A Romano-British Settlement to the Rear of Denchworth Road, Wantage, Oxfordshire: Evaluation and Excavation in 1996 and 1998
By ALIST\JR B\RSF R and ELL HOLBROOK
with contributions by PHIL ALSTI:'>I, j.\,\E BIRCHER, MDl FAlRBL R ... , PETER GUE 1, EMMA HARRISOI', MARK !'vIAL:1 BY, J. M. MILLS, JANE TIMBY and G R.\EM E WAl.K ER
SUMMARY
Evaluation and t."(('at'll/ion was undmaknz h)o eatm'old . trr/ult%gicai Trust In 1996 and /998 u,tthin a,t arrll of knoll'n Romflllo-Bnlish occupatIOn. EXC{ltl(J./lOtl rtlit'lll,d a tIlttallld traehu'll)" with flaukmg dlle/us, pial boundarits and Pils dalablt 10 I'" ptriod from Iht Icllt 1>1 10 tarl"r 211d cmlury. A Ihlck ruillmllall ho"';2On arrumulaltd across part oJ the StLt during 1M 2nd and lrd (tntll'). "pml which a ltont building U'G.S (onstructed aJter c. AD 270. ani) part of lilt buildmg Lay V'It/lUl tht excavation arta, and Jt was ~ttmmg'Y contained urithin a ditched roela.mrt. 71" butldi"g was (omJJrt'hmr;nJtl) dumont/td and ToblNd of budding maltrinls. and a .~h"d oj 6th- to 9th-emllll) pollt", was recol/fred from 01lt of tht robber Irenellts. ThlfUlLurt of Roman _~/ttlt1nt11t at "~mlagt' IS rn.rll'U-'t'd m tilt ltglll of tilt prtsmt and prt'l!iOlH dZs(ol't'n'ts.
n 1996 The Vale Housing Association Ltd. applied for planning permission for a I residential de,·elopment on a 0.32 ha. land plot bet"een tockham Way and Denchwonh Road. The site was formerly allotments. Excavation and observation O\'er the last rew decades, and in particular an excavation at Mill Street in 1993~~I,1 has identified an emerging picture or Roman and axon activity in this pan or Wantage (Fig. I). Accordingly Oxfordshire Count} Council Archaeology Sen ice, on behalf of the Vale of White Ilorse District Council, required that the archaeological importance or the site be evaluated prior to determination of the planning application. In Janua", 1996 COLSwold Archaeological Tnls( eXGlvated two evaluation trenches within the site, re\ealing Romano-British ditched boundaries and possible pits (Fig. 2).2 The~e remain~ were \ulnerable to damage rrom the proposed de\elopment and, when planning permission was subsc J :\. Iiolbrook and A, Thomas. 'The Roman and f.ilrly Anglo.Saxon Settlement at Wantage, Oxfordsillre, Excavations at \Iill Slreel, 1993-4', Ol;lJtlU"IJ'Q, Ixi (1996), 171-6. 2 C. Baleman. 'Land off Denchworth Road. Wantage. O,rnrdshire: Archaeological balualion' ( I IS. Rep. 96336. 1996). :g'" ,. >-" 012471 • Pottery I Coin '" "~ • Burials _ 7540 A Road >'" D Ditch Z 0 w Well 7 A Church • Evaluations 0 • Wall r " , '"0 0 " ..,~ ,. r Fig. I ~1 < IP of Roman discoH'Ties III Wantage. NUlllbel"S refer to cntnes 011 ahe Oxlol'dshire Sites and Monuments Record. n ...... <- "\." () R I II R 0 \ 0 \\" A .... C\ (. .. :!91 of the development area was to be destroyed. additional emergency funding was secured from the \ 'ale Housing AssoCiation and English Heritage for the rapid lI1\estigation of a further area of some 300 m. 2 (termed area A+) with the primary objective of reco\ering the plan of lhe Slone building. Following completion of the site works an i.lsses~mel1l \,'as made of the main findings and a programme of anal)sis and research proposed. This strategy was apprmed b} Engli'h Heritage and Oxfordshire Count) Council. (md analysis commenced in \1arch 2000. Thi, repon presents the results of lhe eXC3\'3 tion and posl-exca\'ation phases. LOCAl ION, TOPOGRAPHY A lD GEOLOGY I he site lies wilhm the Belmont ared of Wanwge. approximatd.,.' 800 m NW. of the town (entre. II is lora It'd \\'. of Den(hwonh Road on a plateau alxH'c the W slopes of the Letcoll1be Brook at between 9i.5 m, and 9H.25 m. 00, «(enoed on 'GR: SL 394 883) (Fig. 2). Ihe British Geological Sun'ey maps the surface geology of the study area ,I.!. Pleistocene Upper Green\<\nd. «(lI1~istinK of slirT clays and marl \\Ilh pocket'!! of silt) day underlain by a stiff Sdndy silt.,., cia} 1 -{,~ 1 STOCKHAM WAY o m Z () / I ~ j, B ::J I B4 / II JJ §? 1/ " o /I • f .. t " ,r '< " I / - Bulldmg outJl/'le rf- 1996 evaluatlOll I trel'lChes Comel..., % 1998 excavation / areas / _ ArchaeologICal features 8 0 100m '"" Flg.2 Location of the e"aiuation illld excavation trenches. ~92 \ Ii '\ R n .. RAN D N J 10 I. U R () () K f I A I .. Area B )> r - ALL PERIODS Archaeological features () and excavated areas • _ Stone building • Evaluation trench Area A Area A+ , 51 0___ -= SCm Fig.:t h.ta\.lIt'cllt',UlIll'.. , .tli pt''fiod .. I) t- .... (. 11 \\ 0 R I J I R ().-\ f) \\ \ .... I \ C. t- 1 \1I01111t."11I SOIl ...... IS rel11oH:d b~ a m«hanifal eXCd\ator. II'lIiing .1 IOOlhle grading budel. under coostant althaeolf)~Kal upen i<;ioll. fhis re\ealed a ... ubsnil horiwn ..... Ilich lli.lnd-<:Icaning re\·ealed to be CUI In a selle, of hal1u\\ . .lmmphou "oops. 111CM" fC.ltures "cre ..... nnpled .Inc! a number discounted a (rer root dl."urbJllct,<; and .lllolmem-reialed fealUrc~. ·nH~· .,Ub"'oil ""',1 sub ... <.-quenth trial pitted and .. amplt.'d bdOle hc:mg It.'mo\l'"d b\ machlllc to LIlt.' Je\el of Ihe natural gn:t"m.lI1(h . Tllt.' maUl e,(.l\aUOIl obJecti\e~ ..... efe ICI 1 «O\l"r the plom and LfUC(lII-.tl \equenc.e aCTOVi the 'illt'. \II pm and pmtholes ..... erc hall·\(.'"tlioned .md all linear feature, .1., .1 nllllHllum S(xuoned once b, hand (Fig. 3) .. \11 .,lfUUUI.ll leaunes were IOtal" eXQ\·.uen. l)riOIlI, .... a., illlached It) realure... \ieldlllg sealed .. ,-.emblages Ih'lI wuld Ix: related In lhc .,truclllrdl -.equen EXCAVATIO RESULTS "'IX ptlltKi-, of alli\ II)" were identified through '1lrdtlgraplllt .. eI PlRIOD 0 (RESI DL \L PRE111S'1OR1C .\RTEh\CTS) '\0 fealul es \\f' rt: found Ihal could be wlldusi\"eh altnhllu~d 10 the prehistoric period, although a sm.11I ,IS.,elllhJ.Igt' of .IIIt'faCIS "CI:o. recO\ered from I"e~iduill COIllt."IS au()<;s the site. The total of 3·1 flllllS form .1 1.IIW:h t1l1dat.lhle 'l~selllblage although 'ic\('rJI ~mClJl finc b"lde~ suggcsi tht· presenu' of il ~fcwlilhic wllIpollC'nt. 'IllCleell .,herds or prehi3torit pOllen wert." also found. One ~herd :o.ugge~t3 pOSSible e.1rh· tf) middle I\nm/(' \~t.. aCII\II) in the loc~i1ity but mO\1 uf tht' ils~cmbl.l~e i... ((llllp PERIOD I (LUI:: ISl TO ~lID 2ND CEN"1 URY AD) Within Ihe arca sub-,eqllt.·nth occupied b~ the I)enod :l ~{()nc building it \'oi13 only possible 10 eXCH"iUe limned al"c"I'i clf)\~n onto Ihe surface of the nalUral sub·lUil. the il'\el ill \\ hich Pellod 1 features \'oere rtXogniscd Within this areJ (. \1 ea .v.\+) a ~eties of II unc.llcd \uh-( irC"uliu pit .... \'olth gellllv-!>Ioping sides and bru.ldh 1I.1t b.l~. (ut the IMlUral gn:emand!> and contained charC"u.d-ri(h !>il,, Area B 2078 2006 + PERIOD 1 Archaeological features () and excavated areas 201212049 2010 2CI38I2036- Area A --- Area A+ ---~ 121. ~ 1216"32 t ~214 ~ ",.-.'2'2 /I,;'" '220 I 1241 • 1238 *' o ~m Fig. I Pl'rIOcl I () 1- ..... ( II \\ () R I II R 0 \ Il \\ \ ..... I \ (. l' 2~1;, of O.~ nt. (()uld su~gesl d $Iod,-controllunwun. Dllch 202i \Iod .. I.1ll'l rc.-(tu as 20<,)6 and Jg,un d.!i 203-4 In the: nonheln palt of \rea B a small ditch 20i~ ran p,lr.lllel \Iouh ditch 202i, II "<\s sub-.equenlh cut b) thll't:" '~, ,;W. aligned ditche 2006.202-1 and 2003 \Iohich apJX".tred lClle.. peu thl' major bOllndan ~n:!i E\en!u.ally {he Irdd;.\Ioil\ fell OUl of u ... and in the ab~n(t" of conHioing e\idence lhi.!i e\en! is a'>iflhed In the end of Period 1 .\ ')I!rre of cIa\ .and chan, dumps 21129. 20JO and 20-10 \IoJ" depo<;ilt:"d "no.... the Him surface 20W, and iu (I,mL.ing ditches 2{):\H and 2().H. IIllilled \\-nh sill\-c!,l\' 20:H ,md 20:~ I Datrng 1·.I"drnu \Ilhough ~)lne (lfthe pouen lOuld potclltlalh dalt: 10 tht: 1,lIl'! 1.,1 U'IlIUI \'. fillllh 2nd-u'nlun malt:l!dl \\J.!i Il"("onred from the fills of Ihe follo\\ ing 1l'.ltUH.'.!i. I he fill 2026 of ditch 2024: h·;tgmem uf Cenllal ( •• mli.!ih .lIlll.1Il I he fill 20:H of ditch 2036: Ct:1IL1 al G.lUlish ~Imi.an DI I ~ :J 1·:\ 1 rhe fill 2013 01 ditch 2012: St.. Dorset BBI fI.II-limmed bO\lo1 1 he fill 121:' of pit 1212: bod) 'iherd of St, 1)01<;('1 fiBI cooking-pot \\1Ih ohtll .. e-angled IdHin' cll'nu-.HioJl indicating •• :lrd 01 .Jlh-centll'1 date. Fe.alllJ"e 'lsS(xidled "\\ilh the disll~e ollhe tr.. cL."\\.I\- in ,\It:.1 H \ieldt·d nnh nillt' ~herd" 01 poner} '\one of Ihis need d'He hUt'r than the 2nd centuq. rhc "ilmian ~U1d flat-rimmed bowl indicate th Dl\C"\.HOII '111e fealuresdisc.o\cred in AreasA+ and B WCIt: of dincrent (har.. !uci In .