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Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007
United Nations S/2007/439 Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1752 (2007) of 13 April 2007, by which the Security Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 October 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia since my report of 3 April 2007 (S/2007/182). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 July 2007 stood at 135 military observers and 16 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the reporting period, UNOMIG continued efforts to maintain peace and stability in the zone of conflict. It also sought to remove obstacles to the resumption of dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides in the expectation that cooperation on security, the return of internally displaced persons and refugees, economic rehabilitation and humanitarian issues would facilitate meaningful negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. 3) and additional ideas by the sides. 4. Throughout the reporting period, my Special Representative maintained regular contact with both sides, as well as with the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General both in Tbilisi and in their capitals. -
S/2007/15 Security Council
United Nations S/2007/15 Security Council Distr.: General 11 January 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1716 (2006) of 13 October 2006, by which the Security Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 April 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, since my report of 28 September 2006 (S/2006/771). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 January 2007 stood at 127 military observers and 14 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the period under review, UNOMIG continued its efforts to prevent escalation of tensions, maintain stability and facilitate dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides. The agenda for the dialogue remained the three priorities endorsed by the United Nations-chaired high-level meetings of the Group of Friends in Geneva (see S/2004/315, paras. 5-7) and agreements between the Presidents of the Russian Federation and Georgia reached in Sochi (see S/2003/412, para. 5). Efforts and activities in this framework are aimed at improving confidence between the sides and facilitating meaningful negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. -
Georgia Program Maps 10/31/2008
USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO GEORGIA 40° E 42° E The boundaries and names used on this map 44° E T'bilisi & Affected46° E Areas Majkop do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the U.S. Government. ADRA a SC Ga I GEORGIA CARE a UMCOR a Cherkessk CHF IC UNFAO CaspianA Sea 44° CNFA A UNICEF J N 44° Kuban' Counterpart Int. Ea USAID/Georgia Aa N Karachayevsk RUSSIA FAO A WFP E ABKHAZIA E !0 Psou IOCC a World Vision Da !0 UNFAO A 0 Nal'chik IRC G J Various G a ! Gagra Bzyb' Groznyy RUSSIA 0 Pskhu IRD I Various a ! Nazran "ABKHAZIA" Novvy Afon Pitsunda 0 Omarishara Mercy Corps Ca Various E a ! Lata Sukhumi Mestia Gudauta!0 !0 Kodori Inguri Vladikavkaz Otap !0 Khaishi Kvemo-gulripsh Lentekhi !0 Tkvarcheli Dzhvari RACHA-LECHKHUMI-RACHA-LECHKHUMI- Terek BLACK Ochamchira Gali Tsalenjhikha KVEMOKVEMO SVANETISVANETI RUSSIA Khvanchkara Rioni MTSKHETA-MTSKHETA- Achilo Pichori Zugdidi SAMEGRELO-SAMEGRELO- Kvaisi Mleta SEA ZEMOZEMO Ambrolauri MTIANETIMTIANETI Pasanauri Alazani Khobi Tskhaltubo Tkibuli "SOUTH OSSETIA" Anaklia SVANETISVANETI Aragvi Qvirila SHIDASHIDA KARTLIKARTLI Senaki Kurta Artani Rioni Samtredia Kutaisi Chiatura Tskhinvali Poti IMERETIIMERETI Lanchkhuti Rioni !0 Akhalgori KAKHETIKAKHETI Chokhatauri Zestafoni Khashuri N Supsa Baghdati Dusheti N 42° Kareli Akhmeta Kvareli 42° Ozurgeti Gori Kaspi Borzhomi Lagodekhi KEY Kobuleti GURIAGURIA Bakhmaro Borjomi TBILISITBILISI Telavi Abastumani Mtskheta Gurdzhaani Belokany USAID/OFDA DoD State/EUR/ACE Atskuri T'bilisi Î! Batumi 0 AJARIAAJARIA Iori ! Vale Akhaltsikhe Zakataly State/PRM -
