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Universidade De Lisboa Instituto De Ciências Sociais Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Ciências Sociais A call for a broader citizenship: Parent-led Autism Advocacy Movement in Portugal Maria Concetta Lo Bosco Orientadora: Doutora Chiara Gemma Pussetti Coorientadora: Doutora Cristiana Bastos Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Antropologia Especialidade de Antropologia da Saúde 2018 Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Ciências Sociais A call for a broader citizenship: Parent-led Autism Advocacy Movement in Portugal Maria Concetta Lo Bosco Júri: Doutora Ana Margarida de Seabra Nunes de Almeida, Investigadora Coordenadora e Presidente do Conselho Científico do Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, Presidente do júri Vogais: Doutora Manuela Ivone Paredes Pereira da Cunha, Professora Auxiliar com Agregação, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade do Minho; Doutor Miguel de Matos Castanheira do Vale de Almeida, Professor Associado com Agregação da Escola de Ciências Sociais e Humanas do ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa; Doutor António José Feliciano Barbosa, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Maria Manuel Baptista Vieira da Fonseca, Investigadora Auxiliar Convidada do Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Chiara Gemma Pussetti, Investigadora de Pós-Doutoramento, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, orientadora; Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Antropologia Especialidade de Antropologia da Saúde 2018 Projeto financiado pela Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia, bolsa SFRH/BD/84969/2012 Abstract This thesis is about Portuguese parents of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (from now on ASDs), defined as a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication skills and by rigid and repetitive patterns of behaviour (American Psychiatric Association 2013). It aims at understanding parents’ caregiving experiences and expectations regarding their children’s future, and at exploring their advocacy day-to-day practices and actions, and socio-political demands. I address, in particular, the ways in which parents use social media to deploy a different understanding of autism and to advocate for their children’s rights in order to challenge misleading and disabling stereotypes. My fieldwork, indeed, focused particularly on parent-led online communities - namely Internet-based social networks (like Facebook) - where parents produce discourses about autism, share their experiences as caregivers, claim recognition for their knowledge, and call for their children’s health and educational services. Support and advocacy online groups serve as collective platforms for parents to share what it means to be a parent to a child with autism and to confront themselves about the decisions they make when caring for their children, to interact with other parents and create relationships and friendship, as well as to deploy their expert knowledge. Social media, as technological tools and spaces, can entail the potential of mobilization, insofar as they offer an opportunity for people to claim for social change by sensitizing and encouraging others to take action. For these reasons, online autism advocacy proves, in my view, to potentially bolster parents to gain attention and visibility regarding disability issues, social discrimination and marginalization. I also investigate the impact of autism in parent’s lives and explore the gendered practices of caregiving and advocacy within the family environment, as well as parents’ ideas about diversity, inclusion, and citizenship. Keywords ASDs, online advocacy, disability, inclusive citizenship, neurodiversity Resumo Esta tese propõe compreender as práticas de cuidado e advocacia de pais de crianças com diagnostico de Perturbações do Espectro do Autismo (PEA), um conjunto de distúrbios do desenvolvimento neurológico caracterizados por deficiências na interação social e na comunicação e por padrões rígidos e repetitivos de comportamento (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Procuro explorar, em particular, as maneiras como os pais usam as redes sociais para desenvolver uma compreensão diferente do autismo e defender os direitos de seus filhos, a fim de desafiar os estereótipos incapacitantes. Meu trabalho de campo, de fato, concentrou-se nas comunidades on-line, nomeadamente grupos de suporte e advocacia baseadas na Internet (como o Facebook), onde os pais produzem discursos sobre o autismo, compartilham suas experiências como cuidadores, e reivindicam o reconhecimento de seus conhecimentos. Estes grupos on-line representam plataformas coletivas onde os pais compartilham o que significa ser