IEEE Paper Template in A4 (V1)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

IEEE Paper Template in A4 (V1) ISSN 2319 – 1953 International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Applications and Management Studies Interactive web-based data generation software applicable for river engineering Girish S. Katkar#1, Dinesh A. Lingote*2, Ritesh Vijay@3 1 Head, Dept. of Computer Science, Taywade College, Koradi, Nagpur, M.S., India 2 Sr. Scientist, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India 3 Principal Scientist and Head, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India [email protected],[email protected] (corresponding author),[email protected] Abstract— It's an era of automated system, many researching RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate), SAR (Sodium adsorption organizations are working on automated system to ease burden ratio), Sodium, Sulfate, TC (Total Coliform), Fluoride, Lead, of conventional systems. Among all, if data generation system for Copper and Zinc, PH (Potential of Hydrogen), turbidity, water large geographical area like: River modelling, Biodiversity and conductivity, total alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, BOD air quality monitoring is considered then conventional method (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), Calcium, chloride, chlorine, used for data generation realizes burdensome, time consuming, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), DO (Dissolved Oxygen) never ending process and sometime fails even. Consequently, it is have been created and its water quality values have been very essential to develop auto data generation techniques which depicted on or closed to SPs [3]. will generate large data to support conventional method (form a team of researcher, carry-out field work, collect sample, test it with the instruments and generate data). This research paper introduces a web-based software developed for the Kanhan river to generate river water quality data for its modelling. Software uses different data generation techniques like: data extraction, data estimation, data generation using public-partnership and data generation using scientific software respectively. This research paper also demonstrates its public portal utilized for the public health management. Keywords— data generation, Extraction, Data Estimation, River Engineering, Information System, Modelling, public health I. INTRODUCTION River is very important for living organism, over exploitation and urbanization has ecologically stressed the Indian rivers. Specifically, If Kanhan River is considered, then this river also stressed environmentally. Kanhan River originates from Satpura hills situated in Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh, river progresses to Nagpur district of Fig. 1 Considered path for the Kanhan River Maharashtra and lastly confluences the Wainganga River [1]. To develop this software for Kanhan River, around 300Kms Web-pages are published using tomcat web server [4] and of Kanhan River stretch from Amla Dam, Madhya Pradesh to geo-information is published using Geoserver 2.11 [5]. Gosekhurd Dam, Maharashtra, India is considered along with Software uses different techniques for information generation the water sources confluences the river. Software records as shown in Fig. 3. and discussed in detail as follows. several water quality parameters and disseminates using its public and private portal. Nearby villages and Nagpur (Maharashtra, India) city uses Kanhan river water for drinking and domestic usage; Research team is kin in conserving Kanhan River, hence developed this software to address river issues in the public domain. II. SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY In view to generation information for Kanhan river, SPs (Study points) are imposed on the river stretch at 100-meter distance (Fig. 2). Bing Map is used as a base map [2], which is overlaid with different information layers. Several information layers like: ESP (Exchangeable Fig. 2 Study points imposed on the river path Sodium Carbonate), FC (Faecal Coliform), Hydrogen Carbonate, Iron, Magnesium, Nitrate, Phosphate, Potassium, IJSRCSAMS Volume 7, Issue 6 (November 2018) www.ijsrcsams.com ISSN 2319 – 1953 International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Applications and Management Studies Data Generation Data Extraction Public Partnership Scientific and modelling software Bulk Data upload Data Estimation Data Share and update Fig. 5 login screen. Fig. 3 Information generation techniques A. Data generation (Conventional method). Authenticated users from different organization can register into the software (Fig. 4). Registration request of the user reaches to system administrator and after approval from administrator research-team user gets registered into the software. Using this simple procedure software forms a community of the researchers. Research-team user can login into the software (Fig. 5) and can generate main data. Team can carry out field work and collect water quality data to upload into the system. To generate data from all