ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722
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Biodiversitas
Country Indonesia - SIR Ranking of Indonesia Subject Area and Category Agricultural and Biological Sciences 5 Animal Science and Zoology Plant Science H Index Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Molecular Biology
Publisher Biology department, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta
Publication type Journals
ISSN 1412033X, 20854722
Coverage 2014-ongoing
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Quartiles
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) Animal Science and Zoology comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values. Molecular Biology
Category Year Quartile Animal SciencePlant and Science Zoology 2015 Q4 Animal Science and Zoology 2016 Q4 Animal Science and Zoology 2017 2015Q4 2016 2017 Molecular Biology 2015 Q4
SJR Citations per document
0.22The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that This indicator counts the number of citations received by ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is documents from a journal and divides them by the total based0.2 on the idea that 'all citations are not created number of documents published in that journal. The equal'. SJR is a measure of scienti c in uence of chart shows the evolution of the average number of 0.18journals that accounts for both the number of citations times documents published in a journal in the past two, received by a journal and the importance or prestige of three and four years have been cited in the current year. 0.16the journals where such citations come from It The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor measures the scienti c in uence of the average article ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric. 2015 2016 2017 in a journal it expresses how central to the global
Total Cites Self-Cites Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.000 140Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's Cites per document Year Value self-citations received by a journal's published 0.8Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.270 documents during the three previous years. Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.519
Journal Self-citation is de ned as the number of citation Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.662 70 from a journal citing article to articles published by the 0.6Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2014 0.000 same journal. Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2015 0.270 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2016 0.519 0 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 0.662 Cites Year Value 0 4 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cites / Doc (2 years) 2014 0 000 External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc % International Collaboration
0.8Evolution of the number of total citation per document 16International Collaboration accounts for the articles that and external citation per document (i.e. journal self- have been produced by researchers from several citations removed) received by a journal's published countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's 0.4documents during the three previous years. External 12documents signed by researchers from more than one citations are calculated by subtracting the number of country; that is including more than one country address. self-citations from the total number of citations received 0 8 by the journal’s documents. Year International Collaboration 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 20148.11 2015 2016 2017 Cit Y V l 2015 13 64 Citable documents Non-citable documents Cited documents Uncited documents
400 400 Not every article in a journal is considered primary Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research not cited during the following year. 200(research articles, conference papers and reviews) in 200 three year windows vs. those documents other than Documents Year Value research articles, reviews and conference papers. Uncited documents 2014 0 0 Uncited0 documents 2015 29 Documents2014 2015 Year 2016Value 2017 Uncited 2014documents 20152016 49 2016 2017 N it bl d t 2014 0 Uncited documents 2017 124
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Australia), Alireza Ghanadi (Iran), Ankur Patwardhan (India), Bambang H. Saharjo (Indonesia), Daiane H. Nunes (Brazil), Darlina Md. Naim (Malaysia), Ghulam Hassan Dar (India), Faiza Abbasi (India), Hassan Pourbabaei (Iran), I Made Sudiana (Indonesia), Ivan Zambrana-Flores (United Kingdom), Joko R. Witono (Indonesia), Katsuhiko Kondo (Japan), Krishna Raj (India), Livia Wanntorp (Sweden), M. Jayakara Bhandary (India), Mahdi Reyahi-Khoram (Iran), Mahendra K. Rai (India), Mahesh K. Adhikari (Nepal), Maria Panitsa (Greece), Maryam Keshavarzi (Iran), Muhammad Akram (Pakistan), Mochamad A. Soendjoto (Indonesia), Mohib Shah (Pakistan), Mohamed M.M. Najim (Srilanka), Morteza Eighani (Iran), Pawan K. Bharti (India), Paul K. Mbugua (Kenya), Rasool B. Tareen (Pakistan), Seweta Srivastava (India), Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati (Iran), Shahabuddin (Indonesia), Shahir Shamsir (Malaysia), Shri Kant Tripathi (India), Stavros Lalas (Greece), Subhash Santra (India), Sugiyarto (Indonesia), T.N. Prakash Kammardi (India)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: S u t a r n o
