Stabilizing Coastal Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwesfgi

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S4Fík.^, United States Department of H Agriculture Stabilizing Coastal Sand Dunes Soil Conservation Service in the Pacific Northwesfgi V Agriculture (y Handbook 687 (/-'

r r\> ' to CO o: . U3 33 CO ~J3 > fNi > ___ \<^^. 2r k 'JO o -< PRICE /V^ Cover: European beachgrass ¡s the dominant plant for stabilizing frontal dunes in the Pacific Northwest.

Photo credits: All photographs were taken by Ron Nichols, pubfic affairs specialist (former photographer), Soil Conservation Service, except for the black and white historic photographs. All programs and services of the U.S. Depart- ment OT Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser- vice, are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap. August 1991 stabilizing Coastal Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwest by Jack Carlson,' Frank Reckendorf,^ and Wilbur Ternyik'

' Plant materials specialist, Soil Conservation Service, West National Technical Center, Portland, Oregon. ^ Sedimentation geologist. Soil Conservation Service, West National Technical Center, Portland, Oregon. ^ Former plant materials technician. Soil Conservation Service, Plant Materials Nursery at Warrenton, Oregon; current nurseryman and private consultant. Wave Beachgrass Nursery, Florence, European beachgrass. Oregon. Contents

Introduction 3 Marsh Habitats for Wet Interdune Areas 38 Extent and location of dunes 3 Description 38 Formation of dunes 5 Species and mixtures 38 The need for selective stabilization of dunes 8 Cover for Dredge Spoils 40 Planning a Dune Control Program 9 Approach 40 Land use 9 Species 40 Dune management areas 11 Mixtures 40 Site investigation 13 Maintenance 14 Case History: Warrenton Dune Control Project 41

Specifications 43 Sand-Stilling Dunegrasses for Initial Stabilization 15 Specifications for contracts 43 Species 15 Labor and equipment requirements 43 Unsuitable plants 18 Summary of recommended plant material 43 When to plant sand-stilling grasses 19 Planting stock 19 Literature Cited 48 Tools for planting 21 Methods of planting 21 Glossary 49 Fertilizing the plantings 22 Maintaining dunegrass stands 24 Appendixes 50 Establishing and maintaining a source of beachgrass 25 I Common and Scientific Plant Names Used in This Publication 50 II Beaches and Dunes Site Investigation Checklist 51 Permanent Cover 27 Species 27 List of Tables Native seed harvest 30 Table ^ Page Planting times and seed mixtures for grasses and legumes 30 1 Plants Not Recommended for Controlling Sand Seeding methods 32 Movement in Coastal Dune Areas 18 Fire control 32 2 Hill Spacing and Culms Per Acre for European Beachgrass 24 Woody plantings 33 3 Time Requirements or Work Rates for Three Types Planting methods 33 of Dune Stabilization Tasks 43 Maintenance 34 4 Basic Recommended Plant Material Chart for Dune Stabilization 44 Temporary Mechanical Aids 35 5 Transplants Needed with Varied Space Requirements 47 Landscape Plants for Stabilized Dunes 37 Ground covers 37 Medium shrubs 37 Trees 37 Introduction F

Extent and Location of Dunes this publication draws upon the more than 50 years of infield dune The Pacific Northwest Coast is management experience of the U.S. defined as the area from Cape Department of Agriculture's Soil Mendocino, California, to the Strait Conservation Service (SCS). it re- of Juan de Fuca, Washington. This views fundamental dune-building area has a similar climate, vegeta- processes, describes how to plan a tion, soil, and geology, as well as dune-control program, and explains similar variation in wind and wave the mechanical aids, plants, and action. planting techniques for dune stabili- Many types of sand dunes and zation. sand spits, which make up 250,000 The recommendations in this acres of the Pacific Northwest coast, publication apply specifically to the provide exceptional recreational op- dune lands in the Pacific Northwest. portunities as well as rich habitat ar- Some of the plants, however, have eas for wildlife. Of the total dune been grown successfully as far north area, about 26,000 acres are dunes as Vancouver Island, Canada, and as with essentially no vegetation; and far south as Morrow Bay, California. of these, nearly 5,000 acres are "ac- (See appendix I for common and sci- tive" dunes that threaten competing entific plant names used in this pub- land uses. Active dunes, so called lication.) because they lack a stabilizing plant cover and are subject to extensive movement by wind action, advance onto forests, lakes, stream channels, roads, railroads, estuaries, and agricultural land. Every year several hundred acres of vegetated dune land are disturbed, mainly as a result of human activity, and become new active dunes. Landowners and community planners face the challenge of select- ing a dune stabilization plan that protects adjoining property and natural resources yet preserves sufficient open, active dune land for public recreation, aesthetics, and scientific purposes. To assist them. Typical dune development in early stages of natural revegetation. Residential and resort development are common on stabilized dunes, but vegetative cover must be maintained and managed to minimize sand deposition and damage to buildings. Building in beachgrass vegetation on or near foredunes is considerably more risky than further inland on much older stabilized dunes. Formation of Dunes break at an angle to the shoreline, from the northwest during the sum- Northwest coast. Their preliminary they generate a current that flows mer months. As a result, littoral drift results indicate longshore transport is changes direction from season to bounded by major headlands and is Coastal dune formation is deter- parallel to the shoreline (Komer season. highly correlated to the prevailing mined by four factors: wind action, 1976). This current, together with Recent work (Chesser and wave approach angle. They also wave action, vegetation, and source the waves, produces a transport of sand along the beach known as lit- Peterson 1987) based on physi- concluded that episodic events may of sand. The two immediate sources ographic and minéralogie analysis overshadow seasonal cycles of of dune sand particles are the ero- toral drift (Komer 1979). Winds and indicates that there are at least 1 7 transport. sion of coastal formations exposed to associated waves arrive from the major littoral cells along the Pacific wave attack, and sediment load from southwest during winter months and rivers. Ocean currents move sand from eroding headlands, and from the mouths of rivers, to where there are indentations in the coastline. As sand is deposited on beaches, it is exposed at low tide, dries quickly, is caught by the wind, and is carried inland. Along the Pacific coast there is almost always a moderate wind. At times the wind approaches hurri- cane force. High-velocity winds move enormous amounts of sand inland. After a winter storm, rivers and streams carry a heavy load of sedi- -^ ments from the upper watershed. This sand is combined with that derived from storm waves attacking sea '^' . cliffs, dunes, and spits. These storms >/./*? provide a seasonal near-shore sand supply, whereas lower-energy waves and currents, which occur more on a continual basis, transport the near- shore sand to beaches and tidal in- lets (Peterson et al., 1982). Waves reaching the coast generate longshore currents in the near- shore area that are important in the movement of sand along the beach and in beach erosion. When waves Dunes form and reform naturally or from human activities. Concentrated wind channels frequently create blowouts, or areas where wind removes existing vegetation. The three largest littoral cells are wind and trap the sand. Thus, in- associated with the three largest riv- stead of a hummocky landscape or a ers—the Columbia, the Umpqua, series of transverse and oblique and the Eel (Chesser and Peterson ridges of barren sand, a grassy 1987). Therefore, it is no surprise foredune develops parallel to the that some of the largest dune areas coastline (Cooper 1958). The great- occur in areas near these major riv- est amount of sand movement along ers. Jetty construction on the Pacific the North Pacific coast takes place Northwest coast also has a major ef- during the high-velocity winter wind fect on littoral sand drift and accu- storms. At this time sand engulfs the mulation. Sand accumulates on both foredune vegetation. During the the north and south sides of jetties spring and summer, however, veg- from the seasonally reversing waves. etation grows up through the sand Embankments, formerly at the mouth and forms a lush growth. This is cov- of rivers, are filled with sand. This ered again the next winter, and a sand accumulation can be quite fast, continuous sand ridge, built layer by such as behind the south jetty of the layer, extending without interrup- Columbia River. Between 1885 and tion, and parallel to the coastline, re- the 1930's, a prograding beach de- sults. The lands lying to the leeward veloped in this area, resulting in of the foredune are protected from 3,000 acres of open, active sand the scouring action of the sand-laden dunes. wind and a dense sod or forest cover Vegetation is a major factor af- eventually develops. fecting dune formation. Along a bar- If sand is deposited more rapidly ren shore, dunes are oriented than it is blown inland, the beach transversely or obliquely to the line will build oceanward. The veg- wind, depending on the existing etation will advance to a new storm wind regime. Prior to 1900, native tideline, and a new foredune will be coastal dune plants altered a barren formed oceanward from the old dune area by generally making it foredune. Incoming sand will be de- hummocky in appearance. How- posited on the new foredune, and ever, since then, introduced Euro- the old foredune will become veg- pean beachgrass has been the etated by plants better suited to primary pioneer species on newly stable conditions. deposited sand. This typical dune-building and Plants establish and advance dune-stabilizing process can easily along the beach to the normal tide be disrupted, however, by distur- Sand deposited on the beach is blown inland and trapped by European beachgrass, creating a line, where they are halted by tide bance of the vegetal cover. When frontal foredune. Without the introduced beachgrass, the native landscape typically would be more open and hummocky. The foredune has enabled greater development and use of the coastal action. The stiff, coarse stems de- vegetation thins and sand is ex- crease the velocity of the surface posed, the wind lifts and carries it until vegetation or some artificial As stated previously, jetties, such flat south of the river has built the beach line built oceanward too barrier causes it to deposit. Scouring as the ones built at the mouth of the oceanward, with its maximum width rapidly for the vegetation to keep often results in a blowout, a widen- Columbia River, have contributed to near the jetty. It extends several pace. Occasional clumps of sand- ing gap of open sand that can move active dune formation. The south miles southward and gradually nar- stilling grasses washed onto the flat, a considerable distance inland. From jetty built at the mouth of the Co- rows until it meets the old beach took root, caught sand, and built up such occurrences, a large active lumbia River extends 7 miles to the line. scattered hummocks. Generally, dune area may develop. Anything sea, and the north jetty extends 3 Ordinarily, a beach builds ocean- however, there was little vegetal that destroys the vegetal cover fur- miles. Construction of the jetties has ward so gradually that vegetation cover to hold the sand. The prevail- thers the development of active scoured the main river channel, and keeps pace. Thus, the sand is stabi- ing winds moved the sand inward to dunes. Active dunes may move for much of the scoured sand has been lized as rapidly as it is deposited. In form an extensive area of active sand long distances over a flat plain be- deposited north and south of the the case of the wide plain to the movement. Similar problems have fore they are finally dissipated or sta- mouth of the river. A low-lying sand south of the Columbia River jetty. occurred in all cases where jetties bilized. have been built at the mouth of riv- Human activity has a profound ers on the North Pacific coast. effect on coastal dune areas, directly Recreational vehicles have be- or indirectly accelerating or renew- come a major cause of active dunes ing dune activity. Fire can cause in recent years. Motorcycle and large active dune areas to form, both other dune traffic easily destroy on the coast and inland. Destruction beachgrass and associated vegeta- of recently stabilized dunes by fire tion. Blowouts sprout quickly, and a exposes sand directly to the wind. large dune area can become active Further inland, fire can destroy again. the humus that has accumulated Other causes of active dune proc- from hundreds of years of plant esses include road construction, growth. This humus is the layer of wearing of trails, regrading for build- decaying organic material that over- ing sites, and cultivation. In general, lies the gray dune sand. The accu- any destruction of the vegetal cover mulation of organic matter on in an area of sandy soil is likely to stabilized dunes over time enables start sand movement. The unpro- further plant succession and an envi- tected site starts as a blowout, which ronment conducive to a greater vari- increases in size. Controlling an un- ety of land uses. Fire can destabilize wanted large blowout can be very a dune management area quickly, expensive. and prevention is a primary concern. In the past, overgrazing by livestock has been a significant cause of active dunes. Repeated trailing by livestock cuts through vegetation and the thin topsoil to the sand be- Construction of jetties usually results in the movement of the beach seaward. Note the advance of low, causing blowouts. a new foredune from the old one at the mouth of the Siuslaw River near Florence, Oregon. The Need for Selective Stabilization of Dunes

Dune stabilization is needed to:

1. Protect other natural features, such as lakes, wetlands, forests, and estuarine habitats along coastlines; 2. Protect improvements, such as highways, parks, shipping channels, and urban development; 3. Create sheltered wetland habitat Movement of large sand dunes affects human activity in coastal zones. Here a community must weigh the costs of maintaining a navigational channel and the benefits derived or upland habitat for wildlife; from preserving open dune areas. 4. Provide needed beach access for recreational use; and 5. Overcome hazardous situations.

