"Takio' it to the streets"

Edited by ALEXANDER BLOOM WINl BREINES

New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995 CONTENTS

"PAST AS PROLOGUE": THE 1950s AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE 1960s, 3

1. "KEEP ON WALKIN', KEEP ON TALKIN' ": CIVIL RIGHTS 1965, 17 "The Jackson Sit-In," Anne Moody, 19 SNCC: Founding Statement, 24 "The Freedom Rides," James Farmer, 25 "Wake Up America," John Lewis, 31 Letters from Mississippi, 34 Testimony Before the Democratic National Convention, Fannie Lou Hamer and Rita Schwerner, 39

WOMEN IN THE MOVEMENT SNCC Position Paper: Women in the Movement, 45 "Sex and Caste: AKind of Memo," Casey Hayden and Mary King, 47 Selma, Sheyann Webb, 52 x CONTENTS 2. "MY GENERATION": THE STUDENT MOVEMENT AND THE NEW LEFT, 59

BEGINNINGS "The Port Huron Statement," 61 "Letter to the New Left," C. Wright Mills, 75 "Raising the Question of Who Decides," Casey Hayden, 82 "How to Help the Ones at the Bottom," Jean Smith, 86

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING "The Politics of the 'Movement'," Tom Hayden, 91 "Cleveland: Conference of the Poor," Connie Brown, 96

THE FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT

The Wedding Within the War, Michael Rossman, 101 "An End to History," Mario Savio, 111 Free Speech Movement Leaflets "To the Students of Political Science 113," 116 "Do Not Fold, Bend, Mutilate or Spindle," 117 "Catch-801," Marvin Garson, 118 "Freedom Is a Big Deal," Barbara Garson, 120 "Memories of FSM," Bettina Aptheker, 121

NEW LEFT THINKING AT MID-DECADE "In White America: Radical Consciousness and Social Change," Gregory Calvert, 126 "Student Power: A Radical View," Carl Davidson, 131 CONTENTS xi 3. "SAY IT LOUD, SAY IT PROUD": BLACK NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONSCIOUSNESSS, 135

BLACK NATIONAUSM AND BLACK PRIDE "The Ballot or the Bullet," Malcolm X, 138 The Watts Riots "Violence in the City—An End or a Beginning?," The McCone Commission Report on Watts, and Watts: The Aftermath, Paul Bullock, 142 "The Basis of Black Power," SNCC, 152 "Black Art and Black Liberation," Larry Neal, 159 The Black Panthers The Black Panther Platform: "What We Want, What We Believe," 164 Police and the Panthers, 167 The Death of Martin Luther King, Jr. "Requiem for Nonviolence," Eldridge Cleaver, 170 "The Revolt of the Black Athlete," Harry Edwards, 173

LATINOS "Chicano Manifesto," Armando B. Rendon, 177 "El Plan de Aztlan," 181 First National Chicana Conference, 184 Cesar Chdvez and the Farm Workers' Movement "The Tale of the Raza," Luis Valdez, 186

ASIAN-AMERICANS "The Emergence of Yellow Power," Amy Uyematsu, 190 "I Forgot My Eyes Were Black," Jan Masaoka, 193 xii CONTENTS

AMERICAN INDIANS National Indian Youth Council, 196 "Watts and Little Big Horn," 199

4. "HEY, HEY, LBJ?": VIETNAM AND THE ANTIWAR MOVEMENT, 203

UNDERSTANDING THE WAR "This Isn't Munich, It's Spain," Bernard B. Fall, 206 "The University on the Make," Stanley K. Scheinbaum, 211

THE ANTIWAR MOVEMENT "The Incredible War," Paul Potter, 214 "Trapped in a System," Carl Oglesby, 220 SDS Call for a March on Washington, 226 SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam, 227 "Declaration of Independence from the War in Vietnam," Martin Luther King, Jr., 230 "Berrigan at Cornell," , 236

RESISTANCE AND ANTIDRAFT ACTIVITY "Channeling," 240 "We Refuse to Serve," The Resistance, 242 "Vietnam and the Draft," 244 "A Time to Say No," Michael Ferber, 245 Antidraft Actizrity "Draft Board Raids Up," 248 "An Open Letter to the Corporations of America," 251 "Beaver 55 Strikes Again," 252 CONTENTS In The War "Army Times," 253 "The Fort Hood Three," 255 Antiwar Activity Within the Military "The Pentagon Is Rising," 257 "ALotofGIs," 258 "A.W.O.L.," 258 "Oleo Strut Is Recruiting," 259 "Join the Foreign Legion," 260

EXPERIENCES OF WAR My Lai, 261 Home Before Morning, Lynda Van Devanter, 265

5. "EIGHT MILES HIGH": THE COUNTERCULTURE, 275

A LITERATURE OF THE COUNTERCULTURE Trout Fishing in America, Richard Brautigan, 278 "The Glass Mountain," Donald Barthelme, 284

The Living Theatre, Pierre Biner, 288

ROCK AROUND THE CLOCK "San Francisco Bray," Richard Goldstein, 294 "Love* Janis," Janis Joplin, 297 "Nothing Would Ever Be the Same," Danny Sugerman, 299 "Rock and Roll Is a Weapon of Cultural Revolution," John Sinclair, 301