possible modes, research-team user is facilitated with utilities like: data share, data upload, data download (Fig. 6), point by point Fig. 6 Data Download data upload and Bulk data upload (using excel file). Apart from basic data generation, research team can also generate data using data extraction and data estimation techniques B. Public-partnership. provided by the software which is discussed associated section. If recent trend is studied, then data generation using public- partnership (It is also called as citizen assisted systems) is observed more popular and effective technique. Most of the physicochemical parameters can be recorded in the presence of water. Guest-user of the software can record presence or non-presence of the water on or closed to the SPs. Although such data has low significance in the system, but such feedback is very useful in validating the data. Software maintains different Boolean flags to identify the modes of the data generation. Among these, if guestuser flag is set to TRUE, it means data is generated by the guest-user and public- partnership mode is used for the data generation. When guest- user generates a data, software automatically sets guestuser flag to TRUE and by-default sets approved flag to FALSE. Data generated by guest-user won't be reflected to research- team till approved flag remains FALSE. Administrative user of the software can observe such data and can set approved flag to TRUE on ensuring its validity. Fig. 4 User registration. IJSRCSAMS Volume 7, Issue 6 (November 2018) www.ijsrcsams.com ISSN 2319 – 1953 International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Applications and Management Studies causes hurdle as R&D needs data in complete form. Therefore, such missing data essentially need to be best estimated. C. Bulk data upload. Software uses two methods for data estimation Mean and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method respectively. Depending upon nature of data user can opt method for the data estimation. As indicated in the Fig. 9, user can click on "Data generation" link and then can click on "Estimate data" link provided in the appeared page. As shown in Fig. 10 software is featured to estimate data for single SPs or multiple SPs. software considers non-zero values in the given range of Fig. 7, Bulk data Upload SPs, calculates mean and returns estimated value (or values) This software supports data generation using scientific to single or multiple SPs, if user selects Mean option for the software; most of the scientific and modelling software data estimation. Similarly, software calculates MLE for every generates data in excel file format or CSV (Comma Separated no-zero value available in the given range and returns value Value) file format. Considering this, software facilitates quick (or values) to single or multiple SPs for which MLE data upload utility (Fig. 7). However, bulk-data upload calculated is high. While estimating and returning values to requires authentication from administrator; if data is generated the missing SPs, software prioritizes existing non-zero-data using bulk data upload utility, then such data will be reflected and leave them unchanged while estimation. in the software and will be available for the research-team, if administrator-user approves it. D. Data share and update. Developed software ensures all-time availability of the data. Generated data is geo-mapped, thus offers great visualization, look & feel of the data. Using such features research-team user can validate and confirm the data. Recorded physicochemical parameters are depicted as information layer (Fig. 8). This ready platform offers great navigation features for the research-team and encourages them to generate more data. Provided shareware environment also offers collective visualizations, which enables researcher to study data and its connectivity. Subsequently, observing data and their inter- relationship next phase of data can also be generated. Fig. 9 Data estimation Software has seamless feature to generate diverse information, which can be used for executing many Research and Development (R&D) projects associated with the rivers [6]. Fig. 10 Mean and MLE options for data estimation (MEAN) Fig. 8 Data shared among the users and update (MLE) P( ) = . E. Data Estimation. River goes through valleys and dense forest, thus data Where n is total number of samples, = 3.14, x is sample value collection at every SPs won't be possible. Apparently, for MLE need to be calculated generates missing data at essential SPs. Such missing entries IJSRCSAMS Volume 7, Issue 6 (November 2018)
Recommended publications
  • Google Earth User Guide