Yet, there also is considerable public demand for unstabilized, active, open dunes. This became ap- parent with the public comments on plans for the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area and Oregon's Coastal Zone Management plans during the seventies. The public voiced their desire for open dune areas left in their natural state for recreational and scientific purposes. Plans, therefore, provide for hiking, dune buggies, photography, and camping areas such as Umpqua Sce- nic Area south of Winchester Bay and other dunelands left in their natural state. Underscoring the pref- erence for open dunes, more than 40 percent of all visits to the Oregon Dunes National Recreational Area Large parabolic dunes can move several hundred feet per year, invading spruce forests Here a city water supply tower foundation must be and encroaching upon highways, freshwater lakes, commercial developments, and other protected from scour and undercutting. are to open sand areas. planned land uses.

8 Planning a Dune Control Program

The necessary balance between be stabilized and new active dunes the use of adequate buffer zones to stabilized with beachgrass. Sand open, uncontrolled dune movement opened up elsewhere on the recrea- slow the movement of sand inland. deposition on floors and sills is still a and selective stabilization is only tion area. The alternatives are to re- Urban Land. Residential and in- problem in areas stabilized with achieved through sound planning move sand from the adjacent land or dustrial development cannot coexist beachgrass, but less where older and management, and usually re- to sacrifice the adjacent land use to with open dunes unless land users woody vegetation has become estab- quires considerable infield dune recreational purposes. are willing to pay for sand removal lished. Clearing wooded areas for management experience. Such expe- Very large, open active dune ar- and tolerate sand deposition and construction on dune sand can inter- rience acquired over 50 years along eas that have existed naturally since abrasion. Houses often are con- rupt moisture availability and inad- the Pacific Northv^est coast has before the coast was settled have structed on sand spits; on, into, and vertently kill adjacent trees. Urban caused a gradual shift from planting high potential for recreation and sci- behind foredunes; and on older sta- development on stabilized dunes is 99 percent of a problem area to entific study. They are made com- bilized dunes. In all cases, the sur- much riskier than further inland. smaller plantings that afford ad- patible with adjacent land uses by rounding area should at least be equate protection of significant resources. A summary of the type of sand dune stabilization work that has been done on the West coast during the past 50 years is presented in Reckendorfetal. (1985, 1987).

HI m -^'-»•■--.■■■ Land Use --■,3*1.'

Recreation is the main land use that allows appreciable areas of ac- '^^"^^ ^n^l^^^^^BÍM tive dunes. Size of the recreation '^mf,: j^ area determines how much should 'f%. -'^^i^KSSrf^J'^^Hp ' ■'■A ; ■■'^^^ÄH

10 Dune Management Areas Foredunes are subject to wave attack, severe winds, and constant Ternyik (1979b) recommends di- sand movement and, therefore, are viding dune land into dune manage- stabilized primarily with pioneer feA. dunegrasses. The front and top of the íM ment areas. Delineation of these ^éÀ m^ areas follows significant natural or foredune are vegetated to dunegrasses exclusively, whereas the g« kmm artificial boundaries that prevent dune movement. The boundaries more protected lee side can be may include lakes, rivers, channels, planted to secondary grasses, le- concentrated urban developments, gumes, and woody plants in addition and highways. By comprehensively to dunegrasses. considering an entire dune manage- Beach sand movement and wave à m attack keep frontal areas in a con- K ment area, local planners can rec- f ommend suitable land uses. stant pioneering stage. Vegetation on 1 Management areas can include sev- the foredune will prevent sand ^^P eral land uses, and it is important to movement inland but will not stop ^^K ensure that all are compatible. Also erosion caused by wave attack. ,.. m Therefore, if a beach over the long ■IHL»- within dune management areas are Recreational use continues to increase. three dune landforms (Crook 1979) term is degrading, the foredune which must be considered to inte- eventually may be destroyed by grate elements of a dune control wave erosion. Severe storms or an Afterwards, stands usually thrive on surface-stabilized dunes can be de- plan. abrupt cutoff of beach sand supply nutrients provided by the continuous stabilized if vegetation is destroyed The type of dune landform deter- may also result in the destruction of supply of windblown sand. The lee and the dune mantle subjected to mines how a dune is stabilized with a foredune by wave action. side of the foredune is less inten- wind. Some residential develop- vegetation: Natural foredunes are created by sively planted to dunegrasses. Sec- ments have encountered problems sand-stilling dunegrasses. Blowouts ondary legume seedings or woody during lot clearing when duff and in foredunes occur when the grass plantings provide fire protection be- humus layers are removed, killing 1. Foredune Area. The barrier ridge cover is disturbed, opening a wind tween the high-fuel-volume large areas of tall trees that rely of sand immediately above the high tunnel for further sand movement in- dunegrasses and inland areas. heavily on these layers for moisture tide line and paralleling the beach is land. Foredunes can be created me- Parallel ridge dunes are vegetated and nutrients. If developments occur the foredune (Reckendorf 1975 and chanically using sand fences and foredunes that have been supplanted close to wind corridors, blowouts Crook 1979). It can be divided into then vegetated. by new foredunes to the ocean side. can occur even in wooded areas. the frontal section facing the ocean, FHigh planting densities are re- These ridges and other stabilized ar- the top surface, and the lee side (side quired for dunegrasses on the front eas are surface-stabilized dunes that protected from the wind). If no and top of foredunes. FHigh fertilizer have a weakly developed topsoil foredune is present, the area from rates also are necessary for plants to layer. The degree of soil develop- the high tide line back 200 feet is establish rapidly and withstand the ment depends on how long the dune considered the foredune area. This severe conditions. Plantings require has been stable. Recently stabilized area is the one most affected by di- periodic refertilization for at least 2 dunes are more fragile than those rect ocean sand supply. years to maintain a vigorous cover. with a mature forest canopy. All

11 2. Interdune areas. Adjacent to the types of dunes (Crook 1979). These stabilized dunes with a weakly de- In all cases, changes to older, stabi- foredune's lee side are flat areas dunes may be unvegetated or vege- veloped soil profile are fragile envi- lized areas should be carefully called deflation plains (Reckendorf tated older dunes. Interior dune ar- ronments even if covered by tall planned and thought out before they 1975 and Crook 1979). These eas are not subject to appreciable trees and thick underbrush. Distur- are undertaken. interdune areas are scoured down to ocean sand supply. They may be ac- bance of the plant cover and thin Before disturbing a site, the stabi- the water table and are seasonally tive dunes of low transverse ridges or topsoil can be catastrophic because lization team may examine root pro- wet. Deflation plains usually support massive oblique ridges, which are most roots usually are concentrated files to determine where roots are marsh plants and are valuable habi- characteristic in open unvegetated near the top duff layer to capture distributed in the soil or sand and to tat for waterfowl. Most sites are sea- areas; or they may be blowouts in moisture and nutrients that have ac- identify trouble spots to be avoided sonally wet and can be planted to vegetated areas, which can result cumulated. when grading. Root profiles are core cereals for waterfowl or to wet-toler- sometimes in a giant trough ending Dunes that have been stable for samples taken on a grid superim- ant pasture species for big game. In a in a large accumulation of sand on a hundreds or thousands of years have posed over the site. Actual distur- few cases, especially where sand or previously vegetated area. These gi- a deep, well-developed soil profile bance must be kept to a minimum dredge spoils are deposited, marsh ant troughs are called parabola and are not classified as dune sand and the area disturbed should be creation may be required in the rec- dunes and often are fed by oblique in soil survey reports. These soils are mulched heavily with 3 to 4 inches lamation plan. ridge dunes. also underlain with moderately ce- of bark dust immediately after distur- Interdune areas also may be hum- Interior dunes are stabilized ini- mented sand. Blowouts are rare on bance. mocky, with islands of sand partially tially to dunegrasses, similar to treat- these soils, but deep road cuts and Also most important is the effect stabilized by dunegrasses. These ar- ment of foredunes. Large open dune excavations expose the underlying of depth of disturbance on the exist- eas are not easily vegetated without areas are easier to stabilize than uncemented sands to blowing. ing vegetation. A deep cut on slop- shaping and grading to eliminate the small blowouts on stabilized dunes, An example of damage to an ing land may drain the water table hummocks or to make them fit the because large open areas can be older stabilized dune area occurred and source of moisture for shrubs contour of the land. Hummocky more easily shaped without damag- on a golf course in Oregon. The and trees upslope. Woody plants interdune areas have high recrea- ing adjacent vegetation. course contained stabilized dunes usually have an extensive feeder root tional value and so revegetation may Secondary plantings into estab- that separated the fairways. These system in the top foot of the soil. be undesirable. If necessary, leveled lished dunegrasses provide more dunes had a dense cover of salal, However, large roots also penetrate hummocks are stabilized to dune- permanent control. Plantings may be huckleberry, and 40-foot shore pine. deep into the sand to the top of the grasses. herbaceous grasses and legumes, Because players often lost golf balls ground water table; therefore, plants Deflation plains can be rapidly in- woody shrubs, trees, or combina- in the dense cover, the owner re- survive seasonal dry periods. Dis- vaded by woody plants, particularly tions. These plantings should em- moved all the brushy species and left turbing the top surface layer or low- Hooker willow, which some land us- phasize fire retardance, wildlife the beautiful stand of pine trees. ering the water table can be the two ers may not want. Pasture grasses habitat, and improved stabilization. However, all the pine trees died dur- activities having the most destabiliz- and legumes drill-seeded on the de- Because inner dunes do not receive ing the first summer because removing effect on older vegetated dunes. flation plain can retard willow inva- salt spray, certain landscape orna- ing the ground cover increased the Care must be taken to avoid cre- sion. mentals can be grown if cared for loss of water through evaporation. ating wind tunnels during construc- properly. Rather than leave the ground tion or other activity on tree-covered Wildlife habitat plantings should bare, the owner could have used dunes. Tunnels could result in seri- 3. Interior Dune Areas. This zone is be a mixture of forest, shrubland, bark mulch to cover the area. Place- ous blowouts, which can be difficult the farthest inland, usually adjacent and open grassy areas. Some open ment of bark mulch 3 or 4 inches and expensive to repair. Dunegrass to headlands, and contains several sand may even be desirable. Older thick can prevent massive water loss. can stabilize blowouts. However,

12 establishing dunegrass may be difficult along the edges where competition and shading from the adjacent woody vegetation may be the most extensive. The dune management area concept has been used successfully by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1974) to manage dredge spoil disposal and stabilization along Oregon's coast. The Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District, formed to control dune formation and movement on the Clatsop Plains, uses this concept also. The district delineated two zones and tailored ordinance restrictions to each (Reckendorf 1975 and Reckendorf et al. 1985). More than 3,000 acres were stabilized in a large-scale effort during the thirties and forties. It has been the most successful dune management program to date on the Pa- cific coast and one of the most successful in the world.

Site Investigation

Site investigation reports, proposed by Ternyik (1979a), help the planner and the landowner answer key questions about dune management: How does stabilizing this site fit into the planning objectives of the dune management area? What effect will the work have on adjacent land? What are the physical and biological Agricultural use of interior, older stabilized dunes is decreasing.

13 conditions in the area? Is mainte- control, adequate fire control mea- blankets, and sand-trapping fences; years after planting, this step greatly nance feasible and practical? sures, and revegetating disturbed or grading the site to conform it to the accelerates the stabilization of the Appendix II is a checklist adapted thinned-out areas even in old, well- landscape; and minimizing the ef- dune. If secondary plantings are not for site investigation on the Oregon established plantings. fects of wind on the proposed plant- made, dunegrass must be fertilized coast (Nelson 1976). Help in site in- The best way to spot trouble is to ing. continually to maintain adequate vestigation is available from local check the project systematically stands and dune cover until succes- 2. Plant sand-stilling dunegrasses. soil and water conservation districts, three or four times a year and after sion introduces secondary species. other local agencies, and consult- each major occurrence of high wind. This is by far the most dramatic, vis- ible step. ants. Maintaining a sand dune takes com- 5. Maintain secondary plantings. Low-vigor spots mean that any veg- An effective stabilization plan mitment to realize a return on the in- 3. Maintain dunegrass stands. Re- etation, including dunegrass, will not mimics and accelerates the natural vestment. planting and fertilizing are the pri- protect the site for long. They must process of plant establishment on The six steps required to stabilize mary tools for maintaining an even be fertilized and, if a small blowout sand dunes. Planting sand-stilling an active dune permanently are: vegetal cover. Temporary mechani- has occurred, must be replanted as grasses imitates the natural invasion cal aids may be useful. of pioneer species on the dune. One well. 1. Prepare the site. This step may 4. Plant secondary grasses, legumes, of three naturally occurring 6. Incorporate landscape plantings. entail the use of temporary mulches. shrubs, or trees. Usually done 2 dunegrasses is used as the pioneer. Ornamental or general landscape As the dune is stabilized by the plantings for homesites, parks, road- initial plantings, other grasses, herbs, ways, and other uses are common and legumes can be introduced to on stabilized dunes. Such plantings increase the content of organic mat- are expensive and may require ex- ter in the top sand layer. More per- pensive maintenance, particularly ir- manent woody plants are established rigation, mulching, pruning, in the humus of the stabilized dune fertilizing, mowing, fencing, and and can volunteer from surrounding weed control. These plantings usu- forest areas as the natural process of ally are incidental to dune control succession takes over. but eventually are made for the most prevalent land uses on stabilized dune land. Such plantings must take into account the unique nutrient, Maintenance wind, moisture, and salinity conditions on stabilized dunes, as well as As important as forethought in the consequences of leaving any planning a stabilization project is area devoid of vegetation. maintenance of the plant cover. Maintenance involves more than completing all phases of establishment of a new planting. Also essential are human and vehicular traffic Fenced walkways often are useful in planted areas that are highly susceptible to scour and blowouts. They can also reduce maintenance costs.

