DOING BUSINESS in EUROPE by Globalaw Limited MAP Doing Business in Europe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

DOING BUSINESS in EUROPE by Globalaw Limited MAP Doing Business in Europe DOING BUSINESS IN EUROPE By Globalaw Limited www.globalaw.net MAP Doing Business in Europe 12 17 23 29 24 15 6 13 17 33 19 9 20 2 18 5 26 8 1 30 16 11 27 22 25 21 3 28 14 32 10 31 4 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Doing Business in Europe Map ......................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................. 3 Introduction & Contact ......................................................................... 4 Country Guides 1. Austria ............................................................................................... 5 2. Belgium ............................................................................................. 8 3. Bulgaria ............................................................................................. 14 4. Cyprus ............................................................................................... 19 5. Czech Republic ................................................................................. 23 6. Denmark ............................................................................................ 26 7. Finland .............................................................................................. 29 8. France ............................................................................................... 33 9. Germany ........................................................................................... 37 10. Gibraltar ............................................................................................ 52 11. Hungary ............................................................................................ 45 12. Iceland .............................................................................................. 50 13. Ireland ............................................................................................... 52 14. Italy ................................................................................................... 57 15. Latvia ................................................................................................ 60 16. Liechtenstein .................................................................................... 65 17. Lithuania ............................................................................................ 66 18. Luxembourg ...................................................................................... 73 19. Netherlands ...................................................................................... 78 20. Poland ............................................................................................... 83 21. Portugal ............................................................................................. 88 22. Romania ............................................................................................ 92 23. Russian Federation ............................................................................ 96 24. Scotland ............................................................................................ 100 25. Serbia ................................................................................................ 102 26. Slovakia ............................................................................................. 106 27. Slovenia ............................................................................................. 109 28. Spain ................................................................................................. 114 29. Sweden ............................................................................................. 118 30. Switzerland ........................................................................................ 122 31. Tunisia ............................................................................................... 127 32. Turkey ................................................................................................ 130 33. United Kingdom ............................................................................... 134 *As Greek legislation is currently subject to massive amendments in many aspects (e.g. tax legislation, labour legislation, etc.), due to the well known financial situation, please contact the local firm in Greece directly for guidelines and advice on doing business in their country. 3 INTRODUCTION Doing Business in Europe Globalaw Limited Dear Friends and Colleagues, Boulevard du Souverain, 280 As the President of Globalaw Limited, a network of more than 100 law firms serving B-1160 Brussels, Belgium key market jurisdictions around the world, it is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to the Doing Business in Europe Guide written and produced by member firms representing global regions which serves as an immediate resource to provide Tel: +32 2 645 2676 valuable and critical information about legal requirements to operate in their respective countries. Fax: +32 2 645 2671 Thus far, Globalaw has produced Doing Business Guides in Asia Pacific, Europe and [email protected] Latin America. These Guides represent the individual and collaborative expertise of www.globalaw.net the law firms contributing to these publications, further demonstrating the regional strength of the attorneys who comprise the Globalaw network. In fact, the total population of the lawyers within Globalaw exceeds 4,500 practitioners who bring and Information for each country offer a universe of practice areas to these key markets. may change over time. Please contact the primary contact at The Guides serve not only to demonstrate this expertise but also to provide an the respective Globalaw firm to immediate roadmap to learn more