--\Iea B the mctalled 1I,ld.. \\i\"\ JllIght conceil"abl) hale led to the PUli.LUI"C Rom.1Il mad that r.an between Wantage .. nel Frilfol{l. rhe road G.lIlnOt be tl,Ked ,vilh confidence as Jl "'pproathe\ the 10\\11, although pn~l'(\lIlg the long alignment apparent as fal- dS Grole S\\'o prOlldc.!i i.I cOlll~e immediateh \\' of Area B (Fig,. I. 2). Observations of load metalling 200 m. 'E_ of the excd\-·.Ilion lie do .. e to lhe pi edicted line (Fig. 2. i541. i9-1I).:'I Indeed It 13 concei\"lble thaI it \\a Ihe road thai diHatcc1 the dominant 'E.-S\\'_ alignmcnt eVident on the Mte, with the trackway leading from 1\ al nght anglr~, Ilu.' dilChe~ to the '\ of thl' u,-Ick \ccmlllgly defined agricultural plol5. "hile "uhin ,\Ie.. \+ the .Iujlit) appears mOlt" dom(.'~lIt III char'Ktcr, gull) 1214 possihh being d truncated dl'ip guilt of a wundhou"c. ;tIld 1220 part of a km-ed cnc:lo!)ure, -Ihi.!i i.Kti\ il), i, brmldl) col1tcmpOl'i.l1") wilh PCI iod I al Mill Strect. 200 m, lO the SI· .• whith mmpri,cd a selil'~ of agricultural boundary dildlC.!i. PERIOD 2 (MID 2 0 ' 10 MID 3RD CDITLJRIICS) A !)l1laJl area of remnant cia\- ... oil 1050 (n.i) \\a.!i noted \\ilhin the '\\\ (orner 01 ,\rea \ but did nUl nlcnd into Area B. It \Io,IS ,c.lled In' iI more c ... len I\e. i.lIlel Datmg I~vldm(t' Oepo~il 1122 and .I\\ 3 IlolbrooL. .md I homas. 01" cit. not(" I, pp. 171-j, '.!~Ih \ n \ R n I- R \" n " I IOJHROU h. 1-' \1 1)1\( U \\IlHi 1 ht: horilOll ... t>.lling till' P~Tiod I h.'awl('''' 10 \rtl \+ i ... 1I)..t"h to haH het:n ~UI agricultur.ll plough .. oil, Ih(' horilOll .. tit't('Cldhle in lhe It:'!'ll-pm perhap.., rdlt"oing pt'II00'" 01 'l..tbil"'Hioll undt'r gl.b.., C()\CT. \\"11 hill _\I{.'a 1\ II i" (On«.·I\.,hle dUll .. mile of lhe.' k.lIuTC.'., as!!ignc.'d to Period, I and 3 te"'pt,ctiveh mig-Ill .11..,0 han> h('('11 III use loUO\\ ing tht" ahancionnu'llt of lilt' P(:rind I .. lruClUI"t"'" l' I'R IO Il :I (\1I 1l :lRn [ 0 UI F I I" U'\ 1 L RY) .\(Olll' hlllidl1lK \ ,tont' hlllldin).( b, \'Iilhin Ihl' sr_. Wlllt'l ollhc ..,lIl'. 0111\. p,1I1 of It, ground plan \\<15 I {'(O\l'1i.tbll'. bill lhi ... IIllllpri",('d ,I r(·(tangular "1Il~e IH Ill_ tOIl~ .. nd 111 ("\(('~'" (JII~,~' 111, "'idc (Fig.,. 3, til. The bllll /-\/I'l"Ulll Irt'(l\ 1\\11 Il'lI\(,et "'lIld"IOIl{' wol 1I1('~ 12·Hl '(.'1 Il·\ej \\lIh Ihl' h.l,t" of Ih(' l"ternal \'Iilll I:?OO <;1I~Kt'''l lh(' fOlIll(.·1 pll.· .. l·nn· ot \OInl.' Ill I FOI .1 (11~lI'''lnn fit (Iuld blllial, .• ,llJundalion 4Iq}o~II~ lit l{tllll,1I1 Ihilalll '4..T l::. Senlt, '\ (1llkal Rl'\ it·\, (II Ihl' I nl(;1 P'l.·I.lIi'Jll .. (,I Inl"nl HlIlli.Il, ill RIJIll.ll1 BIII.IIIl, "11h P.llli4- UI.11 Rdnl'1l( (" III \·111.1\'. /111 /JutJIrtlwJ In/wrnJ I IIH9()). 3--4h. 1l.'Clj\\()RIII R()\(), \\\ .... I\(;~ .!'t7 2015 PERIOD 3 , () Archaeological features .. and excavated areas D Romano-British soil _ Walls 2062• 1098 o SOm Fig j, I)t:llod 3, ~9K \ B \ K U I R \" D!\f 11 0 1 B K () () h. 1- I \ I BUilding footings 1162 • Fooung caPPIng N 1126 Robber trench Inlrusions Floor~ slab 112t; Infanl burial Room 1 1200 1098 Make-up 1121 1210 1142 - Floor 1154 Room 2 Room 4 Make-up 1187 Room------5 /J Make-up 1158 Make-up 1158 J ~ 165 I Room 3 f Floor 1138 1160 + 1182 - o 10m Fig. t). Pellod :l ~lOlll' huildlllg I) E :\i C II W 0 R Til R () A I). \\ \ '\j JAG t:. 299 irregular arrangement ofposmole might have been pan ofvariom fencelmes. Both 1012 and an adjacent ditch 1039 were subsequently cut b) ditch 1014 on me same aJignmenllhal contained abundanl anllnal bones in a variel} of iLS fiUs. including a number of complete or near complete caltle and horse long bones and it complete horse skull. The precise sequence and contemporaneity of Ihese various ditches remains unclear. but the e\ idence of their repeated recutting with lale 4Ih-centu'1 anefacts in their upper fills incllcates the maintenance of an Importam boundary hne to me ~\\i, of the building. CultivalJon horizon 1162 outside of the SIOlle building was CUI by the various diu:,hes but yielded later 4Ih~centur) artefacts mdlcating ItS continued accumulalion of material throughout Period 3 Within Area B parallel ditches 2015 and 2008 tended slightl~ more to the W than Ihe ditches alongside the building. Pottery suggesLS that these ditches mil} hale been lUI sequenliall}'. with 2015 the earlier. A hne of postholes at right angles to ditch 2008 formed an associated fenceline. Immediately \\ ithin ditch 2008 .1 series of sub-circular refuse pits, some of them tnterculling. "ere dug. One, 2042. had an Inverted (Ow skull that displayed evidence of haYing been skinned and de·fleshed (p. 322), and a femur, placed on the floor of the pit. This is possibl\' an example of deliberate, structured. deposition rather than casual dlsposliL Some of the pits were Cllt by a squarish well shaft 2068 with near "'ertical 'iides, 1..1 m. b\ 1.25 m. in plan, \uguring established that the well was approximatel) 2 m. deep and had been backfilled with silt)' clays. 1\'0 stone, or traces of organi!.:. lining was found. A further pit. 2092, CUi across a Wnlcr of the infilJed well shaft Dating Evuienct Construrtion of lilt slcmt building. Floor make.up 1210 \\ithin Room 4 proou(ed two sherds of a white painted Oxfordshire colour-co3ted ware beaker (Young5 tlpe C27 dated ( AD 270-400) and a sherd of a SE. Dor 5 C.J. Young, OxJorrWllrt Rom(w Polln)' (BAR Brit. Ser, 143. 1977). 6 IbId. :U)o \ U \l{BI'l{ \""lD N 1101 nl{OO'" I· I \1 f)I\(It \\ 1011 \.\ onh pal t of the.' o;(()ne building lay wllhlll the e).e.d\dlioll dl"C.l there are ob, iousl~ dillintllics III 1t''IlO'l11g it'l pl,l11. If the hUlldl11g(C)nsi~le.'d sold) of Ihe li\e I (X)n1S panl)' exposed,lhi., would indi<.:ale .1 Icu.lngul.11 blexL. of four rOOIll~, \nlh h d.ne') (() the lal(" :\1 d 01 ·hh (t'mun, ilnd lrom atHOlI pholObrraphy at I.illie Milton (building (. 25 m. long b~ 10.5 m. \\ide).M Ilou\e'i of'ilmil i.l I. Smuh, RmlUw r,lln..\, a .\Iud, In .\/10/11 .\1"lttllF,· (1!~17). tb-lH. M n 'till''i «('d.)_ luluu"ltlg) at Bart/III Cal"i "(ifill •. Ihmgl/tm, {)vm (CB \ Res Rep. 50, 1984), 12·1. I.mlt. \!tltoll pl'iIl in KG. (.ullinj{'\O(xl and 1..-\. Ri(hmond, n" InlltU'oillK) IIJ Rmw" BnuIIlI (111d ('dn. 1969) fig Hi. (. phuw III S. .., '"' t.'1 e and J. h..~. SI. Jo.,e.'ph, Rm!l(H/ Bnlmtl jwPII Ihi' lill (19M3), 188-00. I) h. B!oddc.'\, .\Iflnh/idd-lmmnoTl/!.t'n PII'lt'_ Fwa1'fltil)//\ /1.J82·) (B.\R 8111 Scr. l·t I. 198!}). :i7-W; ~ !;n!III.Rl·I)(1I1 nn Ih\' EXGn.llIon of IIUllhhdl1l RUIlI.lnn-Brni'ih Vilhl and 11'011 \ge lnd()sul~ 1939·1~17()', "//1/1. II IIIIIIIII/if Satllm/llil hdd UIIII. "\h iii (pt 2), 1!19j (I ~19!i), 2:\1)-11 10 (\.R. RdCliol(l. . I Ill' Romal\ \·111" ,It Ditthlt:\, (hOIl.', ()\/it/11'1IW1, i (19:~f), 24·6~). ahhouKh (01 J Il·H.-1l1 Il·" .. ~n.,m(.'nl ...c:e P Booth, 'Ralcgh R.lcllnrd and lh(.· ROIll,IIl \·ill".11 Dit(hle~ '. O:I:.umnl.\/(J,lxi, (1999), :\9··j!); DS ~l'ill, IlIl' r\((II,(III/II/ oj thl' /lomOI! ,.d/(111/ (;(lddlllrigl' HI/h, IIl'mrll1rmpllrad. HII;:1·8 (Res. Rep. loi')('\lIti The building \\MI -.eemmgh contained ,... thin a dltlh<,'d cn<.lnsure J09 . \\hich ran ~el) do!)(.' 10 It~ fcar ",all. and be\ond lhi~ was a Ill.ajor boundar) Ih.1I W~ repealedh redug. The latter might h'l\e formed d. more t',ten i\'(~ enclosure that \\a\ repla(ed I,,· J()9 • although duchc\ 1091 and 1011 "ere ull at 1~.ISl panh open at the lime "hen demolition of the bUilding was largeh complete. I he ('Oll'llntfliOIl of the house at Denchw()rth Ro.ul i, broddh wnlcmporaq '" ith the erection of the Period j 5100e (()"er gralldn and ~<,()CialC..'d .,tolL cndosun';) at \lill ~lrCel. Pl::RIOD 4 (AHI::R TilE LUI:: ITII CFl\Tl RY) 'u c\ iclem.e 01 d<." diction "as encoulllcfl-t1 \'\ ilhm tl14.: buildmg. nlt~· ,lb,<.-nlt' of au.uOlulatt'd deprnu\. U1 of \Igmficam quantillt'~ 01 finds mer lhe floor" IIlCIlc.al('S Ihill the blllldlllg '\<1'1 )..ept de.m and O('uplcd ul1Iil il \\iI!I dismanlleel. IllC •• bsen(e of signifi(anl dlllUtllllS of IIle .mel rubble Ill1lnedialel) alxl\'{' 1Il(.