14 Sand-Stilling Dunegrasses for Initial Stabilization

Species

Beach or dunegrasses are the most widely useful sand-stilling plants for initial plantings on coastal areas. These grasses should be native or well suited to the area in which they are planted. When the proper species are planted correctly, they are effective even against high-velocity winds heavily laden with sand. They are successful because (1) their coarse stems protect the surface against scouring; (2) they grow rapidly up through heavy deposits of sand, as much as 2 feet or more in a single season; (3) their stems multiply rapidly from underground nodes, forming large clumps; and (4) they develop extensive root systems and, in some cases, horizontal underground stems capable of growing into unvegetated areas and producing new clumps. Initial stabilization of moving sand in the Pacific Northwest has been accomplished largely through the use of three sand-stilling grasses: Euro- pean beachgrass, American beachgrass, and American dunegrass. European beachgrass is the most widely used, primarily because its production costs are much lower, it transplants easily, and it has more vigorous top growth. Except for special uses that require American beachgrass or American dunegrass,

European beachgrass should be used European beachgrass forms a tight cover where fertility is maintained by continual sand deposition. for initially stabilizing active dunes. Healthy plants produce rhizomes up to 40 feet long in a single year.

15 European beachgrass has natural- European beachgrass requires a ized on the Pacific coast since it was continuous supply of sand to provide introduced from Europe in the late nutrients, promote tillering and rhi- 19th century to control sand dunes. zome development, and maintain It has coarse, stiff stems and tough stands. Unless fertilized, plants re- leaves that resist sand blasting. Four ceiving no new sand die out and are different types occur naturally: Tall, replaced by succeeding vegetation. coarse, and bunchy; tall, coarse, and European beachgrass produces nu- creeping; short, fine, and bunchy; merous seedheads, a feature that has and short, fine, and creeping. accelerated its naturalization along The best type for foredunes is tall, the Pacific coast and created the coarse, and creeping, although the typical foredune landform so preva- other forms could be used, depend- lent. However, direct seedings are ing on the purpose. Tillering can not practical because seedlings de- vary from 10 to 120 per culm per velop too slowly to permit adequate year. The strain commonly used ground cover in most cases. commercially tillers at a 40:1 rate.

American beachgrass, native to the Atlantic coast, is occasionally used to repair blowouts Native American dunegrass has wider leaves and a darker lime-green color than European because of its ability to establish quickly and resist the border effect of competing beachgrass. It can form complete cover on large foredune areas; however, it is more difficult to vegetation. establish and usually increases through natural reseeding.

16 Despite variation within the spe- greater fire hazard. 'Hatteras,' a cul- cies, there are no cultivars of Euro- tivar from North Carolina, may have pean beachgrass and few shorter dormancy, but is untested on commercial sources. Buyers usually the Pacific coast. Naturalized tall, should specify the tall, coarse, coarse, creeping strains are the creeping type for most jobs. source for nearly all plantings of American beachgrass use is lim- American beachgrass in the North- ited to patching small blowouts and west. Naturalized stands are scarce rarely for planting foredunes. It is and scattered along the Pacific coast, strongly rhizomatous and competes limited primarily to old planting well with European beachgrass. sites. Commercial quantities there- Newly planted American culms fore, are limited. American readily establish adjacent to well-de- beachgrass is four times more costly veloped European stands, primarily to produce than European. because of rapid rhizome develop- American dunegrass, previously ment. Some American strains can the least planted of the three produce close to 400 feet of rhi- dunegrasses, is the only native zomes per plant per year, nearly 10 dunegrass of the Pacific coast. Its times as much as the better Euro- main drawback is its low transplant pean strains. survival, usually 25 percent or less, American beachgrass persists whereas 98 percent is essential for where continual sand supply pro- complete cover. In the past, vides nutrients and is less likely than plantings of this species have been European beachgrass to survive limited to foredune areas, where it is when sand no longer accumulates. found naturally. It also needs con- Although this plant is strongly tinuous sand supply to maintain rhizomatous, leaves and stems grow stands and is less adapted than the less rapidly than the European vari- beachgrasses to sites farther inland. ety; therefore, American beachgrass Large natural stands are found in does not control sand movement as Clatsop County, Oregon, between well. Seaside and Warrenton, particularly American beachgrass is native to near Sunset Beach. They seem to be the Atlantic coast and Great Lakes increasing in recent years, supplant- area. 'Cape,' a cultivar released by ing European beachgrass. American the Cape May (New Jersey) Plant dunegrass has wider leaves than the Materials Center in 1971, originates beachgrasses and often has an at- from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and tractive lime green appearance, American dunegrass has increased in prevalence within foredune plant communities during performs well on the Pacific coast. hence one of its common names, sea recent years, particularly along the northern Oregon coast. It is often seen invading open sites and However, it remains dormant longer lyme-grass. supplanting European beachgrass as the dominant vegetation. than naturalized stands, creating a

17 American dunegrass must be vegetative material from several Table 1.—Plants not recommended for controlling sand transplanted while dormant to sources to increase seed production. movement in coastal dune areas achieve the best establishment. This limits flexibility in planting, harvesting, and storing culms. Despite these limitations, interest in its use has in- Unsuitable Plants Common Name Problem creased in the past decade. Consid- eration should be given to including Most of the native or naturalized at least small amounts in mixture colonizing plants abundant on Baltic rush Insufficient ground cover in winter with European beachgrass. coastal dunes in the Northwest are Beach knotweed Hummocking, caused by taproot Natural populations of American not alone satisfactory for controlling dunegrass on the Pacific coast have sand movement. Many have un- Beach silver-top hlummocking, caused by taproot wanted growth characteristics, are more pubescent seed heads and Big headed sedge Insufficient ground cover in winter culms than the very closely related shortlived, and can be fire hazards. beach wildrye found along coast- The most common of these plants Dune morning glory Hummocking, caused by taproot lines throughout the hemisphere at are presented in table 1. Many in- Sand verbena Hummocking, caused by taproot northern latitudes. These coastal vade naturally into beachgrass dunegrasses are related to robust in- plantings and add some diversity Seashore tansy Insufficient ground cover in winter land wildryes such as basin wildrye and additional stability. But, unless Silver beach-weed Hummocking, caused by taproot and Asiatic species, giant wildrye specialized landscaping of small and altai wildrye. American protected areas is desired, or an dunegrass is known to hybridize open, hummocky appearance is de- with native inland creeping wildrye, sired, planting of these species does forming smaller plants with finer not justify the expense. leaves. Perhaps there are traits within this group of plants that can help overcome the obstacles to greater use of American dunegrass on the Pacific coast. American dunegrass seedheads usually contain few viable seeds. This is an obligate cross-pollinating species and, since large colonies may consist of a single plant, low seed set is not surprising. Some populations have been found to have good seed set, undoubtedly due to the presence of many indi- viduals. Plantings should include

18 When To Plant Sand-Stilling Plantings are usually successful during cool weather in these 3 Grasses months, even without precipitation for prolonged periods. Low-lying European and American beach- sites that are moist into early sum- grass and American dunegrass should mer may be planted more safely be planted when temperatures are later in middle to late spring than the between 32 and 60 °F. No planting higher, drier sites. should be done unless moisture is Plantings for the construction of found within a depth of 3 inches of foredunes should be made in the the dune surface. Most plantings are early spring after danger from severe made during the cool, wet months storms is over. Plantings made ear- from late fall through early spring lier can be destroyed by very high (November 1 to April 15). tides. Plantings made early in spring Proper temperature is critical. establish themselves before the Work done by Brown (1942) at the warm weather and grow rapidly as Warrenton Project indicates erratic new sand accumulates on the dune survival rates if temperature exceeds throughout the season. A good plant- 60 °F within a 72-hour period after ing may accumulate as much as 2 planting. The effect of warm tempera- feet of sand annually. tures late in the planting season can Areas that are subject to winter be somewhat minimized by planting submergence should be planted in at night. All transplanting stock is ei- the spring as the water level recedes. ther stored at 35 °F or shade frames Plantings that have not experienced are placed 12 inches above the tops one growing season fail to withstand of heeled-in culm bundles. If extended submergence without plantings must be made during warm damage. daytime temperatures, then each bundle of beachgrass is dipped in water to keep it from drying out during the planting process. To ensure Planting Stock success and minimize planting costs, select planting dates well before Commercial beachgrass stock warm spring days or well after cool may be obtained from nurseries or fall temperatures have set in. natural stands of proper age and Planting is not done during freeze quality. Nursery stock is dug at 2 periods. Therefore, November, Feb- years, and thus is designated "2-0" ruary, and March usually are the best stock. Most natural stands will not Shown here is a properly spaced planting of European months to plant. produce quality stock; it is only beachgrass about 4 months after planting.

19 where new sand deposits on existing rootstalks. Nursery areas can be 95 grass are fertilized that quality stock percent dug without damage to the is produced. This results in 1-0 (1- vegetative cover. New culms quickly year-old) stock from plants buried regenerate from rhizomes. the previous season. Quality plant- Stock is harvested during the ing stock consists of young, vigor- planting season. Stock should be ous, live culms with one to three collected during the cool, wet root nodes and a minimum of old, months from late fall through early dead material. It is not possible to spring (November 1 to April 15), dig old stands because of the exces- when the plant is most nearly dor- sive cost of removing old dead parts mant. American dunegrass must be of individual plants. Because of vary- harvested when completely dor- ing growing depths caused by new mant. Dormant stock will have the windblown sand deposits, no spe- greatest amount of stored energy and cific digging depth is recommended. will, therefore, be more vigorous The grass should be dug at a depth than culms from plants that are ac- that will ensure that all culms have tively growing. The beachgrasses one to three live root nodes remain- (European and American), however, ing. will survive whether or not they are After being dug, grass is shaken dormant, as long as the stock is har- free of sand, dead trash is cleaned vested and planted in cool weather. from culms, and the hill or clump is Storing of grass stock is confined broken into small bunches. Under- to "heeling-in" on the nursery or ground stems are broken back to one planting site. It is important when or two nodes. For convenience in heeling-in to keep the beds narrow, stock accounting and handling, not over two bundles wide, in order culms are tied into bundles of 10 to avoid heating of the grass. pounds. After tying, the tops of the Bundles should be buried in the stock are cut back with an ax until trench to a depth of approximately the overall length is about 20 inches. one-half their length, and sand This gets rid of long leaves that offer firmed around them. The grass more surface for moisture loss and should not be heeled-in where water that are subject to wind agitation will stand on the bed as this will that could loosen the planted stem cause decomposition of the basal from the sand. buds of the stem. The heeling-in bed In nurseries, stock can be dug should be a well-drained, damp each year if given an annual applica- trench with the roots (nodes) cov- tion of fertilizer. When properly fer- ered to a depth of at least 8 inches. Beachgrass nursery stock usually originates from fertilized, relatively open, young stands where tilized, a new crop will come up Stock should not be held in heeling- plants have room to grow and produce large, healthy culms. from underground stems or in beds for more than 2 weeks. If

20 planting is late in the season, then plant from 1 to 3 acres per day, de- either shade frames over the heel-in pending on the conditions at the site. beds or artificial cold storage at 35 The primary conditions determining °F is recommended. planting speed are weather, degree of slope, and type of sand.