EDITORIAL MEMBERS: English Editors: Graham Eagleton ([email protected]), Suranto ([email protected]); Technical Editor: Solichatun ([email protected]), Artini Pangastuti ([email protected]); Distribution & Marketing: Rita Rakhmawati ([email protected]); Webmaster: Ari Pitoyo ([email protected])
MANAGING EDITORS: Ahmad Dwi Setyawan ([email protected])
PUBLISHER: The Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
CO-PUBLISHER: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta
ADDRESS: Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126. Tel. +62-271-7994097, Tel. & Fax.: +62-271-663375, Email: [email protected]
ONLINE: biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id
EXPERTISE AND CORRESPONDING EMAIL OF THE COMMUNICATING EDITORS: GENETIC DIVERSITY: Agnieszka B. Najda ([email protected]), Alan J. Lymbery ([email protected]), Darlina Md. Naim ([email protected]), Mahendra K. Rai ([email protected]), Maryam Keshavarzi ([email protected]). SPECIES DIVERSITY: Joko R. Witono ([email protected]), Katsuhiko Kondo ([email protected]), Livia Wanntorp ([email protected]), Mahesh K. Adhikari ([email protected]), Maria Panitsa ([email protected]), Mohib Shah ([email protected]), Paul K. Mbugua ([email protected]), Rasool B. Tareen ([email protected]). ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY: Abdel Fattah N.A. Rabou ([email protected]), Alireza Ghanadi ([email protected]), Ankur Patwardhan ([email protected]), Bambang H. Saharjo ([email protected]), Daiane H. Nunes ([email protected]), Faiza Abbasi ([email protected]), Ghulam Hassan Dar ([email protected]), Hassan Pourbabaei ([email protected]), I Made Sudiana ([email protected]), Ivan Zambrana-Flores ([email protected]), Krishna Raj ([email protected]), Mahdi Reyahi-Khoram ([email protected]), Mochamad A. Soendjoto ([email protected]), Mohamed M.M. Najim ([email protected]), Morteza Eighani ([email protected]), Pawan K. Bharti ([email protected]), Seweta Srivastava ([email protected]), Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati ([email protected]), Shahabuddin ([email protected]), Shahir Shamsir ([email protected]), Shri Kant Tripathi ([email protected]), Stavros Lalas ([email protected]), Subhash Santra ([email protected]), Sugiyarto ([email protected]), T.N.Prakash Kammardi ([email protected]). ETHNOBIOLOGY: M. Jayakara Bhandary ([email protected]), Muhammad Akram ([email protected]).
Society for Indonesia Sebelas Maret University Biodiversity Surakarta
GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS
Aims and Scope Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity or abbreviated one to ten are expressed with words, except if it relates to measurement, while as Biodiversitas encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all values above them written in number, except in early sentence. The fraction biodiversity aspects of plants, animals and microbes at the level of the gene, should be expressed in decimal. In the text, it should be used "%" rather than species, and ecosystem as well as ethnobiology. "percent". Avoid expressing ideas with complicated sentence and verbiage, Article types The journal seeks original full-length research papers, reviews, and used efficient and effective sentence. and short communication. Manuscript of original research should be written in Title of the article should be written in compact, clear, and informative no more than 8,000 words (including tables and picture), or proportional with sentence, preferably not more than 20 words. Name of author(s) should be articles in this publication number. Review articles will be accommodated, while, completely written. Name and institution address should also be completely short communication should be written at least 2,000 words, except for pre-study. written with street name and number (location), postal code, telephone number, Submission The journal only accepts online submission, through open facsimile number, and email address. Manuscript written by a group, author for journal system (https://smujo.id/biodiv/about/submissions) or email to the correspondence along with address is required. First page of the manuscript is editors at [email protected]. Submitted manuscripts should be the used for writing above information. original works of the author(s). The manuscript must be accompanied by a Abstract should not be more than 200 words. Keywords is about five cover letter containing the article title, the first name and last name of all the words, covering scientific and local name (if any), research theme, and special authors, a paragraph describing the claimed novelty of the findings versus methods which used; and sorted from A to Z. All important abbreviations current knowledge. Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted must be defined at their first mention. Running title is about five words. work has not been published before (except as part of a thesis or report, or Introduction is about 400-600 words, covering the background and aims of abstract); and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. When a the research. Materials and Methods should emphasize on the procedures and manuscript written by a group, all authors should read and approve the final data analysis. Results and Discussion should be written as a series of version of the submitted manuscript and its revision; and agree the submission connecting sentences, however, for manuscript with long discussion should be of manuscripts for this journal. All authors should have made substantial divided into subtitles. Thorough discussion represents the causal effect mainly contributions to the concept and design of the research, acquisition of the data explains for why and how the results of the research were taken place, and do and its analysis; drafting of the manuscript and correcting of the revision. All not only re-express the mentioned results in the form of sentences. authors must be responsible for the quality, accuracy, and ethics of the work. Concluding sentence should be given at the end of the discussion. Ethics Author(s) must obedient to the law and/or ethics in treating the Acknowledgments are expressed in a brief; all sources of institutional, private object of research and pay attention to the legality of material sources and and corporate financial support for the work must be fully acknowledged, and intellectual property rights. any potential conflicts of interest are noted. Copyright If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the Figures and Tables of maximum of three pages should be clearly author(s) still hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without presented. Title of a picture is written down below the picture, while title of a restrictions. Authors or others are allowed to multiply article as long as not for table is written above the table. Colored figures can only be accepted if the commercial purposes. For the new invention, authors are suggested to manage information in the manuscript can lose without those images; chart is preferred its patent before published. to use black and white images. Author could consign any picture or photo for Open access The journal is committed to free-open access that does not the front cover, although it does not print in the manuscript. All images charge readers or their institutions for access. Readers are entitled to read, property of others should be mentioned source. There is no appendix, all data download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, as or data analysis are incorporated into Results and Discussions. For broad data, long as not for commercial purposes. The license type is CC-BY-NC-SA. it can be displayed on the website as a supplement. Acceptance The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are References Author-year citations are required. In the text give the authors accepted for publication. Manuscripts will be reviewed by editors and invited name followed by the year of publication and arrange from oldest to newest reviewers(double blind review) according to their disciplines. Authors will and from A to Z. In citing an article written by two authors, both of them generally be notified of acceptance, rejection, or need for revision within 1 to 2 should be mentioned, however, for three and more authors only the first author months of receipt. The manuscript is rejected if the content does not in line is mentioned followed by et al., for example: Saharjo and Nurhayati (2006) or with the journal scope, does not meet the standard quality, inappropriate format, (Boonkerd 2003a, b, c; Sugiyarto 2004; El-Bana and Nijs 2005; Balagadde et complicated grammar, dishonesty (i.e. plagiarism, duplicate publications, al. 2008; Webb et al. 2008). Extent citation as shown with word "cit" should fabrication of data, citations manipulation, etc.), or ignoring correspondence in be avoided. Reference to unpublished data and personal communication three months. The primary criteria for publication are scientific quality and should not appear in the list but should be cited in the text only (e.g., Rifai MA biodiversity significance. Uncorrected proofs will be sent to the corresponding 2007, pers. com. (personal communication); Setyawan AD 2007, unpublished author by email as .doc or .docx files for checking and correcting of typographical data). In the reference list, the references should be listed in an alphabetical errors. To avoid delay in publication, corrected proofs should be returned in 7 order (better, if only 20 for research papers). Names of journals should be days. The accepted papers will be published online in a chronological order at abbreviated. Always use the standard abbreviation of a journal's name any time, but printed in January, April, July and October. according to the ISSN List of Title Word Abbreviations (www.issn.org/2- A charge Starting on January 1, 2017, publishing costs waiver is granted 22661-LTWA-online.php). The following examples are for guidance. to foreign (non-Indonesian) authors who first publish the manuscript in this Journal: journal, especially for graduate students from developing countries. However, Saharjo BH, Nurhayati AD. 2006. Domination and composition structure other authors are charged USD 250 (IDR 3,500,000). change at hemic peat natural regeneration following burning; a case study Reprints The sample journal reprint is only available by special request. in Pelalawan, Riau Province. Biodiversitas 7: 154-158. Additional copies may be purchased when ordering by sending back the Book: uncorrected proofs by email. Rai MK, Carpinella C. 2006. Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compounds. Manuscript preparation Manuscript is typed on A4 (210x297 mm2) Elsevier, Amsterdam. paper size, in a single column, single space, 10-point (10 pt) Times New Chapter in book: Roman font. The margin text is 3 cm from the top, 2 cm from the bottom, and Webb CO, Cannon CH, Davies SJ. 2008. Ecological organization, 1.8 cm from the left and right. Smaller lettering size can be applied in biogeography, and the phylogenetic structure of rainforest tree presenting table and figure (9 pt). Word processing program or additional communities. In: Carson W, Schnitzer S (eds) Tropical Forest Community software can be used, however, it must be PC compatible and Microsoft Word Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, New York. based (.doc or .rtf; not .docx). Scientific names of species (incl. subspecies, Abstract: variety, etc.) should be written in italic, except for italic sentence. Scientific Assaeed AM. 2007. Seed production and dispersal of Rhazya stricta. 50th name (genera, species, author), and cultivar or strain should be mentioned annual symposium of the International Association for Vegetation completely for the first time mentioning it in the body text, especially for Science, Swansea, UK, 23-27 July 2007. taxonomic manuscripts. Name of genera can be shortened after first Proceeding: mentioning, except generating confusion. Name of the author can be Alikodra HS. 2000. Biodiversity for development of local autonomous eliminated after first mentioning. For example, Rhizopus oryzae L. UICC 524, government. In: Setyawan AD, Sutarno (eds.) Toward Mount Lawu hereinafter can be written as R. oryzae UICC 524. Using trivial name should be National Park; Proceeding of National Seminary and Workshop on avoided, otherwise generating confusion. Biochemical and chemical Biodiversity Conservation to Protect and Save Germplasm in Java Island. nomenclature should follow the order of the IUPAC - IUB. For DNA Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 17-20 July 2000. [Indonesian] sequence, it is better used Courier New font. Symbols of standard chemical Thesis, Dissertation: and abbreviation of chemistry name can be applied for common and clear Sugiyarto. 2004. Soil Macro-invertebrates Diversity and Inter-Cropping Plants used, for example, completely written butilic hydroxyl toluene (BHT) to be Productivity in Agroforestry System based on Sengon. [Dissertation]. BHT hereinafter. Metric measurement use IS denomination, usage other Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. [Indonesian] system should follow the value of equivalent with the denomination of IS first Information from internet: mentioning. Abbreviations set of, like g, mg, mL, etc. do not follow by dot. Balagadde FK, Song H, Ozaki J, Collins CH, Barnet M, Arnold FH, Quake Minus index (m-2, L-1, h-1) suggested to be used, except in things like "per- SR, You L. 2008. A synthetic Escherichia coli predator-prey ecosystem. plant" or "per-plot". Equation of mathematics does not always can be written Mol Syst Biol 4: 187. www.molecularsystemsbiology.com down in one column with text, in that case can be written separately. Number ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722
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BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 260-264 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190135
Short Communication: Introduction of study domestication of manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) in different environment
YUNIARTI KONIYO♥, JULIANA♥♥ Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, No. 6, Gorontalo City 96128, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-435-821175, Fax.: +62-435-821752, ♥email: [email protected], ♥♥[email protected]
Manuscript received: 20 July 2017. Revision accepted: 11 January 2018.