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USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO GEORGIA 40° E 42° E 44° E The46° boundariesE and names used on this map Majkop do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the U.S. Government. Caspian GEORGIA Cherkessk Sea N N 44° 44° Kuban' T'bilisi & Affected Areas Karachayevsk RUSSIA CARE a Psou E !0 !0 Counterpart Int. a 0 Nal'chik FAO A ! Gagra Bzyb' Groznyy !0 Pskhu UMCOR a Novvy Afon Nazran Pitsunda !0 "ABKHAZIA" Omarishara UNICEF J Lata Mestia Gudauta!0 0 Sukhumi Kodori Inguri WFP ! Vladikavkaz Otap USAID/GeorgiaRUSSIA a !0 Khaishi Kvemo-gulripsh Lentekhi WFP a EF !0 Tkvarcheli Dzhvari RACHA-LECHKHUMI- Terek KVEMO SVANETI Ochamchira Gali Tsalenjhikha World Vision a Khvanchkara Rioni MTSKHETA- Achilo Pichori Zugdidi SAMEGRELO- Kvaisi Mleta ZEMO Ambrolauri MTIANETI Various a Pasanauri Alazani Khobi Tskhaltubo Tkibuli "SOUTH OSSETIA" Anaklia SVANETI Aragvi Qvirila SHIDA KARTLI Various E a BLACK Senaki Kurta Artani Rioni Samtredia Kutaisi Chiatura Tskhinvali Poti IMERETI Lanchkhuti Rioni !0 Akhalgori KAKHETI RUSSIA SEA Chokhatauri Zestafoni Khashuri N Supsa Baghdati Dusheti N 42° Kareli Akhmeta Kvareli 42° Ozurgeti Gori Kaspi Borzhomi Lagodekhi Kobuleti GURIA Bakhmaro Borjomi TBILISI Telavi Abastumani Mtskheta Gurdzhaani Belokany Atskuri T'bilisi Î! Batumi 0 AJARIA Iori ! Vale Akhaltsikhe Zakataly Khulo Rustavi Keda KVEMO KARTLI Tsnori Bolnisi !0 Akhalkalaki Marneuli Dedoplis Tsqaro SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI Dmanisi KEY Iori Coruh Ninotsminda Kura USAID/OFDA DoD State/EUR/ACE Mingachever !0 !0 Resevoir A AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Rize a EMERGENCY RELIEF SUPPLIES TURKEY ARMENIA Kars EMERGENCY FOOD COMMODITIES AZERBAIJAN E LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION Arteni Lake INFORM NUTRITION IC AT F Sevan PH IO A N Î! R G U N O Yerevan E I WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE T J 0 30 60 mi G Firat Aras N U N 8/27/08 S A 40° A 40°D 0 30 60 90 km I F D O 40° E 42° E 44° E 46° E / D C H A /. -
Security Council Distr.: General 18 October 2004
United Nations S/2004/822 Security Council Distr.: General 18 October 2004 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1554 (2004) of 29 July 2004, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 January 2005. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, since my report of 14 July 2004 (S/2004/570). 2. My Special Representative for Georgia, Heidi Tagliavini, continued to head UNOMIG. She was assisted in this task by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Hussein Ghobashi (Egypt). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 October 2004 stood at 117 military observers and 11 civilian police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the reporting period, the Mission, led by my Special Representative, continued its efforts to promote stability on the ground and facilitate the dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides on economic cooperation, the return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and political and security matters — the three sets of issues identified as priority areas at the United Nations-chaired high- level meetings of the Group of Friends at Geneva (see S/2004/315, paras. 5-7). The Group of Friends continued to support these efforts, which were complemented by the so-called Sochi working groups, which implement agreements between the President of the Russian Federation and the President of Georgia reached in Sochi in March 2003 (see S/2003/412, para. -
Обзорные Статьи ===Review Articles
Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2021. 6(1) https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2021.010 ============== REVIEW ARTICLES ================ ============= ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ =============== AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE CAVES OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS Boris S. Tuniyev1 , Alexander G. Koval2 , Robert S. Vargovitsh3 1Sochi National Park, Russia e-mail: [email protected] 2All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russia e-mail: [email protected] 3I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Received: 14.10.2020. Revised: 08.12.2020. Accepted: 10.12.2020. The present study is the first review of the recent herpetofauna of the Greater Caucasian caves. Also, it is worth noting some phossylous material on amphibians and reptiles (mainly Pleistocene remains) from the caves in this area. The goal of the study is to fill knowledge gaps and to present long-term data on the cave herpetofauna of the Greater Caucasus. In 1992–2019, amphibians and reptiles were found in 61 Greater Caucasian caves located in an altitude range from 55 m a.s.l. to 1300 m a.s.l. in Russia, Abkhazia, and Georgia. A total of 272 specimens representing ten species have been found. The most frequently observed species were Rana macrocnemis (39.0% of all recorded specimens), Pelodytes caucasicus (17.3%), Bufo verrucosissimus (11.0%), Darevskia brauneri (8.8%), Hyla orientalis (8.1%). The total proportion of the remaining five species Ommatotriton( ophryticus, Hyla savignyi, Pelophylax ridibundus, Anguis colchica, and Darevskia derjugini) was 15.8%. As a rule, representatives of the herpetofauna in the Greater Caucasian caves are quite rare and only single or few individuals are usually found. -