Tools for Planting Methods of Planting The most widely used tool for handplanting of beachgrass is the D- Beachgrasses should be planted handle tile spade with an 18-inch to a depth of 12 inches and the sand blade. This can be thrust directly to a compacted to remove air around the depth of 12 inches into the sand and roots and stem nodes. The top of the provides the best hole that can be plant should be upright and extend achieved for easy planting of the approximately 8 inches above the beachgrass culms. Planters normally ground. make several hundred holes with Handplanting requires wet sand, this tool before planting. otherwise holes are not open and the Steep slopes must be planted by planters break the stock trying to hand. However, on the less sloping force it into a closed hole. This re- areas, transplanting machines have sults in high plant mortality. Trans- been used with success since I960 planting machines can plant through for larger plantings of 5 acres or 6 inches of dry sand. As a last resort, more from Santa Maria, California, irrigation also can prepare a dry to Westport, Washington (Ternyik dune for planting. 1979b). For most sites along the Pacific The planting machines now used coast, a hill spacing of 18 inches, for large plantings are modified, with three culms per hill is sufficient. commercial row crop transplanting On sites exposed to more severe machines. The planting shoe was re- weathering, in areas surrounded by designed to get the 12-inch depths particularly valuable property, or on specified for beachgrass plantings. steep slopes or sand sea cliffs, closer Pulling these machines are small, planting with hill spacing approxi- crawler type tractors equipped with mately 12 inches and up to five a rear-mounted hydraulic hitch. Two culms per hill is needed. Well-pro- machines are now used behind each tected sites can be stabilized by tractor, with four people on the ma- wider-than-normal spacings. A sum- chines. This combination will allow mary of planting rates that were A three-culm propagule is approximately 20 inches long. five people (including driver) to found to be successful on the

21 Clatsop Plains area are given in table 2. True economy in planting is achieved when hill spacing and the number of culms per hill are ad- justed to the onsite conditions.

Fertilizing the Plantings

All planted areas should be fertilized with coarse-particle ammonium sulfate commercial fertilizer (N-P-K 21-0-0). This formulation should be applied at a rate of 42 pounds of available nitrogen per acre (200 pounds) during a period of light wind and steady rain. Rain is needed to thoroughly dissolve the fertilizer— a minimum of 4 hours of light rain or 2 hours of a downpour. If this is not done, fertilizer granules will be transported by winds, resulting in uneven distribution. Experience and weather forecasts are vital to ensure that the fertilizer is dissolved shortly after broadcasting. Irrigation may be substituted for rain, but usually is costly. A If the forward slope is steep or if sand sea cliffs have been planted, A beachgrass hand-planting operation includes (a) opening a 12-inch-deep hole in fertilizer must be applied immedi- wet sand with a tile spade, (b) placing a ately after planting so that it can be beachgrass propagule in the hole and leaving caught in the footprints left by the an 8-inch top, and (c) tamping sand around the propagule with the heel of a boot. planting operation. If not, the fertilizer will filter to the bottom of the slope as the sand dries and no growth will occur on upper slopes, it is recommended that fertilizer application on these steep banks be

22 Until adequate tree growth results, beachgrass must be fertilized or interseeded with legumes to maintain adequate cover. Here a small bare area has appeared.

23 doubled to 400 pounds of N-P-K 21 - in California, it is February 15 to Table 2.—Hill spacing and culms per hill for European beachgrass 0-0 per acre. If necessary, irrigate March 1. There is usually plenty of lightly and long enough to dissolve moisture at these times and this per- High-intensity Moderate- intensity the fertilizer. mits the fertilizer to penetrate to the stabilization stabilization In cases where planting stock is grass root system. scarce, the use of fertilizer on plant- Most fertilizer is applied by hand, Site conditions Spacing Culms Spacing Culms ings with wider-than-normal spacing out of buckets, or with hand-oper- may be cheaper than deferring plant- ated cyclone type spreaders. This is Inches Number Inches Number ing until more stock becomes avail- because newly planted beachgrass is Steep slopes able. severely damaged by tractor- Windward Followup fertilization on estab- mounted spreaders. Two-year-old, lished plantings is best done on the well-established beachgrass Dry 2 by 12 3 18 by 18 5 Pacific coast dunes when the most plantings can be fertilized with trac- 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 rapid spring growth begins. In Wash- tor-mounted spreaders with little Moist ington, this is April 1 to April 15; in damage. Fertilizer usually is not Leeward Oregon, it is March 1 to April 1 ; and spread by airplane unless the almost ever-present winds, which tend to Dry 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 drift the fertilizer, are absent. Moist 8 by 18 3 24 by 24 5 Flat areas

Maintaining Dunegrass Stands Exposed to high winds Dry 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 In this initial stage of dune stabili- Moist 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 zation it is important to develop and maintain an even vegetal cover that Exposed to moderate winds is devoid of breaks until secondary 18 by 18 5 or permanent cover is established. Dry 8 by 18 3 Some maintenance is usually neces- Moist 8 by 18 5 24 by 24 5 sary because of poor hill survival, excessively wide spacing, or failure Irregular topography to plant all exposed areas. This re- Exposed to high winds quires temporary brush mats in summer and prompt replanting in the Dry 2 by 12 5 18 by 18 5 winter. American beachgrass is the Moist 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 most satisfactory plant for such repair work because it competes better Exposed to moderate winds than European beachgrass with sur- Dry 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3 This site needs fertilizer to maintain adequate rounding European beachgrass sys- cover. tems (McLaughlin and Brown 1942). Moist 8 by 18 5 18 by 18 3

24 Table 2.—Hill spacing and culms per hill for European beachgrass (Continued)

High-intensity Moderate-intensity stabilization stabilization

Site conditions Spacing Culms Spacing Culms

Inches Number Inches Number Valuable property Exposed to high winds Dry 12 by 12 5 12 by 12 3 Moist 12 by 12 3 18 by 18 5 Exposed to moderate winds Dry 12 by 12 3 18 by 18 5 Moist 12 by 12 3 18 by 18 5 Foredune* Windward face 18 by 18 3 - - Leeward face 18 by 18 5 - - Top 12 by 12 5 - -

*AII foredune areas are planted using the high-intensity approach.

Well-timed fertilization early in fall Establishing and Maintaining a or in spring increases growth of low- Source of Beachgrass vigor spots. A new planting should be checked at least monthly and af- Unlike east coast nursery opera- ter each major wind event to deter- tions, where beachgrass is grown in mine maintenance needs. A cultivated fields, on the west coast it second-year planting should be in- is grown in open sand. Carefully se- spected at least every other month. lected nursery sites are picked where

This large roadside cut and fill planting of European beachgrass near North Bend, Oregon, must be fertilized or interseeded with legumes to maintain adequate cover.

25 Above, vehicular and foot traffic should be controlled to protect beachgrass plantings that cannot withstand repeated trampling. Right, Douglas-fir and sitka spruce stumps can be used to protect plantings. a continuing incoming sand supply Oregon, maintains a 10- to 12-miI- is present. If new sand does not lion in-field inventory of European cover the nursery area, then a 3-year beachgrass and 100,000 culm in- digging period is maximum. After ground supply of American beach- the third season on such sites, the grass and American dunegrass. The grass fails to meet specified size. primary factor in nursery production One 100-acre planting will require 6 is the ability to maintain vigorous, JSiJBKLUH million culms of beachgrass. There- clean stands of grass requiring a fore, identification of adequate-qual- minimum of cleaning during the dig- ity planting stock is essential. One ging process. commercial nursery in Florence,

26 Permanent Cover

The main sand-stilling plants—Eu- ropean and American beachgrass and American dunegrass—begin to lose some of their vigor after a few years and it may be difficult to maintain cover. Dead stalks accumulate in the new growth, and some plants die. This causes the planted area to become patchy with open sand areas. Before this stage, it is advisable to ensure the development of a permanent cover by seeding longer lived grasses and legumes or by transplanting woody plants.

Species

Legumes help overcome the nitrogen deficiency of sandy soils, and thus help stimulate the growth of the grasses. Several species of legumes can be used. The most common are lupine, beach pea, perennial pea, and vetch. Seashore lupine is a low-growing legume native to the dunes of the Northern Pacific coast. Its seeds ger- minate readily and the plants usually set a crop of seed the first season. In places, lupine develops so rapidly that it soon forms almost solid cover among the European beachgrass culms. shore lupine is a legume that often invades Purple beachpea is a fire-resistant legume and an excellent choice to seed into established infertile sites where beachgrass has declined beachgrass. It fixes nitrogen from the air and releases it for use by beachgrass. and sand deposition is not excessive. It is a prolific reseeder.

27 Seashore lupine is short lived; similar to beach pea. it is commonly thick initial stands steadily decline found along roadsides farther inland, and seldom last 5 years. But, having but can be established in beachgrass, increased the organic matter content though with less reliability. and fertility of the soil, this plant Pine lupine is a robust, short-lived leaves the ground surface in a condi- perennial native common to the tion suitable for establishing more coastal mountains of the Pacific permanent vegetation. Northwest. 'Hederma,' an improved Purple beach pea produces more cultivar, has shown promise on biomass than seashore lupine and is dredge spoils and stabilized coastal very fire resistant, an important factor dunes. to consider when interplanting Hairy vetch is a vigorous sprawl- beachgrass. It is slow/er to establish ing annual that reseeds sporadically, but more persistent, forming a thick but can be used as a short-term viny growth. Stands usually are not planting to increase fertility. It is fully developed until the third or readily available commercially. fourth year after seeding. Seed and Scotch broom is a naturalized le- foliage are valuable to wildlife for guminous shrub. It is a vigorous and food and cover. Beach pea, although upright plant, reaching 6 feet, and of- not native, is found naturally along fers resistance to fire in beachgrass the coast from Alaska to California. plantings. Direct seedings are only Unfortunately, seashore lupine sporadically successful but the plant and beach pea are not commercially should be transplanted. Scotch available on a regular basis, and seed broom provides good wildlife food must be hand collected. This limits and cover and early wind protection their use. Testing is underway to se- for permanent tree and shrub lect and release cultivars of seashore plantings. However, scotch broom is lupine and purple beach pea for considered by many to be an unde- commercial production. sirable weed, particularly inland Recent evaluations at Ocean from coastal areas, where it may Shores, Washington, have compared spread by seed to invade disturbed the relative vigor of several commer- sites usually low in fertility and mar- cially available legumes in areas sta- ginal for plant growth. Although it bilized with beachgrass. Perennial has many desirable characteristics pea, pine lupine, and hairy vetch and has been used extensively in the show the most promise as alterna- past, scotch broom seldom is inter- tives to seashore lupine and beach planted into beachgrass-stabilized pea for large-scale seedings. dunes today. Perennial pea is slow in develop- Tree lupine is a native leguminous ing but persistent, with characteristics shrub adapted to stabilized dunes This mixture of beachpea and American dunegrass provides a cover that will not burn