Abstract. Koniyo Y, Juliana. 2018. Short Communication: Introduction of study domestication of manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) in different environment. Biodiversitas 19: 260-264. Manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) is one of the fish species that have good economic value, so its sustainability needs to be maintained. Manggabai fish population in nature continues to decline; this is due to environmental changes. Environmental changes that occur in nature is very difficult to be controlled so a method is required to preserve the manggabai fish that exist in the natural environment. Domestication is one of the methods used to maintain organisms that lives in a natural environment with an artificial (controlled) environment. This study aims to determine the difference of natural and artificial environment as a basis for conducting domestication on manggabai fish. The research method is an experimental method which is used in the cultivation of fish in natural and artificial environment. Manggabai fish cultivation in the natural environment uses a floating net cage system with volume of 1 m3, while cultivation in a controlled environment uses a pool of 1 m3 of concrete. Manggabai fish uses ± 10 cm of depth of pool with a density of 100 individuals/m3. The study was conducted for 3 months and feeding was only given to cultivation in controlled environment by 20% with a frequency of twice/day. The research variables consist of growth and survival of manggabai fish. The data analysis used descriptive analysis to determine the difference of growth and survival of manggabai fish kept in natural environment and in controlled environment. The results show that there is a difference in the growth and survival of manggabai fish kept in different environments. The highest growth and survival was obtained in the natural environment of KJA by 87%, whereas in the controlled environment, i.e. in the survival pool, it was only 74%. The absolute longest growth and the highest weight growth was obtained in the controlled environment in the pool by 2.07 cm and 4.62 g, whereas in the natural environment in KJA, the growth of the length and the absolute brat of 0.83 cm and 2.33 g. The results showed that the quality of environmental maintenance is a factor that affects the success of manggabai fish domestication.
Keywords: Environment, growth rate, manggabai fish, survival rate
INTRODUCTION live naturally in these waters. Marine Fisheries Department of Gorontalo reported that in 2005 manggabai fish catch Bareye Goby (Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) is reached 84.70 tons/year, in 2007 reached 19 tons/year, and a freshwater fish with a wide distribution, covering East in 2008 reached 13.6 tons/year. Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, northern Australia, Limboto Lake as a natural habitat of various fishery Papua New Guinea, China and Taiwan (Kottelat 2013; species continues to decrease its water quality and quantity, Larson et al. 2016). Globally, there is no major threat to thus affecting the survival of the species including sustainability and IUCN categorizes in Least Concern manggabai fish. Limboto Lake has become silted due to (Larson et al. 2016), but in some places its existence is floods and other activities that occur around the lake threatened locally due to habitat change and over fishing. (Krismono dan Kartamihardja 2010). Based on preliminary Glossogobius giuris or locally known as manggabai observation data, mangabai fish is marketed far from its fish (by Gorontalonese, an Indonesian ethnic of Sulawesi) source and it show the difference of size from time to time, is one of the freshwater fish species which a few years and it is currently only 1.15% decreases from 20.79%. On earlier is quite commonly found in Limboto Lake, the other hand, consumer’s demand for manggabai fish has Gorontalo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. This increased by 20-30%, and it brings implications to the fish is one source of livelihood for the community around demands of its development. Therefore, for the utilization the Limboto Lake because it is one of the favored species of mangabai fish resources can continue and be sustainable, and has a pretty good economic value. Manggabai fish it is necessary to conserve the fish by way of arranging population since 2005 until now began to decline both in fishing and mass production of fish, among others through the number of catches and size of fish. This provides mangabai fish cultivation in a controlled manner. evidence that the availability of manggabai fish in Limboto Limboto Lake as