Remuneration of Authors of Books and Scientific Journals, Translators, Journalists and Visual Artists for the Use of Their Works
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Remuneration of authors of books and scientific journals, translators, journalists and visual artists for the use of their works FINAL REPORT A study prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology Digital Agenda for Europe This study was carried out for the European Commission by Europe Economics and Lucie Guibault and Olivia Salamanca of the University of Amsterdam Internal identification Contract number: MARKT/2014/088/D1/ST/OP DISCLAIMER By the European Commission, Directorate-General of Communications Networks, Content & Technology. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN 978-92-79-54129-2 doi:10.2759/14126 © European Union, 2016. All rights reserved. Certain parts are licensed under conditions to the EU. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Contents Abstract (EN) ................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract (FR) ................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 3 The current legal framework .................................................................................... 3 Understanding payment flows .................................................................................. 4 Analytical approach ................................................................................................. 5 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................. 5 Main statistical analysis approach ............................................................................. 6 Key findings ........................................................................................................... 6 Internal market aspect ............................................................................................ 7 Policy recommendations .......................................................................................... 7 Sommaire..................................................................................................................... 9 Le cadre juridique actuel ......................................................................................... 9 Comprendre les flux de paiement ........................................................................... 10 L'analyse statistique .............................................................................................. 12 La principale approche de l'analyse statistique .......................................................... 12 Les principales conclusions..................................................................................... 13 Aspect du marché interne ...................................................................................... 13 Recommandations en matière de politique publique .................................................. 14 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Context and motivation for the study ................................................................. 15 1.2 Objectives and scope ....................................................................................... 20 1.3 Report structure .............................................................................................. 21 2 Current Legal Framework ....................................................................................... 22 2.1 Theoretical legal Framework ............................................................................. 23 2.2 Sector specific regulation ................................................................................. 55 2.3 Contractual Practice: trends, collective bargaining and model contracts ................. 58 2.4 Corrective mechanisms and obligations ............................................................. 103 2.5 Unfair clauses ................................................................................................ 109 2.6 Competition law ............................................................................................. 116 2.7 Key legal provisions for the remuneration of authors .......................................... 120 3 Understanding Payment Flows ............................................................................... 124 3.1 Revenue streams ........................................................................................... 125 3.2 Key players ................................................................................................... 126 3.3 Authors of books ............................................................................................ 129 3.4 Authors of academic/scientific articles for journals .............................................. 138 3.5 Journalists ..................................................................................................... 142 3.6 Translators .................................................................................................... 151 3.7 Visual artists .................................................................................................. 158 4 Analytical Approach .............................................................................................. 165 4.1 Development of theoretical framework .............................................................. 165 4.2 Informational problems and remuneration ......................................................... 166 4.3 Intermediaries ............................................................................................... 173 4.4 Bargaining power and expectations for contract terms ........................................ 174 4.5 The legal framework ....................................................................................... 179 4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 183 5 Approach to Statistical Analysis ............................................................................. 185 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 185 5.2 Variables required for the analysis .................................................................... 185 5.3 Data collection ............................................................................................... 186 5.4 Data sources ................................................................................................. 188 5.5 Creation of indicators ...................................................................................... 191 5.6 Overview of data and data reliability ................................................................. 195 5.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 207 6 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................... 208 6.1 Descriptive statistics ....................................................................................... 208 6.2 Problems faced by authors .............................................................................. 223 6.3 Econometric modelling of income ..................................................................... 226 7 Key Findings ....................................................................................................... 237 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 237 7.2 Key provisions of the legal framework ............................................................... 237 7.3 Econometric findings ...................................................................................... 239 8 Policy Recommendations ...................................................................................... 242 8.1 Internal market significance ............................................................................ 243 8.2 Policy 1: Specification of individual modes of exploitation and respective remuneration .................................................................................................................... 244 8.3 Policy 2: Limit the scope for transferring rights for future modes of exploitation and future works .................................................................................................. 249 8.4 Policy 3: Explore allowing economically dependent freelancers to claim employee status and rights ............................................................................................ 252 9 Appendix 1: Distribution List for Remuneration Survey ............................................. 255 10 Appendix 2: Remuneration Surveys ....................................................................... 259 10.1 Authors of books and scientific journals ...................................................... 259 10.2 Journalists ..............................................................................................