28 south of Newport, Oregon. It grows cannot withstand sand deposition as and has been used extensively for rapidly, gives excellent ground well as seashore bluegrass. Never- permanent cover. After initial estab- cover, and provides abundant litter theless, fescue is widely used and lishment, shore pine normally grows for aiding fertility, but it may freeze covers large areas of coastal dunes, 2 feet per year on good sites. At the out during severe winters. Plants can especially on drier sites. 'Clatsop' is present time, shore pine is the most be found as far north as the central a cultivar that was developed for commonly used species for second- Washington coast, but losses result- sand dune seedings, but has not ary stabilization. ing from freezing are more frequent been produced for several years. Coyote brush is a native long- in the northern reaches. Stands can Creeping red fescue, a rhizomatous lived shrub that is transplanted into be established by direct seeding, form, is commercially available. beachgrass plantings along the producing 4-foot plants after 2 years. 'Illahee' and 'Rainier' are adapted southern Oregon and northern Cali- Transplants have not been reliably northwestern cultivars that can be fornia coasts. It forms a mounding established. Seed usually is not used for permanent cover on sand cover. Prostrate to upright forms are available commercially and must be dunes. available in the nursery trade. Con- hand collected. Tetraploid perennial ryegrass re- tainer transplants are cuttings grown Among native long-lived grasses cently has been tested on sand from male plants. that have been successfully seeded dunes and dredge spoils. This spe- Other native woody plants can be into initial dunegrass plantings are cies should form only a small per- used for permanent cover, particu- seashore bluegrass and red fescue. centage of a seed mixture because it larly on wet sites. Red alder fixes ni- Seashore bluegrass withstands some may crowd out other species. It can trogen, grows rapidly, and gives way sand deposition and survives under be considered for quick short-lived to climax species. It often volunteers difficult conditions. It spreads rapidly cover while other, more persistent naturally around deflation plains. by seed and by rhizomes that take species develop. It has been seeded However, high-velocity winds cause root to form new plants. It is well successfully alone for goose pasture branch tips to burn back, limiting suited to seeding, along with sea- on dredge spoils. red alder's effectiveness in exposed shore lupine, into initial plantings of Another grass that has performed areas. Hooker willow invades permanently wet sites. Its pliable stems European or American beachgrass. well recently on sandy dredge spoils Seashore bluegrass, a native perennial grass, Seashore bluegrass is not widely is tall wheatgrass, which is very ro- and mounding habit also enable it to can be interseeded in combination with used because there is no commercial bust and tolerates saline conditions. catch sand effectively. Plantings are legumes into beachgrass. production and seed must be col- Further testing may prove its adapt- easily established from hardwood lected by hand. During the 1940's, a ability on sand dunes. cuttings stuck in permanently moist limited amount of seed from culti- Shrubs, in addition to the two ground. vated fields was produced on a trial woody legumes above, and trees can Oregon crabapple is native to the basis near Astoria, Oregon. This spe- be successfully established in 2-year- Pacific coast along riverbanks and cies never advanced beyond this old beachgrass/dunegrass stands. lake shores. It is a long-lived tree stage, giving way to red fescue, Shore pine is a small native tree that that grows to 20 feet but in extreme which could be readily supplied naturally invades newly stabilized wind can form a dense mat low to through the turfgrass trade. dunes and can form dense thickets the ground. Fruits are readily eaten Red fescue survives well in sand on deflation plains. It also is very by birds. that is almost entirely stilled, but it easy to establish by transplanting 29 Autumn olive is an introduced or a small combine. Seed is proc- The suggested seed mixture for drier shrub that has shown promise in re- essed with conventional air-screen sites is: cent tests on dunes stabilized by cleaners. beachgrass. Although not a legume, it fixes its own nitrogen, and in the Species Cultivar Pounds/Acre fall it produces an abundant crop of red berries that are relished by birds. Planting Times and Seed The 'Elsberry' variety grows 6 to 8 Mixtures for Grasses and Seashore lupine Native collection feet high and to twice as wide, and Legumes appears to be well adapted to Pacific coast conditions. Seashore bluegrass Native it is best to defer permanent cover collection plantings until initial beachgrass plantings are 2 years old. The period Purple beach pea Native 20 Native Seed Harvest when these plantings should be collection made will vary greatly under differ- Beach pea and lupine seed ent conditions. However, it should Creeping red fescue 'lllahee,' 'Rainier' 12 should be collected by hand be- not be delayed much after the sand cause the seeds do not all ripen at is stilled, for two reasons: (1) vegetative competition from the initial the same time and natural stands Up to 30 pounds per acre of tree usually are not of uniform density for plantings soon becomes too keen; and (2) as stands of beachgrass get lupine may be added to this mixture. economical mechanical harvesting. If the lupine, bluegrass, and beach Pea moth infestations often destroy older, sand can dry to a greater depth than young grasses and le- pea are not available, an alternate ripening seeds in both species. Pods mixture of seed normally available on should be collected after the seeds gume seedlings can tolerate. Seeding may be done in the fall the commercial market can be used have begun to show a mottled color as follows: but before the pods dry and open. or early in the spring. Fall is pre- The pods should be spread on a can- ferred because legumes and grasses vas sheet to dry in the sun. They may seeded in the spring often fail to ger- Species Cultivar Pounds/Acre also be dried by slight artificial heat. minate until the next fall. This is usually because of hard-seeded legumes Seeds shatter out as the pods dry and Creeping red fescue 'lllahee,' 12 open. or the lack of moisture. 'Rainier' Collecting seeds of native grasses, such as seashore bluegrass, is labori- Tetraploid perennial ryegrass Locally adapted 3 ous and expensive. On small lots it is easiest to strip the seed heads by Pine lupine 'Hederma' 20 hand or to clip them with a hand sickle. Occasional pure stands, cov- Perennial pea Commercial- 20 ering a relatively large area, can be common harvested with a mowing machine

30 Sand dune plant communities contain a diverse array of native and indigenous forbs, ground covers, and herbs. Shown here are beach morning glory (above top), sand knotweed (above, bottom), and wild strawberry (right). These plants generally do not have growth forms or root systems that enable them to be primary stabilization plants. Their presence as understory plants should be encouraged.

31 Substitutes include tree lupine for green during this period. Racing fires foot-wide bands interseeded with because of its superior fire-suppress- pine lupine or perennial pea, or seldom burn more than a few feet purple beach pea, at 20 lb/acre, or ing qualities. This legume also does hairy vetch for pine lupine. Both into either species. scotch broom, transplanted on 3-foot not leave a large, lasting dry residue should be seeded at 20 to 30 pounds Firebreak plantings should consist centers. Purple beach pea is well when it dies down in the fall. per acre. of interpianting beachgrass in 50- worth the expense of seed collection

Seeding Methods

Drill all seeds in order to cover them and to ensure uniform distribution. Rice hulls (obtained from Cali- fornia) should be used as a seed carrier to ensure even seeding through the drill when the mixture contains both large and small seeds. In irregular, rough areas the seeds should be broadcast. When seed is broadcast, mulching by clipping existing vegetation or by scattering straw or similar material greatly increases the chances for a successful even stand. All permanent seedings should be fertilized with 40 pounds of nitrogen and 80 pounds each of phosphorus and potassium per acre at the time of planting.

Fire Control

Care should be taken to plan for vegetative firebreaks in a woody habitat. Purple beach pea or scotch broom are green at the peak of fire season, and both are nitrogen-producing legumes, so grass cover Beachgrass will bum easily during the drier summer months, particularly older stands with a high mixed with them also tends to be percentage of dead stubble and chaff. Burns are common near parking lots and along roads.

32 Woody Plantings they volunteer readily into shore pine plantations. Douglas fir, al- Shore pine usually is planted on though found naturally in some sta- 8-foot centers, between December bilized dune areas, is only and February after beachgrass marginally adapted. It tends to be- plantings are 2 years old. It becomes come wind damaged rather than the dominant vegetation after 10 to wind formed. 12 years. In most instances, woody plantings are made in place of per- Planting Methods manent grass-legume seedings rather than in combination with them. Ei- Shore pine, coyote brush, Oregon ther way is acceptable, although crabapple, and most other species combination plantings may result in Beachgrass plantings behind the foredune usually are planted to native shore pine. When the are easily grown in nurseries. All plantings are sufficiently tall and dense, they moderate wind velocities at the ground surface and thinner stands of woody plants. Of- stock should meet American Nursery control sand movement. ten, it may be desirable to alternate Association's standards. All except herbaceous with woody plantings to shore pine should be planted as 1-0 increase diversity and create more seedlings to keep costs of large-scale edge for wildlife habitat. mass plantings down. Shore pine Coyote brush, used from southern should be 2-0 stock. Plantings from Oregon southward, transplants Wildlings are not recommended be- readily but is slower growing and cause it is very difficult to dig up a therefore should be spaced closer to- sufficient root mass necessary for a gether. It provides a low 2 1/2- to 3- high rate of transplant survival. foot high cover that supplants Broadleaf woody species should beachgrass in the interdune area and be 12 inches in height when trans- behind foredunes. planted. If taller, the tops are subject Besides providing a more stable to wind burn during their establish- cover, woody plantings also can ment period. The minimum diameter "correct" uneven topography, reduc- of woody plants should be one- ing wind turbulence and eliminating eighth of an inch measured at 1 inch wind tunnels. Both shore pine and above the root collar. Diameters of scotch broom are resistant to wind. one-fourth of an inch are preferred Shore pine especially becomes wind because these plants will withstand formed, conforming to the land- more severe site conditions. All tips scape. should be clipped back to about 12 Climax species such as sitka inches in order to make planting Shrubs and trees adapted to duneland immediately behind the foredune must be resistant to spruce and western hemlock are not easier. burning by wind. Shown here are shore pine, Oregon myrtle, and scotch broom. They are formed planted on stabilized dunes because by the wind and conform to the landscape.

33 The minimum-maximum range in which is the same tool used in Trees or other woody species height for shore pine or other coni- beachgrass planting. When planting, should not be planted in the area im- fers is 6 to 12 inches. The most con- soil should be firmly packed around mediately adjacent to open sand ar- venient size for planting is 8 to 10 the roots to prevent air pockets. eas. In such areas, continually inches. Larger stock may be clipped Woody plants should be set in the incoming windblown sand will kill to the desired height without detri- ground to the same depth as they them. mental effects if it meets all other were in the nursery. This is espe- specifications. Minimum diameter at cially important for coniferous stock Maintenance the root collar is one-eighth of an because such species are intolerant inch; maximum diameter should be of being buried to an appreciable Fertilizer application of 100 no more than three-eighths of an depth. Willows, however, can be pounds per acre of 16-16-16 N-P-K inch or the stock becomes oversized planted deeper in the field than in is recommended, as needed, to and hard to plant. The root system the nursery. maintain stand vigor and growth of should be well branched and have Roots must be kept moist and out grasses and legumes. Managers many fibrous feeder roots. Broken of wind and sun. In the field, the should be ready each fall and spring roots should be trimmed. stock should be kept moist and to spot-fertilize weak areas as they It is essential that all broadleaf wrapped in burlap in a pail or in are found during routine followup and coniferous stock meet minimum special carrying trays. checks. Stand failures should be re- specifications, be dormant, and be Most transplanting must be done seeded. Woody plantings seldom free from disease and insect pests. from December to February, when need fertilizer or other maintenance Stock from a distant nursery usu- plants are dormant, to optimize sur- unless to increase their landscape ally comes in some type of bale. If vival. Survival rate during this period value. Transplant failures should be the weather is not too warm and the has often been uniformly higher than replanted. bales are kept in the shade, the stock 90 percent (Brown and Hafenrichter, is often so well packed that it can be 1962). Slow release fertilizer in each kept in the bales for a week. How- transplanting hole can boost initial ever, it must be checked closely for plant growth. signs of drying or exposure to dam- Fire, rodents, and humans are the aging heat. principal hazards to successful Under most conditions, stock plantings of woody vegetation. Fire should be removed from the bale lanes through shore pine plantings and placed in '"heel-in" beds in a are essential. Mice, beaver, and rab- shady place under moist conditions. bits can easily damage young When "heeling-in,'' the soil should plantings but can be controlled, if be firmly packed about the roots, necessary, with baits or other ap- which should be kept straight. Soil proved means. Vacationers and oth- around the roots should be higher ers frequenting recreation areas must than the ground line. be prevented from digging plants, The tool used for planting most creating fire hazards, and indiscrimi- stock is the D-handle tile spade, nately trampling and trailing.

34 Temporary Mechanical Aids

Where applicable, suitable aids fences can cause inundation of areas create the proper and stable confor- ment could not be used to do the include sand fences, brush matting, needing protection. mation of this dune. The fences were job. The correct distance between oil, and wire netting, bark mulch, Supports for the fences should be made of pickets 4 feet tall, 4 inches fences depends on the size of sand grass mats, rock gravel, clay, stone installed by using heavy duty steel wide, and three-fourths of an inch particles and the mean wind veloc- or concrete, and logs. posts 6 feet long, driven into the thick, it was essential to keep the top ity. When fences are spaced too far An important use of mechanical sand 8 feet apart. The end posts of the fence even so that the result- apart, two separate dune crests form. aids is to catch sand and shape should be anchored in three direc- ing dune would have an even crest. This is not desirable. When the dunes for future stabilization. tions. The fence wire should be Unevenness of topography causes fences are too close together, or a Sand fencing is perhaps the most firmly attached to each post at the wind agitation around the high single fence is used, the result is a common temporary stabilization top, middle, and bottom. spots, which is detrimental to the sharp crest that is difficult to estab- method. It has been used on the Pa- Picket-type fences were used to success of the structure. lish to vegetation. Proper spacing of cific coast to temporarily control build the foredune on the Clatsop In some cases, fences have been the fences results in the formation of large, windblown movements of Plains dune area. Two parallel lines used to raise roadbeds across soft, a broad-based dune with a single, sand from open dune areas or re- of fence, 30 feet apart, were used to wet, deflation plains where equip- gently rounded crest. cently disturbed areas. Sand fences have also been used to create foredunes or to fill beaches.

lllÉillillllMlllllllllllll««"""""''"""'"'"'"'""'""''''^^ '">i""mmm,„n, Sand fences can be used in two im- """'""'''«««««„'"'iiiiiin, '"I'liiii, portant ways: '"''"////; """//^ W///// 1. When located at right angles to the prevailing winds, they cause temporary deposition of sand.