about doing business fundamentals in a concise, confirm that country's information. informative and “desktop” format for your ready reference. Contact details for each firm and In addition to the contributing firms, I would also like to acknowledge the folks at MCI primary contact are located at for their time and efforts to making this Guide a reality. www.globalaw.net. If you would like to learn more about the global resources of Globalaw, please visit our website at globalaw.net Best regards, Bryan C. Birkeland Globalaw President 4 AUSTRIA • Located in the heart of Europe with an area of 83.855 km² and a population of about 8.5 million people. • Austria is a federal parliamentary republic and member state of the European Union. • Official languages are German (prevalent) and regional – Croatian, Slovenian and Hungarian. • Currency: Euro (€). • Race/religion: Multicultural; prevalent: Roman Catholic. • Investment growth areas include, research and development, tourism, environmental technology, industry and agriculture. Due to its strategic location, excellent infrastructure, high quality of life and historic relations Austria is used as headquarters of many companies in the CEE region. BUSINESS PRESENCE • Some types of business activities require specific licenses and permits (banking, gambling, attorneys, medical services, • There are several types of corporate forms available in Austria. auditing, architects, etc.). Main types are: limited liability companies ("GmbH"); stock corporations ("AG"); open partnerships ("OG"); limited partnerships ("KG"); sole proprietorships ("eU"); and registered EXCHANGE CONTROL branches of foreign companies. According to the case law of • Austria is a member of the eurozone; therefore EU the European Court of Justice, corporate forms of other EU policies applies. member states may also be used in Austria. • To fight money laundering and the financing of terrorism, • Registration to the firm register is required; the firm register travelers entering or leaving the EU and carrying €10,000 is administrated by civil courts. or more in cash (or its equivalent in other currencies or easily • For some corporate forms certain formal requirements apply convertible assets, such as cheques drawn on a third party) have (for instance: notarial deed for LLCs). to make a declaration to the customs authorities. • Minimum stated capital of an LLC is €35,000 (reduction • Money laundering rules might require banks (but also other possible) and €70,000 for professionals) to report suspicious transactions. a stock corporation. • Some types of businesses are reserved to certain corporate TAXATION forms (for instance banking). Corporate Tax • Incorporations seated in Austria are subject to corporate tax. FOREIGN INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS AND CONDITIONS • Incorporations having neither its seat nor its management in Austria are subject to non-resident corporate tax with respect to Restrictions in Real Property Acquisitions income in Austria. • Real property acquisitions by foreigners are subject to approval • Austria’s corporate tax rate is 25%. (except EU and EEA citizens). The requirements depend on local regulations. Individual Income Tax • Individuals residing in Austria are subject to resident tax. Restrictions in Equity Participation • Generally, there are no restrictions for foreigners in owning • Non-residents tax (their income in Austria) are subject to a non- equity in Austrian companies. resident tax. Approvals and Licensing • Austria's individual income tax rates are progressive at 0%–50% (four tax bands). • Most types of business activities require a trade license, which can be obtained from local authorities. Fees for trade Capital Gains Tax licenses are moderate. Some business activities require proof • Domestic capital income is
Recommended publications
  • Denmark Country Profile 2021
    Denmark Country Profile EU Tax Centre June 2021 Key tax factors for efficient cross-border business and investment involving Denmark EU Member Yes. State Double Tax With the following countries, territories and jurisdictions: Treaties Argentina Cyprus Israel Montenegro(a) Switzerland Armenia Czech Rep. Italy Morocco Taiwan Australia Egypt Jamaica Netherlands Tanzania Austria Estonia Japan New Zealand Thailand Azerbaijan Faroe Islands Jersey Norway Trinidad & Bangladesh Finland Jordan SAR Pakistan Tobago Belarus Georgia Kenya Philippines Tunisia Belgium Germany Rep. of Korea Poland Turkey Bermuda Ghana Kuwait Portugal Uganda Brazil Greece Latvia Romania UK British Virgin Greenland Lebanon SAR Russia Ukraine Islands Guernsey Lithuania Serbia US Bulgaria Hong Kong SAR Luxembourg Singapore Venezuela Canada Hungary Macedonia Slovakia Vietnam Cayman Iceland Malaysia Slovenia Zambia Islands India Malta South Africa Chile Indonesia Mexico Sri Lanka China Ireland Sweden Croatia Isle of Man Note: (a) Treaty signed with former Yugoslavia applies. Most important Public Limited Company or Stock Corporation (Aktieselskab - A/S), Private forms of doing Limited Company (Anpartsselskab - ApS). business Legal entity A/S: DKK 400,000. capital ApS: DKK 40,000. requirements © 2021 Copyright owned by one or more of the KPMG International entities. KPMG International entities provide no services to clients. All rights reserved. 1 Residence and A company is resident if it has been incorporated in Denmark or if the place of tax system effective management is in Denmark. A modified territorial income condition applies for resident companies. Generally speaking, income from permanent establishments (PEs) and foreign property is not included in a company's taxable income. However, the worldwide tax liability applies: if a group has opted for international joint taxation (see below); if there is a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) tax liability (see below).