~ ~trll( lure ,uggesl .. Ihe careful 'tripping of roof liles. noor .. labs and \\ .tlling «lilt' 'scrit'!I of robl)(·r pits and trenchc • not all n(:l.:t:\~llh of the lme date. had remoH·d 1II11th of the 11001 109 mi.uerial .mel titalJ.;"wlle rubble wall footmgs (Fig. 7). lilt.' IObber lrenche!l appeared to hitH' been dug hom SJo lO \:\\". until ~uflicit'1ll ~tone h'ld been obtJilled to Illeet ICCjuilemelll'., Small areas of debri .. from the di\mamlmg and rubbmg of Ihe buildlllg o\erla,' slIni\-illg 110m ,mel bedding laH~h. and "'cre sealed b, ,01 more '" Idt:~pread "If)n~ <101\ deposit 1209. Dit( he 109M. 1091 dnd 1014 "'ere Romano-British soil _ Walls _ Unexcavated robber-trench fill Area A+ Area A 1111 1171 11 HI o SOm :'\02 \ I\\RUrR .\,J}"" 11 () I .BRC)()h. 1-. 1 \ 1 Section 1 SE I 1001 1043 1002 , , , 97mi , Unexcavated soil .... " I ACD ,I Footings 1162 ' 1162 "',Unexcavated 1099 " Continued below I 1106 I '.. ,~ ... ---- Protected prollle", / of ditch 1098 \ .... _... " NW 1001 1002 I 1043 1095 1162 1091 1090 1089 1092 1088 Section 2 ssw 2029 NNE ::::::::::'" ":o~;::=;~-==~2~--- 2038 2033 ~ 2036 2037 Trackway surtaces Section 3 1107 NW SE 96.7m AOD 0__ _ 5m Fi g_~. Senium I) t "( II \\ 0 R I II R 0 A I). W A" I .\ (, ~ :W:l DaJmg £1 'ldnl(t' Period I rubbl depo.. il\ produc;ed the follt)\~ing com . \ale05 •. \03&1·7 (SF 166) from 1126. COlmans.\D 347·8 (~F 170) from 1208. and an iUegible 1st· or 2nd DHCUi.\lOn f"here is lillie useful endence for how long the house and associated settlement conlinuee!1Il u~e . orne of the dildles 10 the rcar of the building were niJl open 111 the I'.!ler ·lIh century. ane! a coin of 367· 75 \\oas recm.cred from the cultivation hOI"izon Thc buildlllg was systcmatjcal).,. robbed of Its reusable nunerials. although thiS process could have oc(ulTed O\er c\ protr.Kted period. A single sherd of Anglo Saxon potten from one of the robber trenches indlciltes thai robbing was still oc:curnllg in the 6th century or later. Thi~ "dS the onh piece of Anglo-Saxon poneq reol\ered from the site. PERIOD 5 (L" DATED. POST-M ED! E\'.\L A:-' D ~IODERN) A number of sub·cjrcuhu scoops and pil5 were 1l01ed ClItllng !lOll I0021l1ese shaJlow features yielded onh re icludl Roman polter, dnd rna, reflect modern dllotment CUIU\i.ltIOIl upon the sile. I\-.o modern sen-ice lincs were <11«) encoullIered T HEFI OS COINS by PI:.TER GUEST 111e exca\.uiom aI Dencllhorth Road produced ,I tot.r1 of 23 (OIllS. 20 of which date to the ROnldn period. I he assemblage ,11'\0 included th·O modern coppel.alloy coins and a lead token of 16th- to 18t.h·celtlllry dille flable I). AJlthc COinS \\ere found in Areas A or ,\+ and the greatest cOIH:entratioll was recmereel from the al tefJ(t I Kh culti\·i.ltion hori/oll 1162 around the stone building, fhe .. even CoillS from these layers compl ise an a~ of Domitian. se\·cral 3rd-celllury coins (including a badh prt'servcd dtlUlriu~ of Julia \tamaea), and three Ilh ~ ("emuq brome COI11S. the latest of \0. hich \O.·as strucl.. bclhCCIl AD :\67 and 375. It is sugge ted that this garden \oil ,tcw11lulated over a considerable period of lime 12 \hles. op. til. note 8. 1~ P Booth. ~ {thail. Oxjr;ffl..vllrt: EXCat' ( :/If//txl SF I/O. [)nwm,,/(lilOfI ()In'l'I\f' Un.It'''' .\lmlmmk ,\Iml Uak Ur{rutUf' ~ l1fi~ IH \., 1l0\11 I 1.\' I RI' COS 1' 11[1) D~.S I 111[1) ~IH2 1'1' - S( "~ II :HI I 1:1 S(:~Il'rliWi Illegihit Illegible hl-2ndC RI( " 1162 I HI) Denilritl ~ [lLl.I \1 .1\1\1' I 1\,'\i0 CO'\iSI.RI,I1 RI' 2:!2<{5 :1 J:I '" 1162 15H Radii-lit' (;11111'<1" ORIENS .11'(, 260-6H RIC: 2·llJ " I I fi~ I hi R"di'lte \It I ()RI'Jl, Illegible 2b?\-iO ~ / I ()J :I 100 Barb. Radialt.' IlIcg!1)It.· Illegible 270-90 C 117M l1,X Radiale I'ROlll S \ I R I I'S .IVGVSTI RU Rome 276-K2 RIC ~tH L 1117 162 IF3 COI\SI 1'1 II~I. I'ROI JJ)DIlI W .W(;(. 51 R (re~. 11 it'!' :~2· 1-25 RIC: WI , - I l!ll 11'.:1 CO'JSI 1'111'1. II (.LORI I EXI. RCII IS (2 ",1,1 • III U e\.i PtG LH)Il HO-35 11K I\l~ C:.lt"ll = , - I 1:i6 11.:1 CO'SI 1'11'<.11 ('LORI I EXI.KClI I, 12 ,,,1,, bralll h I R" Iriel :1:10-:15 11 K: HI Cae ...... '" 11011'(: 01 COIl"'I~1Il1Ille (,LORI \ E:\ERCII V\ (2 \1<1,) [ ) 3:1.>-11 :'" II i I If19 IE:! ~ ~ I ,- I I.~l; IE:I I 111.()()O R. I I'll. LIS RO~I 1:>1.1 [ .... ) 3:17--11 :r 1162 I H:1 IE:I CO, ... 1.1" 1'1 II (.LORI.\ EXERCIIIS (2 ,Id" [ ) :1:17-11 I:!()H 170 11:3 CO'JS I "S I IC IORI,I! DD .\\·(;CQ " bram.h I RI' Iril" 3·17--1~ 11K 15H-r,o 1 , - I 15:' ILl CO, ... I"" \ IC I ORIAE DD AI'CCQ " DI RS h-ier 317-48 11K 119 ~ 11Ii2 I():l 11.:\ CO" I \'\is III 11. \11' RII'\R.\ 110 - SI R lrit'l :118-30 CK :13 (PhO('II1,( 1) l , - I 15i \1:--1 mp' illegihle \..\ Fd It'mp Reparal1() 352-61 (Irtillng hor\cman) I I ~() I of) IE2 \,\1 I-N ... SICVRII,IS RI',1PVBLlCM OFIII ' CONI' "ric!. 361-6i CK 18(; 1 ,- I 152 1f.:1 IIU'S SICI'RIIAS REII'I·B1.1CAI OF'II CO'i~ I Arle, 30.1-67 {K 183 1162 159 .IE2 \ \1.1'11 INI"N I CLORIA ROM INOKVM (H) OFd I// LV(;I' L}Ol1 367-75 CK 317 ,1\ 182 Pb token :; pel.t1eo IImn-, \\ Ilh (,('omctJ I( I.\BL~ 2. !'UIM.\R\ OF IIIE R()\1.\' (:()"~ FRO\! IIAyrAGE Issue Dens,;h",oqh Road \fill Stleet Penod Date :'\0. u( coms :\0. of coms ~plo\D41 2 11-51 3 54-68 68-96 2 j 96-117 3 G 117-138 7 138-161 8 161-180 9 180-192 10 193-222 II 222·235 12 235-26() 13 260·275 2 5 II 275·296 2 5 15 296·317 16 317-3:10 17 330·318 i 7 18 348·364 2 8 19 364·378 :1 12 20 378-388 21 388-402 4 'Roman' 8 been circulating in (()nsiderable quanlltiC's. The cxca\ations al Barton Coun Farm recovered a hoard thilt included 11 I1H:odo,lan COin, while.l sct:ond hoard fmm Whllc Hor'OC lilli, 1lt"3r lffington, illu'ilratcs Ihat th("~ COins certainh ,",cre 3\aiJabJe al the tUI n uf the Ilh .tnd 5th (cntune,,_I-I -1 he ex(.\\ation'J at \lill ~trcet produced lour fheodosian coins mdicatlng thaI oc:wpalloll III pans of Wantage dearh continued into the late alld posl·Roman period. 15 Funhermore, the 'OClllemenlS al WanLage, Banon COUIt ..-.11 m and . \Slh.:tI1 dppan:l1lh conf()l III to a p.llIern of (0111 los~ obsened.tt other rural selliemelll'i III the legion, slIlh as Old Shiflord. lli Yarnlon.1i FrilfOld lH \·1 PilU! Boolh Pt.'!"i. (0111111 I~ I ~ GlIe~t, 'Coms', in lIolbrook and Ihom;l5. op.lit. nOle I, PI'. 129·33. J6 C. h.lIlg, 'ROlUiU\ coin'J', in G. H~y. 'Iron Age and Roman Scttlement OIl Old Shinord Farm, ~t.U1dlake·, OtumnllW, Ix (1995).139. 17 Paul Booth per'J. comm IH (..11. V. Sutherland, 'Coins', in J.S.l~ Bradford .met i.owbuf) 11i11.19 -nlese Sites produce conSl(lerable quanuues of I,He tth- 1'0Tl ERY b, JANE TIMB\, I he c\',llu,Jllon .met ex~a"uion resulted III Ihe rc((wcq of 1·197 "herds of I>ouer), 23.5 kg., malllly dating (cJ the Romall period but accompanied b) a fe" pieces of prt"hlstoric. Saxon and modern date_ Medieval sherds "ere consplcuoush dbsenl. me malerial \>0 as gener.tllv \el) well-preser\'ed with at leasl IWO reconslructlble Roman lit"s.!!eis, I he average shel·d size of 15 g. i'i quill' lugh .and reflectS Ill.ueriallhal has nOI been subJe<.l('d 10 intense 01 ongOing disturbance. )'otl('n was recO\'ered !i'om a lotal of 129 wntexl!<. wilh an addilionaJ 59 :.herdli from ul1\lnnified ('ullectioll~, Of tht·l)C only 22 (I iCl) yielded 20 sheld .. 01 morc. whilsl l-l~ produced between 10 and 20 sherd~. It ~holiid he remembered when considering lhe d.umg lhill a 10\\,t· .. I('\,('1 01 confidence should be i1s.!!lgned to Iho!>,,, 89 mntexlS with lelis than 10 sherds . .11'1110<1010/0 rill: assemblag(" \>o Prt'hi.~ton( \1 least ~ I 'iherd\ of prchi~t(}ric potter, wc.'re presclH "GUl~'lt,c1 in i1l11ong!:llllic ROlllan matci ial. iwo (Onlexts, 1117 and 2011. LOl1lamed onh prehistonc m PI (;, noon, 'J he (oill)'. in M.(;. Fuifclr(J and S.J. RIJ)J>UII, 'Lowb\lr) Ilili. OXOI1; A re-il~!:It'~smCIII 01 the plObahle Romano.-Cehit lemple and Anglo·Saxol1 harm\->", hc/ull'(ll. }1I/. 151 (1994). 173~7 :W Fulfurd and Rippon, op. ell, note 19; R. Ilingle). '1.()(.lIuHl.!·un(Uol1 ,md Statu<;: a Romano Bllli~h 'I eligioll', wrnplt'x' al lhe r-.,Joah's\rk Inn, FI·ilford (Oxrol{l'\hin')" UtI Jill. (Jj-lrc/l4t!ol. 4 ii (19M!). 201-1-1 \1 hillnrd Ihe maJ0rit\ of I heodo.. lan [0111" \\ere lec()\("It:d from Ihe [""emeten l DNnptum o//ilbric< (t1u:l'qul\alent fabnc uKie from the ).lill Streel1-l a.~~mbldg~ are 'ihu" " in brackets). EPFL 1:::..-.rh Prdustoric: coar'ie. calcined nUlt-tempered ".Ire PRJ-.IIFI Wltr Prehisloriccoarse. calcined njnt-Iempered ".Ire. PREIIF2: (1\4) WIer Plehl'iiIOric finel~ (ru!lhed. c..Il(ined I1tnl-telll~red ".m·. PRHI3: (?I.