WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI RIVER AT BASARA REGION

1BHUKYA RAMAKRISHNA, 2BALLA RANJITH KUMAR, 3KATTA THUKARAM

1 Assistant Professor, 2,3Student, Civil Engineering Department, RGUKT Basara, Telangana E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]

Abstract - The River Godavari, a holy river known since ancient time, is the second largest river in India. Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. Spatial variation of the water quality of these holy rivers is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality.So systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of Godavari River at Basara. Water samples from seven sampling stations were collected and physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by the standard methods. In this study Water Quality was determined on the basis of twelve parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS, TS, DO, BOD, COD, Fluorides, Nitrates. The pollution level over a period of time is increasing on the river water mainly due to industrial and other waste waters are directly discharge in the river. Hence the present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River and to evaluate the impact of such contaminated water.

Keywords - Water quality index, Godavari River, Basara, Physical and Chemical parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION pioneer distilleries of Dharmabad which is in Nanded district of Maharashtra state. The long-term Water is an important natural resource and precious management of river requires basic understanding of national assets. It forms the chief constituent of chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics. ecological system. Everyone knows that water is Since, spatial variation of the water quality is difficult essential to continue normal life. We depend on water to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary for more than just for drinking, cooking and personal which has responsibility to provide representative and usage. Big amount of water is often required for reliable estimation of the river water quality. industrial and commercial uses such as fisheries, hydropower generation. In some parts of the country, We know single number cannot represent the whole large quantities of water for irrigation are necessary story of water quality of Particular River. There are to support agriculture. Water sources may be mainly many other water quality parameters that are not in the form of rivers, lakes, ground water etc. The included in finding the index, however, a water availability and quality of water either surface or quality index based on some very important ground, is getting deteriorated due to some important parameters can provide an indicator of water quality. factors like increasing human activities at the water It is even important that the findings from various bodies, sewage discharge, Agricultural effluents, tests should be easily communicable to users and industrialization, urbanization etc.Surface water policy makers. Water quality index is well-known pollution with chemical, physical and biological method as well as one of the most effective tools to contaminants by anthropogenic activities is of great expressing water quality that offers a simple, stable, environmental attention all over the world. Rivers reproducible unit of measure. It, thus, becomes an play an important role in carrying off municipal and important parameter for the assessment and industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural management of surfacewater. The general WQI was land. Rivers are one of the most susceptible water developed by Brownet al. (1970) and improved by bodies to pollutants. Rivers are the main water Deininger for the Scottish Development Department sources for domestic, industrial and agricultural (1975). Horton (1965) suggested that the various irrigation purposes in a region. River water quality is water quality data could be aggregated into an overall one of important factors directly concerning index. withhealth of human and living beings. Therefore, it is important to have reliable information on There are various Methods to find water Quality characteristics of waterquality for effectivepollution Index such as control and water resource management. 1. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI 2. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Industrial effluents those have been continuously Environment (CCME) WQI thrown into the river is very visible at all major cities. 3. Weight Arithmetic WQI This site is located at Basara Gnana Saraswati temple so water is mainly polluted by the activities of the In this project we have adopted Weighted Arithmetic pilgrims and their bathing, other devotional activities. method to evaluate WQI considering its flexibility The other sources of pollutants include effluents from and simplicity.

Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 62 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region II. STUDY AREA Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, DO content using water analyzer. BOD (by incubating diluted The Godavari originates 80 km (50 mi) from the samples at 25º C for 5 days), COD (by dichromate Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India reflux method using a ferroin indicator), Alkalinity near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows for 1,465 km (Titration), Hardness (EDTA Method), TDS (910 mi), first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau (Evaporation method), TSS(filtration through then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari Watman no. 44 filter paper),fluorides(Spands district and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, Spectrophotometric method), until it splits into two watercourses that widen into a Nitrates(Spectrophotometric method) tests were large river delta and flow into the Bay of Bengal. performed.

In our project we have chosen Basara as the reference 3.3 Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic WQI point along with another six Weighted arithmetic water quality index method points upstream of Godavari River near Basara classified the water quality according to the degree of temple. We mainly focused on the Saraswati temple purity by using the most commonly measured water at Basara because it is the most visiting place by the quality variables. The method has been widely used pilgrims and also it was polluted by the various by the various scientistsand the calculation of WQI materials which are thrown into the river. At Basara was made using the following equation Ghats’s daily about 1000 pilgrims dip in the river, this count may be goes up to 25000 on some special ∑ = occasions like Vasanthapanchami. ∑

Sample Sample Latitude Longitude The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is Code Location calculated by using this expression S1 Triveni 77.868 18.814 − Sangamam = − S2 Kandakurthi 77.888 18.811 Where, S3 Tadbiloli 77.948 18.797 V = Estimated concentration of ith parameter in the S4 Khosli 76.485 18.396 i S5 Basara bridge 77.957 18.863 analyzed water. Vo= Ideal value of this parameter in pure water. S6 Basara Ghats 77.961 18.867 H S7 77.953 18.880 Vo= 0 (except P = 7 and DO=14.6 mg/l) Binola th Table 1: Sampling Location Co-ordinates Si=Recommended standard value for i Parameter.