a manggabai fish habitat is one of the Lake is beginning to decline due to catching and the important factors for the sustainability of this commodity. environment that does not support the life of species that One effort that can be done to overcome the decline of KONIYO & JULIANA – Domestication of manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) 261 water quality in Limboto Lake is to conduct a controlled L = Lt-Lo cultivation or make natural commodities become aquaculture commodities. This can also be done to avoid Where: extinction of natural organisms that exist in water such as Lt = length of fish at time t (cm) Limboto Lake. Manggabai fish as one of the natural Lo = length of fish baseline (cm) commodities found in Limboto Lake waters will be extinct if not prevented as early as possible. Absolute weight growth One of the activities that can be done is the controlled Calculation of absolute weight growth of fish seed of manggabai fish farming through domestication. manggabai according to Effendie (1997) are as follows: Domestication is done by conducting trials of various environments, to obtain an optimal environment for growth W = Wt-Wo and survival of manggabai fish. The condition of the maintenance environment can represent the natural Where: environmental characteristics to support the living needs of W = weight gain of fish seed (g) cultivating organisms. Manggabai fish is one of the Wt = weight of fish seed at t time to the end-t (g) endangered fishery commodities due to environmental Wo = Initial weight of fish seed (g) degradation in Limboto Lake, and it causes the need for research on domestication as the first step to conduct Survival rate manggabai fish farming in a controlled manner. Survival or the survival rate (SR) is the percentage of organisms that live at the end of a certain time. Calculation formula of survival rate according to Goddaard (1996) is as MATERIALS AND METHODS follows:
The tool used in this research was a concrete pool with floating net cage (KJA) with volume of 1 m3 as maintenance container, analytical scale, Water quality checker, blower, aeration hose, aeration faucet, and Where: aeration stone. The materials used during the research were SR = Survival Rate (%) manggabai fish seed, F-999 fish feed, and fresh water. Nt = Number of fish at time t (individual) Research was experimental with Completely Randomized No = number of fish baseline (individual) Design (CRD) consisting of two treatments and three replications of each treatment. The treatmentwas the Data analysis maintenance of manggabai fish which was controlled by The data included the growth of absolute length and using concrete pond and KJA. The seeds used in this weight and the survival of manggabai fish kept in a natural research are manggabai fish seeds originating from environment and in controlled environment. The data were catching in Limboto Lake, Gorontalo District, Gorontalo analyzed using descriptive analysis and shown in the graph. Province, Indonesia totaling 600 individuals with ± 10 cm The data analyzed were data of absolute length growth, long and ± 35 grams per individual. The density of fish was absolute weight growth and survival rate of manggabai fish as much as 100 individuals/container. Feeding is given as seeds that were kept for eight weeks. much as 5% of biomass weight with feeding frequency as much as 2 times a day i.e., morning and evening. Manggabai fish seed maintenance is done for 8 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Measurement of length and weighing of manggabai fish seeds was done by sampling technique that took 20% Growth is an increase in length, weight, or volume in a samples from total seeds in each container and done once a certain time. Growth can be used as one of the indicators to week. Survival is obtained by calculating total live look at the physiological conditions of individuals or manggabai fish. Water quality measurement is done once populations. Absolute growth consists of two namely every week and observed parameters are temperature, pH, growth of length and growth of weight. The variables and DO. measured in this study consisted of the length and weight growth and survival of manggabai fish kept in different Research variables environments and maintenance containers. Observations Absolute growth and measurements made during maintenance are the The growth rate of fish seed of manggabai measured in growth and survival of manggabai fish kept in natural this study was the absolute length growth and absolute environments using floating net cage (KJA) and controlled weight of fish seed of manggabai. environments in concrete pools.