\I) Ldler I)rc:histol'it. glau onitic sand, \~are "lth 'ipar~ \(IIds from leached fO\!l11 shell PRJ-. II I: (1,\2) LHer Prehi!ltoric .. and\ "are. I'RJ-J ISF- Later l)rehl~lOric sand\- Ware" llh spar~ (() (Omlllon anguhlr flint. Rom(m The buH.. of the potten date) to the Roman pcri(KI AhhouHh there wuld pOIentiaJh be it few I.. lle I,Hentlin AD Pll'tCS. IlHhl or lhe "ares appear to 'pall the 2nd lO 41h (clltlllie'i. rhe presence of )e\t~ lalld,e Roman shdl-tcmpcH.'d wares 'mggesl) that materi,,1 was !ltill.tcClIIllUI.ltUlg in the area in the laiC Ith centlln. Fabrir.\ The fabnc!; .Ire dfJ"anged into loul main groups dHording 10 Ihe IIkeh source areas: continental import"; regional impulls; 10(· ... 1 wares and source unt..nU"II . Table :i provides .. I /)PlmptlOlI o//obrin (rhe cqui\ah:nt rabric wdes from the \fill )treel .w~el1lblage are shul'on in brackcLS). Local Wares SA\rjOCL: (R7) Glallconllic sand, ware!l.\ bl SoIlf('C L"nl..nown GROG: Other grog-tempel-cd " :B Ibid. I \Ill f :I. I () 1 \1 Ql "llllfSOI Iln'\ I II II-I) F.\BRIC" (f". ".\.PRF ...,...,t.1) \~ (H RO\I.\ '\ \\ \RE"I 0"') i Fabric code Description Reference No '< WI q EVE <:f ~ PREll [PH LII h 1'1ehi"'''111l llinl-h'l1Ipt-'H.'d 7 0 III 1:\2 :; PRfi n I 1.• llCI "I("h ((MI'Il'l1ml h:mp"'! ,.'"~ 1.;(11..'1" PI(.' h (inl') It.' mpt'l 14 0 PRFIIF2 111m ~ '" "RfIU l .au'l PH' h gl.ltll OIUlll \\lIh "hdl 1:\ 0 ,. 0 PREll t I .;tlel 1'1 dl " ... 111(1\ 7 ~ !'RFIISI' Laler Pll'h ..... ,1 11.\ I \\1 I)n.'~,d 20 illllphOl.1 1&1l 1998, M1·li Ii • H5;; :L, 15 • ~ ""'OR I ~ (; \1. \\1 (."llil,lIlIpll(lI •• I&D 199H. ~u :1 • 6 .• • 0 0 "1(. ce. ~ . \M Suuth ( .1.: 1111 al ( •• lIIli.,h ',l1l11<1n .i:\ :S •.~ ) 2 98 :. ,.'" "8 :: "01 CC Colugllt' l OIOlll-( 0.11 cd \\ ,II (,' r&1l199H.:ii • :; • 0 () :: 7 \lOS BS \to:-.dll' hlad., .. hppl·d \\.11(.' I&D 1998. I~) H • ~~ • II • ~ RI(.tO,," 1l0R IlB I DOI~'l hlatl bUIII,.,hl',1 ""til' I&D 199M. 12; 71 i IOOli 4 1:17 7 :; ') I" II. '\l'l1t- \ " IIt:\ e.C)IOIII-n).lh,·cI "ille: I &Il 1998. IIH • 1M • • ~ '\1'0 CL '\l.·w I· on'"" rololll-t.oatt.'d \\>alt." 1&1l 199~ , I II • Ii • () () \lldlan(l ... gl ng-u.'lIIpt"ll"d wall' I &D 199~, ~IO :. • :-;10 ~ 0 () "" " (,j ' ROIlSIl I\lIdlilm!...... IH: lh \...... t· 1&1) 1998, 21~ :11 ~ :191 ..... :l :39 ~ \I II Rf. \IKC Iloh J{IC\ \\;IIt: 1&1l 1995. 1:IH :1 • 226 I 0 0 ~\\ ( ,I S.i\'CI Ilakt.' \\.11 e.: r&1l 1998.191 II 71!1 3 0 0 S\\\ OX St.'\cnl \.llk' , '\<11'(: 1&1) 1998. 119 ~ • :11 • 0 I) SO\\ \\5 SOIlth-\\('" \\ hllt.·- ... llppt"d 1&1l1998.192 • II • () (\ 11' 11 OX '\ Wih .. hllt.' ol;1ng(-' .... llIch \\an."' \lI(k'""ol1 I H79 • 7 • 3 • 10(' \I " .I"Il(.L gl.ltl(Olllllt .... IIUl\ \\arc.>" :\:! 2 629 2.5 18 • OXf 1'\ (hf("d .. hilC palThllll.:"1I1 \\alt· I &D 1998. 17 :1 ~ • I) • 0 0 OXI RS (hford .. llIll· (OIOlI1-lCMll·cl \\.lIl· I &1l1998. 171 I :?~I \I 1618 7 241 12.5 OXF RSM Chon (ohmr-c.u.tled m()rl~111il Young 1977. 173 15 109 I .) ~~ OXF 11'11 (hJorcb,lurc \\ hllt'\\~lre I &D 1998, 174 22 1 5 151 • II • OX~ ""\1 O,on \\ IlIlt'Wille: 1l100laria Young 1977.56 :!() I..:; I 1(11 li 10 2.5 OXF II'H II O,f()rd~hln.. • burnt \\hitc\\i.lIC Young 1977, 11 3 IN ~ 1 9 :~~ !.i OXF \\'S Ox/t'H'd'llllre "hlh., •., llppcd \\ are I &D 1998, 176 16 I fi I • 17 • 0\,1' II'S\I Oxon \\ hllt:-.,lIpped mOllaria Young 1977. 117 • 18 • 12 OXF Ri'. ()xfi>1 d .. hln~ n'(ltlu.'d Wi.II'(' YOllng 1977.202 180 :1:\ t)ri25 2X 78 1 111 OXFOX Oxf()rchhilc o\.ld''It.'d ware Young 1977, 1 ~5 10 :!.:) 269 :10 1. 5 OXFCL Chon e.llh (OIOlIl -tOal Ilouth 1991,13 1 ;, • 17 • 18 2 OXFGR axon gTog-ICIllPCIl'd ... LOI.tgi..· J SmnulII UIflIf \ total ul 5:'\ "ht."rel .. , 4--1H ~_. ohanHdn "an- \\a~ n..'(merc:c1. Illajnl~ CcmnJ C;,mlish in miglll 1\\0 mall pic((" u/ \cHuh (.auh,h \\are \\el-e prc\ent, onh ()11t: (II "hith \\<13 'i(laufied 111 ditch 1214111l" .l\~mhldge onl) Wlllillll{'c! cighl deforalcd sherd .. , fhe from elllt" H, .. "e!; n.'pulled on 'iepalateh bt.'lu ..... \mnng"t Ih(' It"togni ...,hle pl.un \\afl'~ "ere IUI'"Ilh 01 :\(), 0, :\1 (3), 1>1 :t\ H). Ilr :n. Dr 12 and Curle: I';. On(' I), 331l1p hom 2 ) r O~ __-====- __ ~==== ___ 1~OOmm ~~) Rogt'r~ (.B. ROKl'lS, PU/I'Tln SIKIIlt'l'I (1/, in (;(1/,1/· (;1'111/(111' I /.n /111111/1 11011 /11(111"'1. ,upp!.;, (,fdlm, \.\,\ 111 (197-1). :.!h 0 I, O .. ,\.a1r1,lml('\ oj fi,/!utl'-Nh 1111 /nltl \/J,'1lhllll ('\llmWfI lJim") (1~1:~6). :.!i )&S 1990 ~ .J..\- )I 1 IBI[ I I~) I IER\ HI I'f RIO]) PERIOD 2 2 23 23 3 3 4 4 5 5 F.IIIRI( , no '" ,,' no nu '" 1'",," Inr ; :1 II II i .fi 13 IfHI flO II 1.\ Imports B.\ I \\1 II II 0 () 19 190 :1 fiJ() II II G.II 1\1 f) II 0 () X II II 0 o '2 St. «. S\\1 :1 :N 20 12 .'")·1 I:~ lIi2 10 12H II \10, Il' II II () () () () 6 2:\ 0 o Regional nOR 11111 :1 16 2 II 11K 22 :~:\ I 2:~ ~l36 i T) 1.,\1 « II II 0 () 12 2 '2 0 o '\ FO « II II 0 o II () () II 6 II II 1':-"1-.(.1 () () 0 () :1 lOti II o 2 1114 0 () ROB ,II II II 0 o :. 92 9 I I:l 2 2J 15 2:l0 lUI Rf II II 0 () II o II II () o :l 226 S\\\ 0\ II () 0 o o () II II I I~ II II SOli \I'> () () 0 o II o II II () () I II S.I\(.I :1 16X :14 I 2JX j Iii () II 'li Local S.I,\ 1l(.1. I I 39.'l 0 o o () U 136 0 o 9 9~ OXI « II o 2 II II () II II I I () o OXI PI () o 0 () I 2 () II () () 7 OXF RS I I 0 o 2(} 2:11 :1 I :l20 45 j 7:\ 25 '21>5 OXI R'>'I II o 0 o 2 1M I :\ 7 11)2 :; 2~6 OXIIIII Ii :1:1 0 o i 15 (j :l:l B :\2 OXI 11'1111 () () 0 o '27 II III 2 Ii OXIIIII\I 0 o 0 o 11:1 7 510 :1 37:1 () o o:-..r II'> o o I :\(i :1 21 .5 fi I 2 14 '29 OXI· WSM () () 0 () () () 0 () 48 () () OXI· IU XI 1631 26 165 :;9 HX9 120 liB I :;0 607 H9 1079 O\! 0\ 7 16 :; :l 2:\ 16 94 :) 30 B 51 OX! (.R Hli 3 i6 M :1811 10 Ili5.5 I() '2ii II 491 GRO(. [i 101 0 o IJ IJ I 10 7 9 I;H (.RSI 7 61 '2 .15 I 20 :\ '22 2 10 fll Unknown RO 11" I o o o o () o 7 [,j () o II II (.R! 1 I '21 297 13 :18 :IB 3:;0 3·1 9 17 GR~.' 2 22 8 80 12 79 X71 II 150 1:1 :16B (.RIl :1 II XI 21 o :\ 16 () () () II OXIll I 2 17 2 14 I 2 X 1'2 :1 O\lJ) 2 :1 21 '2 () () 5 69 I '2 1:1 11IS( « () o I '2 () () 0 o 0 o () () 811 3 II Hi 12 55 2 4 I 10 1111 111<: () o 0 o II o :1 [il 0 o () II Saxon () () 0 o () o f) () i 0 0 Pmt-mcdie\i.l1 0 o 0 o 0 () 0 () 10 14 n TOTAL 188 3051 71 586 172 3019 468 7577 202 3703 279 3723 'H:.! \, Ii \ K U. I R \" J).... II () I Bit 0 () h. I, I \ I. Pt'n(J(/ J h,'dlllll'') ,,111)(4.1((:<1 10 Ihe cal ht'~1 phd"4..' of ROllldon v.llIth pn:d,Ht" Iht" "lOne: buildlllg produced .1 ullal III ~ll1lt' 1~() ,ht" d ... 2901 K. I he pOI tel Y came 110m a numht·! of 'mall I'"' ()J dittht". mO.!>1 or tht, group .. heing 1 he Illollll deposit allocated to IJeriod 2 i .. 11 22, tht, hOI 11011 :m JR. I "nh" I' Bf)(Jth and 1.(•. \l1t'll. '_\ 'l·'\ "- OJ tilt: thret' M."'ql1l·nces of ditch~ running p.trallel to lht bUilclinl(. II1X3 IOxi 1091 appeal!i (() be.: Iht: t: P,'nod .J Ilenc){14 WIHt'XI~ produced ,I total of 202 ,herds, :n03 g. of pfllleq mlllh 01 ",hi(h came hom Ihe c1t"1JTi~ 1.1\t'1'o 1120. 1111. IIO:}. ~.ont' \pread II :1!). and Ihe rohher tre:nche~ I hI' < ts~t"lIlbl :14 Ibid n Ibid ~ rim!>" "p. 'U. note 23. "I .\ U \ K U 1- K\ .... I).... II 0 I. Ii K () ().... 1- I \ I o ~250mm f- ' ~ ~~WlY.c~ B - ---,-C ('~' 1 < "~ 13 \ - f ?J '- ~" C \ f ~ ' ~ ? FiJ.( I() (.n•• r~lo POUtOI \ Cllla/IIKflt IJj I/f,I\lmltd Ihrrd\ (Fig. 10) lI.m!' lin'cI grt'\ s,lIlch ..... tre JJI, dccoral(:d \\ tlh ,I burni'llu.'(llil1(.'I,ulIlc. OX I' IU., Ditch :!O:! I (202.j). 1'(:lIod 1. !..,Illall be,II..t:r \\ith a matt bro\\11 slip and fine !(IuleHed d<.'tol.uiun btl''' (hforchhin: w\uur-coalcd "'.IIC OX f ce. LIH'! 1122. PcrilKt 2 :t lhe) lxKh.,ht'rd.,. plOb,tbh rrolll the sanlt: \CVie! "'ith hUllmlwd hllc dC«)J,IIIfIll. OX~ !-U. LIH" IIIHO PCIl(~d 2.-:i. t. While \\.11(.' box. OXF \\1--1 Young 197i. P:\-I L.nel I()~n. Period:! j. ,j. Bm'" J1i~h-1 ('(I cotoul-(·o.ued jar. \ariant of C 1H. OX1- KS. COlllext 103. Pel·ind :1 :l. 6. Bil'lt' fmm .1 c:olour-co.ued bo\\1. \Iighth bUlnt on lh<.· upper '1uriacc. Line' Ild\t' bt-ell 'l.r,lt<.h(.·d IIllu the IIII("rior uf lilt' footring_ Ditch 2015 (2016). Pel iod 3. 7 Ol,mgc s..md,. "'arc bUll beaker. OXF OX. Context (().'l = ditch 109M. Peri(KI j. x. H.trd, fine K't'\ sand\ ware carinated 1>4:,,,,1. OXF RE. (:.Ol1le'l 1m) = dilch IOmt I)erind :s. 9.11.lI1dmad<.' !llOragejar. OXF GR, ",ilh burni'hcd lattlcc dcwrauon. Context 1Il9 = ditdl 109t't Pt:llod 3. 