pai e mãe de uma criança com autismo, confrontam-se com outros pais acerca das práticas de cuidado de seus filhos, interagem e criam laços de amizade. Usando os redes sociais como ferramentas e espaços de partilha, os pais mobilizam-se, na medida em que reivindicando direitos civis para os próprios filhos, exigem uma mudança das políticas sociais contra a discriminação social e marginalização das pessoas com deficiência. O trabalho de campo permitiu-me perceber as reivindicações políticas dos pais e as suas práticas de advocacia, e analisar as práticas de cuidado segundo uma perspetiva de género bem como as ideias dos pais sobre a diversidade, a inclusão e a cidadania. Através das minhas observações e participando nas actividades dos pais, proponho mostrar como o movimento de advocacia dos pais em Portugal tenta ganhar visibilidade e reconhecimento através do uso da Internet e dos grupos virtuais de apoio e advocacia ao fim de politizar as suas lutas e pedir um envolvimento coletivo. A este respeito, a minha dissertação mostrará como os pais denunciam as formas diárias de exclusão que os próprios filhos vivem, procurando de tal forma denunciar as práticas de discriminação das pessoas com deficiência e questionar o princípio da normalização que orienta as práticas institucionais da inclusão na escola e na sociedade em geral. A tese visa contribuir para o conhecimento antropológico sobre autismo e advocacia abordando também as questões da cidadania inclusiva e da neurodiversidade, uma visão que destaca a necessidade de não discriminar as pessoas com PEA. Vou enquadrar a discussão antropológica em torno do conceito de inclusão e cidadania para realçar o desafio atual que todos nós como seres humanos e atores civis subscrevemos, ou seja a necessidade de proporcionar um novo cenário futuro onde as pessoas com deficiência têm o seu lugar. A perspetiva antropológica subjacente à minha pesquisa visa portanto alcançar um objetivo político e epistemológico. Ela propõe olhar criticamente e desafiar as construções epistemológicas, políticas e institucionais que sustentam, mesmo tacitamente, praticas de exclusão e marginalização do Outro. Ao revelar como a economia da cidadania se baseia numa hierarquia perigosa (e muitas vezes escondida) dos seres humanos, o conhecimento etnográfico contribui também para politizar a questão da deficiência e revelar as formas comuns em que as pessoas com deficiência ainda sofrem de discriminação. Enquanto sujeitos marginalizados, as crianças com PEA mostram, de fato, as tensões e as armadilhas que a sociedade põe no seu caminho. As práticas de advocacia dos pais e as suas reivindicações têm nesse sentido o objetivo de sensibilizar a sociedade para que possa reconhecer, praticar e garantir os direitos das pessoas com autismo. Este objetivo representa de facto uma possibilidade de emancipação para a nossa sociedade em geral. Esta tese encontra-se organizada em uma introdução e em seis capítulos. No Capítulo I vou relatar a história da psiquiatria infantil portuguesa, concentrando-me na figura do psicanalista João dos Santos, pioneiro na geração profissional da psiquiatria infantil e na prática de saúde mental infantil. Em particular, proponho explorar a abordagem psicanalítica da psicopatologia infantil e os seus conceitos e realçar as instituições mais importantes relacionadas com o desenvolvimento da psiquiatria infantil em Portugal. O Capítulo II propõe investigar as condições que permitiram a identificação e emergência do autismo como condição psiquiátrica em Portugal no final do século XX e a maneira como o autismo foi primariamente descrito pelos profissionais de saúde mental da época. Esta exploração tem como objetivo contribuir para uma história local do autismo e ilustrar a criação da primeira associação de apoio ao autismo liderada pelos pais. No Capítulo III exploro as experiências cotidianas dos pais em viver e cuidar de seus filhos com autismo. Através dos relatos etnográficos, descrevo as razões pelas quais os pais decidiram fazer parte de grupos de apoio e as diferentes maneiras de ser ativistas. Nesta seção, apresento o principal grupo de apoio e advocacia on-line português liderado por pais de crianças com autismo - Os Amantes de Saturno - e exploro os principais tópicos que os pais discutem nesta comunidade virtual. O Capítulo IV examina as lutas de advocacia dos pais sobre escola inclusiva, serviços de saúde e apoio para a transição para a vida adulta. Esta análise mostra como as reivindicações políticas dos pais mudam em relação as necessidades dos filhos desde a infância até a idade adulta. O envolvimento pessoal dos pais nas questões da deficiência é a origem duma transformação da subjetividade dos mesmos pais que assim se tornam cidadãos ativos envolvidos na consciencialização pública
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