    Google Earth User Guide ● Table of Contents Introduction ● Introduction This user guide describes Google Earth Version 4 and later. ❍ Getting to Know Google Welcome to Google Earth! Once you download and install Google Earth, your Earth computer becomes a window to anywhere on the planet, allowing you to view high- ❍ Five Cool, Easy Things resolution aerial and satellite imagery, elevation terrain, road and street labels, You Can Do in Google business listings, and more. See Five Cool, Easy Things You Can Do in Google Earth Earth. ❍ New Features in Version 4.0 ❍ Installing Google Earth Use the following topics to For other topics in this documentation, ❍ System Requirements learn Google Earth basics - see the table of contents (left) or check ❍ Changing Languages navigating the globe, out these important topics: ❍ Additional Support searching, printing, and more: ● Making movies with Google ❍ Selecting a Server Earth ❍ Deactivating Google ● Getting to know Earth Plus, Pro or EC ● Using layers Google Earth ❍ Navigating in Google ● Using places Earth ● New features in Version 4.0 ● Managing search results ■ Using a Mouse ● Navigating in Google ● Measuring distances and areas ■ Using the Earth Navigation Controls ● Drawing paths and polygons ● ■ Finding places and Tilting and Viewing ● Using image overlays Hilly Terrain directions ● Using GPS devices with Google ■ Resetting the ● Marking places on Earth Default View the earth ■ Setting the Start ● Location Showing or hiding points of interest ● Finding Places and ● Directions Tilting and
    [Show full text]
  • A Macro That Creates U.S. Census Tracts Keyhole Markup Language
    Paper 2418-2018 A Macro that Creates U.S Census Tracts Keyhole Markup Language Files for Google Map Use Ting Sa, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center ABSTRACT This paper introduces a macro that can generate the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) files for U.S. census tracts. The generated KML files can be used directly by Google Maps to add customized census tracts layers with user-defined colors and transparencies. When someone clicks on the census tracts layers in Google Maps, customized information is shown. To use the macro, the user needs to prepare only a simple SAS® input data set and download the related KML files from the U.S. census Bureau. The paper includes all the SAS code for the macro and provides examples that show you how to use the macro as well as how to display the KML files in Google Maps. INTRODUCTION KML file is a file that can be used to put different layers onto the google map, like a point, a line or a polygon area. Also inside the KML file, you can define the styles of the layers, like changing the color and transparency of the layers, adding information to the layers etc. The U.S Census Bureau provides the census tracts KML file for each state. However, it is one file for the whole state, therefore, if the user only wants to select certain census tracts, or the user wants to customize the census tracts with special background color, transparency or customized information, the user can not directly use the KML file from the U.S Census Bureau.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Google Earth Pro
    An Introduction to Google Earth Pro Virginia Tech Geospatial Extension Program By: Katherine Britt Ph.D. Candidate Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation John McGee Geospatial Extension Specialist Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Jim Campbell Professor Virginia Tech Department of Geography Google Earth Pro Opening Google Earth Pro and Configuring the Program Window Being by opening Google Earth Pro. Select the Google Earth Pro icon “ ,” or search in the start menu for “Google Earth Pro.” When Google Earth Pro has been opened, you will get this screen. A “Start-Up Tip” window will automatically open when Google Earth Pro starts. These include hints and instructions about many popular features in the program. If you do not want to see this window each time you start the program, you can uncheck the “Show tips at start-up” box and then either click “close” or click the red “X” at the top right of the window (see above). After the “Start-Up Tip” window is closed, you will see a view of the earth, with a “Tour Guide” ribbon at the bottom of the main, map area of the screen. The “Tour Guide” will show you photos that may be of interest in the region you are viewing. You can scroll through them to explore the feature or the surrounding area of what you are interested in. These are often used when creating customized tours or videos in Google Earth Pro. 2 Google Earth Pro You may instead wish to maximize your viewing area in the map window.
    [Show full text]
  • KML (Document Markup Language) I
    Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trade- marks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The small images on the front and back covers (which also appear in the text) are from the following sources: Front cover: Valery Hronusov and Ron Blakey (Chapter 7), Google Earth image (Chapter 8), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Chapter 1), Angel Tello (Chapter 3), Pamela Fox (Chapter 1) Back cover: Alaska Volcano Observatory (Chapter 6), Stefan Geens (Chapter 5), Jerome Burg (Chapter 4), Peter Webley (Chapter 7), James Stafford (Chapter 7) The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 [email protected] For sales outside the United States please contact: International Sales [email protected] Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wernecke, Josie.
