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100 Years of Russian Zapovedniks : Past, Present and Future

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100 Years of Russian Zapovedniks : Past, Present and Future Vsevolod Stepanitskiy, 100 YEARS OF RUSSIAN Deputy Director of Department of the State ZAPOVEDNIKS : PAST, PRESENT AND Policy and Regulation for FUTURE Environmental Protection Establishment of specially protected natural territories is a traditional and effective form of conservation of biological and landscape diversity in Russia Today, Russia has over 13 thousand different EPNT-s, covering more than 2 million sq. km. It is 11% of the country's territory. The federal system of protected areas includes most valuable natural systems: 103 zapovedniks 2 50 national parks 596,000 km – 59 federal sanctuaries 2.9% of Russia territory The need to intensify measures for protection of nature in the Russian Empire became quite apparent in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, Russia experienced a rapid economic development resulting in increased use of natural resources. Intensive logging, increased soil erosion, and excessive hunting were taking Vasily Dokuchaev (1846 - 1903) - an their toll. Ivan Borodin (1847 - 1930) - a outstanding Russian scientist, the prominent Russian botanist and founder of modern soil science. Author academician, author of conceptual of the idea of creating reserves as works on nature protection. research stations. The idea of wilderness protection and the system of especially protected natural territories was emerging in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. Several prominent Russian scientists, conservation enthusiasts and naturalists were pioneers of the system of protected areas. Grigory Kozhevnikov Georgy Morozov (1867 - 1920) - (1866 - 1933) - Russian zoologist, an outstanding Russian scientist, professor, one of the classics of the founder of the forest nature conservation in Russia. biocenology. During the first decades of the 20th century, while creating a conservation system in Russia, its proponents focused on the successful model of natural protection in North America. In 1917 V. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky prepared a first draft of protected areas network in Russia. It was called “Types of localities in which reserves like American national parks must be established ." «Significant pristine forest areas should be turned in advance, just as it is done in many areas of North America, into the protected spaces, national parks, in which Benjamin Semenov-Tyan- Andrey Semenov-Tyan-Shan Taiga would be forever preserved in her Shansky (1870 - 1942) - (1870 - 1942) - Russian Russian geographer, professor, zoologist, professor, the author of sacred form» the author of the first Russian conceptual ideas in the nature A. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky project of the nature protected protected areas network (1917) areas network. development in Russia. At the turn of XIX-XX centuries, Russia formed three approaches to the establishment of nature reserves: • cultural and aesthetic; • scientific; • utilitarian. Cultural and aesthetic approach was represented by the followers of Hugh Konventca A. Borodin, A. Semyonov- Tyan-Shansky and V. Semyonov-Tyan- Shansky. Anatoly Silant'ev Dmitry Solovyov Scientific approach was promoted by (1868 - 1918) (1886 - 1931) G. Kozhevnikov, V. Morozov, and The founder of the Russian A classic of the Russian game game management school , management school, organized V.Ddokuchaev. initiator of the the first zapovedniks to protect first zapovedniks creation. sable. Utilitarian approach was implemented by A. Silantev and D. Solovev. Baykal, Sosnovka bay. Here on July 1, 1914, landed an expedition consisting of G.G.Doppelmaira, K.A.Zabelina, Z.F.Svatosha, A.D. Baturina, D.N. Aleksandrova. As a result of their work, Barguzinsky nature reserve was established in December 29, 1916 On December 29, 1916, the Russian Senate established the Barguzinsky zapovednik, located on the shores of Lake Baikal, and originally designed to save sable, which is successfully operating today. Zenon Svatosh (1886 - 1949) - Konstantin Zabelin (1885 - 1934) - Russian biologist and one of the researcher of the Baikal region, one of founders and the second director the founders and the first director of of Barguzinsky zapovednik. Barguzinsky zapovednik. Development of wildness protection continued after the Revolution of 1917, and continued even during the Civil War that engulfed the Soviet Russia — БАЙКАЛ, БУХТА СОСНОВКА. largely due to pursuits of enthusiasts Здесь 1 июля 1914 года высадилась экспедиция в составе who linked their life with the cause of Г.Г.Доппельмаира, К.А.Забелина, З.Ф.Сватоша, wildlife conservation. А.Д. Батурина, Д.Н.