Five Samples were completed upstream of Basara The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter Temple location in order to pollutants mixing pattern is calculated by using the following formula before reaching temple area. One sample was = collected at downstream of temple location to know isthere any self-purification process taking place or K= Proportionality constant and can also be not. calculated by using the following equation. = III. EXPERMINTAL DETAILS ∑( ) Water Quality Rating according to Weighted 3.1 Sample Collection Arithmetic method is given in Table 2. The water samples were collected from seven sites along the river as given in Table 1. Water samples WQI Status Possible Usages from the sampling stations were collected in two Drinking, phases, first time samples were collected in the month 0-25 Excellent Irrigation, of Feb 2017 and second phase collection was carried Industrial out in March 2017, by grab sampling method. Domestic, Parameters were analyzed by the standard 25-50 Good Irrigation, methods.The samples were taken in plastic canes and Industrial Irrigation, brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions. 51-75 Fair Industrial 3.2 Physico-Chemical analysis 76-100 Poor Irrigation Restricted use for All the samples collected were brought to 101-150 Very Poor Environmental Engineering laboratory at RGUKT Irrigation Proper treatment Basara. They were kept in deep fridge at the Unfit for Above 150 required before o o Drinking temperature of 0 C-1 C till the further Analysis has usage. taken place. As soon as the samples were brought to Table 2:Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water H the laboratory, samples were tested for P , Electrical Quality Index Method

Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 63 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region Water Quality Standard Unit 3 2 2 3 6 7 5 S.No. Parameter values weight Alkalini 285 235 163 156 168 174 160 1 PH 8.5 0.0910 ty Hardne 170 223 236 189 239 210 298 2 Alkalinity 120 0.0064 ss 3 Hardness 300 0.0026 TDS 368 220 315 180 320 265 200 123 108 137 129 TSS 970 746 673 4 TDS 500 0.0016 0 9 6 8 145 167 108 137 129 5 TSS 500 0.0016 TS 746 673 6 8 9 6 8 6 TS 500 0.0016 EC 297 329 304 257 432 453 203 7.6 6.5 7.9 8.6 8.2 8.6 7.8 7 EC 300 0.0026 DO 7 4 8 7 3 5 9 8 DO 5 0.1550 5.7 8.3 BOD 4.2 6.0 7.8 5.6 3.5 9 BOD 6 0.1290 1 1 23. 25. 26. 30. COD 5.7 23 26 10 COD 10 0.0773 5 7 5 5 3.7 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.1 11 Nitrates 45 0.0172 Nitrates 1.2 1.1 6 1 5 8 9 12 Fluorides 1.5 0.5150 Fluorid 0.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.9 es 4 2 5 7 7 9 9 44. 94. 104 70. 84. 95. 83. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION WQI 82 03 .3 33 92 65 06 Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples Having successfully collected the samples and collected in March 2017 performed the physical chemical analysis and values of Water quality index were found, here presenting the results in the form of tables(refer Table 4,5).

Water Quality S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Parame ter 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.5 8.1 PH 8.0 3 3 8 2 8 3 Alkalini 274 156 164 148 140 164 156 ty Hardne 240 170 220 160 275 200 300 H ss Figure 1:P Variation along the river length

TDS 360 210 215 213 208 246 193 104 120 108 TSS 780 280 640 460 0 6 0 115 128 142 135 TS 510 860 663 0 0 6 4 EC 729 418 451 438 396 491 386 8.8 7.4 8.3 8.5 8.1 DO 8.9 8.2 9 3 2 3 8 BOD 2.0 5.7 4.3 4.7 5.6 8.0 2.6 27. 29. COD 2.4 16 12 24 24 2 2 Figure 2:AlkalinityVariation along the river length 1.9 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.1 Nitrates 0.9 3 5 3 7 9 3 Fluorid 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.2 1.6 es 5 6 3 8 5 28. 86. 91. 72. 59. 89. 58. WQI 60 35 39 32 74 54 60 Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples collected in Feb 2017

Water Quality S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Parame ter PH 7.9 8.5 8.1 8.2 8.5 7.7 8.4 Figure 3:HardnessVariation along the river length

Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 64 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

Figure 4:TDSVariation along the river length Figure 9:BODVariation along the river length

Figure 10:COD Variation along the river length Figure 5:TSSVariation along the river length

Figure 11:NitratesVariation along the river length Figure 6:TSVariation along the river length

Figure 7:ECVariation along the river length Figure 12:Fluorides Variation along the river length

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The results obtained from analysis of water samples of river Godavari are shown in table 4 and table 5. The reported values of water samples collected in two phases at different areas along the stretch of Godavari river. The results indicate that the quality of water varies considerably from location to location. A summary of the findings is given below.