Absolute length growth Absolute length growth Calculation of absolute length growth of fish seed of The absolute length growth of manggabai fish seeds manggabai according to Effendie (1997) are as follows: maintained at floating net cage (KJA) and at concrete ponds for eight weeks showed that the highest length growth was
262 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (1): 260-264, January 2018 obtained on maintenance using KJA containers. While manggabai fish seeds taken care in concrete pond maintenance containers produced lower length growth. The absolute length growth value of manggabai fish seeds in KJA and in concrete ponds can be seen in Figure 1. The absolute length gained was 2.07 cm during eight weeks maintenance in a controlled environment, while the absolute length in the natural environment was 0.83 cm.
Absolute weight growth The results of measurements on absolute weight growth indicated that manggabai fish seeds kept in concrete pond containers were higher than those kept in natural KJA. Figure 1. The absolute growth of manggabai fish in Limboto These results indicated that weight growth is affected by Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia different types of maintenance containers. The highest absolute weight growth in fish seeds kept in concrete ponds was 4.62 grams and the lowest in the natural environment of KJA was 2.33 g. The value of the absolute weight growth in both containers can be seen in Figure 2. Environmental quality in the maintenance of aquaculture organisms is a major factor affecting organisms cultivated in natural environment and controlled environment. The quality of the maintenance environment greatly affects the growth and survival of an organism. Different environmental qualities will also affect the quality and quantity of organisms cultivated on the environment. The quality of the environment as a living medium of manggabai fish during maintenance will also have an effect on the space for fish to obtain feed. Growth is influenced by environmental differences, also the Figure 2. The absolute weight of manggabai fish in Limboto environment will affect the success of domestication of Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia wild species. Domestication will succeed if the controlled environment can replace or correspond to the natural habitat of a species, because if there were significant differences, they will affect the ability of adaptation of species to be domesticated. In addition to environmental factors, feed is also one of the most important factors in the success of species domestication. Lack of feed will slow the rate of growth of fish, since the ability of fish to obtain the feed is influenced by the availability of feed and space. With a large enough space, a quite large fish can move maximally to find the available feed on the environment. This opinion is in accordance with the opinion of Rinandha (2014), saying that in the artificial environment, fish will restrict to get food because it depends only on the feed given, so that will affect the growth rate of related fish. The feed is one factor Figure 3. The survival rate of manggabai fish seeds in Limboto that plays a role in the growth of manggabai fish. The more Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia varied and higher nutrient content of the feed will be good for the growth of fish. According to Sulistiono (2012), protein plays an important role in the preparation of tissues Survival rate and organs of animals, including fish. The nutrient content The survival of fish is percentage of the number of fish of feed given during fish maintenance should match the that still live from the number of fish kept in one container. needs of the domesticated fish. Protein is one of the most Survival is shown by mortality (death). After the research, important ingredients in fish feed, protein content in the the average data on the survival rate of manggabai fish is feed should be available in sufficient quantities. Low feed shown in Figure 3. protein levels will lead to slow growth. Controlled The figure shows that the percentage of survival rate of environment can give a good enough effect if the given Manggabai fish seeds maintained in different environments feed can meet the needs of life. The feed should meet the gives different survival values. Survival is also affected by quantity and quality required to increase the growth and the environments and feed quality available to the survival of the domesticated organism. environment. One effort to overcome the low survival of
KONIYO & JULIANA – Domestication of manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) 263 the organism is by maintaining the fish on appropriate during the study ranged from 26.83-27.19°C. It indicates environmental quality and also paying attention to proper that the maintenance mediums are in accordance with feeding both in size, amount and nutrient content of the Tamsil’s opinion (2000), which states that good water feed to be provided during the maintenance process temperature for manggabai fish maintenance ranges from (Hasmaradi 2002). 