2. When set at a tangent to the prevailing winds, they direct sand-laden wind and may, in some instances, result in a desired intensification of scouring. Fence material ranges from individual pickets 1 to 4 inches wide to a wire and lath snow fence. The fences are most effective when placed in two parallel rows about 30 feet apart. Proper positioning is critical, because improperly placed Sand fences are the most common temporary mechanical aids in a dune stabilization system.

35 Fences should be used with cau- brush may be staked down and fur- down at 10-foot intervals to be effec- extreme wind exposure, wire netting tion. In some cases, fences 4 feet ther secured by wire. tive. may be used to secure the straw. high, placed 30 feet apart across pre- Matting is successful only if com- In recent years, fir or hemlock Permanent grasses and legumes can vailing winds have filled in within 1 bined with a followup planting or a bark has been used for temporary be seeded directly into the straw week. The lee side of such a fence seeding of sand-stilling grasses or stabilization. Bark is expensive, but cover in the fall. will sometimes have 50 feet of slop- shrubs. In practice, it has been found it is much more tolerant of foot traf- Rock or gravel can be used to ing sand from accretion. Because of very difficult to obtain a uniform fic than rock and is attractive. It also prevent wind scouring, but in areas the rapid results achieved with stand of vegetation in this manner. prevents loss of moisture from the of heavy rainfall it is easily buried. It fences, it is recommended that they Spots not fully protected by the per- underlying sand. Bark is available in can, however, serve as a firebreak in be used only under the direction of manent species can be scoured by several sizes, ranging from coarse residential areas, as it will not ignite experienced advisors. the wind as the mat deteriorates. bark rock to finely ground mulch. from a carelessly thrown cigarette. Movable sand fences and brush Asphalt oil is used as a stabilizer Bark rock should be used in areas of Clay is used to bind the sand and barricades have been constructed for on cut slopes associated with high- strong wind exposure, and bark prevent wind erosion. This is costly some control projects. The movable way or railroad construction. It is mulch should be used in back or and likely to have a very temporary fences are similar to the old ''A" style strictly a temporary measure and is protected areas. beneficial effect. snow fence. Brush barricades can be easily destroyed by human or animal In using bark: Seawalls of stone or concrete can constructed by weaving brush into activity. Also, it is unsightly, costly, prevent sand from moving inland. If A. The entire area to be treated must wire and fastening them to posts at and can make it difficult to establish the source of the sand is extensive, be covered, particularly along the 10- to 1 2-foot intervals, or by dig- permanent plant cover. however, dunes big enough to inun- windward edge. Bare spots will ging a trench and burying the ends At The Dalles, in interior Oregon, date the seawall will soon develop. scour and may cause a complete of the brush to form a dense barri- attempts were made to stabilize a Beach logs can be used for stabili- blowout. cade with the upper tip leaning 100-acre active dune using oil. After zation. The weight of the logs pre- away from the prevailing wind. two attempts and several years' time B. The bark should be at least 5 feet vents natural slumping on slopes, Fences and brush barricades are lapse, the oil coating deteriorated from all wooden structures, as it can but if large voids exist between the only temporary sand-stilling mea- and the dune area doubled in size. It pose a significant fire hazard. logs, vegetation should be planted. sures. They may be used to check was later totally covered with an ex- the progress of sand only until it can pensive gravel blanket. Failure at C. Unperforated plastic sheeting be covered with the vegetation es- any portion of an oil-treated area should not be placed beneath bark, sential for permanent control. can result in rough, uneven terrain. for two reasons. First, bark is buoy- Brush matting has been an ac- This results in increased cost of ant and the heavy winter rains will cepted temporary measure since the followup stabilization. displace it. Second, bark will slide early days of dune stabilization. It Chicken wire netting is normally down a plastic sheet on a slope, es- stops sand blowing, serves as a tem- used to hold down either brush or pecially in the rain. porary check to further scouring, and straw matting on steep slopes. Wire A straw mat or ryegrass straw can acts as a mulch. can be used during the summer, be placed on the ground surface on The brush, which can be reject when vegetative planting efforts are a calm day with no wind. On large material from coastal greenery trade, not feasible. It is also an effective areas, the straw is punched into the is laid flat on the ground. A second method for obtaining immediate re- sand with a sheepfoot roller or large row is laid to partly overlap the first, lief from wind erosion. The wire farm disc. On cut banks, or areas of shinglewise. On steep banks, the must be laced together and staked

36 ze

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sauna pazjüqcjs jojt s}ue|(j| adeDspuei Marsh Habitats for Wet Interdune Areas

Description Barley and tetraploid ryegrass ger- minate and develop very rapidly fol- Deflation plains, created when lowing seeding. Tall fescue and the wind-blown beach sand supply trefoils are more persistent, will be- is cut off by foredune development gin to take over during the second and sand on the lee side is scoured year, and can provide a long-lasting down to the water table, usually cover. revegetate naturally in a relatively Where maximum waterfowl food short period to marsh plants. Com- is desired, deflation plains can be mon invaders include slough sedge, annually seeded to barley at 100 rushes. Pacific silverweed, and nu- pounds (2 bushels) per acre and fer- merous other forbs. However, since tilized with at least 60 pounds per deflation plains often are formed acre N-P-K, usually 15-15-15 or during the building of a foredune similar analysis. Barley is the pre- with beachgrasses, they usually are ferred cereal grain because of its greater tolerance to salty or brackish planted as well to suitable cover or improved waterfowl food. conditions. Increasingly, deflation plains or Deflation plain wetlands and estuaries are other coastal areas that are tidally in- extremely valuable for waterfowl and other fluenced are established to prime na- forms of wildlife. Their conservation and Species and Mixtures reclamation are high priorities in most coastal tive marsh habitat. Such plantings community plans. may be part of a mitigation of lost A standard seed mixture for defla- estuarine plant communities result- tion plains consists of a cereal grain ing from dredge spoil deposition, harbor development, or other activ- and common pasture species: ity. A generalized intertidal coastal marsh (Boss 1981) in the Pacific Northwest consists of three zones: Species Cultivar Pounds/Acre low marsh, high marsh, and transition (to upland) zones. Indicator plants for the low marsh are arrow Barley Locally adapted 100 (2 bushels) grass, pickleweed, and lyngby sedge. High marsh indicators include salt- Tetraploid ryegrass Locally adapted 5 wort, tufted hairgrass, and creeping spike rush. Transition zone species Tall fescue 'Alta,' 'Fawn' 20 include Pacific silverweed, redtop, and Baltic rush. Birdsfoot trefoil 'Kalo,' 'Cascade,' 4 Despite the large number of 'Viking,' 'Empire' marsh plants that are prevalent, only Creeping spike rush is another useful fresh a few species to date have been suc- water marsh species. It is easily established Big trefoil 'Marshfield' 2 cessfully established in revegetation and quickly forms a good cover.

38 projects. The following recommen- Sprigs are planted on 18-inch dations are based on testing by centers with rows offset and parallel Ternyik (1980) for sites along bays to the water's edge. Planting depth is and rivers that are tidaily influenced: 6 inches, but a hole is dug deep enough to prevent J rooting and Low Marsh: Lyngby sedge backfilled firmly to prevent floatouts. A planted sprig should be upright High Marsh: Slough sedge with the top 8 inches above ground. Tussock Planting occurs after tidal waters Sharp-fruited rush have been off the surface for 1 hour. Tufted hairgrass Temperatures during planting must Creeping spike rush be below 65 "F and above freezing. Machine planters are rarely used but All marsh plants are transplanted are feasible if care is exercised not to rather than seeded. The recom- destroy the benthic community. Slough sedge is one of several important mended species are dug from their wetland species that can be easily established natural habitat. Dug plants are sepa- in a marsh reclamation project. rated into 4 to 7 culm sprigs; tops are cut back to 8 inches and roots to 6 inches. Processed sprigs are stored in ventilated plastic containers placed in holes dug in the upper one-third of the tidal range. Plants should not be stored longer than 7 days. Dry roots or broken stems result in low survival, so plants in this condition should be rejected.

Hooker willow quickly invades deflation plains and is considered somewhat weedy by many. interest is building for creating artificial tidal However, its tough, pliable stems make it valuable for plantings along coastal streams, and it can mudflats that support eelgrass in mitigating withstand sand deposition. the loss of these environments elsewhere.

39 Cover for Dredge Spoils

ship channel dredging is an ongo- until permanent vegetation becomes Mixtures ing activity in major rivers emptying established. into the ocean along the Pacific Small dredge spoils may be Upland dredge spoil sites should be seeded to the following seed mixture: Northwest coast. Dredge spoils usu- planted entirely to beachgrass, but ally are placed on undredged por- larger areas usually are direct seeded tions of the river, often in estuarine to permanent grasses and legumes Species Cultivar Pounds/Acre zones, and can cover large areas. on a prepared seedbed, except for Left to revegetate naturally, wind the protective beachgrass strip Tall wheatgrass Targo' 20 erosion causes the coarse-textured around the edges. Creeping red fescue lllahee,' 'Rainier' 8 spoil to migrate from the site. Artifi- Pine lupine 'Hederma' 20 cial revegetation usually is necessary. Species If tall wheatgrass is unavailable, must be broadcast. If so, seeding tetraploid ryegrass may be substi- rates should be increased by 50 per- Approach Many of the same species used tuted at 10 pounds per acre. Creep- cent as the chance of failure is sub- for sand dune seedings can be used ing red fescue is readily available. stantially greater. If shaped properly, a dredge spoil for upland dredge spoil sites. Recent Hairy vetch, tree lupine, or perennial Seedings are best done in the late can be turned into marsh habitat, a tests have shown that tall wheatgrass pea may be substituted for pine lu- summer or fall, September 1 through stabilized upland site, or a mixture and sickle-keeled lupine are espe- pine in order of decreasing prefer- October 15, but are possible in the of the two. Marsh plants should be cially well suited for upland dredge ence. early spring, March 1 through April planted in intertidal zones as de- spoil seedings. Tall wheatgrass has Marsh creation recommendations 15. Fertilizer is essential at time of scribed in the previous section. excellent seedling vigor, and is tall, should be followed where dredge planting at a 40-80-80 N-P-K rate. If Upland sites are stabilized using robust, and salt tolerant, with good spoils are formed to support wetland the legumes establish successfully, the species and techniques for treat- wildlife cover value. habitats. Woody plants, if desired, followup fertilization may not be ing sand dunes described earlier Pine lupine also has excellent are those recommended previously necessary. Sites subject to severe with some modifications. Beach- seedling vigor, is robust, and pro- for dune plantings. blowing should be mulched with ce- grasses should be planted on areas vides large amounts of nitrogen to Seedings should be drilled when- real straw or, as a last resort, grass that are subject to severe blowing. the sterile dredge material. ever possible. However, barging hay which usually contains large For instance, dredge spoil islands on 'Hederma,' a recent cultivar, has seeding equipment to dredge spoil amounts of weed seed. Straw mulch the Columbia River often are planted performed very well on several islands may not be feasible and seed should be punched into the spoil to beachgrass along the windward, dredge spoil sites from Coos Bay, with suitable equipment. western edge toward the ocean, to Oregon, to Ocean Shores, Washing- trap sand blowing inland. ton. Because the ''beach'' along dredge spoil islands is usually degrading, wave action encroaches on the protective beachgrass strip. Therefore, the beachgrass strip should be wide enough and may need to be planted further inland

40 Case History: Warrenton Dune Control Project

The most complete and extensive that there has been very little perma- and other activities have significantly the coast on both sides of the mouth. dune control project along the west nent stabilization of the coastline in affected beach sand supply and To the south, a low-lying sand flat coast of the United States is the the past 6,000 years when the coast- dune formation. A combination of was formed one-half mile wide at Warrenton Dune Control Project on line reached its current level follow- these factors caused the formation of the jetty gradually narrowing and ex- the Clatsop Plains (Warrenton Dune ing the last ice age. Prior to settling extensive, active, moving dunes on tending down the beach several SWCD, 1970). In 1935, more than by humans, fire was a major cause the Clatsop Plains in 1935. miles. These jetties were one main 3,000 acres of active, moving sand of disturbance and contributed to the Prior to 1885, a 20-foot-deep ship source of sand that created the dunes in the northwest corner of cyclic pattern of dune formation and channel was maintained at the dunes and their movement that Clatsop County, Oregon, at the stabilization by vegetation. Shore mouth of the Columbia River reached critical levels in 1935. mouth of the Columbia River, were pine is a prominent species that has through the sand bars that formed as If beaches are formed gradually, threatening adjoining farmland, for- adapted through time to constant sand was carried down the river. Af- natural vegetation often keeps pace ests, lakes used for recreation, and coastal dune disturbance and stabili- ter 1885, jetties were constructed, helping to build littoral dunes that navigational channels. zation process. eventually extending 7 miles on the reduce dune activity inland. In the Beach erosion, aggradation, and Fire has been increasingly con- south and 3 miles on the north side case of the Clatsop Plains, the beach dune formation are nothing new or trolled since humans have inhabited of the river. By 1935, the river chan- by the jetty increased too rapidly for unique to the Pacific Northwest the coastline. However, logging, cul- nel had scoured to a depth of more vegetation to keep pace, although coastline. Hanson (1947) suggests tivation, grazing, jetty construction. than 45 feet, depositing sand along European beachgrass had been

On the left is a plank road that led to the Peter Iredale Shipwreck in 1937. On the right the same location 52 years after it was planted to beachgrass and shore pine (Clatsop County, Oregon).

