialises in in the the recruitment recruitment of of wellwell as as electronic electronic trading. trading. The The ideal ideal candidate candidate will will possess possess corporatecorporate compliance compliance issues. issues. You You will will be be advising advising leading leading atat least least 5 5 years’ years’ PQE PQE (common (common law law qualification) qualification) with with YouYou will will provide provide legal legal advice advice on on investments investments agreements agreements investmentinvestment banks banks and and corporate corporate clients, clients, with with the the ability ability servicingservicing commercial commercial clients clients across across a a variety variety of of industries. industries. Sabina Sabina legallegal support support staff staff for for all all leading leading and and sizable sizable law law firms firms asas wellwell asas globalglobal experienceexperience across across structured structured products, products, and and any any exposure exposure includingincluding privateprivate equityequity andand hedgehedge fundfund investments,investments, toto build build on on these these client client relationships. relationships. The The ideal ideal candidate candidate graduatedgraduated from from the the UK UK with with a a Bachelor Bachelor of of Science Science and and a a Graduate Graduate andand local local financial financial institutions. institutions. SorayaSoraya graduatedgraduated from from CurtinCurtin UniversityUniversity inin supporting supporting similar similar businesses businesses is is advantageous. advantageous. Excellent Excellent ISDAISDA transactions transactions and and custodian custodian services. services. You You will will willwill ideally ideally have have at at least least 3 3 PQE PQE with with hands-on hands-on experience. experience. DiplomaDiploma in in Law. Law. Prior Prior to to joining joining Michael Michael Page, Page, she she worked worked with with a a law law withwith a a Double Double Major Major in in Business Business Law Law and and Journalism. Journalism. communicationcommunication skills skills and and stakeholder stakeholder management management skills skills activelyactively participateparticipate inin strategicstrategic businessbusiness decisionsdecisions andand TheyThey will will need need to to have have strong strong communication communication ability ability with with negotiationsnegotiations for for commercial commercial agreements agreements as as a a business business firmfirm andand a a HKHK listed listed companycompany asas a a paralegalparalegal andand companycompany secretary.secretary. [email protected]@michaelpage.com.hk | |+852 +852 2848 2848 4795 4795 | |linkedin.com/in/ linkedin.com/in/ required.required. Strong Strong English English and and Chinese Chinese language language skills skills are are goodgood levels levels of of English, English, Cantonese Cantonese and and Mandarin. Mandarin. This This firm firm partner.partner. The The ideal ideal candidate candidate will will have have around around 15 15 years’ years’ [email protected]@michaelpage.com.hk | |+852 +852 3602 3602 2480 2480 | |linkedin.com/in/sabinali linkedin.com/in/sabinali sorayatennentsorayatennent mandatory.mandatory. Ref: Ref: 3976039 3976039 offersoffers clear clear career career development development for for candidates candidates who who are are PQEPQE with with experience experience from from sizeable sizeable companies. companies. Written Written lookinglooking to to grow grow with with them. them. Ref: Ref: 3961160 3961160 andand spokenspoken English,English, CantoneseCantonese andand MandarinMandarin areare required.required. Ref: Ref: 3945269 3945269

ToTo apply, apply, visit visit www.michaelpage.com.hk www.michaelpage.com.hk quoting quoting the the reference reference number number or or contact contact our our consultants. consultants.

SpecialistsSpecialists in in legal legal recruitment recruitment LegalLegal www.michaelpage.com.hkwww.michaelpage.com.hk MICHAEL PAGE LEGAL SPECIALISTS IN LEGAL RECRUITMENT