26-30°C. The relationship between temperature and fish Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded growth according to Sulistiono et al. (2007) is that there is that the highest survival is obtained in natural environment little or no growth at all below a certain temperature by using KJA namely 83%, while in controlled (20°C). Further growth increases with increasing environment using survival concrete pool, it is equal to temperature until it reaches its maximum point (30°C), and 74%. The quality of the environment will affect the growth decreases again or even becomes negative (lethal) at a and survival of the fish to be cultivated. This is because the temperature above the maximum point (33°C). In general, environment can affect the availability of feed naturally. In the amount of water pH to be used as a maintenance a controlled or artificial maintenance environment, feed medium for manggabai fish seed must be in accordance cannot be obtained naturally, but must come from the feed with its natural habitat in nature, which is from 6.5-8.5. The given during the maintenance process (Tarigan 2014). non-conformity of water pH with the living conditions of Feed that has good nutrition is instrumental in manggabai fish seed will result in the basic development maintaining the survival and accelerate the growth of fish. and growth of fish. Based on the results of water pH In addition, feeding does not damage water quality and measurements during the study ranging from 7.17OC to does not leave any residual feed as in the provision of 7.41OC, the water pH range during the study strongly pellets, on granting water pellet maintenance media more supported the growth of Manggabai seed fish. quickly dirty. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rao In addition to both the temperature and water pH factors et al. (2001) which states that the survival of fish seeds is above, oxygen is an important element in the life of the determined by the quality of water. During the maintenance organism. The oxygen in water is called dissolved oxygen of several fish deaths in all treatments, it is more common (DO). The result of measurement of dissolved oxygen for the first week until the second week of maintenance, value in research media ranged from 5.55-6.45 mg/L. The presumably because the fish have not been able to adapt to ups and downs of the oxygen value are related to the water new maintenance containers. temperature values. The range of dissolved oxygenin the The adaptability of organisms is also a very important research media is considered still feasible in supporting the factor in the survival of the organism. Adaptability at the growth of manggabai fish seed. According to Islam (2004), start of the transfer of fish to be domesticated is usually the best dissolved oxygen content for manggabai fish very fragile since early adaptation will require far more maintenance is above 3 ppm. energy than older fish that have been adapted for a longer Based on the results of research on growth and survival time. In the early adaptation process, usually, the fish will of manggabai fish seed (G. giuris) maintained in different experience a high enough death due to the use of energy to containers, it can be concluded that: (i) Growth and adapt to the new environment. This leads to the need for survival of manggabai fish seeds maintained on different gradual adaptation of fish or species to be domesticated. types of containers show different results. (ii) The highest The natural environmental quality of living fish to be growth and weight is obtained on maintenance by using domesticated must be known so that the contiguous concrete pond container that is equal to 2.07 cm in length environment to be used for the domestication process and 4.62 g in weight. While the lowest length growth and should be similar to the natural environment of the fish. the lowest weight growth is obtained in the container The quality of the controlled environment is made equal to maintenance using KJA with 0.83 cm in length and 2.33 g the natural environment, especially in terms of quality, so in weight. (iii) The highest survival is obtained in that fish do not require excessive energy for the initial concrete pool KJA namely 87%, while the lowest is adaptation process. The appropriate environment will also obtained at KJA controlled concrete pool namely 74%. have a good effect on the survival of the fish to be domesticated. The results showed that the first week of Table 1. Water quality of Limboto Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia manggabai fish maintained in the controlled environment Parameter experienced the greatest decrease in survival compared to Treatment maintenance in the second week to eight weeks. This Temperature pH DO proves that early adaptation is very important to the KJA 26.83-26.93 7.17-7.22 6.00-6.45 survival of fish to be domesticated. Pond 26.85-27.19 7.18-7.41 5.55-6.04
Water quality Water quality is a very important factor in the cultivation of fish because it is needed as a medium of life. REFERENCES The result of water quality measurement during manggabai fish seed maintenance can be seen in Table 1. Effendie MI. 1997. Metoda Perancangan Percobaan. CV Armico, Some environmental factors in the water that affect the Bandung. [Indonesian] life of fish are temperature, degree of acidity (pH), Goddard S. 1996. Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Chapman dissolved oxygen (DO) and so forth. The water temperature and Hall, New York.
264 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (1): 260-264, January 2018
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