DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations Naomi Hauser 1 , Alexis C. Gushiken 2, Shivakumar Narayanan 2, Shyam Kottilil 2 and Joel V. Chua 2,* 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; [email protected] 2 Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; [email protected] (A.C.G.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (S.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-410-706-5704 Abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipaviruses have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. The ubiquitous nature of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, multiple mode of transmission, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective therapy or vaccines make NiV’s pandemic potential increasingly significant. Here we review the epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development. Citation: Hauser, N.; Gushiken, A.C.; Keywords: Nipah virus; Nipah virus infection; zoonoses; emerging infection; henipaviruses Narayanan, S.; Kottilil, S.; Chua, J.V. Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1. Introduction tropicalmed6010024 Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family and is a zoonotic virus with a high case fatality rate [1]. Our knowledge of the geographic Academic Editor: Kathryn M. Jones distribution of NiV and the disease it causes, mode of pathogen transmission, and clinical manifestations of infection, have evolved over time. The first recognized human infection Received: 12 January 2021 was in the Malaysian village of Kampung Sungai Nipah in 1998, initiating a deadly outbreak Accepted: 9 February 2021 that lasted through 1999 [1,2]. Smaller sporadic outbreaks have since recurred nearly Published: 14 February 2021 annually within South Asia with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90% [3,4]. The original human NiV infections were found to be associated with contact with Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral swine, and it was later confirmed that NiV could be isolated from the nose and oropharynx with regard to jurisdictional claims in of pigs [1,2,5,6]. Human infections were characterized by fever for up to 14 days, meningitis published maps and institutional affil- and/or encephalitis, with rapid neurological decline and progression to coma within 24 to iations. 48 h [5]. Later outbreaks outside the Malay peninsula have been characterized by different transmission dynamics and clinical presentation, including the development of severe respiratory symptoms in addition to neurological complications, with human infection traced to the consumption of horse meat, proximity to other infected humans, and ingestion Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. of raw date palm sap contaminated with the bodily fluids of bats [3,7–14]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Similar to lyssaviruses, filoviruses, coronaviruses, and the related Hendra virus, NiV This article is an open access article is naturally hosted by pteropid bats [15,16]. Fruit bats found across Oceania, South and distributed under the terms and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa are the natural reservoirs of NiV, and almost conditions of the Creative Commons yearly outbreaks of NiV infections continue to occur throughout South and Southeast Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Asia [16,17]. The high case fatality rate associated with NiV infection, ubiquitous nature creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, and expanding modes of transmission Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010024 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/tropicalmed Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 24 2 of 12 Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 24 2 of 12 yearlycoupled outbreaks with a lackof NiV of rapidinfections diagnostics continue and to effectiveoccur throughout vaccine or South therapeutic and Southeast agents makeAsia [16,17].Nipah The virus’ high pandemic case fatality potential rate associated increasingly with relevant. NiV infection, The following ubiquitous is a nature review of of the the reservoirepidemiology host, andincreasing microbiology deforestation, of NiV asan welld expanding as the drugs modes and of vaccines transmission being evaluatedcoupled withfor thea lack treatment of rapid and diagnostics prevention and of NiVeffectiv infection.e vaccine or therapeutic agents make Nipah virus’ pandemic potential increasingly relevant. The following is a review of the epidemi- ology2. Epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the drugs and vaccines being evaluated for the treatmentThe and original prevention NiV infection of NiV infection. cluster was first identified in September 1998 in Perak, Malaysia, followed by second and third clusters in the state of Negri Sembilan, with cases 2.occurring Epidemiology primarily among adult men in contact with swine [1,2,5]. In March 1999, a cluster of 11The similar original cases NiV was infection recognized cluster in Singapore was first amongidentified abattoir in September workers 1998 in contact in Perak, with Malaysia,pigs imported followed from by the second outbreak and regions third clusters of Malaysia, in the withstate NiVof Negri isolated Sembilan, from both with affected cases occurringpatients andprimarily the pigs among [1,2, adult6,17]. men Thereafter, in contact outbreaks with swine continued [1,2,5]. In to March spread 1999, throughout a clus- terMalaysia, of 11 similar leading cases to restrictions was recognized on swine in Singapore imports to among nearby abattoir Singapore, workers nationwide in contact NiV withtesting pigs among imported pigs from in Malaysia, the outbreak and ultimately regions of the Malaysia, mass culling with NiV of over isolated one million from both pigs affectedfrom any patients