    [Show full text]
  • Step-By-Step Guide to Opening a Business in Denmark
    MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF DENMARK Invest in Denmark 2019 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO OPENING A BUSINESS IN DENMARK www.investindk.com STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO OPENING A BUSINESS IN DENMARK Setting up or expanding your business is easy in Denmark. Just follow this step- by-step guide to an efficient start to your business operations. If you need further assistance, Invest in Denmark is ready to support you. Our one-stop service is free and confidential. Get in touch if you need help with get- ting started. We can also introduce you to our service provider network, which can assist with specific requirements. For a more detailed de- scription of legal entities, please go to ‘How to set up a business in Den- mark’, which is available at investindk.com and download our fact sheet. 2 | Denmark – best for business based on trust STEP 1 Choose which type of legal entity is the best fit for your goals and activities in Denmark. There are several types of company structure in Denmark. We recom- mend that foreign companies set themselves up as an Anpartsselskab (APS), which is a private limited liability company. This will give you the best protection. Denmark – best for business based on trust | 3 STEP 2 Register your company Every company in Denmark must be registered online with the Danish Business A company must be Authority (DBA). This will provide your company with a CVR number (Central registered with the Company Register Number), which is always used when communicating with public authorities. It costs approximately EUR 100 to register your company at DBA within 14 days indberet.virk.dk of the memorandum of association being A company must be registered with the DBA within 14 days of the memoran- signed.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEXES 1 to 2
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 25.10.2016 COM(2016) 683 final ANNEXES 1 to 2 ANNEXES to the Proposal for a Council Directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) {SWD(2016) 341 final} {SWD(2016) 342 final} EN EN ANNEX I (a) The European company or Societas Europaea (SE), as established in Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 1 and Council Directive 2001/86/EC 2; (b) The European Cooperative Society (SCE), as established in Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 3 and Council Directive 2003/72/EC 4; (c) companies under Belgian law known as “naamloze vennootschap"/“société anonyme”, “commanditaire vennootschap op aandelen”/“société en commandite par actions”, “besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid”/“société privée à responsabilité limitée”, “coöperatieve vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid”/“société coopérative à responsabilité limitée”, “coöperatieve vennootschap met onbeperkte aansprakelijkheid”/“société coopérative à responsabilité illimitée”, “vennootschap onder firma”/“société en nom collectif”, “gewone commanditaire vennootschap”/“société en commandite simple”, public undertakings which have adopted one of the abovementioned legal forms, and other companies constituted under Belgian law subject to the Belgian Corporate Tax; (d) companies under Bulgarian law known as: “събирателното дружество”, “командитното дружество”, “дружеството с ограничена отговорност”, “акционерното дружество”, “командитното дружество с акции”, “кооперации”,“кооперативни съюзи”, “държавни предприятия” constituted under Bulgarian
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Danish Company Law 1
    Dipartimento di Scienze giuridiche CERADI – Centro di ricerca per il diritto d’impresa Principles of danish company law 1 Maria Gabriella Cucca Febbraio 2013 © Luiss Guido Carli. La riproduzione è autorizzata con indicazione della fonte o come altrimenti specificato. Qualora sia richiesta un’autorizzazione preliminare per la riproduzione o l’impiego di informazioni testuali e multimediali, tale autorizzazione annulla e sostituisce quella generale di cui sopra, indicando esplicitamente ogni altra restrizione 1 Il presente elaborato costituisce un abstract della Tesi di Laurea discussa alla fine del corso di studi in Giurisprudenza, presso la Luiss Guido Carli, in data del 9 ottobre 2012. In aggiunta, le modifiche inerenti le novità legislative recentemente intercorse. Index: - 1. Sources. - 2. The Companies Act. - 3. Public and private companies. - 3.1 Incorporation. - 3.2 Articles of association. - 3.3 Memorandum of association. - 3.4 Share capital. - 3.5 Shares. - 3.6 General meeting. - 3.7 Distribution of dividends. - 4. Governance structure. - 4.1 Traditional model. 4.2 Alternative governance models. - 4.3 Employees representation. - 5. Foundation ownership. 1. Sources Danish company law is a complex system composed by rules of legislative nature and, above all in the last decade, soft law derivation. The most important sources of legislative order are the Companies Act (Selskabsloven), where is defined the company structure and are stated the fundamental principles of corporate law, the Securities Trading Act (Værdipapirhandelsloven ) that contains the most of the capital markets regulation and the Financial Statement Act ( Årsregnskabsloven) regarding the accounting regulation . In addition, it has to be mentioned the Act on Business Enterprises, regulating the different types of partnership, and the Act on Commercial Foundations (Fondsloven) concerning the particular phenomenon of industrial foundations.