MEET THE TEAM FINANCIAL SERVICES COMMERCIAL PRIVATE PRACTICE

Michael Page Legal services major corporates, international and leading local law firms, as well as financial services institutions on a global scale. Our consultants Finance/Debt Capital Markets Lawyer Property Counsel Partner/Counsel are strategically specialised in focusing on legal recruitment for different aspects of the job function and industry, diversifying and maximising our recruitment coverage as a team. We have successfully placed candidates across all levels from Associates and Junior Legal Counsels, to Partners and Heads of Legal. › 4+ PQE › 6+ PQE › Corporate Commercial › Leading Investment Bank › Tenancy/Leasing Focused › EU Law Firm A top tier investment bank is seeking for a finance/DCM Our client is a Hong Kong based property developer Our client is European market leader in the M&A and Olga Yung, Regional Director, Financial Services lawyer to support their Fixed Income and Global Capital with an impressive portfolio. They have created a new commercial space with a broad client base including large Markets businesses within the region. You will participate headcount to cope with the expanding business. You will EU headquartered industrial groups. The firm is registered Olga has been specialising in legal recruitment for over ten years, with a focus on financial services clients. She has an outstanding proven track record in a full range of work including bilateral/syndicated loans, join the legal team to provide legal advice to management as a Hong Kong firm and is operating in association with in placing all levels of legal professionals, with a stronger focus on mid to senior level hires. Graduating with a Bachelor and Master degree in Law, Olga acquisition and leveraged financing transactions, high and different business teams in regards to sale and a prominent PRC law firm. They are now looking for a possesses experience gained from international law firms prior to joining Michael Page. Olga has extensive networks across the in house sector and with in- yield debt offerings and investment grade debt offerings. purchase of property, property management and property Partner to join the team in Hong Kong. Reporting directly depth knowledge of legal talent available within the region. She has also successfully recruited within the private practice and in house legal space. The ideal candidate will possess at least 4 years’ PQE development matters. The review and negotiation of to the Managing Partner, you will focus on growing the [email protected] | +852 2848 4791 | linkedin.com/in/olgayung with relevant experience in the area of DCM or leverage/ tenancy agreements and general leasing matters will be a firm’s business law services and network in Asia. The ideal acquisition finance. Any exposure to US related work or priority for this role. The ideal candidate will have at least 6 candidate will possess at least 8 years’ PQE obtained US securities will be useful though not mandatory. Strong years’ PQE advising property developers and managers in in Hong Kong and with experience in a broad variety of language skills required and fluency in Mandarin will be a tenancy matters, preferably with solid experience gained transactions, with an emphasis on joint ventures, mergers plus. Ref: 3976037 in a sizable Hong Kong developer. Fluency in English and and acquisitions and private equity investments. Strong Serena Tang, Associate Director, In House Corporate Marta Verderosa, Manager, Private Practice Cantonese are a must. This is a rare opportunity to work English and Chinese language skills are required. Ref: Serena has over 7 years of recruitment experience, specialising Marta has over 5 years of legal recruitment experience, with a with a high calibre team. Ref: 3968059 3959118 in the recruitment of in-house lawyers where her industry focus is dedicated focus on private practice. She has extensive experience across in house corporate, assisting all types of commercial clients in recruitment covering all areas of practices for lawyers, from newly in Hong Kong. Serena has long standing work relationships with the qualified up to partner level, for leading and sizable law firms in Hong Senior Regulatory/Compliance Lawyer Legal Counsel Real Estate Associate executive-level legal and human resources professionals across a Kong. She also oversees legal support hires for financial institution › 10-15+ PQE › 5+ PQE › 3 PQE variety of industries with multinationals, state-owned enterprises, clients, and has recruited within the in house legal space. Marta is › Global Financial Services House › FMCG Company › UK Firm as well as domestic private and listed companies. Graduating from the University a LLM graduate and worked in a leading law firm and a global insurance company of Wisconsin, Serena gained experience in management consulting prior to joining before joining Michael Page. Taking on a newly created role based in Hong Kong Our client is a well-established leader in consumer goods Our client is a well-established international law firm now covering the region, you will work in tight knitted team with recognizable brands in the market. They have growing expanding its real estate capabilities. They are currently Michael Page in 2010. [email protected] | +852 2848 4794 | providing legal, regulatory and compliance support to distribution networks in China and Asia, and are looking to looking for an experienced HK solicitor with background in [email protected] | +852 3412 4810 | linkedin.com/in/tangserena linkedin.com/in/martaverderosa the region. Reporting into the US, you will take on an grow regionally and internationally. They are now inviting property sale and purchase, acquisition of property holding independent role advising on all legal and Anti-Money an experienced general commercial lawyer to join them in companies, property development and ideally with some Laundering issues within