10. Jlenmpht'IIC.11 1>4:)\\1. hard, fine gTe) "'are ,,"h l1lu~c.'d .mel combed ell'wfation. OX1- RE. Oll("h IU9H (1099). Pt'riod :i. II Glt" !);lIlch \\are (,\(,lIed rimjal. OX1- R~ .. I)ltch lom~ (1099). I't'riod 3 12. lI ..ml. line J.:Te, \\ ..H (" POPP' ht'ild bealel cll'tOl-atcel huh IOIt'ng(.·' of bad)(lIinc dOl~. Dllt h 2001i (1009). Pennd j. I ~i. Ilurnt ()Xf RS di.,h , Young 19ii, I)-pe eH-1, c1ecUl;ltcd \\l11t illll)ll,~.,ed rosettes. rop~l)il 1001 PCliod:l. 11 Whitew,ue bow\. Young 19i7, t, pt' \\·S9 '" lilt a bl S~L\LL FINDS b) JANE BIRCHER Cap!JlT Alia.' I CUlllplelc hUI (h~toned bracelet of ill most round 'lC(lIun lI.meltlng to\\drd~ the termin.lls (Fig. II. 1). The hook-.lIld-cH' fa.!llt'ning hilS a bloc I.. near Ihe hool.. end. lht.' bratclet IS bJ'II(;llh· und('lOlat<.·d .lithuugh t .... o 1.lilll diagonal ~T()(,,·e., ne.lI the blod:.ed lernlll1.llgiH' tht" Impre\'Jinll of il t\\ i'll and the (lult'l cdgc 01 Ill(.' e\t.' i'l ckhcaleh nOI(hed at rt.'gular 1I1Ienat, g1\II1K.t rosellc dk"(L 11" hr.lte1et Ixlung'> too.l "'Ideh dislllbuted :n I~\I Ilooth. 'The POllcrv', in Boolh. op. (ft. note 1:1, pp. \();)-:H :\X II C()()I. ~ J he wpper 01110) and ~il\"er gra\eKood~'. III 0 E. F.. r",dl dnd II \lol1e\on. PfIf(lulhlln 101. 2 tlU' (.'('I",lml'l (1993), Hg-9H, fig. 65.12. :\ 1(j , U ,RUt- R "I) "\; II()I UR()() .... I I \1 ,\. luhulal obJt."u made Hf caH. pO'.... lbh It"adl'd, blunn' ..... lad.1I one end ilnel hollo", at the otht:r (hg. II. :4). II i, dl"(I)I.lIe I.rntl 7. Hit .•tlnu'H 101ind droplct. po.,\lhh U\I.'cI •• , ,I "t'iglll OH'rall c1illll'n'lon\ 17 x 15 x :l mill. Sll~J1 , L'mu.llili('d, An'" \+ ~. Sht'l'l h~lglll('nl \\ilh mouldlllg on Hill' 1.1((', Im".bh p.1I1 01.11;;11');1.'1 obJe :,CI R. P \\'inhillll, 'Find, III 111(,1.11', In I ~ I hl~h.lIlI. 1'111" P,dllltmu \ifulrlll""t (II II '/III/aI/ fRill''', lilll/llntn (19~':). 1f)-f,(),lig. 12.16. . II) \\'.1 I \I;tllning, Cllta/flt"" IIJ tilt' UomlHw-X"tllh Inm !ilfl/\. ftltmK\ Imd U"raporl\ III llir Hntllll \flllt'llIIl i19H~)I. ~:\-t. U:n-9, fig. ,1.:1. II Ihid. I :'~I, '-19-13, pI. f>4 I:.! .1.\1 \1111 .. , 'Il un wllin nails anel fitlmg~'. 111 1',11\1('11.111(\ \1011<.,.,011, op. ('it. nole jX, PI" 117·1~, fig H1 ""'. il·7 D ...... ( II \\ () R I II R () \ n. \\ \ .... J \ (. .. :\ 17 1 2 3 .- - 4 L :::::"I, O...... c ======...... -c ======__ ...... '. OOmm rig. II SIll.lIl (jltd~. :11" , "'KBI K "Il .... HOI Ii ROO .... I , \.1 bOil Xm/, hI! ,hl' PIIII>U\l" 01 tim It:pOlllht· nilih haH'lx,tll di\idcd Into 'hl·lollu .... ing 'l'\cn "pc..'\ ( L..thlt., :'i). I.,.pt.· ~\ ( I f1H'1 \I ncli.I!o{lIml it. II .I"pnelll' .tnd "pt·... 1).(. ((lInplt'lt' (H 1ll',11 Hnnplt.'lt.' ex.lIltplt'\: \ "h'lIlk ullh h Olll 11.111 m t'l f)() 1II1l1. III kURth. B Slunk h .1).;1I1t'11I IIndt.·1 :-;9 mill. in It·I1).{lh C Round h(:,HI onh n '.111 ",(,h Illund Iw.tCI.lIlcl '1Iu.lll- ... h.lIIL. ntigm.llll·llgth 1I\('r 1"0 111111 I· '.111 \\lIh HlIlIld IH:.1I1 and "Iuare ... h.lIlL. miglll.tllt·ngth uncll'r ~,!' 111m I .111 .... I\h I,ugl' 101I1U1 hl:.l I.\I~I I' ~l. "HILS H' P~RIOI) \'\f) I yp~ lJpe A B c D E F G Period 1'l'liod 2 Pl'nod :! :l ~ 2 Pl'IU)(i :l 2 10 !'c..·nod ~ :!I 11 Pl" il)(i .') ~ :, ~ 7 l llL.nO\\ n :1 10lal 9 1:1 'I :!X :; \ IOt.a! uPl:l nilih ()I n.liliragmelll\ .... a ... I t.·uIl(led II om tilt' .. lit· HM h tllll \reas . \.\ + and i II Olll .\1 1..'.1 I~ _ \p.111 1111111 this cli"'IMril). nl, ml'Jning'ul inf(IIIll.llion ((1111«1 Ix.' Cit-(iU(l'd fU11ll Illl' 'palial di ... tlibulilln of III(' n.lil,. \1 1 .lll· 01 ,inllial f01111 \\nh tapering. "'qu,lIl-- ... c..·ttiol1t:d ... h.I1I1.., .mel 11.11, 101I11d 0 1 'Uh·lt""<.tilllgl1l,1I ht.·,I(t... .. hhouK'* lin- n.llh (t'llt' f" bel(m) hone nOliteahh bllKl'l IH.wl,. \ll tht, 1I.lil~ \\ilh he.l(is e'tanl ac<'olci \\ith \1"nl\ill~" I'Pl' lb. t:i 1111, "pc: of l1.Iil ha, .1 1 ()n~ hi ... (on bUI IlIl'lt- i"'lIo 1(',1"011 \\h\ .llIlht.: nai):., IWllllh" ~Ilt· ,hould 1IC11 ht' Romall I hl' nail, .tll· Ill" poor c..ondlllon, nUl"! ,ti e IW.II Ih (("HIded ,uul 'O1lll' 1lI111t:1 ali,e 1I00klli fJom ~ I 1 .(IIl~ 1''1)t.·lillg bon(' ohj<..-t.l.lompkll· bllt IHm 1",,!..t·lllnIU IhO plt.·(t·\ I-he \h,11t ha .. h('l'1l (ut \\ilh.1 l..nilt· IllIn HlIlRh 1.IH't' and tht: top i, fonica!' ~CHlll' {;llHl'Iluu .. tl .... Ut· 1c..'Ill'lIm.1I thy pCIIIll . ll1(· ohJt"t( I" IIImt li1..d\ (0 he:.111 unfilll,ht'cI pill of CIUlmm I\pl' I of. 1'1- In lnd--tl'nlUn \1) cI.lil· oJ ., although It 1l.l .. I>t"t'1l \IIKRt.'Slt·(i th.11 1'111\ \H'I t· not lIl'IIlUfacllllt."(\ 111 Ihi ...... a'.lh I.,:n)(th UI!lnllll., 1l1.l"\.i1llUIl1 't·tIlOI1~) x X HUll. ""'-IX:) I'il un:\ (I W) I). Period I 2::1. l'I,IRllll'nt o( pin 01 po~,ibh lIel'clll· .. h .. h. 1_('I1Klh II.j mill. Salllpll·l:). 1. I'l \Iannillf.\, op. lit. note ill. pp. 1:\ I,i. II IIml Ln. l\ pc..' 10. 1.-, , (:11111)n1\. rhr Rmntm .\/lullI F",d, In",. /- \ltltral,i'I'" III ('HrlU"" /Y7/·Y t J!1l't\I, 19-21 III, (.11111\11\,. Bnnc-"OIking ")Imlt' 21)_ ''I:". .. ihh d (Judt· fiKUlinC of a ')(hc.:m.IlKalh dq)IOt'd \f:aled pt:r'>fHl ~ht.'ad mi .... lIlgl \\lth drap(:n, III mUI(: plOb.lbh .1 ba.. J,.t:t t.hAII. dl.'pined b\ "'-I.uched lint· .. (1-110\' 11. I)_ Ch.tlL liKIIIHlh aT(: \\idc.:h L.nO\\1l III tilt" I.alt. hnn \J.1t· and IIltn Ih( R«JUlan penud ahhuugh thl" <: .Implt: i~ ~m.!llt-r Ih.1I1 1ll0<'1 and no par.... llel~ h.IH- hc:t'n founcllcll Ihe.: (h.U!, Pt-dtilps Ihis is a Ioc.al rC..'ndiuon 01 tht·lk•• '\ulri\. "1)(' 01 plp(:da\ fij{urll1t" .. ho\\ing •• "'-,lIt'd god cit·", 111 •• \\ idnw()f l .1rI11(hau·. 17 0, l'l.11I dll1lt'lhlOIh :!Ii , ~:; \. :! I nll1l, ~F II j. La, ('r :!O:l1. 1\.'110<1 I {),\( /lWlNl Onh l\\f' (II Iht· (oppt:r-aIlCl\ obJetl .. (no... I and:.' - till" hrit 1r()R"rD STO,r. I" RVI H S.IL 'DI:.RS I\\~, IUI .. I', (Iu{'rn iragmcllls (SF 13i .lllt! I:SN) "Crt' 1('(II\{,ICd from IU9!!, the fill ofl)crind ~\ ditCh I(~IJ I ht,\ .1Il' both of Ihe ~illtle iithnlog\, a \hU\I()lIe Grit, .lIId 1lI.!\ bt· lrolll Iht· .... II11e .mefau. 1III:il thitkne.... sugr.;c .. l .. Ih.1I Ihn m,l, h(' /rom a meth'lI1lCalh operaled mill ... to!lt, .-alht'l th.1Il ,I h.lIl FIRED CLI\ In UI~LI HARRISO' l'lll'(\ tia't \\;t.') I t'(o\'ered in lIlllall qu.lIltitit'~ from" nllmht'l of PCliod I' ~l features. \\,ith Iht'largest a ... ,emhl,tgl' "Olll tht' fill 20·t:, of Pt.'riod I Ir BRICK A'ID IILI:. b) E~I~ I i\ IIARRISO"" Bn( J,. and tile \\<1\ letmert'd from -II CX(.l\dUon and l\\n l'\aludllUIl (Olll("t'. 'lam of the fragment .. ar-e \mall .md UllIdCllIdidhle IC) (\pe. bUI :{:\ tt'.r;"/d_ 2~ ,,,,brn .tnd :.'2 bo, lile fragment .. "t're identified. -, hl' 1.lIIt'r In<1it.lIl' .1 11\ PU(.lu .. tt,d .. lrUt"lure in the \itllli(\. \lmml lull of tht'l,.,~"/(j ,md Imbr!'.\ IrdgnH:Ill. an: from Period 4 cit.-mohlloll II~O. One Itgula fragllwnl (rum mhber lIe-mh lib,·, ha~ a nail hole I he maJnril\ 01 tht' fl.lgllll'nt"l of bo\. till' ,,1'0 deri\'t'd from Pcriod I demolition and I obhing dt'p()~i(s. although ~lIlgle fragmcnts .11 ... " O«Ut It'd \~ilhin pt'nnd 23 hori/OIl 1062 ilnd Ih(' fill of Period :{ cluI.h ){))-I. \lORLIR A:\D PLAS I ER bl \:..\I\lA IIIRRI~O' PI.tlll whit(' wall pl 17 'I Rou\lt'r.Je ~I RLCJ.. ILl' I III GRADIE II.\LKER Ihlll,·folli plt'(n of 111m \\(.'1(' rt.'(men..'d from RIlIHallu-HIItI",h ilnd umtraufic-d (onte ... t'i. \1o ... t 01 the.' a"... ('mhl<'~t, tun,i'l~ of t!lmming \\ (.L\"'> III 1\1\1.\ HARRISO' I hlt·t" ,111<111 pll'«" 01 to)Ulllit_·,,,, ROlllano-!3llu\h ~I.I" \\-t'n' n-c.nH·f(·c! hH) .tlt' (lined ... ht·l(1... hom IInicit-l1uli.lblt, \t'\,d" \\-hile the third 1\.1 Ihu Ir;'lglln:1I1 01 \\lI1dO\\ gla ... , Imlll ;1 Pt'llfIdl demoluuHl dt'I)(I\11 { 11~O I. II L ~I \N Rf . ~I.\I NS b\ 10" II \LllROI\ IlullMIl It'm.lIn' \\t'lt' It't()\'c-n~d from pll 112!).lht, founcl.llloll hUII.t1 heneath the lIuol 01 Room I 01111(' 'Will' huilding. I he\ imlucled the 'ikull. mandible. bmh ili.I, \t'lIl'ill.ll·, lih,. phalanKt'~ tlild long hone,. all of ",hI< II wuld hol\{' (Olllt' hnm one inrant. JllclglllK from tht'lt'nglh ollht" mliltl lunh bone .... II 't'(:I11~ hJ..eh Ih,1I Iht· dliid \\.1'" hOI n iI!ln' bUI dlt'd \\ilhin thl" fir,t Illonth of lift-. IK I hel{' \\il'i no mtiiC;Jliol1 nil the ,J..dt'lOn fit tht· ('lU\(" of (kalh. ENVIRONMENTAL EVlDENCE "I \1.\1 BO' ~ In ~IAR" \1\1 I B\ \l1'lllOd, oj hwl.'