41 naturalized in the area for 30 years. gained during this project provides As a result, there was a huge sand the basis for most recommendations supply for massive dune formation today. inland that threatened the estab- By 1 941, most of the 3,000 acres lished land uses along the coast. had been stabilized, at least initially. The other major cause of the sand In that year the Warrenton Dune Soil dune problem on the Clatsop Plains and Water Conservation District, a was overgrazing. Widespread graz- local unit of government, was ing by cattle, horses, and sheep in formed by area landowners to pro- the early 1 900's created trails in the vide for wise land use and develop- stabilized dune sand, causing blow- ment of the stabilized area. The outs. By 1935, an estimated 40 mil- district, with technical assistance lion cubic yards of sand had blown from the Soil Conservation Service, inland from the old foredune that ex- administered further planting tended from the mouth of the Co- projects and provided for mainte- lumbia River to Tillamook Head. nance of the planted dunes. Because The foredune was almost completely of the original severity of the dune destroyed. activity prior to 1935, the district es- in 1935, landowners and the tablished an ordinance to enforce Clatsop County government decided proper land use for the area. The or- to stabilize the 3,000 acres of active dinance remains in effect today. sand dunes and return the land to more productive use. The first work was accomplished by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Twenty- three miles of sand fences were installed and all open sand areas were planted to European beachgrass. The foredune was completely rees- tablished. In the less erosive areas behind the foredune, grasses and legumes were seeded into the beachgrass for permanent cover. Na- tive shore pine and scotch broom were extensively planted over the entire area. Essentially the same pro- cedures described previously in this publication were used to complete the project. In fact, the experience

42 Specifications

Specifications for Contracts Transportation and handling percent should be reflected in a cor- vides some general outputs for vari- Planting method responding reduction in payment to ous tasks. Fertilizer application Written specifications are devel- the contractor. Failures greater than Inspection and replanting 10 percent must be replanted by the Summary of Recommended oped for most of the larger stabiliza- Measurement and payment tion jobs and are required when contractor. Plant Material Landscape plantings governmental agencies are involved, Scope of work no matter the size. Specifications are Labor and Equipment Table 4 summarizes plant species Site preparation recommended in preceding chapters tailored to the specific job, but must Species, type, and quality of planting Requirements by ecological type, planting stock, contain certain elements. Following stock adaptation to dune area, availability, are the recommended specification Transportation and handling Hours of labor and equipment use planting rate, and season. Table 5 outlines for vegetative practices: Topsoil mixture and amendments vary with site conditions and density provides numbers of transplants Planting method of planting. FHowever, table 3 pro- Dunegrass planting for initial Mulch needed for various plant spacings. stabilization Irrigation Scope of work Inspection and replanting Site preparation including mechanical Measurement and payment Table 3.—Time requirements or work rates for three types of aids dune stabilization tasks Type, source, and quality of planting Marsh habitat planting stock Scope of work Type of work Spacing Rate Digging, stripping, and trimming method Site preparation Storage method Type, source, and quality of planting Transportation and handling stock Plant dunegrasses Planting method Digging and trimming method (or marsh plants) 12 inches 320 hr/acre Fertilizer application Storage method 136 hills/hr Inspection and replanting Transportation and handling 18 inches 128 hr/acre Measurement and payment Planting method 150 hills/hr Fertilizer application 24 inches 72 hr/acre Grass-legume seeding for perma- Inspection and replanting 150 hills/hr nent stabilization, including dredge Measurement and payment spoil or deflation plain seedings Seed grasses and 2.5 hr/acre (labor) Scope of work Contracting representatives re- legumes into dune- Seed quality sponsible for inspecting plantings grasses, or on Seed mixture should check no less than 5 percent Seeding method of the area treated. Except for very deflation plains or Fertilizer application large jobs, a much larger percentage dredge spoils, with 1.2 hr/acre (equipment) Inspection and reseeding of the area is usually inspected for a 6-foot drill. Measurement and payment compliance with the specifications. Plant woody seedling 100 plants/hr Generally, plantings can tolerate a transplants on 3 by 3 ft 49 hr/acre Woody planting for permanent 10-percent transplanting or stand stabilized dune area. 6 by 6 ft 12 hr/acre stabilization failure unless failure is concentrated 8 by 8 ft 7 hr/acre Scope of work in one or two locations within the Species, type, and quality of planting 12 by 12 ft 3 hr/acre stock planting. Failures between 5 and 10

43 Table 4.—Basic recommended plant material for dune stabilization

Planting Stock Adaptation Availability Planting Rate Planting Season

Species Type BR B&B Seed 1-0 2-0 Size FD MH OS SD DS

Grasses

European beachgrass IS x X 20" CA 18"x18" Nov. 15-Mar. 15

American beachgrass IS 20" CA 18"x18" Nov. 15-Mar. 15

American dunegrass IS x X 20" CA 18"x18" Nov. 1 5-Mar. 1 5

Creeping red fescue PC X X CA 12 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Seashore bluegrass PC X X FC 5 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Tall wheatgrass PC X X CA 20 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Tetraploid ryegrass PC X X CA 3 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Barley IS CA 100 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Tall fescue PC CA 10-20 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Legumes

Hairy vetch PC X X CA 20 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Perennial pea PC CA 20 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

^Abbreviations defined on page 47.

44 Table 4.—Basic recommended plant material for dune stabilization (Continued)

Planting Stock Adaptation Availability Planting Rate Planting Season

Species Type BR B&B Seed 1-0 2-0 Size FD MH OS SD DS

Purple beachpea PC X X FC 20 lb/acre Apr.-June

Seashore lupine PC X X FC 51 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Pine lupine PC X X CA 20 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Tree lupine PC X X FC 30 lb/acre Apr.-June

Birdsfoot trefoil PC X CA 41 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Big trefoil PC X CA 21 lb/acre Sept. or Apr.-June

Marsh

Creeping spike rush HM X 12" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

Lyngby sedge LM X 12" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

Sharp-fruited rush HM X 12" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

Slough sedge HM X 12" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

Tufted hairgrass HM X 12" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

Tussock HM X 14" FC 18"x18" Apr.-July

^Abbreviations defined on page 47.

45 Table 4.—Basic recommended plant material for dune stabilization (Continued)

Planting Stock Adaptation Availability Planting Rate Planting Season

Species Type BR B&B Seed 1-0 2-0 Size FD MH OS SD DS

Woody

Autunnn olive PC X X 2" (6') CA 6'x6' Dec.-Mar.

Kinnikinnick L gal(T) CA 3'x3' Dec.-Feb.

Coyote brush PC gal (2') CA 3'x3' Dec-Fcb.

Douglas spiraea L gal (5') CA 3'x3' Dec.-Mar.

Evergreen blackberry L gal CA 6'x6' Dec.-Feb.

Evergreen huckleberry L gal (5') CA 3'x3' Dec.-Feb.

Oregon crabapple PC gal (15') CA 6'x6' Dec.-Feb.

Red alder PC X 2" (60') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Feb.

Salal L gal (4') CA 3'x3' Dec.-Feb.

Hooker willow PC X 8" (10') FC 3'x3' Nov.-Apr.

Salmonberry L 2" (6') CA 6'x6' Dec.-Feb.

Scotch broom PC X 2" (6') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Mar.

Shore pine PC X 2" (50') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Feb.

Sitka spruce L X 2" (80') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Feb.

Pacific wax myrtle L gal (10') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Feb.

Western hemlock L X gal (80') CA 8'x8' Dec.-Feb.

* Abbreviations defined on page 47.

46 Abbreviations for Table 4 Table 5.^—Transplants needed with varied space requirements

B&B - balled and burlapped Transplant Type Spacing 1,000 sq.ft. 1 Acre 100 Acres BR - bare root stock CA - commercially available Beachgrass DS - open sandy dredge spoils 3 culms/hill 12"xl2" 3,004 130,680 13,068,000 FC - field collection 3 culms/hill 18"x 18" 1,335 58,080 5,808,000 FD - foredune or frontal areas 3 culms/hill 24" X 24" 751 32,670 3,267,000 HM - high marsh 3 culms/hill 30" X 30" 480 20,880 2,088,000 IS - colonizer-initial stabilizer 5 culms/hill 12"x 12" 5,006 217,800 21,780,000 1 -O - 1 -year-old seedling 2-0 - 2~year-old seedling Woody species L - landscape plant 1 transplant/hill 3' x3' 111 5,840 584,000 LM - low marsh 1 transplant/hill 6' x6' 28 1,210 121,000 MH - deflation plain, wet inter- 1 transplant/hill 8' x8' 16 680 68,000 dune, or marsh habitat 1 transplant/hill 12' X 12' 7 302 30,200 OS - open sand dunes including blowouts Note: A word of caution—always order 3 percent more to offset heavy planting. PC - permanent cover SD - stabilized dunes and spoils container size Size - height or container size

47 Literature Cited

Boss, T.R. 1981. Intertidal Salt Hafenrichter, A.L. 1967. Lassoing Peterson, C, K. Scherdegger, and Creation of Selected Coastal Marshes of Oregon. Oregon State the West's Rampaging Sand P.D. Komar. 1982. Sand Disposal Habitats: Proceedings of a Univ. Ext. Serv. Marine Advisory Dunes. 1967 Yearbook of Patterns in an Active Margin Workshop. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Program. SG 63. 7 pp. Agriculture, pp. 317-321. Estuary of the Northwestern U.S. Service, Washington, D.C. FWS/ OBSI-80/27. pp. 25-27. Brown, R.L. and A.L. Hafenrichter. Hansen, H.P. 1947. Postglacial as Indicated by Sand Composition, Texture and 1948. Factors Influencing the Forest Succession, Climate, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Production and Use of Beachgrass Chronology in the Pacific Bedforms. Marine Geology. 50: Portland District. 1974. Coastal pp. 77-96. and Dunegrass Clones for Erosion Northwest. Trans, of the Amer. Reconnaissance Study: Oregon Control: Effect of Date and Philosophical Soc. 27: 1-130. Reckendorf, F., D. Leach, R. Baum, and Washington. Battelle Pacific and J. Carlson. 1985. Stabilization Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Planting, Journal of the American Komar, P.D. 1976. Beach Processes Washington. 478 pp. Society of Agronomy, 40(6):512- and Sedimentation. Prentice-Hall, of Sand Dunes in Oregon. 521. Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Agricultural History. 59: pp. 260- U.S. Soil Conservation Service and Brow^n, R.L. and A.L. Hafenrichter. Jersey. 429 pp. 268. Oregon Coastal Conservation and Reckendorf, F., D. Leach, R. Baum, Development Commission. 1975. 1962. Stabilizing Sand Dunes on Komar, P.D. 1979. Physical Beaches and Dunes of the the Pacific Coast with Woody Processes and Geologic Hazards and J. Carlson. 1987. Stabilization Oregon Coast. U.S. Department Plants. U.S. Department of on the Oregon Coast. In Oregon of West Coast Sand Dunes. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Agriculture, Soil Conservation Coastal Zone Management Coastal Zone 87. WW Div/ASCE. Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 Service, Miscellaneous Association, Inc., Beaches and Seattle, Washington. 2: pp. 1 328- pp. Publication No. 892. 18 pp. Dunes Handbook for the Oregon 1342. Chesser, S.A. and C. Peterson. 1987. Coast, OCZMA, Newport, Ternyik, W.E. 1979a. Beach and Warrenton Dune SWCD. 1970. Littoral Cells of the Pacific Oregon. 72 pp. Dune Implementation Thirty-Five Years of Progress: 1935-1970. U.S. Department of Northwest Coast. Coastal Zone 87 McLaughlin, W.T. and R.L. Brown. Techniques: Site Investigation Agriculture, Soil Conservation Specialty Conference, New 1942. Controlling Coastal Sand Reports. Service, Portland, Oregon. 16 pp. Orleans, Louisiana. 2: pp. 1346- Dunes in the Pacific Northwest. Beaches and Dunes Handbook 1360. U.S. Department of Agriculture, for the Oregon Coast, OCZMA. Weideman, A.M., L.J. Dennis, and 27 pp. Cooper, W.S. 1958. Coastal Sand Washington, D.C. Circular No. F.H. Smith. 1 969. Plants of the Dunes of Oregon and 660. 46 pp. Ternyik, W.E. 1979b. Dune Oregon Coastal Dunes. Oregon Stabilization and Restoration State University Book Stores, Washington. Geologic Society of Munz, P.A. 1964. Shore Wildflowers Methods and Criteria. In Oregon Corvallis, Oregon. 117 pp. America - Memoir 72, New York, of California, Oregon, and N.Y. 169 pp. Washington. University of Coastal Zone Management Weideman, A.M. 1 984. The Ecology Association, Inc. Beaches and Crook, CS. 1979. A System of California Press, Berkeley, of Pacific Northwest Coastal Sand Dunes Handbook for the Oregon Classifying and Identifying California. 122 pp. Dunes: A Community Profile. Coast, OCZMA. 40 pp. FWS/OBS-84/04. 1 30 pp. Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Nelson, W.T. 1976. Geologic and Dunes. In Oregon Coastal Zone Engineering Geology Guidelines - Ternyik, W.E. 1980. Salt Marsh Creation in the Pacific Northwest: Management Association, Inc., City of San Jose. California Beach and Dunes Handbook for Geology, November, pp. 249- Criteria, Planting Techniques, and Costs in Rehabilitation and the Oregon Coasts, OCZMA, 251. Newport, Oregon. 91 pp.