Figure 8:DOVariation along the river length

Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 65 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region Major portion of water samples showed slight basic REFERENCES nature with in the permissible limits of drinking water standards except samples S1 and S5 collected in [1] V.Bawa kalpana and V.B. Gaikawad, “Water Quality phase-2. The conductivity of water is affected by the Assessment of Godavari river at Nasik,india: Impact of sewage and industrial wastewater”.Universal Journal of suspended impurities and also depends upon the Environmental Research and Technology 2013 Volume 3, amount of ions in the water. The highest conductivity Issue 4: 452- 457 729 µsiemen/cm of the Godavari water was observed [2] C.R. Ramakrishnaiah, C.Sadashivaiah ,G.Rajanna, at Trivenisangamam (S1) during phase-1 collection. “Assessment of water Quality Index for groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka”, ISSN: 0973-4945 E-Journal of Minimum conductivity 209 µsiemen/cm was Chemistry 2009, 6(2), 523-530.. observed at Binola (S7). Total solids may affect water [3] Dhirendra, M.J., Alok Kumar, and Namita Agrawal.(2009). quality. Water with high total solids generally is of “Studies on Physicochemical parameters to assess the Water inferior pot ability. Total dissolved solids were Quality of river Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar district”, Rasayan J. Chem. 2: 195-203. observed maximum 368 mg/l and minimum 180 mg/l [4] Khan, A.M., V. Srinivasarao, Y.L.N. Murthy, et al, 2008, in. Total suspended solids were recorded maximum “Assessment of water quality of Godavari River at Nanded, 1376 mg/l in sample S5. The sample from S5 and S6 Maharashtra and Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh”,Journal showed nearly ofChemistry and Environment 12(1):65-68. [5] Manjusha Bohr et al. “Water Quality Assessment of the River same values but the samples from Basara Bridge (S5) Godavari, At Ramkund,Nashik, (Maharashtra), India”. showed light high concentrations of TSS compared International Journal Of Engineering And Science. Issn: samples from Basara Ghats (S6) area. Godavari water 2278-4721, Vol. 2, Issue 2 (January 2013), Pp 64-68 contained high dissolved oxygen during Phase-1, [6] Ruby Pandey et al. “Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of River Ganga atAllahabad With Respect To followed by a gradual decrease to its lowest values WQI”, International Journal of Innovative Research in during Phase-2. The higher concentrations of Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2319-8753, vol dissolved oxygen during Phase-1 were probably due 3,Issue 9, September 2014. to low water temperature, relatively low solids [7] Pushpa Rani et al., “Studies in determination of some parameters of ‘Ganga river water, Kanwar Mela 2013, concentration. The maximum 8.9 mg/l oxygen Haridwar”, Journal of innovative biology,ISSN: 2348- content of water was recorded at Kosli (S4) and 6473,June 2014 Vol. 1, Issue 2, P. 122-125. minimum 6.54 mg/l in Kondakurti sample (S2). BOD [8] Water Quality Status of Water Bodies of Maharashtra with has ranged from 2 mg/l to 8.31mg/l. Highest BOD Recourse to Analytical/Statistical Tools(2007-2011), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), 4-23 to 4-31. concentration is observed at Basara Ghats region this [9] Comprehensive Study of Polluted River Stretches and is probably due to leaving the biodegradable Preparation of Action Plan of River Godavari from Nasik D/S materials from temple such as flowers, leaves and to Paithan, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), bathing. Nitrates content was found with in the [10] APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1989): Standard Methods for the examination of water and Waste Water, 17th Ed (Clescerina, permissible limits. At some locations Fluoride L.S. Eds., Trussell, R.R., Greenberg, A.E.), APHA, content is was much less than permissible limit and at Washington D.C. U.S.A. Tadibiloli (S3) it is slightly higher than standard [11] Thesis submitted by Prakash, “Water Quality Study on Rivers value. in SARAWAK”. University of Malaysia Sarawak 2005 [12] Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D. “Status of heavy metals in water and bed The WQI value for present samples range from 28.60 Sediments of river Gomati – A tributary of the Ganga river”, to 104.3. Major portion of the sample are showing India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105: 43- water quality in the range of poor to very poor. Only 67. [13] Raut, K.S., Shinde, S.E., Pathan, T.S. and Sonawane, D.C. one sample exceeded the standard for drinking water ”Seasonal Variation in physico -chemical characteristics of remaining all are suitable for drinking water if proper Ravi rivar” , ISSN 2224-3577 International Journal of treatment is given. Science and Technology, Volume 2 No.5 May 2012 [14] Kumar, Rita. N., RajalSolanki and Nirmal Kumar J.I. “An Assessment of Seasonal Variation and Water Quality Index ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Sabarmati River and Kharicut Canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat”, Electronic Journal of Environment, Agriculture and We would like to express our sincere thanks to Mrs. Food Chemistry10 (8), 2771-278 Shanti Jagadeeshwari, Head of the Department, [15] BIS (1991): Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard Specification for Drinking water IS10500: 2-4 Civil Engineering, RGUKT Basara for giving us [16] W.H.O., 1984. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water, permission to use Environmental Laboratory. Geneva, Switzerland. Vol.1



Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 66