Preparing the Ajara Bypass Roads Development Project
Technical Assistance Report Project Number: 41122 January 2008 Georgia: Preparing the Ajara Bypass Roads Development Project The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 19 January 2008) Currency Unit – lari (GEL) GEL1.00 = $0.6273 $1.00 = GEL1.5941 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank EIA – environmental impact assessment PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CLASSIFICATION Targeting Classification – General intervention Sector – Transport and communications Subsector – Roads and highways Themes – Sustainable economic growth, regional cooperation, capacity development Subthemes – Fostering physical infrastructure development, cross-border infrastructure, institutional development NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Vice President L. Jin, Operations Group 1 Director General J. Miranda, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) Director S. O'Sullivan, Infrastructure Division, CWRD Team leader H. Wang, Principal Transport Economist, CWRD o 41 o 00'E 45 00'E GEORGIA AJARA BYPASS ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N Bzyb R. Gagra N ABKHAZETI Pitsunda Omarishara 0 20 40 60 80 Gudauta Lata Kodori R. Mestia o Otap o 43 00'N Sukhumi Inguri R. Kilometers 43 00'N Gulripsh Khaishi Tqvarcheli Lentekhi Ochamchira Jvari Gali Khvanchkara Zugdidi Pichori Rioni R. Mleta Kvaisi Tqibuli Pasanauri Tskhaitubo B l a c k S e a Senaki Chiatura . Rioni R. Kutaisi R Poti la Tskhinvali ri vi Samtredia Q Lanchkhuti Chokhatauri Zestaponi Akhmeta Supsa R. Ala Khashuri Mtkvar zan Ozurgeti Gori Telavi i R. -
Security Council Distr.: General 13 July 2005
United Nations S/2005/453 Security Council Distr.: General 13 July 2005 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1582 (2005) of 28 January 2005, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 July 2005. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, since my report of 25 April 2005 (S/2005/269). 2. My Special Representative for Georgia, Heidi Tagliavini, continued to head UNOMIG. She was assisted in this task by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Hussein Ghobashi (Egypt), until 11 June 2005, when he completed his tour of duty with the Mission. A new Chief Military Observer is due to arrive at the Mission shortly. The strength of UNOMIG as at 1 July 2005 stood at 120 military observers and 12 civilian police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. The participation of the Georgian and Abkhaz side in the United Nations- chaired meeting of the Group of Friends on 7 and 8 April in Geneva (see S/2005/269, paras. 10-12) signalled the resumption of the United Nations-led peace process after over eight months of suspended contacts between the parties. Subsequently, my Special Representative focused her efforts on resuming the dialogue between the two sides on the primary issues of political and security matters, the return of refugees and internally displaced persons and economic cooperation. These issues are being pursued in order to address practical and humanitarian challenges in the conflict zone and to improve confidence between the two sides so that negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict can take place, using the paper entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi” and its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. -
Mobilization in Civil War: Latent Norms, Social Relations, and Inter-Group Violence in Abkhazia