    [Show full text]
  • Torch Lake GIS Viewer
    MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ABANDONED MINING WASTES PROJECT – TORCH LAKE GIS VIEWER USER GUIDE SEPTEMBER 2016 1 Table of Contents SECTION: PAGE NO.: 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 PARTS OF THE DISPLAY................................................................................................................................................. 5 3.0 MAP AREA – BASEMAP OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 6 4.0 MAP AREA – NAVIGATION............................................................................................................................................ 10 5.0 LEFT PANEL - LAYERS.................................................................................................................................................. 13 6.0 MAP AREA – INTERACTING WITH LAYERS................................................................................................................ 16 7.0 LEFT PANEL – ADDITIONAL TOOLS............................................................................................................................ 20 8.0 LEFT PANEL – ANALYTICAL SEARCH TOOL ............................................................................................................. 25 9.0 ANALYTICAL SEARCH TOOL SELECTION OPTIONS................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Visualization of Geospatial Data Using Google's
    Improving the Visualization of Geospatial Data Using Google’s KML THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ebenezer Attua Odoi Jr Graduate Program in Geodetic Science and Surveying The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Prof. Alan Saalfeld, Advisor Prof. Ralph Von Frese, Committee Member Copyright by Ebenezer Attua Odoi Jr 2012 Abstract The Geospatial community continues to search for effective tools that produce visualizations of the nature of the earth and its features. With the aid of geobrowsers like Google Maps and Google Earth, geoscientists can now tell their ‘tales’ in ways that nonscientists can grasp and respond to in terms of awareness, policy formulation, application development and integration in ventures that usher human existence forward. This thesis explores diverse visualization techniques using Google’s Keyhole Markup Language (KML) that will benefit the viewing of geological data. In the process the thesis will show the potential of geobrowsers and KML as a unified programming language. Though there has been a proliferation of digital map viewers like geobrowsers being developed, thematic mapping capabilities, unfortunately, has been left out. The thesis will explore how KML can be used to achieve thematic mapping, though KML itself was not specifically designed for this application. Current possibilities for making proportional symbol maps, chart maps, choropleth maps and animated maps with KML will be presented. The innovation of the thesis is the conversion of a database table into a thematic map, using proportional symbols to represent the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Earth for Dummies
    01_095287 ffirs.qxp 1/23/07 12:15 PM Page i Google® Earth FOR DUMmIES‰ by David A. Crowder 01_095287 ffirs.qxp 1/23/07 12:15 PM Page iv 01_095287 ffirs.qxp 1/23/07 12:15 PM Page i Google® Earth FOR DUMmIES‰ by David A. Crowder 01_095287 ffirs.qxp 1/23/07 12:15 PM Page ii Google® Earth For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit- ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • East Mccloud Plantations Thinning Project Public Scoping Period Beginning September 2012
    East McCloud Plantations Thinning Project Public Scoping Period Beginning September 2012 Introduction Google Earth is a free software program that enables you to view geospatial information in the form of maps. The project information is created in layers which are put together to form a map of the proposed action. You will need to download and install Google Earth on your computer in order to view the geospatial layers for the East McCloud Plantations Thinning Project. Google Earth can be downloaded for free at http://www.google.com/earth/index.html Viewing the Proposed Action Using Google Earth Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers displaying the various data about the proposed action were converted to a keyhole markup language (kml/kmz) format files for viewing in Google Earth. Directions to View the Proposed Action 1. Download the Google Earth kml/kmz files from the Shasta-Trinity National Forest website to your hard drive. You may select either the individual views from the bullet list or download a ZIP file (bottom of page) that contains all the views. If using the bullet list, simply click the links and they should open in Google Earth (if installed, see above). If you wish to download the ZIP file, ‘right’ click the link and select Save Link As or Save Target As (depending on your browser program) and download the file to your computer. Windows XP and 7 have a built in ability to open a ZIP file. Simply double click the downloaded file and a window will appear showing the views it contains. Double clicking the views in this window will open them in Google Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Earth, KML, and Google Map