farm inand Malaysia the pigs with [1,2,6,17]. a confirmed Thereafter, infection. outb Together,reaks continued these interventions to spread throughoutultimately resultedMalaysia, in theleading end ofto therestrictions outbreak on nearly swine two imports years after to nearby initial discoverySingapore, [1 ,na-2,5]. tionwideSporadic NiV testing NiV outbreaks among pigs have in Malaysia, occurred inand multiple ultimately countries the mass throughout culling of South over one and millionSoutheast pigs Asia from since any itfarm was in first Malaysia discovered with (Figurea confirmed1), and infection. these recurrent Together, episodes these inter- differ ventionsfrom the ultimately large early resulted outbreaks in ofthe the end Malayan of the outbreak peninsula nearly with regardstwo years to clinicalafter initial presenta- dis- coverytion, case [1,2,5]. fatality rate, and mode of transmission (Table1). SporadicA new and NiV distinct outbreaks strain have of NiV, occurred with infectionin multiple characterized countries throughout largely by acute South severe and Southeastrespiratory Asia symptoms, since it was arose first indiscovered Bangladesh (Figure and 1), India and inthese 2000–2001. recurrent Epidemiological episodes differ fromstudies the revealedlarge early clustering outbreaks around of the household Malayan members peninsula and with hospital regards contacts to clinical without presen- clear tation,animal case exposure, fatality raisingrate, and suspicion mode of for transmission human-to-human (Table 1). transmission [7,9,11]. FigureFigure 1. 1. NipahNipah virus virus infection infection outbreak outbreak by by decade. decade. Il Illustrationlustration created created by by authors authors using using Esri. Esri. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 24 3 of 12 Table 1. Nipah virus outbreaks listed in chronologic order with case fatality rates, exposure history, and clinical features. Legend—ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CFR: case fatality rate; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; MODS: multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Cases Fatalities Exposure History, Transmission, Country Year(s) Reference N (% CFR) Clinical Features • Close contact with pigs (i.e., pig farmers) • Preceded by symptomatic Chua 2000 [1] Malaysia Sep 1998–Dec 1999 265 105 (38.5%) infection in pigs Goh et al., 2000 [18] • Febrile encephalitis • Incubation period: 4 days to 2 months (90% in ≤ 2 weeks) • Abattoir workers • Pigs imported from a Malaysian farm affected by the virus Singapore March 1999 11 1 (9.1%) Paton et al., 1999 [6] • Encephalitis and atypical pneumonia • Nipah virus positive in CSF and tissue • Almost annual outbreaks since 2001 • Direct consumption of fruit bat-contaminated date Luby et al., 2006 [13] Jan 2001–Feb 2015 palm sap Bangladesh 261 19 (75.9%) Gurley et al., 2017 [10] (17 outbreaks) • Human-to-human Nikolay et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: a Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats
    viruses Article The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats Clifton D. McKee 1,* , Ausraful Islam 2 , Stephen P. Luby 3, Henrik Salje 4, Peter J. Hudson 5, Raina K. Plowright 6 and Emily S. Gurley 1 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; [email protected] 2 Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; [email protected] 3 Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Genetics, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; [email protected] 5 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Nipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal en- cephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship among spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land-use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation Citation: McKee, C.D.; Islam, A.; in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, Luby, S.P.; Salje, H.; Hudson, P.J.; Plowright, R.K.; Gurley, E.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Nipah Virus Outbreaks in Bangladesh: a Deadly Infectious Disease
    Review Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh: a deadly infectious disease Mahmudur Rahmana, Apurba Chakrabortya Abstract: During 2001-2011, multidisciplinary teams from the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) and International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh(icddr,b) identified sporadic cases and 11 outbreaks of Nipah encephalitis. Three outbreaks were detected through sentinel surveillance; others were identified through event-based surveillance. A total of 196 cases of Nipah encephalitis, in outbreaks, clusters and as isolated cases were detected from 20 districts of Bangladesh; out of them 150 (77%) cases died. Drinking raw date palm sap and contact with a case were identified as the major risk factors for acquiring the disease. Combination of surveillance systems and multidisciplinary outbreak investigations can be an effective strategy not only for detection of emerging infectious diseases but also for identification of novel characteristics and risk factors for these diseases in resource- poor settings. Keywords: Nipah virus, outbreak, surveillance, transmission, communicable disease, Bangladesh. Introduction through outbreak investigations during 2001- 2011. Nipah is a recently detected viral zoonotic disease caused by Nipah virus originating from a new genus - the Henipa virus.1, 2 Pteropus Methods bats are the zoonotic host of the virus and We reviewed IEDCR strategies and guidelines pigs are the likely amplifying host.2, 3 The from its records to explore the mechanism for virus was first identified in Nipah village of detection of Nipah cases and clusters. We also Malaysia in 1998,2, 4 since then three other reviewed the method of hospital-based Nipah countries have reported human cases of Nipah surveillance jointly conducted by IEDCR and virus infection, including Bangladesh.5-7 The the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection of a Novel Paramyxovirus in Fruit Bats from Indonesia
