Micro-Level Diffusion of Management Control Systems Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd

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Micro-Level Diffusion of Management Control Systems Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd Micro-level Diffusion of Management Control Systems Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd. Accounting Master's thesis Janne Lupari 2016 Department of Accounting Aalto University School of Business Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) MICRO-LEVEL DIFFUSION OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd. Master’s Thesis Janne Lupari Spring 2016 Master’s Programme in Accounting Approved in the Department of Accounting __ / __2016 and awarded the grade _______________________________________________________ Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master’s thesis Author Janne Lupari Title of thesis Micro-level Diffusion of Management Control Systems: Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd. Degree Master’s Degree Degree programme Master’s Programme in Accounting Thesis advisor(s) Professor Juhani Vaivio Year of approval 2016 Number of pages 155 Language English Abstract This research focused on the implementation and daily operations of rolling forecasting in one Finnish retail trade company. Under the theme of budgeting rolling forecasting’s idea has been known for decades among scholars. Nevertheless, it has not drawn much attention in management accounting studies. Only after the turn of the millennium practitioners have shown interest in rolling forecasting, through which it is justifiable to claim that case studies are necessary in order to build up understanding of micro-level diffusion of rolling forecasting. Management control systems have been researched widely in the diffusion literature from many perspectives. These studies have been bothered by post-positive relationship to innovations, unlimited resources, technology oriented weight and over rationality. Lately research has tried to answer these challenges by pointing interest to complexity, irrationality and humanity of changes. Management accounting research has developed accounting change models, presented future landscapes and discussed the changing role of management accountant. As for budgeting, its complexity and issues have been known for ages. Different methods such as the zero-base budgeting, the balanced scorecard, the activity based budgeting and the beyond budgeting model have been developed so that among other things the information wave related turbulent business environment challenges can be answered. Rolling forecasting tries to do this by creating a flexible budgeting process, in which a defined future period will be forecasted and in which attention is pointed rather to the future than the past. The study aimed at enriching the understanding of rolling forecasting by analyzing extensive data, which included seven transcribed and six note interviews, a long period of financial data, unofficial discussions, surveys and other company inside material. Due to the contingency theory, causal relationships and diversities of matters this study strived for describing, illustrating and explaining rolling forecasting as a budgeting method and management control system. The research question could be crystallized followingly: “How does rolling forecasting function?” In the case company rolling forecasting has both changed reporting and information flow within the company as well as caused issues in producing customary services and in creating the new budgeting process. Furthermore, even after years of implementation it can be seen that rolling forecasting’s role is unclear and the process itself is suffering from systematic errors. Based on the empirical observations, this research suggests additional parts to the existing accounting change models so that change situations can be handled better. This model emphasizes the balance between quality, speed and costs and also recognizes that change can lead to value destroying acts. The study confirmed also in a versatile manner that different organization levels had different conceptions and perspectives on how rolling forecasting functions. Keywords Rolling Forecasting, Rolling Budgeting, Rolling Planning, Budgeting, Diffusion of Management Controlling Systems, Management Accounting Change 2 Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Maisterintutkinnon tutkielman tiivistelmä Tekijä Janne Lupari Työn nimi Micro-level Diffusion of Management Control Systems: Rolling Forecasting in the Finnish Retail Ltd. Tutkinto Kauppatieteiden maisterin tutkinto Koulutusohjelma Laskentatoimi Työn ohjaaja(t) Professori Juhani Vaivio Hyväksymisvuosi 2016 Sivumäärä 155 Kieli Englanti Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus keskittyi rullaavan suunnittelun käyttöönottoon ja päivittäiseen käyttöön suomalaisessa vähittäiskauppayhtiössä. Budjetoinnin aihepiirissä rullaavan suunnittelun idea on ollut jo vuosikymmeniä kauppatieteilijöiden tietoisuudessa. Tästä huolimatta siihen on kohdistunut sangen vähäinen mielenkiinto johdon laskentatoimen tutkimuksessa. Vasta vuosituhannen vaihteen jälkeen käytännön ammatinharjoittajat ovat ottaneet menetelmän omakseen, minkä seurauksena voidaan perustellusti väittää, että case-tutkimukset rullaavasta suunnittelusta ovat tarpeellisia, jotta rullaavan suunnittelun mikrotason ymmärrys voi kasvaa. Johdon ohjausjärjestelmiä on tutkittu laajalti innovaatioiden diffuusiokirjallisuudessa monen eri näkökulman puolesta. Näitä tutkimuksia on kuitenkin vaivannut ennakkopositiivinen suhtautuminen innovaatioihin, loputtomiksi tulkitut resurssit, teknologiapainotteisuus ja ylirationaalisuus. Viimeaikainen tutkimus on pyrkinyt vastaamaan näihin haasteisiin kohdistamalla huomiota muutosten monimutkaisuuteen, irrationaalisuuteen ja inhimilliseen luonteeseen. Laskentatoimen tutkimus on kehittänyt laskentatoimen muutoksen malleja ja esittänyt tulevaisuuskuvia sekä havainnut muutoksia laskentatoimen ammattilaisen työssä. Mitä tulee budjetointiin, sen monimutkaisuus ja ongelmat ovat olleet tiedossa jo pitkään. Erilaisia menetelmiä kuten nollapohjabudjetointi, tasapainotettu tuloskortti, toimintolaskenta ja beyond budgeting –malli on kehitetty, jotta voitaisiin vastata paremmin muun muassa informaatioaikakauden tuomiin turbulentin toimintaympäristön haasteisiin. Rullaava suunnittelu yrittää tehdä tämän luomalla joustavan budjetointiprosessin, jossa määrätty aikaväli ennustetaan tulevaisuuteen ja jossa mielenkiinto kohdistuu pikemmin tulevaisuuteen kuin menneisyyteen. Tutkimus tähtäsi rullaavaan suunnittelun käsityksen monipuolistamiseen mittavan aineiston avulla, mikä sisälsi seitsemän litteroitua ja kuusi muistiinpanohaastattelua, case-yrityksen pitkäaikaisen talousdatan, epävirallisia keskusteluja, kyselyjä ja muuta yrityksen sisäistä materiaalia. Kontingenssiteorian, asioiden syy-seuraus riippuvuussuhteiden ja monipuolisuuksien takia tämä tutkimus pyrki etupäässä kuvaamaan, havainnollistamaan ja selittämään rullaavaa suunnittelua budjetoinnin ja johdon ohjausjärjestelmän välineenä. Tutkimuksen tutkimuskysymyksen voisi kiteyttää seuraavasti: ”Kuinka rullaava suunnittelu toimii?” Case-yrityksessä rullaava suunnittelu on muuttanut raportointia ja tiedonkulkua yhtiössä sekä aiheuttanut haasteita totuttujen palveluiden tuottamisen ja uuden prosessin luomisen osalta. Tämän lisäksi yhtiössä on vielä vuosien kuluttuakin havaittavissa, että rullaavan suunnittelun rooli on epäselvä ja itse prosessi sisältää systemaattisia virheitä. Tämä tutkimus esittää empiiristen havaintojen pohjalta tarvittavia lisäosia laskentatoimen muutosmalliin, jotta muutostilanteita voitaisiin hallita paremmin. Tämä malli korostaa laadun, nopeuden ja kustannusten välistä tasapainoa ja tiedostaa, että muutos voi johtaa myös arvoa tuhoavaan toimintaan. Tutkimus todensi myös monipuolisesti, että eri organisaatiotasoilla on erilaiset käsitykset ja näkökulmat liittyen siihen, kuinka rullaava suunnittelu toimii. Avainsanat rullaava ennustaminen, rullaava budjetointi, rullaava suunnittelu, budjetointi, johdon ohjausjärjestelmien diffuusio, johdon laskentatoimen muutos 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2. DIFFUSION OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLLING SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONS ............................... 12 2.1 THEORY OF DIFFUSION (ADOPTION) ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 MAJOR SHORTCOMINGS OF THE BASIC THEORY AND ITS REPLENISHMENTS ............................................................. 23 2.3 DIFFUSION IN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ........................................................................................................... 30 3. THEMATIC OF BUDGETARY CONTROL IN THE 21ST CENTURY ............................................................. 41 3.1 COMPLEXITY OF BUDGETING .................................................................................................................................
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