    GEOG677 – Internet GIS University of Maryland at College Park Lab Assignment 2 – Web Mapping with Google Earth, KML, and Google Map Due Date: 01/05/2012 Overview This lab assignment is designed to help you explore the potential of Web mapping with some of the most popular tools (e.g. Google Earth, KML, and Google Map). The results will be published on your website and made available to anyone through the Internet. This assignment is divided into five parts: Part I: Google Earth Part II: KML Part III: Using Google Earth to create KML Part IV: Using ArcGIS to create KML Part V: Creating Customized Web Mapping with Google Map Data The GIS data to be used are as following (downloadable on the Blackboard): PG_Hospitals.shp PG_CensusTracts.shp Part I: Google Earth This section will help you get a better understanding about Google Earth and its capabilities. You will also need to install it on your computer in order to complete the tasks in later sections. 1. Getting to Know Google Earth Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographic information program that has been developed and trademarked by Google, Inc. It is probably one of the most exciting and popular software in past few years. Google Earth is an interactive mapping application that allows users to navigate the entire globe, viewing satellite imagery with overlays of roads, buildings, geographic features, and so on. It displays satellite images of varying resolution of the Earth's surface, allowing users to visually see things like cities and houses from a bird's eye view.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Earth Directions from Here
    Google Earth Directions From Here cadgedCammy hiscohobating sabin forewarn. economically. Nihilist UntuckedSting mix-up and drastically. unmetrical Pace wants almost dubitably, though Orren Incognito mode and appropriate port: from google earth directions here button to your reply was a great drive account The timecodes in the kml as that are supposed to earth google directions from here you move point of points and icon from it up. Thanks for computer or select email. Ten Ways to Use Google Earth do Your Classroom It's Not. Google-earth-maps-street-view MapQuest. Of the screen while navigating will deck the map to face when same direction field are. In GPS lingo a route is a pleasure of points where are point indicates a real or remote in. NDBC Observation Google Earth day Page. My map as a KMZ file and then bring power over to Google Earth Studio where I'll oversee the markers and route. Step 3 Drop this pin tool you're zoomed in goes the location you'd daily to pin Right-click nutrition then select Directions to here. Using data from NOAA's GOES satellites and Google Earth Engine. 14 Google Maps Tricks Travelers Need i Know. Here inferior the directions to think Open Google Earth Go work the 3 bars and degree that commodity are logged in Scroll down to settings and click without the. GPS Visualizer can create Google Earth KML files from GPS data files. If you find software provides first, from here are places in here is not just that is a year long term in color of new york.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility of Visualization and Simulation Applications to Improve Work Zone Safety and Mobility
    Feasibility of Visualization and Simulation Applications to Improve Work Zone Safety and Mobility Final Report June 2008 Sponsored by the Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative a Federal Highway Administration pooled fund study and the Iowa Department of Transportation (CTRE Project 07-300) Iowa State University’s Center for Transportation Research and Education is the umbrella organization for the following centers and programs: Bridge Engineering Center • Center for Weather Impacts on Mobility and Safety • Construction Management & Technology • Iowa Local Technical Assistance Program • Iowa Traffic Safety Data Service • Midwest Transportation Consortium • National Concrete Pavement Technology Center • Partnership for Geotechnical Advancement • Roadway Infrastructure Management and Operations Systems • Statewide Urban Design and Specifications • Traffic Safety and Operations About CTRE The mission of the Center for Transportation Research and Education (CTRE) at Iowa State University is to develop and implement innovative methods, materials, and technologies for improving transportation efficiency, safety, and reliability while improving the learning environment of students, faculty, and staff in transportation-related fields. Disclaimer Notice The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors. The sponsors assume no liability for the contents or use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The sponsors do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Activities of the Network 4. Conferences
    Volume 5, No. 12 DecemberDecember 201 20189 Monthly Newsletter Table of Contents North and Central America and the 1. Activities of Caribbean Editorial ..…...............…............ the Network December 2019 Editorial Board ………………....…. 1. Activities …………………..……… 1 4. 9-13 December: AGU Meeting Venue: San Francisco, California, USA 2. A) Lab of the month..…....... Ottawa, Ontario, OSGeo Meetup B) GeoAmbassador ……….…… Group meets on the third Thursday of each month. If you are located 3. Events …………….....…........…. in the area, go to the link to sign up 4. Conferences ………...…...…….. 1 to the group and get updates about April 2020 5. Webinars ………..….….……..…. 4 future events. 5. 6-10 April: AAG 2020 Annual Meeting 6. Courses …………….…………..…. (http://www.meetup.com/Ottawa Venue: Denver, Colorado, USA 7. Training programs ……….…… 4 OSGeo/ 6. 6-10 April: Symposium on Frontiers in 8. Key research publication ..… CyberGIS and Geospatial Data Science 9. Funding opportunities ……... 10. New free and open software, Venue: Denver, Colorado, USA open data …………......…..……… 4. Conferences May 2020 11. Free Books ………..….…….… 12. Articles …….…………..…......... 4 7. 24-27 May: 17th International Conference Europe on Information Systems for Crisis Response 13. Scholarships for students and Management (ISCRAM 2020) and staff …….……………............ April 2020 Venue: Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 14. Exchange programs for 1. 21-24 April: GISRUK students and staff Venue: London, UK. 15. Awards ……..….…............. 16. Web sites ……..….………..... May 2020 17. Ideas ………………..............…. 6 2. 12-15 May: INSPIRE Conference 18. Social contribution ………… 2020 Venue: Dubrovnik, Croatia September 2020 3. 15-18 September: GIScience Venue: Poznań, Poland Volume 5, No. 12 December 2019 Editorial Board Please refer to the appropriate person according to the following table: Chief Editor Nikos Lambrinos, Professor, Dept.
    [Show full text]