    Sasaki et al. Virology Journal 2012, 9:240 http://www.virologyj.com/content/9/1/240 RESEARCH Open Access Molecular detection of a novel paramyxovirus in fruit bats from Indonesia Michihito Sasaki1†, Agus Setiyono3†, Ekowati Handharyani3†, Ibenu Rahmadani4, Siswatiana Taha5, Sri Adiani6, Mawar Subangkit3, Hirofumi Sawa1, Ichiro Nakamura2 and Takashi Kimura1* Abstract Background: Fruit bats are known to harbor zoonotic paramyxoviruses including Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle viruses. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of paramyxovirus RNA in fruit bats from Indonesia. Methods: RNA samples were obtained from the spleens of 110 fruit bats collected from four locations in Indonesia. All samples were screened by semi-nested broad spectrum reverse transcription PCR targeting the paramyxovirus polymerase (L) genes. Results: Semi-nested reverse transcription PCR detected five previously unidentified paramyxoviruses from six fruit bats. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these virus sequences were related to henipavirus or rubulavirus. Conclusions: This study indicates the presence of novel paramyxoviruses among fruit bat populations in Indonesia. Background indicate the presence of henipavirus or henipa-like The genus Henipavirus in the subfamily Paramyxoviri- viruses in Indonesian fruit bats, suggesting the need for nae, family Paramyxoviridae, contains two highly patho- further epidemiological investigations. genic viruses, i.e., Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Hendra Menangle virus, belonging to the genus Rubulavirus of virus causes fatal pneumonia and encephalitis in horses the Paramyxoviridae family, has been identified in ptero- and humans. The first case was identified in 1994 and pus bats from Australia [14]. Menangle virus is a zoo- Hendra virus disease still continues to arise sporadically notic paramyxovirus that causes febrile illness with rash in Australia [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Rift Valley Fever Virus Nipah Virus
    Rift Valley fever virus Nipah virus (henipaviruses) Zoonotic viruses cross inter-species barrier Hana Weingartl Adjunct professor, Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Head, Special Pathogens Unit National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health It is not in virus interest to kill the host /cell Zoonotic viruses often cause diseases with high fatality rate in humans with short clinical phase - survival of a human host is irrelevant Productive infections of multiple species, and successful intra- and inter- (optional) species transmission without a requirement for adaptation in a “new” host Interspecies barriers geographical, ecological (Wallace’s line) - Entry into the host cell: attachment to the host cell = interaction with a specific host cell receptor ability to enter the host cell to deliver the genetic information - Replication within the host cell: interaction with cell factors (molecules) in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm virus needs to gain (partial) control over specific cell functions, such as metabolism and replication to produce progeny host defence mechanisms Reservoir host Amplifying host Enzootic x Epizootic Sporadic x Endemic x Epidemic x Pandemic Dead-end host Goals of (zoonotic) viruses 1. Find/encounter a new host 2. Enter the cell by a pathway that ensures replication 3. Produce mRNA, replicate the genome, generate virus proteins, evade host defences – stage I 4. Assemble progeny virus, leave the cell 5. Evade host defences – stage
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation
    COMPLETE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS INACTIVATION DURING LYSIS IN THE FILMARRAY BIOTHREAT-E ASSAY DEMONSTRATES THE BIOSAFETY OF THIS TEST. Olivier Ferraris (3), Françoise Gay-Andrieu (1), Marie Moroso (2), Fanny Jarjaval (3), Mark Miller (1), Christophe N. Peyrefitte (3) (1) bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France, (2) Fondation Mérieux, France (3) Unité de Virologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France Background : Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by mainly five families of viruses namely Arenaviridae, Filoviridae , Bunyaviridae (Orthonairovirus genus ), Flaviviruses and Paramyxovirus (Henipavirus genus). The filovirus species known to cause disease in humans, Ebola virus (Zaire Ebolavirus), Sudan virus (Sudan Ebolavirus), Tai Forest virus (Tai Forest Ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo Ebolavirus), and Marburg virus are restricted to Central Africa for 35 years, and spread to Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone in early 2014. Lassa fever is responsible for disease outbreaks across West Africa and in Southern Africa in 2008, with the identification of novel world arenavirus (Lujo virus). Henipavirus spread South Asia to Australia. CCHFv spread asia to south europa. They are transmitted from host reservoir by direct contacts or through vectors such as ticks bits. Working with VHF viruses, need a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory, however during epidemics such observed with Ebola virus in 2014, the need to diagnose rapidly the patients raised the necessity to develop local laboratories These viruses represents a threat to healthcare workers and researches who manage infected diagnostic samples in laboratories. Aim : 1 Inactivation step An FilmArray Bio Thereat-E assay for detection of Hemorrhagic fever viruse Interfering substance HF virus + FA Lysis Buffer such as Ebola virus was developed to respond to Hemorrhagic fever virus 106 Ebola virus Whole blood + outbreak.