    [Show full text]
  • Step-By-Step Guide to Opening a Business in Denmark Thank You for Choosing Denmark
    Step-by-Step Guide to Opening a Business in Denmark Thank you for choosing Denmark Invest in Denmark provides a free and confidential one-stop-shop service to foreign companies looking to set up or expand in Denmark. The following is our guide to opening a business in Denmark, with links that are updated with the latest information. We are happy to walk you through it as well as introduce you to our Service Provider Network that can further assist you. Step 1 Step 2 For a more detailed Choose which type of legal entity fits Register your company your goals and activities in Denmark Every company in Denmark must be description of the There are several types of company registered with a CVR number (Central different types of legal structures in Denmark. We recommend Company Register Number) in the that foreign companies use an Danish Business Authority’s (DBA) online forms please refer to: “Anpartsselskab” (ApS – meaning a private registration system (indberet.virk.dk). The investindk.com/ limited liability company), which is akin CVR number is always used when establishingabusiness to a limited liability company in the communicating with public authorities. United States, as this provides you with It costs DKK 670 to register your the most protection. company online. Summer 2017 www.investindk.com STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO OPENING A BUSINESS IN DENMARK A company should be registered officially Ι áéëîÝêàñéÝêàÝîðåßèáïëâ with the DBA within 14 days after the association of the company memorandum of association has been Ι ìáßåâåßàáïßîåìðåëêëâðäáëóêáîïäåì signed. structure of the parent organization and copies of passports of all ultimate To register your company, the DBA personal owners with more than 25% requires you to have a “NemID”, an ownership individual’s digital signature to access public and private services on the internet Step 3 in Denmark (nemid.nu).
    [Show full text]
  • Setting up in Denmark
    Setting up in Denmark 5. Forms of business enterprise Business operations in Denmark may be conducted under the fol- lowing legal forms: public limited company (aktieselskab) branch office (filial) private limited company (anpartsselskab) partnership (interessentskab) limited partnership (kommanditselskab) limited partnership company (kommandit-aktieselskab) co-operative society (andelsselskab) sole proprietorship or one-man firm (enkeltmandsfirma) commercial foundation (erhvervsdrivende fond) European companies European public limited-liability compa- nies, European Economic Interest Groupings and European Co- operative Societies (SE companies, EØFG and SCE) As foreign investors most often set up a public limited company or a branch office, these forms of business are explained in some detail. All public limited companies, private limited companies, limited partnership companies, commercial foundations, sole proprie- torships, partnerships, limited partnerships, co-operatives, cor- DANSKE BANK SETTING UP IN DENMARK 19 MARCH 2007 porate funds, the various types of European companies, branch offices of foreign corporations and other limited liability busi- nesses and societies must register with the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency. The registration is published in the Reg- istration Gazette on the Danish Commerce and Companies Agencys Web site. 5.1 Public limited company (aktieselskab) The Danish Public Companies Act reflects Scandinavian efforts to harmonise legislation with EU rules governing public limited com- panies and the right of establishment. DANSKE BANK SETTING UP IN DENMARK 20 MARCH 2007 5.1.1 Formation procedure The following procedure is mandatory: 1. The promoters must draw up and sign a memorandum of asso- ciation which must contain a draft of the articles of association, the price at which shares are offered for subscription, the period within which the first general meeting is to be held, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cooperative Movement Or the Cooperative Community - Are These Possible Solutions for the Rural Communities of Denmark?