the Asia Pacific region, and Hong Kong. You will be drafting, reviewing and negotiating exposure to property related litigation matters. Working in work closely with senior management in advising on distribution agreements, managing tender processes and synergy with a highly successful corporate department, the Tina Wang, Managing Consultant, In House Corporate Kamil Butt, Senior Consultant, Private Practice their strategic projects. You will also provide support providing a broad range of commercial legal advice to the incumbent will have the opportunity to gain experience in on new product launches and ensure compliance with business. The successful candidate will have a minimum of all aspects of real estate-related transactions, including Tina has over 5 years’ recruitment experience within the in Kamil joined Michael Page Legal in year 2015 with 3 years’ legal regards to local regulatory guidelines. Ideal candidate 5 years’ PQE, preferably with some in-house experience in development, redevelopment, financing and re-financing, house commercial space, specialising in recruitment of in-house recruitment experience. He specializes in recruitment for private will be a senior lawyer with strong regulatory/compliance the FMCG or pharmaceutical sectors, candidates straight private equity, & mergers and acquisitions. You should be a lawyers at all levels. She has an excellent track record working practice and financial services clients, with an excellent track exposure gained within financial services environment. from private practice and well versed in commercial Hong Kong qualified lawyer with at least 3 years’ PQE and with multinationals, state-owned enterprises, as well as domestic record in successfully assisting legal support candidates including Chinese language skills is useful though not mandatory. agreements are encouraged to apply. Fluency in both should comfortable with dealing with clients in both English private and listed companies in Hong Kong. Tina’s in-depth market paralegals and company secretaries at all levels. Kamil was born in Ref: 3977023 English and Chinese languages required. Ref: 3977701 and Mandarin. Ref: 39779223 knowledge and extensive networks in the region allows her access Hong Kong and speaks both English and Cantonese, he graduated to high calibre candidates and clients. Tina is CPA qualified with a with a Bachelor Degree in Law from University of Bristol. Products Lawyer Senior Legal Counsel – Investment Corporate Associate prior career in PricewaterhouseCoopers prior to joining Michael Page. [email protected] | +852 2848 4798 | linkedin.com/in/kamilbutt [email protected] | +852 2848 9561 | linkedin.com/in/tinawangcpa › 5+ PQE Advisory › 3+ PQE › Top Tier Investment Bank › 15+ PQE › International Law Firm Taking on a new lawyer to support key businesses within › Sizable Hong Kong Group Our client’s corporate practice is top-tier with a wide the bank including Sales & Trading Equities, Fixed Income and interesting spectrum of work on offer. They are Sabina Li, Senior Consultant, Legal Support Soraya Tennent, Consultant, Legal Support and Private Wealth, you will look after and advise on all core This is a Senior Counsel position being part of a large high currently looking for a junior to mid-level Associate with calibre legal team for an established Hong Kong group. Sabina specialises in the recruitment of company secretarial Soraya’s career with Michael Page commenced in Australia in 2015. She equities sales and trading matters, brokerage sales and strong experience in Initial Public Offerings, Mergers & trading involving securities listed in Asian jurisdictions as Your priority will be in advising investment decisions, Acquisitions, Private Equity, JV transactions and general professionals at all levels, with a focus on in house commercial has 2 years of recruitment experience in the areas of legal and finance. working closely with the finance and treasury department. clients in Hong Kong. She has over 3 years of recruitment experience After moving to Hong Kong, Soraya specialises in the recruitment of well as electronic trading. The ideal candidate will possess corporate compliance issues. You will be advising leading at least 5 years’ PQE (common law qualification) with You will provide legal advice on investments agreements investment banks and corporate clients, with the ability servicing commercial clients across a variety of industries. Sabina legal support staff for all leading and sizable law firms as well as global experience across structured products, and any exposure including private equity and hedge fund investments, to build on these client relationships. The ideal candidate graduated from the UK with a Bachelor of Science and a Graduate and local financial institutions. Soraya graduated from Curtin University in supporting similar businesses is advantageous. Excellent ISDA transactions and custodian services. You will will ideally have at least 3 PQE with hands-on experience. Diploma in Law. Prior to joining Michael Page, she worked with a law with a Double Major in Business Law and Journalism. communication skills and stakeholder management skills actively participate in strategic business decisions and They will need to have strong communication ability with negotiations for commercial agreements as a business firm and a HK listed company as a paralegal and company secretary. [email protected] | +852 2848 4795 | linkedin.com/in/ required. Strong English and Chinese language skills are good levels of English, Cantonese and Mandarin. This firm partner. The ideal candidate will have around 15 years’ [email protected] | +852 3602 2480 | linkedin.com/in/sabinali sorayatennent mandatory. Ref: 3976039 offers clear career development for candidates who are PQE with experience from sizeable companies. Written looking to grow with them. Ref: 3961160 and spoken English, Cantonese and Mandarin are required. Ref: 3945269