    [Show full text]
  • Zika Virus Infection
    ZIKA VIRUS UPDATE 2016 LARRY M. BUSH, MD, FACP Affiliated Professor of Clinical Biomedical Sciences Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University Affiliate Associate Professor of Medicine University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine / Palm Beach County NEWLY IDENTIFIED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOGENS (2) Year Disease or Pathogen 2012 MERS-CoV 2009 H1N1 2004 Avian influenza (human cases) 2003 SARS 1999 Nipah virus 1997 H5N1 (avian influenza A virus) 1996 New variant Creutzfelt-Jacob disease; Australian bat lyssavirus 1995 Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma virus) 1994 Savia virus; Hendra virus Source: Workshop presentation by David Heymann, World Health Organization, 1999 NEWLY IDENTIFIED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOGENS (2) Year Disease or Pathogen 2012 MERS-CoV 2009 H1N1 2004 Avian influenza (human cases) 2003 SARS 1999 Nipah virus 1997 H5N1 (avian influenza A virus) 1996 New variant Creutzfelt-Jacob disease; Australian bat lyssavirus 1995 Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma virus) 1994 Savia virus; Hendra virus Source: Workshop presentation by David Heymann, World Health Organization, 1999 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases • Emerging infectious diseases: Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population. • Global : • Regional: • Re-emerging Diseases: Diseases’ incidence in human has increased during the last 20 years or threatens to increase in the near future. • Global: • Regional: GLOBAL EXAMPLES OF EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AS Fauci Factors responsible for emerging
    [Show full text]
  • Nipah Virus (Niv)
    Nipah Virus (NiV) Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. NiV was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. Its name originated from Sungai Nipah, a village in the Malaysian Peninsula where pig farmers became ill with encephalitis. Given the relatedness of NiV to Hendra virus, bat species were quickly singled out for investigation and flying foxes of the genus Pteropus were subsequently identified as the reservoir for NiV (Distribution Map). In the 1999 outbreak, Nipah virus caused a relatively mild disease in pigs, but nearly 300 human cases with over 100 deaths were reported. In order to stop the outbreak, more than a million pigs were euthanized, causing tremendous trade loss for Malaysia. Since this outbreak, no subsequent cases (in neither swine nor human) have been reported in either Malaysia or Singapore. In 2001, NiV was again identified as the causative agent in an outbreak of human disease occurring in Bangladesh. Genetic sequencing confirmed this virus as Nipah virus, but a strain different from the one identified in 1999. In the same year, another outbreak was identified retrospectively in Siliguri, India with reports of person-to-person transmission in hospital settings (nosocomial transmission). Unlike the Malaysian NiV outbreak, outbreaks occur almost annually in Bangladesh and have been reported several times in India. Transmission Transmission of Nipah virus to humans may occur after direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs, or from other NiV infected people.
    [Show full text]
  • To Ebola Reston
    WHO/HSE/EPR/2009.2 WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 EPIDEMIC AND PANDEMIC ALERT AND RESPONSE WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distin- guished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of the World Health Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture
    BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT published: 04 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561502 Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan 1, Michael K. Lo 1, Payel Chatterjee 1, Mike Flint 1, Stuart T. Nichol 1, Joel M. Montgomery 1, Barry R. O’Keefe 2,3 and Christina F. Spiropoulou 1* 1 Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2 Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States, 3 Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), highly pathogenic hantaviruses, cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Currently no therapeutics are approved for use against these infections. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a high-mannose oligosaccharide-binding lectin currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials as a topical microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04032717, NCT02875119) and has shown Edited by: broad-spectrum in vivo activity against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory Alemka Markotic, syndrome coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus. University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic,” Croatia In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric Reviewed by: tandemer 3mGRFT against ANDV and SNV. Our results demonstrate that GRFT is a Zhilong Yang, potent inhibitor of ANDV infection. GRFT inhibited entry of pseudo-particles typed with Kansas State University, United States ANDV envelope glycoprotein into host cells, suggesting that it inhibits viral envelope Gill Diamond, University of Louisville, United States protein function during entry.