"To Dance," Tom Robbins, 304 xiv CONTENTS "Notes of Andy Warhol: His Life and Work as Death in America," Dotson Rader, 305

HIPPIES "What Is a Hippie?," Guy Strait, 310 "The Human Be-in," Helen Swick Perry, 313 "The Digger Papers," 316

YIPPIES "Yippie Manifesto," 323 Do It, Jerry Rubin, 325

COMMUNES The Alternative, William Hedgepath, 329

6. "LOVE IT OR LEAVE IT": THE BACKLASH AGAINST THE MOVEMENTS, 335

OPPOSING THE STUDENTS "If Mob Rule Takes Hold in the U.S.," , 338 "Communist Infiltration," Edwin Willis, 342 "Freedom vs. Anarchy on Campus," , 345

GEORGE WALLACE "Wallace," Pete Hamill, 348 "Why Wallace?," Michael Novak, 352

"Impudence in the Streets," Spiro T. Agnew, 355 "Tony Imperiale Stands Vigilant for Law and Order," Paul Goldberger, 358 CONTENTS xv COINTELPRO Who Were the Targets?, 364 COINTELPRO and Homophobia, 369 COINTELPRO and Violence, 370

COUNTER-COUNTERCULTURE "Air Pollution?," 373 "Rhythm, Riots and Revolution," Rev. David A. Noebel, 376

7. "THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING": 1968 . .. AND AFTER, 381

CAMPUS EXPLOSIONS "Two, Three, Many Columbias," Tom Hayden, 384 "Columbia Liberated," Columbia Strike Coordinating Committee, 387 "List of Strike Demands," San Francisco State: Black Student Union and Third World Liberation Front, 391 "We Needed a Revolution," Leo Litwak, 393 "Harvard: The Rulers and the Ruled," 398 Strike Poster, 399 "Santa Barbara," 400 "University of Illinois," 404 International Protests "Voices," Ronald Fraser, 406

THE DEMOCRATS DIVTOE "The McCarthy Campaign," Jeremy Larner, 413 An American Melodrama, Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, 418 xvi CONTENTS "The Kerner Report," 426 "The Chicago Democratic Convention," Jeremy Lamer, 428 "Rights in Conflict," The Walker Commission, 433 "The Trial," Tom Hayden, 440

THE NEW LEFT SPLINTERS: THE WEATHER UNDERGROUND "Bring the War Home," 445 "Honky Tonk Women," 450 "New Left, Old Traps," Todd Gitlin, 454

8. "SHE'S LEAVING HOME": THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT, 459

LIBERAL FEMINISM "The Problem That Has No Name," Betty Friedan, 461 "Job Discrimination and What Women Can Do about It," Alice Rossi, 468 "NOW Bill of Rights," 473 "What It Would Be Like if Women Win," Gloria Steinem, 475

RADICAL WOMEN "No More Miss America," 481 "Principles," Radical Women, 484 Redstockings Manifesto, 485 "About My Consciousness Raising," Barbara Susan, 488 "The Politics of Housework," Pat Mainardi, 491 Women's Political Action "Women Support Panther Sisters," 495 CONTENTS xvi "Women Destroy Draft Files," 497 "Free Our Sisters, Free Ourselves," 497 "Goodbye to All That," Robin Morgan, 499

OUR BODIES, OUR SEXUALITY "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm," Anne Koedt, 504 "An Abortion Testimonial," Barbara Susan, 512 "The Woman-Identified Woman," Radicalesbians, 514

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CLASS: FEMINIST ISSUES "To My White Working-Class Sisters," Debby D'Amico, 520 "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female," Frances Beal, 525 "To Whom Will She Cry Rape?," Abbey Lincoln, 530 "The Mexican-American" Woman, Enriqueta Longauex y Vasquez, 533 "Conference of Mexican Women: Un Remolino," Francisca Flores, 538 "What Is Reality?," Francisca Flores, 543 "The Young Lords Party," Denise Oliver, 545 "Asian Women as Leaders," 550 "Politics of the Interior," 552

9. "WHEN THE MUSIC'S OVER": ENDINGS AND BEGINNINGS, 559

PEOPLE'S PARK "The Meaning of People's Park," John Oliver Simon, 562 "Who Owns the Park?," Frank Bardacke, 569 "Human Values and People's Park," Denise Levertov, 571 xviii CONTENTS "Their Foe Is Ours," 572 "Pig's Park," 573

KENT STATE AND JACKSON STATE Kent State, The President's Commission on Campus Unrest, 574 "Get Off Our Campus," Tom Grace, 584 " 'What Did They Expect, Spitballs?'," James Michener, 587 Jackson State, The President's Commission on Campus Unrest, 591

GAY LIBERATION "Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square," Lucian K. Truscott, 596 "What We Want, What We Believe," (1971) Third World Gay Liberation, 600 "Lesbians and the Ultimate Liberation of Women," (1970) Gay Liberation Front Women, 605

WOODSTOCK AND ALTAMONT "A Fleeting, Wonderful Moment of 'Community'," 607 "Coming of Age in Aquarius," Andrew Kopkind, 612 "The Rolling Stones—At Play in the Apocalypse," Michael Lydon, 617

THE "Lake Erie Water," Barry Commoner, 623 Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe, 627

THE END OF THE DECADE "To Recapture die Dream," Julius Lester, 631