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Inventory and Outlook Saskatchewan's Mineral

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Inventory and Outlook Saskatchewan's Mineral REPORT No. 83 Fourth Edition . I INVENTORY ; B 2 0 1957 AND RECEIVED OUTLOOK DEPARTMENT OF OF Ml NERAL RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF SASKATCHEWAN SASKATCHEWAN'S MINERAL RESOURCES Hon. A. C. CAMERON J. T. CAWLEY NOVEMBER , 1966 Minister Deputy Minister i. TABLE OF CONTENTS • , SUBJECT PAGE A. GEOLOGY 1 - 13 • Palaeogeologic Map of Lower Palaeozoic Strata 7 Palaeogeologic Map of Palaeozoic Strata 8 Palaeogeologic Map of Mesozoic Strata 9 East-West Geologic Cross Section 12 North-South Geologic Croes Section 13 B. METALLIC MINERALS 14 1. Base Metals 14 & 15 2. Precious Metals 17 3. Uranium 19 &: 20 4. Miscellaneous Metallic Minerals 21 & 22 5. Iron 22 & 23 C. FOSSIL FUELS 24 1. Oil (Light-gravity) 24 2. Oil (Medium-gravity) 25 3. Oil (Heavy-gravity) 26 & 27 4. Oil (General) 27 - 29 5. Coal 30 - 32 6. Natural Gas 33 - 35 D. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 36 1. Potash 36 - 39 2. Salt 40 3. Sodium Sulphate 41 & 42 4. Sand and Gravel 43 5. Cement 44 6. Clays 45 ii SUBJECT PAGE 7. Helium & Nitrogen 46 & 47 8. Sulphur 48 .. 9. Pumicite 49 E. SUMMARY 50 & 51 Table No. SUBJECT 1 Base Metal Production 1955-66 16 2 Gold Production 1955-66 18 3 Silver Production 1955-66 18 4 Uranium Production 1955-66 21 5 Cadmium, Selenium & Tellurium Production 1955~66 22 6 Light Gravity Crude Production 1955-66 24 7 Medium Gravity Crude Production 1955-66 26 8 Heavy Gravity Crude Production 1955-66 27 9 Crude Oil Production and Demand 1955-66 29 10 Coal Reserves of Saskatchewan 31 11 Coal Production 1955-66 32 12 Natural Gas Production and Demand 1962-65 - 35 13 Potash 1963-66 39 14 Salt Production 1955-66 40 15 Sodium Sulphate Production 1955-66 42 16 Sand and Gravel Production 1955-65 43 17 Cement Production 1956-65 44 18 Clay Production 1955-65 45 19 Mineral Production 1886-1966 50 20 Per Capita Value by Provinces 51 - 1 - A. GEOLOGY 1. INTRODUCTION This presentation is intended to introduce you to the mineral • resources of Saskatchewan, their occurrence, production and economic worth. An understanding of the distribution and occurrence of minerals and their relationship to the physiographic features of the province may be simplified by a cursory examination of the geology. Geology, by definition, is the science of the earth's crust, its strata and their relations and changes. Saskatchewan can be divided into two physiographic areas which coincide with the two main geologic divisions in the province. The plains area occupying the southern half of the province is the sedimentary division while the northern half is part of the Canadian Shield and is the Precambrian division. But per­ haps we are getting ahead of our story • • Geology can be compared to the study of anatomy. The body is composed of a framework or skeleton upon which muscles are laid in an irregular but systematic manner and the whole covered by skin. The distribution of muscles is not uniform over the skeleton and the appearance of the body is an expression of the skeleton as modified by various layers of muscles. The flexing of a muscle changes the relationship of adjacent parts and the appearance of the body. In some cases the change in appearance is barely discernible while the flexing of many muscles creates a major change in attitude. Similarly the anatomy of the earth is based upon a skeleton upon which strata or muscles have been laid in an irregular but systematic manner. Movements of the skeleton occurred from time to time (and continue to occur) and each such movement changed the relationship of the adjacent parts, and the ultimate appearance of the earthly sphere. - 2 - Like the body, the earth is cloaked by a skin, and what lies below is not always obvious or discernible but the geologists, with know­ ledge derived from surface exposures and from probes below the surface, formulate the hypotheses concerning the anatomy of the earth. The anatomist identifies each muscle by location and by name and the geologist similarly identifies each component by type of material and by name. The geologist is concerned with time because each move­ ment of the earth's skeleton created a sequence of events affecting the geologic anatomy. The story we are going to tell is not concerned with individual muscles, but is concernred with groups of muscles and more particularly with time and the movement of the skeleton. Geological time is divided into four major units called eras. Eras are further subdivided into periods and epochs. The four ~ras from oldest to youngest are Precambrian, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and • Cenozoic . Division of time and the identification of rocks to a specific time division is based on the type of animal and vegetable life recorded in the rocks and on changed structural features and mineral content where no life is recorded. 