Александрова. Astrakhan zapovednik in the Volga delta. Created in 1919 Результатом работы экспедиции явилось создание 29 декабря 1916 года Баргузинского заповедника Vladimir Khlebnikov (1857 - Alexander Fersman (1883 - Ilmen zapovednik in the Ural. Created in 1920 1934) - Russian scientist and 1945) - a prominent Russian naturalist, founder and the first geochemist and mineralogist, director of Astrakhan academician, the initiator of zapovednik Ilmen zapovednik establishment БАЙКАЛ, БУХТА СОСНОВКА. Здесь 1 июля 1914 года высадилась экспедиция в составе Г.Г.Доппельмаира, К.А.Забелина, З.Ф.Сватоша, CaucasianА.Д. Батурина, zapovednik Д.Н.Александроваin the 20s. A reid. to fight Crimean zapovednik. Created in 1923. poaching. Результатом работы экспедиции явилось созданиеIn the 1920-ies, after the bloody Civil War in 29 декабря 1916 года Баргузинского заповедника Russia, forming of the network of national parks continued. During this period several zapovedniks were created: 1923 – Crimean zapovednik 1924 – Caucasian zapovednik 1925 – zapovedniks «Stolby» «Kedrovaya Pad’», «Galichya Gora» 1927 – Voronezh zapovednik Caucasian nature reserve officers in 1928. In the 1930-s, Russia implemented a scientific approach of reserves development. Fragmented network of reserves was converted into a single national system and was being actively developed. 1930 - Bashkir, Lapland, Pechero-Ilych, and Central Forest zapovedniks 1931 - Kivach zapovednik 1932 - Altai and Kandalaksha zapovedniks Altai zapovednik rangers in 1937. Gregory Grave (1872 - 1957) - German Kreps (1896 - 1944) - Construction of a cordon in Altai zapovednik founder and the first director of organizer and the first director of Central Forest zapovednik Lapland zapovednik In 1933, a specialized State Agency was created to manage nature reserves of Russia – The Reserves Committee. It was an outstanding event which ensured successful development of wildness protection in Russia for the next 18 years. In 1934-1936, more reserves were established including Kronotsky, Oka, Mordvin, Sikhote-Alin, Teberda, Ussuri, Khoper, “Seven Islands", and Central Black Soil zapovedniks. Franz Schillinger (1974 - 1943) – wildlife conservation activist, initiator of the Committee on nature reserves and one of its first officers, organizer and designer of a number of Russian reserves. Peter Smidovich (1874 - 1935) - statesman, founder and the first head The release of beavers into of the Committee on nature reserves. the wild. Voronezh zapovednik. 1936 History of wildness protection in Russia in 1940-s was determined, first of all, by the Second World War (1941-1945) and the devastation that followed. 1940 – the umber of zapovedniks in Russia reached 35. 1943 – despite the war 2 new zapovedniks were created. 1945 – soon after the victory 2 new zapovedniks Wisent breeding ground staff member and his nurslings. were established. Caucasian zapovednik. 1942. Blooded wisents brought to Caucasian zapovednik. Caucasian zapovednik officers. May, 9, 1945. During the Second World War (1941- 1945) only the reserves on the occupied territory stopped their operations. In all other zapovedniks of Russia research and protection activities continued despite the extremely difficult economic situation. The researchers who worked in a number of reserves during the war later became legends of native wilderness protection. Konstantin Shvedchikov - Vasili Makarov - Deputy Chairman of the Russian Chairman of the Russian Committee on Nature Committee on Nature Reserves in the 40s Reserves On the right - Tatiana Ustinova (1913-2009) - Kronotsky zapovednik reserve officer, discovered and described the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka in 1941. Vadim Rajewski (1909 - 1947) - a talented zoologist, researcher at Condo -Sosvenskiy zapovednik in Western Siberia, the author of fundamental scientific work on the sable’s biology. «Our honorable task is to preserve wild tiger in the Sikhote-Alin reserve for future generations as one of the greatest ornaments of nature. Let the people of the Communist society, along with the greatest achievements of technology, see on the snow of Sikhote-Alin mountains traces of these giant cats» Lev Kaplanov Leo Kaplanov (1909 - 1943). An outstanding naturalist, researcher of the Amur tiger biology. An officer of Sikhote- Alin zapovednik, director of Sudzukhinskiy zapovednik. Killed by poachers in 1943. In 1950, the number of zapovedniks in the Russian Federation reached 47. However, the following year the authorities, demonstrating a pronounced lack of understanding of the relevance and the mission of this system, integrated parts of protected areas into the economic operations. In August of 1951, Joseph Stalin signs a document closing a considerable number of zapovedniks. 27 zapovedniks were closed completely, others were reduced, and the total area of zapovedniks was shrunk 15 times. At the same time the Reserves Committee within the Government of the Russian Federation was eliminated, which Joseph Stalin dealt a blow to the conservation
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