48 Glossary

active dune A dune with little or no vegetal cover, and v^hich is prograding A coastal area which is increasing in shoreline area, subject to movement by the action of the wind. through the addition of sand or other sediment, at the expense of the area occupied by the sea. benthic A plant or animal living in or on the bottom of a body of water. retrograding A coastal area that is eroding. The shoreline opposite of a prograding shoreline. blowout A scoured out gap in vegetation caused by windblown sand; wind-blown sand buries and kills stable dune A dune that changes slowly over time. Stable dunes vegetal cover. have adequate vegetal cover and this protects against the blowing of a massive amount of sand off climax species In any given region there is a succession of plant the dune. species toward a type adapted to withstand even the extremes of local climate. Climax vegetation is subclimax species Species of plants that will be replaced by others in relatively stable. succession. clone Several attached culms. succession A sequence of vegetal changes whereby one type replaces another until a climax species or culm Single-jointed stem of a grass. group of species is reached. deflation plain A flat area of sand that is normally east of the volunteer species Native plant species whose seed invades natural or foredune and scoured by the wind down to the artificially stabilized areas of sand. summertime water table. wet interdune Areas of sand between dunes that are subject to foredune The dune closest to the high-tide line that extends seasonal flooding or periodic tidal area flooding, parallel to the beach. The foredune can be divided but not affected by the beach sand supply. into three sections: the frontal area (closest to water); the top surface; and the lee or reverse slope wind formed Plants that bend, over time, with the wind without (back side). suffering serious damage. heeling in A technique for storing plant stock in temporary wind tip Wind blows down vegetation or bends it to the plantings as in a nursery. point of destruction. inner or open dune area Open areas of actively blowing sand no longer receiving sand from ocean beaches. pioneer or colonizer The first few plants to establish themselves in an area.

49 Appendix í

Common and Scientific Plant Hairy vetch — Vicia villosa Roth Names Used ¡n This Sitka spruce — Picea sitchensis Perennial pea — Lathyrus latifolius [Bong.] Carr. Sand verbena — Abronia latifolia Publication Esch. Purple beach pea — Lathyrus Thimbleberry — Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Seashore tansy —Tanacetum japonicusWlWd. camphoratum Less. Recommended Plants Twinberry honeysuckle — Lonicera Seashore lupine — Lupinus littoralis Silver weed — Franseria chamissonis Dougl. involucrata [Rich.] Banks. Less. Grasses: Western hemlock — Tsuga Tree lupine — Lupinus arboreus American beachgrass —/\mA7?op/7/7a Sims. heterophylla [Raf] Satg. breviligulata Fern. Western redcedar — Thuja plicata American dunegrass — Leymus Woody Plants: Donn, mollis (Jún.) Pilger Autumn olive — Elaeagnus Barley — Hordeum vulgäre I, umbellata Thunb. Other Plants Usted European beachgrass — Ammophila Bearberry — Arctostaphylos uva-ursi arenaria [L.] Link. [L.] Spreng. Altai wildrye — Leymus augustus (Trin.) Pilger Seashore bluegrass ^ Poa Coyote brush — Baccharis pilularis macrantha Vasey Arrowgrass —- Triglochin maritimum I. Tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea Douglas-fir — Pseudotsuga Baltic rush —Juncus balticus Willd. Schreb. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco. Basin wildrye — Leymus cinéreas Tall wheatgrass— Thinopyrum Douglas spiraea or hardback — (Scribn. & Merr.) Love ponticum (Podp.) Barkw. & D.R. Spiraea douglasii Hook. Beach knotweed — Polygonum Dewey Evergreen blackberry — Rubus paronychia C«&S Tufted hairgrass — Deschampsia laciniatusWWld, Beach silver-top — Glehnia cespitosa [L.] Beauv. Evergreen huckleberry— Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. /e/ocarpa Math. Sedges/Rushes: Beach wildrye — Leymus arenarias Creeping spike rush — Eleocharis Hooker willow — Salix hookerana Barr. (L.) Höchst. palustris [L.] Roem. and Schult Big headed sedge — Carex Lyngby sedge — Carex lyngbyei Kinnikinnick — Arctostaphylos uva- ursi [L.] Spreng. macrocephala WiUd. Hornem. Creeping wildrye — Leymus Sharp-fruited rush ~ Juncus Oregon crabapple — Malus fusca [Raf.] Sehn. triticoides (Buck) Pilger acuminatus Mich X. Pacific wax myrtle — Myrica Dune moming glory — Convolvulus Slough sedge — Carex obnupta L.H. soldanella L. californica Cham. Bailey Giant wildrye — Leymus racemosus Red alder — AInus rubra Bong. Tussock — juncus effusus L. Corse — Ulex europaeus L. Salal — Gaultheria shallon Pursh. Pacific silverweed — Potentilla Legumes: Salmonberry — Rubus spectabilis Big trefoil — Lotus uliginosus Pursh. anserina, subsp. pacifica (T. Howell) Rousi Schkuhr. Scotch broom — Cytisus scoparius Birdsfoot trefoil — Lotus [L.J Link. Pickleweed — Salicornia virginica L Redtop — Agrostis alba L corniculatus L. Shore pine — Pinus contorta Loud Saltwort — Glaux marítima L. 50 Appendix II

Beaches and Dunes Site 3. Identified Hazardous Conditions 6. Landslide or slough b. Will any significant habitat be activity adversely affected by the Investigation Checklist a. Has any portion of the property development? been identified as being (Excerpted from Nelson 1976) n Yes □ No (Contact State fish and wildlife affected by any potential or department or county and city existing geological hazard? c. Are there records of these planning staffs for inventory Location: (Contact county or city planning hazards ever being present on data.) departments for information the site? 1. Local Zoning Regulations published by the State CH Yes □ No Does the proposed development department of agriculture, Soil CI] Yes □ No site plan conform to city or county Conservation Service, U.S. 6. Historical and Archaeological Sites zoning regulations regarding set- Geological Survey, U.S. Army 4. Existing Site Vegetation Are there any identified historical back lines and other code provi- Corps of Engineers, and other a. Does the vegetation on the site or archaeological sites within the sions? (Contact the city or county governrnent agencies.) adequately protect against soil area proposed for development? engineer for details.) erosion from wind and surface n Yes □ NO (Contact local planning office.) n Yes No water runoff? □ D Yes □ No b. Are any of the following □ Yes □ No 2. Comprehensive Plan Setback Line identified hazards present? 7. Flood Plain Elevation or Destination b. Does the condition of 1. Active foredune a. Does the elevation of the 100- a. Has a Coastal Construction vegetation constitute a possible year flood plain or storm tide Setback Line (CCSBL) been CH Yes □ No fire hazard or contributing exceed the existing ground adopted for this county or city? factor to slide potential? elevation at the site? (Contact (Ask the county or city 2. Water erosion (If answer is ''y^^,'' full details the Federal Insurance engineer.) and possible remedies will be Administration, city or county ö Yes □ No required.) planning departments for o Yes □ No n Yes □ No information on 100-year flood 3. Wave undercutting or plain. Site elevations can be b. Is the proposed site seaward of wave overtopping identified by local registered 5. Fish and Wildlife Habitat the CCSBL? surveyor.) CH Yes □ No a. Does the site contain any n Yes D No identified rare or endangered [H Yes □ No 4. Flooding species or unique habitat b. Will the lowest habitable floor c. If the proposed site is seaward (feeding, nesting, or resting)? of the proposed development be of the CCSBL, has application O Yes □ No CU Yes No raised above the top of the for a variance or exception □ 5. Wind erosion, scour highest predicted storm-wave been made to the planning cresting on the 100-year flood commission having jurisdiction? G Yes □ No or storm tide? CH Yes □ No CH Yes □ No

51 8. Condition of Adjoining and 9. Development Effects c. Has landform capability 7. Dune stabilization (protection Nearby Areas (density, slope failure, ground of other features) a. Will there be adverse offsite water, vegetation, etc.) been a effects as a result of this D Yes No Are any of the following natural consideration in preparing the D development? hazards present on adjoining or development proposal? 8. Other nearby properties that would pose n Yes [H No G Yes □ No a threat to this site? 10. Proposed Design a. Open dunes b. Identify possible problem type: d. Will there be social and a. Has a site map been submitted economic benefits from the 1. Increased wind exposure showing in detail exact location CH Yes CD No proposed development? □ Yes D No of proposed structures? b. Active foredunes ö Yes □ No CH Yes □ No 2. Open sand movement CH Yes □ No e. Identified benefits: CH Yes EH No b. Have detailed plans showing c. Storm runoff erosion 1. New jobs structure foundations been submitted? [H Yes □ No 3. Vegetative destruction [U Yes □ No im Yes m No G Yes □ No d. Wave undercutting or wave 2. Increased tax base c. Have detailed plans and overtopping 4. Increased water erosion CH Yes □ No specifications for the placement (storm runoff, driftwood □ Yes □ No of protective structures been removal, reduction of 3. Improved fish and wildlife submitted if need is indicated? foredune, etc.) e. Slide areas habitat CH Yes □ No D Yes DNO □ Yes □ No D Yes D No d. Has a plan for interim 5. Increased slide potential f. Combustible vegetative cover 4. Public access stabilization, permanent (Contact county and city CH Yes D No m Yes □ No revegetation, and vegetation planning staffs for local hazard maintenance been submitted? information.) 6. Effect on aquifer 5. Housing needs n Yes CIl No D Yes D No n Yes □ No D Yes D No

6. Recreation potential im Yes CU No

52 e. Is the area currently being used b. Have you identified any by the following? possible conflicts between the proposed development and the 1. Off-road vehicles goals or acknowledged CH Yes □ No comprehensive plan? (If so, list them and contact local planning 2. Motorcycles staff for possible resolution.) Q Yes □ No CU Yes □ No

3. Horses c. Have all Federal and State agency requirements for DYes D No consistency been met? (Contact local planning office.) f. Has a plan been developed to control or prohibit the use of G Yes □ No off-road vehicles, motorcycles, and horses? d. Has applicant or investigator determined that the D Yes D No development proposal is compatible with the LCDC 11. Oregon Land Conservation and beaches and dunes goal and Development Commission (LCDC) other appropriate statewide land Coastal Goal Requirements use planning laws? a. Have you read the LCDC goals G Yes □ No affecting the site? (Contact LCDC city or county office for copies of goals.) □ Yes D No