2. PRECAMBRIAN ERA The Precambrian era, representing the earliest of the major time units, is estimated to have been at least five times as long as the combined time interval represented by the other three eras. The Precambrian ~s the time unit in which the skeleton of the earth was formed by consolidation of molten material. The majority of scientists agree that in the early stages of its formation the earth passed through a molten period and that a sorting action occurred whereby the heavier materials collected in the centre and the lighter materials moved to the surface. Water and gases - 3 - escaped to form the atmosphere and the planet slowly began to cool. As it cooled the surface consolidated, contracted and cracked allow- ing the further escape of water, gases and molten material. As the cooling progressed the water vapours condensed and the first oceans were formed in the depressions of the irregular surface. Weathering of the igneous rocks during this time produced sediments devoid of evidence of life. Cooling, contraction and weathering of the surface continued, accompanied by the escape of molten material from the interior to the surface, to create a complex of igneous, sedimentary and meta­ morphic rocks. This complex is the earth's skeleton. The southern limit of the Precambrian Shield in Saskatchewan stretches across the province diagonally southeast from about 57° N. Lat. on the western boundary to about 54° N. Lat. on the eastern boundary; thus about one-third of the province lies in the Canadian Shield where Precambrian rocks are exposed. Vast stretches of the west-central part of this Precambrian Shield (to use another of its names) are overlain by sandstones of the Athabasca Formation, barren of mineralization in themselves and of unknown thicknesses, which mask the potential of the igneous rocks belowo All of northern Saskatchewan must be considered potential mineral land, but, because of the complexity of the rock structure and physical limitations imposed by the terrain 9 discovery of mineral deposits will require many years of prospecting. The complex of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic Precambrian rocks of northern Saskatchewan are the host rocks for the province's metallic mineral industry. Sites of commercial production of metallic minerals and the areas considered most favourable for further finds are in belts extending west from Flin Flon to Lac La Ronge and north to - 4 - Reindeer Lake and in the region north of Lake Athabasca. Precambrian rocks underlie all of Saskatchewan but in the southern half of the province t hey are covered by sedimentary rocks of later eras. Mineralization in these deeply buried Precambrian rocks is likely but finding commercial deposits will be expensive unless new geophysical or other scientific techniques are discoveredo The iron deposits at Choice­ land at a depth of 2,000 feet and estimated to contain 150 million tons of approximately 30 per cent iron were indicated by geophysical methods and by drilling. The presence of helium in southern Saskatchewan in rocks immediately above the Precambrian is believed by some to indicate the presence of uranium in the Precambrian of that areao The earth's skeleton was formed during Precambrian times, and, as previously indicated, movements of the skeleton continued t hrough­ ' out the later eras. In limiting our study to the geology of Sask­ atchewan, generalizations are in order. The Precambrian Shield of northern Saskatchewan remained stable throughout post- Precambrian ages while the southern part of the province was subject to movements from time to time. The balance of the story concerns these movements and their effects on the geology of southern Saskatchewan. 3. PALAEOZOIC ERA The Palaeozoic era, the next major time unit following the Pre­ cambrian, is divided into seven periods. The predominant forms of life during this era were marine invertebrates, fishes~ amphibia and spore bearing plants. During this era movements of the earth's crust, ' previously compared to muscle movement, resulted in the advance, or transgression, of seas into the low- lying areas, the erosion of the exposed land surfaces and the reworking and deposition of the eroded - 5 - material in the seas. Each of the seven periods represents a major marine transgression, or series of transgressions, each with distinct­ ive life forms the fossil evidence of life assists in identifying the rocks of each period. The seven periods of the Palaeozoi~ from oldest to youngest, are Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian (comprising Lower Palaeozoic strata), Devonian and Mississippian (comprising Middle Palaeozoic strata), and Pennsylvanian and Permian (comprising Upper Palaeozoicstrata which are absent from Saskatchewan). In Saskatchewan the Precambrian surface was stable during the early part of the Cambrian period, remaining above water level and therefore subject to erosiono The first marine transgression into southern Saskatchewan occurred late in the Cambrian period and, from this time until the close of Mississippian times, a series of move­ ments of the earth's crust occurred causing a succession of marine \ invasions and retreats in southern Saskatchewan.
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