To apply, visit www.michaelpage.com.hk quoting the reference number or contact our consultants.

Specialists in legal recruitment Legal www.michaelpage.com.hk Private Practice In-house

Dispute Resolution Hong Kong 1-3 PQE Corporate Legal Counsel Hong Kong 4+ PQE International US law firm seeks a litigator to work with its clients on matters ranging Global financial services firm with a growing presence in Asia has an excellent opportunity for from international commercial disputes, arbitration and regulatory investigations. a corporate transactions lawyer. This is a hands-on and autonomous role working closely with Candidates will need an international law firm background. Mandarin is required. the business’ equity and debt capital markets teams. Experience in capital market transactions (HKL 16304) and M&A projects experience is needed. (HKL 16240)

Project Finance Hong Kong 1-3 PQE Commercial Litigation Hong Kong 1-5 PQE An excellent opportunity for a junior finance lawyer to join an international firm Leading Construction Company seeks a junior litigation lawyer. You will support a wide with an established projects practice. Candidates should have prior experience in variety of litigation/mediation/arbitration cases. You should be a HK qualified lawyer with the energy sector, acting for sponsors and/or banks and financial institutions. (HKL solid experience gained in a law firm or in-house. Fluency in English and Cantonese required. 16264) (HKL 16097)

DCM Hong Kong 1-5PQE Trademark Lawyer Hong Kong 5-10 PQE This global law firm seeks a US qualified associate with experience in high-yield A global tech player seeks a trademark lawyer to support the group’s international IP matters bonds, MTN programs and/or structured debt products. You should have solid relating to trademark, domain name and copyright. You should be a HK qualified lawyer with a good command of both English and Mandarin. Attractive compensation package is on offer. experience in US debt/equity capital markets transactions. No language skills (HKL 16299) needed. (HKL 16229)

M&A/PE Hong Kong 3+ PQE Senior Legal Manager Hong Kong 5PQE+ A well-known Real Estate development group seeks a mid-senior level lawyer with corporate A growing corporate team of a US law firm seeks a Hong Kong or US qualified experience. Work will involve providing legal advice on general corporate, M&A, joint venture, lawyer with solid transactional experience in M&A and private equity matters. finance, commercial and fund transaction. Experience from international law firms orreal You should have experience of managing transactions. Chinese language skills estate industry is an advantage. Chinese required. (HKL 16008) required. (HKL 6306)

Legal Counsel Hong Kong 4-6PQE Competition/Antitrust Hong Kong 2-7PQE A leading multinational corporation seeks a mid-level lawyer to support their Business Units An international law firm seeks an experienced antitrust & competition lawyer to in North Asia. You will be involved in a wide range of commercial contracts and agreements join its leading practice. Lawyers with experience or a keen interest in Asia related and handle legal disputes, employment and company secretarial matters. Fluency in English, competition law, merger control and regulatory work is highly preferred. Chinese Cantonese and Mandarin required. (HKL 16255) language skills not required. (HKL 16297)

Legal Counsel Hong Kong 1-5 PQE Capital Markets Hong Kong 3-6 PQE A global legal team of an innovative US company seeks a junior commercial lawyer to provide Leading US law firm seeks a Hong Kong qualified lawyer with solid capital markets legal support to the regional business. Experience gained at a multinational corporate or experience. You will work alongside well-regarded partners on a broad range of international law firm and China experience is preferred. Fluency in both Mandarin and capital markets transactions. Fluency in English and Mandarin required. (HKL English required. (HKL 16266) 16274)

Regional Legal Director Hong Kong 10-15PQE Asset Management Hong Kong 1-3PQE Fortune 500 company seeks a senior in-house commercial lawyer with good China and Top-tier U.S. law firm seeks a U.S. qualified junior associate to support their Asset regional experience. Work will involve managing a small legal team and advising senior Management practice. You will need solid funds experience in either the PE and/ management on an interesting mix of contract, general commercial, employment and some or VC sectors. Interesting opportunity for a dynamic and ambitious lawyer. (HKL compliance matters. Fluency in Mandarin is required. (HKL 15097) 16269)