MOBILIZATION IN CIVIL WAR: LATENT NORMS, SOCIAL RELATIONS, AND INTER-GROUP VIOLENCE IN ABKHAZIA by ANASTASIA SHESTERININA B.A., Summa Cum Laude, York University, 2008 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Political Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) November 2014 © Anastasia Shesterinina, 2014 Abstract What explains individual and small group mobilization for inter-group violence? How does participation in inter-group violence inform high-risk action in subsequent cycles of mobilization? This dissertation poses four puzzles of violent mobilization across the pre-, civil war, and post-war stages in the conflict cycle to analyze mobilization in civil war. These puzzles place the question of civil war mobilization in a historical trajectory of conflict and include pre-war violent mobilization despite the risks of state repression and inter-group opposition; immediate mass mobilization on a weaker side in the war at the stage of civil war onset; retention of fighters in the course of civil war; and protracted violent mobilization in the post-war period. Analysis is based on over 150 in-depth interviews with participants and non-participants in mobilization and extensive archival and secondary material gathered through fieldwork over 2010- 2013 in Abkhazia—a case of civil war and Georgia’s breakaway territory,—Georgia, and Russia. The wide scope of Abkhaz mobilization in the pre- (1921-1992), civil war (1992-1993), and post- war (1993-2008) periods allows examining within-case temporal and spatial variation, tracing the process of mobilization across the conflict cycle, and drawing generalizable conclusions. -
Security Council Distr.: General 3 October 2007
United Nations S/2007/588 Security Council Distr.: General 3 October 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1752 (2007), by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 October 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, since my report of 18 July 2007 (S/2007/439). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 October 2007 stood at 133 military observers and 19 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the reporting period, UNOMIG continued its efforts to maintain stability in the zone of conflict, help prevent the escalation of tensions and facilitate dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides. The overall approach to the settlement of the conflict remains that a successful dialogue on security, the return of internally displaced persons and refugees, economic rehabilitation and humanitarian issues would help bring about a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. 3) and additional ideas by the sides. 4. My Special Representative maintained regular contact with both sides, as well as with the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General. -
Why Georgia Matters
Chaillot Paper February 2006 n°86 Why Georgia matters Dov Lynch cp86-cover.qxp 24/02/2006 09:07 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Paper Chaillot n° 86 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide Why Georgia matters analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute and publication indicates that the paper is considered by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org Dov Lynch cp86.qxp 24/02/2006 08:58 Page 1 Chaillot Paper February 2006 n°86 Why Georgia matters Dov Lynch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cp86.qxp 24/02/2006 08:58 Page 2 The author Dov Lynch is a Senior Research Fellow at the EU Institute for Security Studies where he has worked since July 2002. -
Security Council Distr.: General 11 January 2007
United Nations S/2007/15 Security Council Distr.: General 11 January 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1716 (2006) of 13 October 2006, by which the Security Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 April 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, since my report of 28 September 2006 (S/2006/771). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 January 2007 stood at 127 military observers and 14 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the period under review, UNOMIG continued its efforts to prevent escalation of tensions, maintain stability and facilitate dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides. The agenda for the dialogue remained the three priorities endorsed by the United Nations-chaired high-level meetings of the Group of Friends in Geneva (see S/2004/315, paras. 5-7) and agreements between the Presidents of the Russian Federation and Georgia reached in Sochi (see S/2003/412, para. 5). Efforts and activities in this framework are aimed at improving confidence between the sides and facilitating meaningful negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para.