    The Cooperative Movement or The Cooperative Community - are these possible solutions for the rural communities of Denmark? Master Thesis project by Rasmus Koudal Frostholm Aalborg University Geography Masters Spring Semester 2019 Abstract This report investigates the experiment of 1974- 1976 called “Krejbjergplanen”. This experiment, led by philosopher Poul Bjerre, sought to try new forms of living in, and organizing a community. The experiment was based on his theories on society and his human-ecological value philosophy presented in his authorship. Knowledge about his theories was found in the books he wrote and information about the project was found through his own writings, articles and interviews with his widow Tove Bjerre, and the symbol for opposition towards the experiment, former Chairman of Krejbjerg Borgerforening Ivan Andersen. The report also seeks to compare his visions to present day actuality. The ideas of the cooperative movement 2.0 is investigated, analyzed and compared to the cooperative community of Krejbjergplanen. The methods used to investigate these aspects were interview, literature review, document analysis and scenario building. The report concludes, that the experiment of Krejbjerg failed, because it lacked the support from the local community, and that the cooperative movement 2.0 shares ideals with the cooperative community of Krejbjergplanen. It further concludes that the time might be right for new experiments in how people live in organized communities in Denmark. 2 Abstract Title: The Cooperative Movement or The Cooperative Community - Are these possible solutions for the rural communities This report investigates the experiment of of Denmark? 1974- 1976 called “Krejbjergplanen”. This experiment, led by philosopher Poul Bjerre, Theme: Master Thesis sought to try new forms of living in, and Study: Master In Geography organizing a community.
    [Show full text]
  • Lijst Gekwalificeerde Buitenlandse Samenwerkingsverbanden
    Taal: Nederlands Lijst Gekwalificeerde buitenlandse samenwerkings­ verbanden vraag a Juridisch eigendom vraag B Beperkte aansprakelijkheid vraag C Aandelen vraag D Toestemmingsvereiste Land (en staat) Naam samenwerkingsverband Afkorting A B C D Conclusie Argentinië Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada SRL ja ja ja ja niet-transparant Aruba Arubaanse Vrijgestelde Vennootschap AVV ja ja ja ja niet-transparant Australië Partnership nee nee nee ja transparant Australië Proprietary Company Limited by Shares Pty.Ltd. ja ja ja ja niet-transparant Azerbeidzjan M∂hdud M∂suliyy∂tli C∂miyy∂t MMC ja ja ja - niet-transparant Bahrein Single Person Company SPC ja ja ja - niet-transparant België Besloten Vennootschap met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid BVBA/SPRL ja ja ja ja niet-transparant België Burgerlijke Maatschap zonder Rechtspersoonlijkheid nee nee nee ja transparant België Burgerlijke Vennootschap zonder Rechtspersoonlijkheid nee nee nee ja transparant België Commanditaire Vennootschap Comm.V/SCS ja nee nee - CV-achtige België Commanditaire Vennootschap op Aandelen Comm.VA/SCA ja nee ja - niet-transparant België Coöperatieve Vennootschap met Beperkte CVBA/SCRL ja ja ja ja niet-transparant Aansprakelijkheid België Coöperatieve Vennootschap met Onbeperkte CVOA/SCRI ja nee ja ja niet-transparant Aansprakelijkheid België Landbouwvennootschap LV ja nee ja nee niet-transparant België Naamloze Vennootschap NV/SA ja ja ja - niet-transparant België Vennootschap onder Firma VOF/SNC ja nee nee - transparant Belize Society Anonyme/Sociedad Anonima SA ja ja ja ja niet-transparant Bermuda Limited Partnership LP ja nee nee - CV-achtige Brazilië Limitada Ltda ja ja ja - niet-transparant Brazilië Sociedade em Nome Coletivo SNC ja nee nee - transparant Britse Maagdeneilanden Company Limited by Shares Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Anpartsselskaber Efter Loven Af 1996, 1998
    Anpartsselskaber efter loven af 1996 Søren Friis Hansen Anpartsselskaber efter loven af 1996 Søren Friis Hansen Anpartsselskaber, efter loven af 1996 1. udgave /1. oplag © GadJura, Thomson Information A/S (ITID A/S), København 1998 ISBN 87-607-0484-5 Omslag: Kjeld Brandt Grafisk Tegnestue, København Grafisk tilrettelæggelse: Axel Surland Tryk: AKA-PRINT A/S Mekanisk, fotografisk eller anden gengivelse af denne bog eller dele af den er ikke tilladt ifølge gældende dansk lov om ophavsret. Alle rettigheder forbeholdes. Indholdsfortegnelse Hovedtræk Forord . 13 Kapitel 1. Anpartsselskabets placering i det selskabsretlige univers . 15 Kapitel 2. Stiftelse af anpartsselskaber . 45 Kapitel 3. Ledelse af anpartsselskaber . 57 Kapitel 4. Kreditorbeskyttelse. 81 Kapitel 5. Anpartshavernes rettigheder . 105 Kapitel 6. Erstatningsansvar . 135 Kapitel 7. Fusion, omdannelse og spaltning . 145 Kapitel 8. Anpartsselskabers ophør, likvidation og konkurs. 153 Kapitel 9. Koncernret . 163 Forkortelser . 187 Domsregister . 188 Stikordsregister . 189 Indholdsfortegnelse Detaljeret Kapitel 1. Anpartsselskabets placering i det selskabsretlige univers . 15 1.1. Formålet med fremstillingen . 15 1.1.1 En selvstændig fremstilling af anpartsselskabsretten . 15 1.1.2 De væsentligste ændringer af anpartsselskabsretten. 16 1.2 Definition af et anpartsselskab . 17 1.2.1 Anpartsselskabet er et kapitalselskab . 17 1.2.2 Anpartskapitalen . 18 1.2.3 Begrænset hæftelse for selskabets gæld . 20 1.2.4 Afgrænsning over for andre selskabsformer. 21 1.2.5 Valg af selskabsform . 22 1.3 Anpartsselskabet i historisk og europæisk perspektiv . 24 1.3.1 Anpartsselskabets oprindelse i Tyskland . 24 1.3.2 Anpartsselskabet eksporteres til andre lande . 25 1.3.3 Anpartsselskabet i dansk ret . 26 1.3.4 Die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung i tysk ret.