In-House Private Practice

REAL ESTATE/COMMERCIAL HONG KONG 8-15 YEARS BANKING & FINANCE PSL HONG KONG 4-10 YEARS

Global luxury retailer seeks a senior lawyer to join its team in Hong Kong. Excellent opportunity to join a global law firm as a professional support You will have extensive real estate experience from another in-house lawyer in the banking & finance team. You will have strong banking & position ideally in the retail, supply chain or luxury brand sector. Chinese finance experience, however prior PSL experience is not required. Excellent language skills not needed and French would be helpful. HKL6976 spoken & written English and Chinese skills are essential. HKL6954

RETAIL/CORP/COMMERCIAL HONG KONG 10+ YEARS DISPUTE RESOLUTION HONG KONG 6-8 YEARS

Global retail conglomerate is seeking an Associate General Counsel to An international firm in Hong Kong is looking for a senior associate to join join its legal team in Hong Kong. You should have at least 10 years of its top tier litigation practice. You should have between 6-8 PQE and be commercial legal experience with exposure to M&A. Chinese language HK qualified with excellent Chinese language skills. Financial services skills are essential. HKL6766 regulatory experience is highly preferred. HKL6965

FUNDS HONG KONG 8-10 YEARS CORPORATE FINANCE HONG KONG 5-8 YEARS

Asset manager seeks a Head of Legal for its Hong Kong office. You will Leading offshore firm is looking for a corporate finance associate to join have non-contentious regulatory experience & Mandarin language skills. its busy team. You should have at least 5 years’ relevant experience and You will advise on fund related matters & regional regulatory issues. be Commonwealth qualified. Fluent Chinese language skills are required. Excellent opportunity for a lawyer looking to move in-house. HKL6956 Attractive remuneration on offer. HKL6972

ETHICS & COMPLIANCE HONG KONG 7+ YEARS FUNDS HK/CHINA 5+ YEARS

Global fashion brand seeks a senior lawyer to join its legal team in Hong Magic circle firm seeks a US qualified funds lawyer to join its team in Hong Kong. You will be responsible for managing and delivering the Ethics and Kong, Shanghai or Beijing. You should have excellent academics and at Compliance Program for the APAC region, including identifying critical least 5 years of fund formation experience from a top tier firm. Fluency in issues and risks. Chinese language skills are essential. HKL6949 Mandarin and English required. HKL6975

DCM HONG KONG 5-8 YEARS IP LITIGATION HONG KONG 3+ YEARS

Well-known US investment bank is looking for its first legal counsel in Hong International firm seeks an IP litigator to join its HK office. You will have at Kong. Reporting to the Head of Legal in London, you will be involved in a least 3 years PQE with a sound knowledge of IP litigation and fluent English mix of equity & debt markets work. The Hong Kong office offers a friendly & & Chinese language skills. You will be part of the Dispute Resolution team collegiate atmosphere. Chinese skills are not essential. HKL6964 with a focus on TMT regulatory and IP matters. HKL6973

IP/TECHNOLOGY HONG KONG 4-8 YEARS BANKING X 2 HONG KONG 1-8 YEARS

Global financial institution seeks an intellectual property and technology A top US firm is looking for banking associates to join its expanding team. counsel. You will support management & business units in APAC in relation Associates with between 1-8 PQE with specialist experience in the banking to IT. You will have at least 4 years PQE in the tech space from a law firm/ field, particularly in the restructuring area, may apply. You must be fluent in in-house environment. Fluency in English required. HKL6969 Mandarin. Great career track and strong platform on offer. HKL6946

PRIVATE ASSET MANAGER HONG KONG 1-5 YEARS PARALEGAL (REAL ESTATE) HONG KONG 1-3 YEARS

Asset manager for high net worth individuals is currently looking for a A sizable international law firm is looking for a junior paralegal to support junior to mid-level lawyer to join its existing legal team, advising on general its real estate team. You will be working very closely with the partners commercial & compliance matters. Prior compliance experience would be and associates on drafting legal documents, preparing legal opinions and an advantage. Chinese language skills are not required. HKL6994 advice. Excellent $ and track provided. HKL6977