\!' \1t-'il\Uft'tnt·lIl... \\t'rt' 1.IJ..en \\ hert' )lo"iblt' follo\\ IIlK \ on tlt'lI DI ic.'",h·,1\1 dt,'t(ripl1um. \geiliK ot l,llI It'. ,het'PRo,iI .11Ie1 pig mandibles ,t(I.I)1I(" Prnfl1'fllulII oj Ihf Bmlf_' Suri.Kt' PIl"t'I\;tIlOIl uf the bOIlt'~ \\;1' good, ;lIld ollh dut'l· bOI1('\ \\l'rt' hurnt (;II,millg ('\iclt'lItl, \\.1" molt· (UmmClIl, "ilh 1:V 01 lilt' idc-Illilk'd li.lgnH:nh ,ufh:ling 'Ollll' (i;I III,I!o;l' ( 1.1111t' Il). I \vmb/flKt' Sr:.1' \ IOta I 01 116:i Ir,IKmt'l1I~ \\a~ rt'(Orcll'd IIClIll I Ill" t''\.t,n.lliCllI .... flf \\- Ilic h ollh 167 "l'rl' l SjJl'W" Rt'J)1(\l'IllatuJIl Little hOIll'" \\('It' the mml «JllImullh Idt'lllified III all fOUl pt'lIo .tK U. LIlt'J.. .. , ,mel h.6sa, finNII/{ h'llIl (Nt'll/fig) (,\J..,lritnll,1I h.1,lde '" HliM). I~I \ \ nn den Dm.'''lh • .-I (;Ilu/r lallll' ,\ll'{lIl1rl'/lIl'lIllI/ 1111111(1//$(1111'1 Jmm ,hrhlJt'lItlllf'ml SIII'_1 (Peabc)(h \111\ \10110. I . PI7h), :;n\ (.I;\nl, ~ I he l .. e uf ()otIIlH'.1I a .. ,I (.L1lde to tlw \g(' of DOllleSti( l nKlilate~·.11l B, \\ibon ( Crig",oll ,lIul S 1';l\n(" (ed\.), 1,l[t'HIK IJml \n/ll;: IWIIIl/llllI/ln /lOm ' I r(hlll'(JI(J~Wf1J ,\11(1 (B.\R Bnl. St'l HI!), 19M;?" 9(-IUX. :J \1 . \I.IIIIH . \nimal bune', III Ilullu(loL ,lilt! I hum,l', up. lit. nOlt." I pp_ l:i)·(d. -,2 IInd_ 1:17. I) I .... (. II \\ () R I" R 0 .\ D. \\ "\ .... L\ (ot :\:21 Species Total 19!1 Hun;c Pig ~7 Sheep GOdl 9X Dog Red Deer IldH: Rabbit 17 ShorHailed \ 'ole ~t()mc Rodent 16 Domestic Fow I (,OO~ Raven Rook. Crow hog FrogflOad Eel Lnidentified Fish Total Mamm(ll 150 I(lli.11 Bird 7 hnaJ Amphibian IOla l Fi~h L mdentified 696 Total 1163 Eroded IX Gnawed 105 I\ol-ied 5 Burnt 3 TOlah include bOllt,,, from sieved and unsie\.·ed samples ~hcepigoal ,"",cre the ~ond IlIO I common ~pcri('"" repre. enting 26'7.: 01 the idclllified mamm.l1 bones. "hich i sllb~tanuall) Ics!! than 10 Ihe 'till Slrcel amplt" (38lf(). I hi., Ola) be the rl"suh of \ari'ltIOIl. 111 depmilion ofbnncs in different pan~ 01 the settlemem. '0 bone\ could be idelllified a goal. comp.Ht-d "IIh I ~ definite sheep specimens, supponing the ~1i11 Slrecl c\ldence th.u .. heep pro\ided the \asl majorin of Ihe ~hccpigoal a.o,semblage. I'ig bones "ere generall) poorh represented. amounting to onh 7'it of the tOUll identified m.lIlllllal ~~ ...... mbl.l/r(c. llle latio of sheep'goat to pig (it!;2~) \\..IS .. Iighth lo"er than in the \1a1l Street sample but comp.lr.lble "ith 'bllnplcs from other ruraJ and small urban settlt'mcnts In Roman BnLlin. :\:!:.! \ H .\ K U I K \ ..... n .... II()J I\K()()h. I I \1 11(11 \t' h(llle') IUllntlmlx:r pig all(1 HlIllllhUlt' 12f'C' (II lilt' lflt.llicit'lltilied mammal a'i'it'mhl.tge" I h(> 1,11111 III (.lIt1(·;hone tH:!: 1H) .'i \Itllilar to Ih(> \fill SUt't'l a .... t·mbl.l~c" Ilm!oC.' hOIlt''i It"lId to he bellel n'pl(' t'l1led in nll •• 1 "t'ltlt:lIIt'nt ...Ind (HI lht' pt'ripht'l\ 01 lal')i;e .. etth:lllt'nt., in Rom.ln Hlil.lin.;' On" 'Illlallllullllx:r\ of dog bOIlt" \\elt' Imlll(L ahhu\l~h lh('lr pre\t"nt(' i; indicaled b\ the 1J.~t' numl~r oj )oI;Il,l\\ed lXlI1t·'I, \\ lid mamlllal .. \\el(" replt"('IlLt:d I" ,m.11I nUllllJCI'I uIIMI(' bone;, a leo d('er wulh and .1 1;lhhH \kdeton \\hi(h i, .h'iunwd If) be a mod("'11 inltll\ioll ~lIl.1n mamilla) IXllle51 v.eTt." tn.lin" rc("o\t.·u·d III \ll'\ed \.Imple\ .Ind Imluded .,holl·tailed \'lIlt' .tnd \\(~od mllll\t'" ()Ill~ .. t'\t'n hlld IXll1e~ \\('It' ideillifit·d, IIU)" 01 \\llIdl heltlll/ol:t'd If) dOIllt'\lll 10\\1 but dUIlIt:"Ul Kit" I;J~ /oI:'M"t' IdU'U.IIHI roo\...(Tfm \\t'u' t·.I(h leplt"t'1Ht'd In ,I \11l~1t' bone hllli fi .. h IM)lw" \\l"tt· It'lOH'!t'd IIldliding.1 H'ltthl.1 OI.lIIt·t,llIom.1 Pt'llod 1 'It'\t'd \,Hnplt-, '0 li .. h holU'" \\tH" Il'Ulldt:cl ,II \fIll Stret't. .\ '1lli.11I numbt"1 01 .lIllphihl.l1l hunt'\ \\eIC .tI\l1 ft·tl-ie\ed hom .. it:\cd ~.lIl1pft, .. (1,lblt, (1)" Ill,. Couil' A Hfmhlllgl' I ht· honl."~ 'qll'(·o,t·l1!t'd inlhe (,mil" \amplt: ( 1.lhlc: 7) \\t'le Imlll .111 p..trt\ 01 tht· (,Ir(" "5~ but, ,1\ in tht: \fill "'tll't'l a .. wmblage, «.'II,1I1l elcmt'nt~ ~lIdl as ph.II;lI1gc ... "H'ltdll.le i.llld nlilt'r more fragtlt· elt:mellt~ V.t·ll' ulIllp.l1aliH'h 1,1It''' recmcrcd, Cenelalh tht'lt" \\i." a 1ll00t' t'\t"n rt'pn~ .. t·l1t •.uiol1 of the lll.qfIT dl'll1enl~ Ih,1I1 .11 \lill SUe("l, \\nh lillie c\idcnu' of \;Irge ..u{ulllul.ltiom 01 h()nt'~ of a pi.llli(ular t"pe. wlIIlIlonl)" found ill 1.II)oI;t· IIlb.1Il .. t'1I1l·nwllt\. \ Iluillhel of 1aTKt"h wmplt"te Iilllh hOllt" \\ere fOllnd in ~ome of the 1)(.'1 ind :\ ditch lill~ nut( ht'f) m.1I k, ht'lt" Ob>tfTH·d lin 26 call1e.- hUllt,\ and lull :,'\ \l \1.llth,,· J ht' \Ieat Supph III RUl1lan ()mdlt''iler ancl \\"inche\ll'I', in \,R, 11.111 and II 1\., ":'clI\\ilrd (t'd,,), ("r/lflll' Uti '11/ ("olllirom/\: P'""/lU/Il 'n I mm 1""11 '"mUl//""I(I/ I rr JW/'/II/lg) (S, tnpO'ila of "\.~\()( fOI "-'1\ il \nhal'oJ. l~, bUI one f)f the d~cablt: m.lI1dible'i .... CII: Irom Peri(xl 1 <.(1 It I p<,,~ibll' Ih.u Ih(:re .... ere chronolc,w 1.\81 ,f< i (Snu SHI FY(,()\I PIG. 1I0KS! ." n no(, I LF. \IF" IS Kcl'RI '>1" r fD Canle heep Pig Horse Dog Goa. J lorn Core 2 \t.,xilla 6 j 2 '>lull [,-ag 17 \Iandible 17 13 7 :; Ilvoid I ,(HN~ Tt:elh 17 ~1 7 fi 2 llumerw. II :1 2 Radill\ H 9 6 Llna 2 (h COXile 9 :I ~(-~Ipllli.l 12 2 h"nllil 16 Pdlella I lbi.1 16 II \~Iragi.dll'" 2 CalCi-lllcus ~ (.;HIM!S :; ( ;entroquallal \ Ieta(arpab 9 H \lct .. u To tal 199 9H 2; 4:> :i:.! 1 \ Ii \ K I~ .. H. \, 0 , 1101 1\H.()Oh. 1 I \1 I hn'(' mrnplet(' hmh hunes from Period:i prmid('d "Ither, 1l("If.!;hl t:~lill1att:lI 01 120. 1:?5 and 12~1 Ull I h(' .. e: It:PIl'''(,1ll quilt' large callie b" ROlllano-Bllmh 'oI,1I1dard'i. \.'i at \flll ~lrect. <,(,\t'I.11 of lhe IlInb bOIlt: hn.'.ldlh llI('a\lII"(.'lIl('ltl\ lalen Oil Pt:llod :i-4 ~p(:(illl(.'"" indilaled Ih.11 lilt', belollged to quilt.' la~t Cllflt" plfll).lbh rnak ... but \dmpll.' .. izes are ((HI .. mall fO! melrc: dC:t.lilt,d ,In,.I, ... t.. Se, t:r..IJ cattle limb 0011(: .. had minor pdtholo)(il.ll ("()Il(litlom rt',uhing in di\IUniull of Ih(.'IT ",nullal ~ud.lct,\. \ll<."h anomalil.' ,tre nOI 1\('«''',lI1h t'lu"'l.·cll)\ "orklllK hUI th("iT 1·e1.ati\t.·h lugh frNIUt'110 lIla\ ~lIgR(.' .. t th.u mam of thc olckr (.mle "eft· u"t.'fl ..... plnuKh .1I1Im,.I, IIII' S/'t'l/J (;oal I Hl'Illhlflgt' "Ihc.·(,·p/go.tl bOlle ... "UI' i\ t'illl.· ...... "eilihan (aulc. l,ut Iht· .1~"'I.·mblag(.· i .. chuninatcd b~ den\t.'1 t'1t'mt'lIl~ "uc h ,I'" IOO~l' Il·I.'lh, 1ll.lIlcllhlt, ... u!>!J.e and 1IIl'lapodial'i (I.lhlt' 7), lIIc1ilaung Ih,lt lhelr relathe Irt't]lIclln .. hould Ix. It·Io(.lIcled ,I" a minimum figure "l1('n ({Illlpareci ""h talllt,. bat \1111 Stlt"l'l. it i prob.lhle that molt.' ~1H.'q) ,hall (,,1111(: "ell.' cumumecl. ahhough Ihe laltt'r \\olile! h.tH' wllnibult'd b) far lhe greater weight of mC.'.II. ~ 111(,' .. ht·ep, gOilt mandihles prm id('t! Inoll! ageing d.ll Otht" /)omi'\/l( :\/ammllll Ill( pl~ ~arnplt: w." IOU ,mall 10 P(:I mil det.ukd ,11M" 'I" of ell·!lI(.·1lI I epl e;,entallOI1 I hl' hot ... t: It:lllain .. illt ludt'd (nUT c('n 1( •• 1 '(,'1 tt"brae '10m JI\(.. \JOle imm,llllll.· .Inlmal in dlle h 2012 (I)eriod I), DIt(h 101 I (1\'114l1l :\) IIltfUdl'd OJ pair 1)1 ("()lupl("tt: m,lIldihll.'" flllm ,Ill .tdult mak hor,(· ,mel the hd~mentan n:m.lim of .1 tompll'k ... Lull from ,Ill older male, Pallial n:maim of .lI1othel "Lull "l'I<.' found in diu h 10M3 (Period J). \ pilll of complete pl'l\e~. three lumh.1I H'lIt:hlat.' ,mel tht' ,,,(Tum 01 ,In .. dul! hol'..e \\t'l'e found III pml lIlt'dit:\.11 or moot:ln pil 1024 (Period :J). rhe')(' .dht·1I '1".111 groulh 01 '''!teK.''iated bollC~ indicate Ihat hOI\{' l.lIl.l .... t·~ tended IlOt 10 be .1'1 scauerl'c! 01 .... frdgllll·nlt·d .I~ (atlll' b()l1l"~ '.0 butchen I1Mlk .. werl.' ob'l'I\t·d .lIld tlH:le 1\ Ihelt:io('C' 110 concfml\(' e"c!el\(.e 111.11 h()f~t'tlt''ih "iI" (ol1\ullled 1)\ tht., II1h'lbllill1l~.;;7 IOHlh t'I'UpIIlJll data ~Il(m(.'d the pre~l1ft· 01 loUl adult .1111111.11, but ,II 11.'<1 .. , one ImnMllIl'e (JIlin "lm;1'\ \\"Ild m.II11lllah \\t·II.' IUK)! h repre't'lltt'd ;mel appt·.11 to h.I'1.' (onll ihult·d Intl(' w the na'.11 diel. I)OIl\(.· ... lIt lend 'H·lt' kt'l)! and proh.lhh l'''len although nOI in ~1('.lt nlllllhl'I" h.I'>t.·" till till' ... uni,in1< (.·\idcllcc. On lhh ~1Ic.· Ila·il hullt· ... "t'lt> on" Imllld in laici Ronlolll lealllll..·~ .•lhhoul(h Ihe' 'H'It" f()lIncim eadll·1 dt'po\ll~ .11 \!tll "II I (.'