    [Show full text]
  • Directive (Eu) 2017/ 1132 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    L 169/46 EN Official Journal of the European Union 30.6.2017 DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVE (EU) 2017/1132 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 June 2017 relating to certain aspects of company law (codification) (Text with EEA relevance) TITLE I GENERAL PROVISIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES 55 Chapter I Subject matter ................................................................................................................ 55 Chapter II Incorporation and nulity of the company and validity of its obligations ....................................... 56 Section 1 Incorporation of the public liability company ........................................................................ 56 Section 2 Nullity of the limited liability company and validity of its obligations .......................................... 57 Chapter III Disclosure and interconnection of central, commercial and companies registers ............................. 59 Section 1 General provisions ........................................................................................................... 59 Section 2 Disclosure rules applicable to branches of companies from other Member States ........................... 66 Section 3 Disclosure rules applicable to branches of companies from third countries ................................... 68 Section 4 Application and implementing arrangements ......................................................................... 69 Chapter IV Capital maintenance and alteration .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kommanditselskab Eller Partnerselskab
    Copenhagen Business School - 2013 Cand.merc.aud Kandidatafhandling Kommanditselskab eller Partnerselskab Forfatter: Erling Kyed Cpr-nr. ******-**** ______________________ Vejleder: Professor Søren Friis Hansen Afleveret: 05-12-2013 Anslag: 129.857 Sider: 77 Censor:_________________________ 1 Forfattererklæring 2 Indhold Forfattererklæring ................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Resume ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2. Problemformulering ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Overordnet formål ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Synsvinkel ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. Målgruppe ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.4. Det valgte emne ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.5 Præcisering af problemformuleringen ....................................................................................... 9 2.6. Afgrænsninger ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parent Subsidiary Directive
    13.1.2004 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 7/41 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2003/123/EC of 22 December 2003 amending Directive 90/435/EEC on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, (5) On 8 October 2001 the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 on the Statute for a European Company (SE) (4) and Directive 2001/86/EC supple- menting the Statute for a European company with Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com- regard to the involvement of employees (5). Similarly, on munity, and in particular Article 94 thereof, 22 July 2003 the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE) (6) and Directive 2003/72/EC supple- Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, menting the Statute for a European Cooperative Society with regard to the involvement of employees (7). Since the SE is a public limited-liability company and since the 1 SCE is a cooperative society, both similar in nature to Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament ( ), other forms of company already covered by Directive 90/435/EEC, the SE and the SCE should be added to the list set out in the Annex to Directive 90/435/EEC. Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (2), (6) The new entities to be included in the list are corporate taxpayers in their Member State of residence but some Whereas: are considered on the basis of their legal characteristics to be transparent for tax purposes by other Member States.
    [Show full text]