    [Show full text]
  • A Combined Evidence Approach to Prioritize Nipah Virus Inhibitors
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.12.977918; this version posted March 12, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. A Combined Evidence Approach to Prioritize Nipah Virus Inhibitors Nishi Kumari1, Ayush Upadhyay2, Kishan Kalia3, Rakesh Kumar4,9, Kanika Tuteja5, Priyanka Rani Paul6, Eugenia Covernton7, Tina Sharma4,9, Vinod Scaria8, Anshu Bhardwaj4* 1Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 2Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, Delhi University, New Delhi, India, 3Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.A.V. College, Sector-10, Chandigarh, India, 5Centre of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 6Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India, 7Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires, Paris, France, 8CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India, 9Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh. India. 4*Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Abstract Background Nipah Virus (NiV) came into limelight recently due to an outbreak in Kerala, India. NiV causes severe disease and death in people with over 75% case fatality rate. It is a public health concern and has the potential to become a global pandemic. Lack of treatment has forced the containment methods to be restricted to isolation and surveillance. WHO’s ‘R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases’ (2018) indicates that there is an urgent need for accelerated research & development for addressing NiV.
    [Show full text]
  • Serologic Evidence of Nipah Virus Infection in Bats, Vietnam
    LETTERS Serologic Evidence dilution) was designated as 1:1,000 Medicine, Nagasaki University. No ELISA units. ELISA titers of sample specimens of C. sphinx bats were of Nipah Virus serum specimens were obtained at positive by NT; however, 2 specimens Infection in Bats, a single dilution (1,000×) by using a from R. leschenaulti bats, both positive Vietnam standard curve of positive serum with with low titers, were confi rmed to be high titers. A sample titer >3,000 was positive by NT (50% cytopathic effect To the Editor: Bats are potential considered positive for IgG against after NT, titers of 33.6 and 14.1). reservoir for highly pathogenic NiV. However, the latter specimen was viruses, such as Nipah virus (NiV) Positive results were detected negative by WB analysis. and Hendra virus, which can cross from only 2 fruit bat species, R. Seroepidemiologic studies in species barriers (1). However, leschenaulti (31 bats [49.1%]) and other countries have indicated that only limited surveillance has been Cynopterus sphinx (3 bats [2.8%]) Pteropus spp. bats (fruit-eating bats) conducted to assess risk for infection (Table). Of the 34 samples positive are the main reservoirs for NiV (3–6). by these deadly emerging viruses. We by ELISA, only 22 (20 from the Pteropid bats are usually found only in conducted a study in Vietnam from former and 2 from the latter bat southern Vietnam. We could not obtain 2007 to 2008 to assess the prevalence species), which had enough volume these bats for our study. However, a of these pathogens in bats.
    [Show full text]
  • Nipah Encephalitis – an Update
    Nipah Encephalitis – An Update Sherrini Bazir Ahmad, MRCP, Chong Tin Tan, FRCP Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SUMMARY EPIDEMIOLOGY Between September 1998 to May 1999, Malaysia and The outbreak initially involved pig-farming villages in Ipoh, a Singapore were hit by an outbreak of fatal encephalitis caused town in Perak, which subsequently spread to the southern part by a novel virus from the paramyxovirus family. This virus was of Peninsular Malaysia in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan states, subsequently named as Nipah virus, after the Sungei Nipah including the Sikamat and Bukit Pelanduk villages5. JE was village in Negeri Sembilan, where the virus was first isolated. initially suspected to be the causative agent for this fatal The means of transmission was thought to be from bats-to- outbreak in 1998 because of the apparent detection of JE pigs and subsequently pigs-to-human. Since 2001, almost antibodies in some patients and temporal history of exposure yearly outbreak of Nipah encephalitis has been reported from to infected pigs. However, certain clinical and epidemiologic Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. These outbreaks were features of this outbreak seem to be atypical to JE i.e. most characterized by direct bats-to-human, and human-to-human patients were adult males rather than children, clustering of spread of infection. Nipah virus shares many similar cases within members in the same household, which suggests characteristics to Hendra virus, first isolated in an outbreak of an infection of high attack rate (as opposed to the JE virus respiratory illness involving horses in Australia in 1994.
    [Show full text]