('t I h('lf rel,ltl,t'l, 1,1\\ fl'eqllclll\ i ... l\pi(al (II ,111.I.llld "'111.111 lIlh,11l .. t·ttlcment, in Ruman nllt.un.i)ol \ ...11 \lill ~l1et't, Ih(' nn" e,idclllt" lor ~I)("(" I~ in .1 1.lle Roman dq>mit 1131 (Pt:lielli II. R -,I) \1.1111)\. Clp. tit. Ilolt· .J I. p. If)O. :; i Jlml 161 "IX \I \falth" 'J)Ollll'''lit Fo\d Oil RUIll.1II0-BI ili .. h ~11t" illl(·I-"'Ut· (elllljl.lIhO!lS 01 i.lhund.lIl((', 11111'11/1/1 Jill fll (),lrQI/,.cllilf'ol. 7 n ~197). t02-1 I (o"duwm I hl' C\'l.t\;lllon pmduc.cd a rclame!) .. mall a"'cmblag(: 01 bones, ")1I(h po.... l"'''>e.!. man) SIII:.LL 1>1 DI~IA IIARRISO' \ '111i111 qll.lIllil, of 70 'iht'lI", or fragment, W'13 rl'(t)\,t'Il.'d Irolll ~:; cOllte'l.. \\1 are o\"~ler Irag-melll' euept tm tllll' mU"'iei ~ht'll ilnd one ... n.tit .\RCIIAEOIIOTA"(.AL E\'IOE:\U. bl \!\ORf \I S. E·\IRB.\IR:\ and PHIL ALSTI:\'<' I ht· bro•• d ,lint .. of the andh'iIS were In pl'{)\lde infcn ll1.uiun .JilCnll the pLlnl resource .. uuli'>ed .11 the !olte. lht' function nl the feallllC"'" and c.har.u.terislIc" of Ihe- ROlllilnfrBnmh em ironment Fe¥. RUllldno·Bnmh .1 ... ;,embl.l~(" (II plant remAins ho.l\e ~'cn Siudicd fmm tht.· \\.lIl1.tge ,1ft.·,I. \\Ith onh one from the Romanu· J\llmh "It'ult'ment at \\'-lIlI.lge itselfhO Ille anah",i,. thereiore. h.ld the potellll.al to ((Jnll ibute nut onh to '\Iflll'nal\ alld mI'IIIOO, Ill(' ... ampl{·, (IHhen loJ' ,malnls are detililed in 1,lhll' No ~e\"('11 "'llllple'i h('re ch()~cn 111 Inl,ll. two from 1't'IICKI I (Ill leatul(:~. one rrolll Period 2 horiwll 1122 .lIId four 110m Period ~, dlt enrol (;,-m1/\, Cllnf! and Sfrd.~ (,·1 S, Farrhaim) lilt." identilit'fl (t'Ie-al gl ~)q 1)(:1'1. uIArchaeolog\. L'ni\. of Llmbricigt" (.\\1-'); Imt of _\rcha('Olog\. L'ni\t'r'ill\ Coli .. Lnndun (pAl. 60 (.. \Ie\('n". 0-1 he Roman agricultuntl eHIIl(II1l\ '. III Ilulbl()(ll.. and Thomas. op. (il. notc I. Pl'. 169-71 \n <1,ses'lllt'llI11flhc charred plan! lemains from 0111 e\alu 1\111 f" ( \RIlO'IZHl 1'1 \, I Rf \I \"., I RO\l SIIH IlIl S.\\lI'US IJenn Conte,' 11:l:l ~o:I:1 1122 10 III IO-W IOn2 :!03!1 h',I(IIIe.' 11 i2 21J:lh· 1014 1(t)'l IO!II ~o.;H ~ilmpl( U; III 15 fi 7 !I 12 \oIUI1lt" (I.itle ... ) J() 211 If) :?O :w 20 20 COIlII"1 I, pt· Pit lill Dil( h Lc:n'i 1>11<.h I1I1(h Dil(h Pmlhol(' In Soil ( I· RI· \1 (.R.\" In/Utllll'J)dltl :I 1. tf Ipl'lllI I d Ot'lt/i wn \.1. I, d rlllf/Hfllll InlulltII "'p. I( I ) Oil) 'nul, 't'lmlt' 1/(11111'11111 T'II/KfIIl (hulledl :) I/mdl'llIIl II/~'m' ( .er(',di.l I (ti) I(~) URI \I CII \H Inl",tIIl 'J}t'lin \pih·Ic:1 fOIl... .. (KlulHe ... l O( l.p,) On) 1('0) 0111 !III) O( W) I II WI r. d Ipl·lta \(llkdel Imk ... (glulllt'\) 111:,1 nl~) Ollti) Oel) Ill:') 0(12) r. d ("(Of( 11m \plkl'it·' f(.nb (g-hllJ1C:s) lIil ) 0(1 ) /ililt 11111 "'P, ... pi\...dt"1 101 \..., (KluTnC:'I1 11(12) O{9i) Offill) ()(:\~)) ()f~d) ()12~tH h'I'/1II I, pt' <1\\ n :! :\ ~ ~ On) (;L'It'ali" iI\' II I~ :1 I In(l/o IIl'llnft1 l.lllll ... lllIl'rllode I fIt'l/fl'IUlI dl/1Ilm I I/mdt/wl I.·II/gml I /lord, /lin U/pHt' (fl-I em) r.tc hi ... 1Il1t'IIUH.h: I (.('1 (',dl.l I ,ttlH'. l11(t'l nodI;' 2 i i 9 21 (.('1 ("th,t (uJm IlClck Oell 1. ..trg(·· ... n·dt.:d ~ .\/dlflIUl (I II/('(/UI :1 (hl'/UlPfH/1ll1fI "P :1 :. 1.11111.\/111 lII\\ollll Ii~) I'u I(J J.lItlnnn ifl;) I ell 1>1 (I)\\OKIII K()\1l W,')\(.E li-lfolll',Il" - d 'Irdrm,::o In 2 3 It ifolu,:.ll d IhJolmm cordate l\ pc i 6 .I Illfolic,u: d lil/ollllm :1 Illl/llll',ll' Incfl·t 1111 ) (112) d /)(/110" (IIU/ln I Imll/\ 1IfH/O\{/ :1 fo//(/plll to"l'oll'lllm H/llllt'\ (1(1'111\1'1/11 \I RUIIII'\ "1" J.lIliIH/Jt'rlllltl flll'I'III/' 1, JJrl/IU'//a t'ld~(ln\ (;(/1111111 (//lfmlll' nl:l) 2(10)=~ I~G)=2 (;nlllllll I'{'rulll COIlam, (/ 'p. 0(1) Inl,ll'lI/mllt ""1111/ "lflf/llnnn ~ jlO/III\ 1'1/'1\"\ t\pe eml'\ 'P, Fll'o(/",11' "p. III/Pf/Url/1 "'1', ItliJ/()vllllhl'1nwn 'p. I"I'IUI ~p, 2 Urol/l/tl ~p 2 1.01,/11/1 pl'frlltll' 6 II Phft'um "p. PtHl l f tlllllllll In\rtllm jlaI't"(t'I,' PO.l(t' •.!l" i 20 7 PO.I<.e.',ll" 1.lt hi ... 1111('1 nod e.'., II) Cot'lll (;'W1l\ C:{"I t'ill gl.tlll\ We.·H· pn:-.. elll in all of the.' \all1pln dud \\(."1"(.' oftt'U bOl(II, 1\l1L.~!1 E (.IISI1 ,.\mS"1l1l \1111.\1'01 lin' I mEil RDI \I" LATI NAME ENGUSII AME SOURCE & HABITAT ( HU\l.' lulll um '/}filll ... pelt II hc:at (,rop d 1lt'\/n'ltIIl .... 1. In t',I Ii till /1111 "'p. \\ h('ill UIl"Pl'l tfit·d (:l"Op )'((flr (I'rml,' I\e (:rop /llllr!flill/ 1'1I1!.:fl1f {lHlllt·dl hullt'd b.ult', (:.-op II00dfllllll'IlIKtI/1' b"rle~ un"'pt·tllit'c! ( :l"Op ( (:1 t"IIM l'ert'al un"'pt'lilit'ci Crop OIliER HI/kli'n "'p. POPIH \table DI~llIlbt.'d ChnwlHHJllllf/ \1'. gou.,t:loot \rable Di",ulh('d {'(lI/O/lI(IIIJlIl'O/l'lI/U\ blat" bin (;"/IIlIlI (lIN/mlf c.1t.·,,\t· ..., "'1 It "'-gl a ..... \rahlc. Di"turix'd \11"1i11l'" d. IIIn/1II lh,tl\\t,t'd \tahle (.ra ...... lamt Celnt.'1 ,011 ... ) I.lthm/JllmU1II an'IIi\t' ((nil ~Tol11hdl \r.lble (,1 a ... .,I.lI1d Cdlll.·1 'IUJ...) /ltld/'lOm/II"""''''' IIIdmllln \«'Illlc: ... " nl {'O(/ d (/I/1I/W .. Ill II 1I.d \r,lble Gn",,,I<-tnd Hllml'\ \p. dnc.l \1 ablt' Gr" ...... la"ct U(lIIl1l1(1I11I1 /mIlHJ.IIII ''Ill' blllll'lfllP (;.-.I ... \laod \\'" .. ,(' f Illobe - d" .\I,AiraKo Illedi{·\... (;la .....,I .. nd· \\''''tle I I"Ilol (;111,11111 l'I"nt1ll I,ulv'., bc.'d"ll all (.I,l. ..,.,land \\' (f /)'/ltlll\ f"llmtll "tid (.11101 (,r..... ,I 11/",,,,0 ... p hrollle-KI ...... (,I.I ... ,land 11iI/lho\{wlhl'lnll1l1 "p. \crlMI gra ...... (,li.I\51<1I1d l'Itt,1fl1l "'p. (al"-I 1.(I/1U1II p/'lflll//' nt.·-gra ...... (;1 a ... sland I'I/O/rlftl 1'ltig(lI"H 'telllwal (.ra ... "land \\.I"ll' (hl·.IVitOI ... oil ... ) 1.11111)"1//1 1I;\\{)/m gr.. I ..... n'ldlllllg (.r.ls,land \\i.l ... lt" (hl"i.l\ it" ... oil .. ) I/opl'llll//1 ... p. tm..(ail (, .. a ...... land (d.II11Pt.'1 "oil,,) J1/ 1/(/4\ '111/\/1\ l\ pt' lu ... h \ \t't past It rei \\"el hmd Cf/l1'\ "'P, "('dgt, \\"t:1 pa!llUrc \\"c.:t1and 1.11'1Ir/I(//"I\ .. p. "piJ...t'-ru ... h \\(" pi.L'itlilC \\"ctland 'Utfl·/."th.'I"II' \elch lart' C,'IIII11I1,." "p. tt:nl.JlII \ n)- "( II \\ 0 R I II R ().\ n. \\ \ '\ I .\ (. )- ~:.!fl emnl dUlll \IJIl' 01 th(" thAft ((Impf)nt"ms \\crt.' ).)(K.rI\ prc-.c.'I\t'd ,Ind thll\ ht'\nnd -.c."(Ufe 1.1 (,"clinic ich'lllifi(Jtlnn !)plJ,.dt'1 lOlls Ami ~Iumf." b."lSe" 01 ~pdt \\ heat dUl1llllatt,d the: a .. \(:mbl.t~f." . and ()(.:ta.'~KJIlal t'mnu-r "" lu'at glul1lt',h.1'1ob ""t'rt" 011...:) found. Lal re a .. \t"lllblage~ ul ~llIlIIt'·ba$t." ""(."It' Pll"CIlI in '\oC\t'T;.tl \.unple,. mducllllg ()\t'f IUUT hUI1(lI-t'(l 'J>t'omen in ') /.t'K"lIIf (rol'" \lml of the l,tI~l'r"t,t'dt'd lcgume 'l)t"(·illlt'm ,tlCUml (l·II .. II11" delhl' hom "ild '·lfltll.,lIlh.\TU\ (H,tth 1,11«:) 'i,)l'(lt", and the onh pmb"'hle prt''ience ul (lIiti"lIed he.lm 01 pe.... i .. III .. ample 16, \\here ,e\er"l )).IeI" d.un,lj{t·d fragmt'nt~ uf alarge.\oeeded legume heft: fOllnd, \II nflhe hagmt:nh appetlr to lla\e derj\l'd from .1 '1lnglt, large "petllllc:n, I>msibh celtll bean (I "rill jill",), .lIlhough Ihi' ,.. 'pt'culaliH'. I ht, lad of culti"II('d legulIIl'" III Ihe ",'emhlaKl' is sIriking. JriM IltrUlI \"i'll .. -\ 1.1I);t· lIumlx-r of "" lid -.c.'ed.., were pi e\('l'\cd III lht.' "'ll1Ipl("" mdllding .1 ,ulpn~ingh dl\t·I,>(.' ·""t.'ed·Om ,I' I ht.' idenlifit'd i.l.''it'mhl.lge IIIduded <;e\eral gra..... "JX't:ie~, ,m.III· .. t,t.'ded h:gumt'... md .1 nUIll~r of olht'r ht'lh, of gld"I.III<1. arahle .1I1<1 "".!'ile pla J Ilt" .t .... embl.I~W'> cleri\ Nt from sedimenl' in dilche" pcI .. lhol(.· ... PII." and .1 ("lllll\ atiol1 hOI lIon J n no (.I~(' \\a, In ~'1fI bur fling identified dnd all of the (harr(-d 1't.'I1I.\lm dt'lll e from burnt debris tlUOhll or pl.1ted in '.11 iou (ut f<-aHII("'. ·fllt" di~lortl(m ",nd dallldg:('· l..Jllsed to nlLlm 01 Ihe (('It',tt gr.lim "U~U~l"b Ihal the J'i\t'mbldgt':o. \\ere t',po\Cc! (0 high temper.Hurt' .. during chal nng, althuugh the prl'M'n«(' of some: of the lighl (h.lf! eJenU'IU't ,uggc,,\ Ihal burning \\.1S nut (If (,'\cn t('mpl·I.IIUI"(". Iligh tt.'mper,.ttures \lould .1]'0 t"plain \I)Ill(,' HI thl' di'IOIliull h4 \I. lIil.nf, TI" ~1Il"" 1It-i'dl of Ellro/J' (I9~j), ."'0 \ 1\ \ No n I R \ ..... () ..... It()( UR()()h. I I \l With lilt.' ("\.! t'ptlon nf "',tlllpit' 15 (contexi II~:!) Ihelt· \\J!io lillie \\{)(Kl th,ll"coal in the a!>. ... t·lllbt.I~t.· ... I hl'l .mel tilt· dOIlIlIlJII(t· 01 (cTcal Il'Tll Cit/I" ami (I~nt /tltuml Prot/ltf' I ht· ;\~""lIIhl;.lj.