This is a small selection of our current vacancies. Please refer to our website for a more comprehensive list of openings. Please contact Lindsey Sanders, [email protected] +852 2537 7409, Karishma Khemaney, [email protected] +852 2537 0895 or Camilla Worthington, [email protected] +852 2537 7413 or email [email protected]

www.lewissanders.com trust | honesty | integrity | partnership

Funds Corporate Dispute Resolution 4-7 PQE Hong Kong 2+ PQE Hong Kong 1-5 PQE Hong Kong This is a stellar opportunity for an ambitious Global law firm seeking a junior lawyer to join This UK law firm seeks a junior to mid-level lawyer to join the Funds team, in a tight knit their leading corporate finance practice. You will associate to join their exceptional team. You will team. The ideal candidate will have prior focus on corporate restructuring, Merger & work alongside reputable individuals exposure to hedge funds, PE fund formation Acquisitions and IPOs, as well as annual specialising in litigation matters that are high in work. Corporate M&A lawyers keen to transition compliance work. You will be admitted in a profile, value and complexity, and has particular will also be considered. You will be admitted in a common law jurisdiction with relevant expertise in multi-jurisdictional disputes. Ideal common law jurisdiction. Chinese required. experience in HK IPO, Listing Rules and candidate will have fluency in Chinese. HKL4839 Takeovers Code. Mandarin preferred. HKL4875 HKL4866

Corporate Litigation Construction Litigation 6+ PQE Hong Kong 5+ PQE Hong Kong 1+ PQE Hong Kong Our client is a global law firm seeking a senior This is a fantastic opportunity for an Leading international law firm is looking to hire lawyer to join their leading corporate finance experienced lawyer to join the market-leading construction litigation associates to join their practice to provide assistance on a variety of commercial litigation practice. You will work on reputable practice. You will advise major capital raising, compliance and governance a mix of large-scale commercial litigation, contractors, prominent property and issues. You will be admitted in a common law arbitration and investigations. You will be Hong infrastructure owners in project/infrastructure jurisdiction with relevant experience in M&A or Kong qualified; the successful candidate will financing. The team also advises on disputes in HK IPO. Candidates with fluency in Mandarin will have proficiency in Mandarin language skills. the building, engineering and resource sectors. have a distinct advantage. HKL4799 HKL4864 HKL4837

Disputes Resolution PSL Corporate Litigation 4+ PQE Hong Kong 4+ PQE Singapore Partner Designate Hong Kong This is an excellent opportunity for experienced Dynamic senior corporate associate ideally with This is a brilliant opportunity for a disputes lawyers to step away from fee-earning and join a exposure to the energy sector, sought by a resolution partner with a portable book of highly regarded global law firm's Disputes boutique law firm in Singapore. You will be business to join a top tier US law firm, known as Resolution practice. You will work with a hungry for partnership with great technical and a litigation powerhouse globally. You will work collegiate team and take on a full range of PSL mentor skills. This opportunity is open to alongside notable individuals under a duties including creating a solid precedent internationally qualified associates who can supportive management structure with system, preparing notes on legal issues and demonstrate a commitment to Singapore. international exposure from a leading peer law know-how documents. HKL4888 HKL4884 firm. HKL4852

Corporate M&A International Arbitration Shipping Litigation 5+ PQE Shanghai 2-4 PQE Shanghai Partner Track Shanghai Opportunity in Shanghai for a PRC qualified This is an excellent opportunity for an Excellent opportunity to get on track for corporate lawyer with at least 5 years of international arbitration lawyer keen to develop partnership in a growing international firm. You experience to work with high calibre fee-earners their career in Shanghai for the long-term. You will focus on maritime disputes alongside in a collegiate environment on cutting edge will work alongside a well regarded partner on dynamic partners in a collegiate team. The role corporate M&A transactions advising blue chip ship related disputes. A lot of international will have an international dimension, centred 100 corporates and leading investment banks. US arbitration work and therefrom language is not around disputes across APAC; proven marketing admission a plus. HKL4860 essential. HKL4847 and BD skills essential. HKL4853 95

This is a selection of our current vacancies; for more information in complete confidence, please call the Hong Kong office on +852 2503 2500 or email us at 25

[email protected] or [email protected] 5 www.atticus-legal.com 0 LONDON | HONG KONG | SINGAPORE | NEW YORK I BERLIN

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