{t· IOlltain~ "pt'ull1t'm 01 a ll of tht· 1ll.lj!)1 tl"I(·.d tlllp'i Ihal \H~It.· ~n,"n in Roman Ihit.lin i.llt·1l .iI /.I("t· \.llut' Ih(.' a .. s(.'mblilge ... \Hlllid ~lIKKt''''1 Ihill .. pdt \\lw.1I ,md hullt'd barll'\. prohahl) "'X·Hm. \\(.'!t' til(.' dlllllm..tlll (clt'.II,. \\Ith the h"t.'"-th't.'" ... hIllK \\ht.·.ll .. minor ((HnpOnl:m, nftht· .Igii(uhlll \mOrt \ \11 01 till' It· ... OllIH· ... f hl" agriru/llimll'lOllOIfIJ lilt· I illlg(:' of plant' p"csenlill thl.' il~ ... emhl.lgt.· ... Iu )\\, Ih,lI Ih(' "'l·II I(:'III(.·11I 1' 0111 \\ hll h Ih(' plaul II.·ma in .. clt'l "eel 11 ... (.'(1 Ihe IIKdl .. 011 1(.· .. OUHt·'1 IU pr()\id~' hotll {l·ll'.tl .1Ilt! ludd(.'1 tlUp~ lUI "'U'\l'll.IIl(.t.· oj Ih(' humOin (OlllmUllIllt'" .. lid 'IO( k anllllak E, Idt.·ll(l· frOIll J.;tKl11l'nt ... 01 .1 IllIiln «.jUt·1 n ... uppun ... til(' pi ott', .. in).: 01 I lOP'" IIt.llln ,mel .. upplt·melll' Ih(' ,h.HTed pl.lIll ('\Hlt'llu' OIIIIll· ... lulIg. \\lIllln\\II1K. "1('"1 ill).: .mel 1Il11l1llg. \flah or thl."" hU1II1 pl.lIlt Ill.llt'lial in Ihe ft·.nun'" I1M\ h,l\t· (tll1a' hOIll .. plldl.""I .... lt(lc!nll.tlh hUllII c!uI"IIlK ()\t·ll·dl\llI~ I)) iCII 10 dl·-hll ... ling.1 hal wOlild .1((HUIlI 1m thl' dOIlIlIl.lIl1t' of .. pdl \111('.11 III lilt' ...... t·Tllhl.lgl."" ... 11.1\ h,1't g.Hht·l('"d .1lld hlOughl 10 Ihe .. Ill' t h(.·la(l01 hUH .. and e"'(I1it itt.'m ... ,uRRnl .. lh.1I ft,\\ ullht." nt'" r(·"'HII(t·" th.1I Kratc.·d Ihl'l.lble oj Billoll' dliling tlu.: I{tllll"n pt:nol"i "-·l.""111 lO ha\t." IIMeit II 10 Ilu .. 1).111 of \\o1lllage t ht· .l"''iemblage<., I hI' lI'()()r/ riummll mafrO·IPIIUlHI\ (/JIIII A/HIm) ()II" I h'lI(o,1I II Olll '''mpl(' I.') (l'l'llod 2 Udlll,lllOIl hot IIUIl II:!~) \\" .. t·'.I1I1I1lt'd. :\0 OIltt'l .... lIllple .. (Onl'llllt'd .1 "'Uflillt'llt CjU.IIlIH\ of fr.lgmt'lll' In enablt·IIlt'.lIlillgllll.III.lh ... l.... 1I1e1 lilt' mt'l.dl quantil' oj \\Iwld dIOlI((I;II"1Il II\(' .... lIlIplt· ... \\ ...... mall I) F .... ( II \\ 0 R I II R () \ D \\ \ .... I .\ (; t', :,:-\1 FollohlOg hccpax'\63 n.'<.'ommendalion, 100 IrLlglllt'I1LS from Ihe > I mill. ~iLC Gtlc:gon were (ho~en lor exallllllation. and 25 flOlgmcllls Irnmlhe >211101 Silt' Gltegon welt' aho ex'llnined. I\BLE 10. I'L-\'\ I, 1m" Ilfl ED I' IIOOJ) C11 \ReOAL ~1 \(RO RBIAI "S fRO'1 S \\IJ'LE 15 leo'l Exr 11221 Family Species Genusrrvpe English name \(craceae Ift',- (am/Jf~lrt' FIC~ !d map!t: Belulaceae Cm)11U avella no II did d. CarpllllH belllllt, Ilol'l1ht'ilm Oleact:ae Fraxillm exulHfI1 Ash Ros,lCcae ~ub-Idmih \Ia)oidt:ae ] \ pt: -\pple sub-famih l\ pc (lilt Ila\\thorn) (inc, Cralat'/Ju.q Fagaceae QlI"'cu~ spp. Re.\u[t, Six tax,l \\ eTC identified (L.tble 10) with onl) one II "gmenl of iI hardwo(KII\\ ig being unidt'ntifiable. Only lhe p,csence ofa laxon IS allriblHcd .Im intel -pf(~Lall\'t> signific.lOcc. FragmelH (()ul1l,weiglll PCI laXO!l have not been aC(orded .significance and neither is raorded her(>. nle Hn) species of oak IIlcligenous to Britain, QllffltlJ robur and Q. pttrorll, LanllOi be diITel cllIialed on the b'1Si.s of anatomic.,,1 ch;tla(le.-i~tics_66 i\lembel ·~ (If Ihe Maloidcac indudc Cmtol'l!;w SPI> (h;l\\lhoIl1), P:mu r(JIll1l1Utll\ (wild pear), _\1alln 'i)lt't'\tm (cn.lb apple) and Sorbu.~ spp. (\\hitebt'am, rowan, '\lId sen ice tree). Oiflcrcntialing between the Maloiclcae is frequeml)" impossible on the ba,is of anatomic (.haractCl"isucs. Ilowever, in some of the fr-agllu:ms from DenchwOIlh Road il was possible to telliativel) di~tingllish Craloegll., type charcoal. Oat .. from comparable charcoal dcposils 111 'Iouthern BI tI,tin is ."j<' 711frlumomJ It was noted tbat bmh thigwood and stem hood \\cre prt'.scnt for Illost of the laxa fur which malUrit~ could he e\-"Ithltecl, but onl) one II ilglllem, the ulltdentificcl Lwig. retained the pith. outmost IlIlg... and baric All mhel fragments lacked bitr)... tissue and either lhe: innermost OJ· outermost lings. -\Jo IMuel"ll \\ilS c\lclcnt in Ihe age ranges obscned rOl 65 C Keepax, Chmroo/ ~lI(1/)Hj u'lth part/ruinr rfjfmict' to Ardult'ningu~(li .\/In m Bnwm (unpubl I)h.[). Lht'''lI, Lim of London. 1988). fif) Sehweingrui>er. op. cit. note 62. fi7 l.g. 11 . Go ,""omn (lml t.Ul'mmmrllt lilt.' PI(:\t'llll' 01 t"I~\ ,md biniogit-alh cll·~I.Hleci v.ood \U)!;!o":l',\I" th.II "IK)(I wa\ pmb~lhh .Iullmed hum a Inc..11 "ollnt:, 1'.ldl olthl' "1'\ taxa IClenufit'd .1It' tOIl'ldcled IIldigt'!loll\ 10 <;OtltlH:rn Bnldlll, JltholiKh Cm/mll" I" ,II II .. \H'\{t:llllllmi hllllt in the 'Iwel\ alt' {)/I(U\\/ml lI1ul (.lIlldl/IUUB I he ,1~ .. emhJ.lgn dt' .. cribed hell' blOacil'1l tht: l"ll ~e olllltl ... ed lone,:> idenulied h9 J-S Rod\\dl, 8"JlIh PltmJ COmmUni/ln Ifill. HUodlwu{\ /lnd "nih (1991), iU 0. K,I(kh.llll. I Ih'wp) oj thr /Jill/,ll COIwll)\,Jr (lH~6). il Rodwdl. op. nt. note fi9 i~ R.I(\..h.lIll . op, (II, note 70; R. \1.lhel. Flom BntmwuII (Ht9t;), i:\ I (,UII)!;I ,l1ld \I . Rubin,on, J he.' ~ 1l\1I()llment'.1Il \1 FOIt'mdll .1nd S RahlL, ·l'.\;(.1\.llI(}m al F,IUt.'nd.l Chit k(,11 Fallll, near _\kht·'lel. Pl~:r, 0'1:111111'111/11, il (19~ I), 3M--J~; M. j I he HOP' M.'re po~"lbh gro\\11 in rOlallOI1 \\nh lotitici nop!'. and in d'i';ociation \\ith h,n crops lrom meadm\, Oil land of 10\\er arable potemial. ~lI(h ~1I ri.lIl~emen" have Ix--en identified at c;eH~ral 'iIlC .. of till" pcrind 111 the.' L ppel I hilme .. \'alle\ i.:-, and \\ ltie .. prei.ld u .. e of p""Iture i., I..nO\\ n in the region .KW.... fmlll the ",.up .. lope, dol) \ ale.., and floodplain"! from.1t h:a..,t the middle Iron Agc.i6 J he .. c-e.·d ,md (c-real d!!"ernblage"! deriH'd flOlll .. pt:ufic ,lglicuitur'll practices. nOI aIlO\\ing.1 rull a"'.\\ of the I.mgc of pl.ult reC;OUl"ce., u .. ed .11 the .,ite 10 be 111.lde. \1.uH of the cxolJc herb", fruil" and dt'llC.IUt·., Ihal Klaced the Roman table \\t"I"(." 1,1(1..111); 111 Ihe i"C;t·OIbl.lges, <\.\ were fmi" lhill \\ere (ollllllonh utili"cd III the periodii illld. in genen.tlllH.' a.,.,embbge, allo\\ httle to be "aid ahoul the dlct of tho'>t., III th,' alTd .md '!opecificalh the II1habnant'i of thl" ,>wne bUlldlllg. I he ,han:oi.tI m"IHOlemains (omplemenl Iht· rindillg.. of the .. eed, and cereal an.tI).,,,. 011 the e\'lelellle i.1\'.lIlahle \H)oel C'xploil;:tlion \\as wnfilled to fuel me ;, .. soe.id leel with bOth e1ollle .. tic and, Pl'IIl;'IP", light indliMriahraft i.lCli\'itlc". but, l ·c~Tt·llabl}. the lack of Lharcoal ltllitable (01 .1n ..l1,.,,, preH:nll'cI ,mal",i" of any temporal ch.lIlgc .. III the U!o,L' 0' wood J("OlllU'S, The chalcoal !'IlUcllCd Indi(.Hl·' the Icx (.tMR.\L DISCLSSIO:-' bl :-.'EIL IIOLl~ROOh. In the report on the exca\,ation~ ..l1 \lill Street publi..,hed in 1996 a general suney ofthe ~late of knmdedge of pre-medie\'al \\'antage was attempted, Since then further work ha.ll ()(cuITed, and it is \\onh examining hm\- thi., an-ecl.' the conclu~ions reached in that report. In addition to the eXGI\,ation reponed above, there hinc been two further e\'alu3lions ~in(."e 1996. A small e' aluation at 78 ~Iill Street by CAl found a continuation of some of the ditches dis(mcred at Mill Street, hut otherwbc "dd.ll liLLie fresh information,7H Evaluation comprising 2:3 trenches by \\'essex Archaeolog) on a 2 ha, site at Limborough Road IIllIllCdiillCI) to the E, of the Letcombe Brook (Fig. I, 16062) found latc Roman ditches in twO trenches, possibl} pal"t of an agricultural enclo..,ure,79 rhe pOlteT'} reco\'crcd from the chtches \\i.IS fresh and unabraded, sliggeMing nearb~ settlement, and eight 3rd- or1th century coin .. were also reco\'crcd, .An ,\nglo-Saxon gulh hn in another trench, and a bad,ground SGltlel of such pOllen was retrieved from elsewhere on the site, There were no prehistoric feature.." although fi\'c ..,herds of late Bronle J\ge or early Iron Age pOLler} \\ere lound. In addition to these recent in,e..,tigation ... the follo".. ing di .. co\'eries h~\\'e <11;:;0 been added to the Oxfordl;jhire Site~ and ~1onume11l~ Regj~teJ 'lIlCe 1996 (Fig. 1): 16222 Roman inhumation, male, no gn,lve goods, recorded in 19;2; 16223 ?Roman chalk block w~11I and trench vi..,ible in \c\\cr lrench in 1972. 75 1\1 .funt'", "-!llt" PI.lllt RenMim', III \1 P Liltlt" tan he ~ xu Be. l\ull1h rhe eXGt\ aU on ilnd thl~ public..,ttuon were gent'ruu," lunded b} the \ 'a le Ilou~lng .\$ ~5 11mb). up" (It" nol<.' lH. p" i"