Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI RIVER AT BASARA REGION 1BHUKYA RAMAKRISHNA, 2BALLA RANJITH KUMAR, 3KATTA THUKARAM 1 Assistant Professor, 2,3Student, Civil Engineering Department, RGUKT Basara, Telangana E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] Abstract - The River Godavari, a holy river known since ancient time, is the second largest river in India. Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. Spatial variation of the water quality of these holy rivers is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality.So systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of Godavari River at Basara. Water samples from seven sampling stations were collected and physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by the standard methods. In this study Water Quality was determined on the basis of twelve parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS, TS, DO, BOD, COD, Fluorides, Nitrates. The pollution level over a period of time is increasing on the river water mainly due to industrial and other waste waters are directly discharge in the river. Hence the present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River and to evaluate the impact of such contaminated water. Keywords - Water quality index, Godavari River, Basara, Physical and Chemical parameters. I. INTRODUCTION pioneer distilleries of Dharmabad which is in Nanded district of Maharashtra state. The long-term Water is an important natural resource and precious management of river requires basic understanding of national assets. It forms the chief constituent of chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics. ecological system. Everyone knows that water is Since, spatial variation of the water quality is difficult essential to continue normal life. We depend on water to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary for more than just for drinking, cooking and personal which has responsibility to provide representative and usage. Big amount of water is often required for reliable estimation of the river water quality. industrial and commercial uses such as fisheries, hydropower generation. In some parts of the country, We know single number cannot represent the whole large quantities of water for irrigation are necessary story of water quality of Particular River. There are to support agriculture. Water sources may be mainly many other water quality parameters that are not in the form of rivers, lakes, ground water etc. The included in finding the index, however, a water availability and quality of water either surface or quality index based on some very important ground, is getting deteriorated due to some important parameters can provide an indicator of water quality. factors like increasing human activities at the water It is even important that the findings from various bodies, sewage discharge, Agricultural effluents, tests should be easily communicable to users and industrialization, urbanization etc.Surface water policy makers. Water quality index is well-known pollution with chemical, physical and biological method as well as one of the most effective tools to contaminants by anthropogenic activities is of great expressing water quality that offers a simple, stable, environmental attention all over the world. Rivers reproducible unit of measure. It, thus, becomes an play an important role in carrying off municipal and important parameter for the assessment and industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural management of surfacewater. The general WQI was land. Rivers are one of the most susceptible water developed by Brownet al. (1970) and improved by bodies to pollutants. Rivers are the main water Deininger for the Scottish Development Department sources for domestic, industrial and agricultural (1975). Horton (1965) suggested that the various irrigation purposes in a region. River water quality is water quality data could be aggregated into an overall one of important factors directly concerning index. withhealth of human and living beings. Therefore, it is important to have reliable information on There are various Methods to find water Quality characteristics of waterquality for effectivepollution Index such as control and water resource management. 1. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI 2. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Industrial effluents those have been continuously Environment (CCME) WQI thrown into the river is very visible at all major cities. 3. Weight Arithmetic WQI This site is located at Basara Gnana Saraswati temple so water is mainly polluted by the activities of the In this project we have adopted Weighted Arithmetic pilgrims and their bathing, other devotional activities. method to evaluate WQI considering its flexibility The other sources of pollutants include effluents from and simplicity. Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 62 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region II. STUDY AREA Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, DO content using water analyzer. BOD (by incubating diluted The Godavari originates 80 km (50 mi) from the samples at 25º C for 5 days), COD (by dichromate Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India reflux method using a ferroin indicator), Alkalinity near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows for 1,465 km (Titration), Hardness (EDTA Method), TDS (910 mi), first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau (Evaporation method), TSS(filtration through then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari Watman no. 44 filter paper),fluorides(Spands district and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, Spectrophotometric method), until it splits into two watercourses that widen into a Nitrates(Spectrophotometric method) tests were large river delta and flow into the Bay of Bengal. performed. In our project we have chosen Basara as the reference 3.3 Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic WQI point along with another six Weighted arithmetic water quality index method points upstream of Godavari River near Basara classified the water quality according to the degree of temple. We mainly focused on the Saraswati temple purity by using the most commonly measured water at Basara because it is the most visiting place by the quality variables. The method has been widely used pilgrims and also it was polluted by the various by the various scientistsand the calculation of WQI materials which are thrown into the river. At Basara was made using the following equation Ghats’s daily about 1000 pilgrims dip in the river, this count may be goes up to 25000 on some special ∑ = occasions like Vasanthapanchami. ∑ Sample Sample Latitude Longitude The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is Code Location calculated by using this expression S1 Triveni 77.868 18.814 − Sangamam = − S2 Kandakurthi 77.888 18.811 Where, S3 Tadbiloli 77.948 18.797 V = Estimated concentration of ith parameter in the S4 Khosli 76.485 18.396 i S5 Basara bridge 77.957 18.863 analyzed water. Vo= Ideal value of this parameter in pure water. S6 Basara Ghats 77.961 18.867 H S7 77.953 18.880 Vo= 0 (except P = 7 and DO=14.6 mg/l) Binola th Table 1: Sampling Location Co-ordinates Si=Recommended standard value for i Parameter. Five Samples were completed upstream of Basara The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter Temple location in order to pollutants mixing pattern is calculated by using the following formula before reaching temple area. One sample was = collected at downstream of temple location to know isthere any self-purification process taking place or K= Proportionality constant and can also be not. calculated by using the following equation. = III. EXPERMINTAL DETAILS ∑( ) Water Quality Rating according to Weighted 3.1 Sample Collection Arithmetic method is given in Table 2. The water samples were collected from seven sites along the river as given in Table 1. Water samples WQI Status Possible Usages from the sampling stations were collected in two Drinking, phases, first time samples were collected in the month 0-25 Excellent Irrigation, of Feb 2017 and second phase collection was carried Industrial out in March 2017, by grab sampling method. Domestic, Parameters were analyzed by the standard 25-50 Good Irrigation, methods.The samples were taken in plastic canes and Industrial Irrigation, brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions. 51-75 Fair Industrial 3.2 Physico-Chemical analysis 76-100 Poor Irrigation Restricted use for All the samples collected were brought to 101-150 Very Poor Environmental Engineering laboratory at RGUKT Irrigation Proper treatment Basara. They were kept in deep fridge at the Unfit for Above 150 required before o o Drinking temperature of 0 C-1 C till the further Analysis has usage. taken place. As soon as the samples were brought to Table 2:Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water H the laboratory, samples were tested for P , Electrical Quality Index Method Proceedings of WRFER International Conference, 25th June, 2017, Bengaluru, India 63 Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region Water Quality Standard Unit 3 2 2 3 6 7 5 S.No. Parameter values weight Alkalini 285 235 163 156 168 174 160 1 PH 8.5 0.0910 ty Hardne 170 223 236 189 239 210 298 2 Alkalinity 120 0.0064 ss 3 Hardness 300 0.0026 TDS 368 220 315 180 320 265 200 123 108 137 129 TSS 970 746 673 4 TDS 500 0.0016 0 9 6 8 145 167 108 137 129 5 TSS 500 0.0016 TS 746 673 6 8 9 6 8 6 TS 500 0.0016 EC 297 329 304 257 432 453 203 7.6 6.5 7.9 8.6 8.2 8.6 7.8 7 EC 300 0.0026 DO 7 4 8 7 3 5 9 8 DO 5 0.1550 5.7 8.3 BOD 4.2 6.0 7.8 5.6 3.5 9 BOD 6 0.1290 1 1 23.
Recommended publications
  • Flood Management Strategy for Ganga Basin Through Storage
    Flood Management Strategy for Ganga Basin through Storage by N. K. Mathur, N. N. Rai, P. N. Singh Central Water Commission Introduction The Ganga River basin covers the eleven States of India comprising Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. The occurrence of floods in one part or the other in Ganga River basin is an annual feature during the monsoon period. About 24.2 million hectare flood prone area Present study has been carried out to understand the flood peak formation phenomenon in river Ganga and to estimate the flood storage requirements in the Ganga basin The annual flood peak data of river Ganga and its tributaries at different G&D sites of Central Water Commission has been utilised to identify the contribution of different rivers for flood peak formations in main stem of river Ganga. Drainage area map of river Ganga Important tributaries of River Ganga Southern tributaries Yamuna (347703 sq.km just before Sangam at Allahabad) Chambal (141948 sq.km), Betwa (43770 sq.km), Ken (28706 sq.km), Sind (27930 sq.km), Gambhir (25685 sq.km) Tauns (17523 sq.km) Sone (67330 sq.km) Northern Tributaries Ghaghra (132114 sq.km) Gandak (41554 sq.km) Kosi (92538 sq.km including Bagmati) Total drainage area at Farakka – 931000 sq.km Total drainage area at Patna - 725000 sq.km Total drainage area of Himalayan Ganga and Ramganga just before Sangam– 93989 sq.km River Slope between Patna and Farakka about 1:20,000 Rainfall patten in Ganga basin
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Paleo-Discharge of the Lost Saraswati River, North West India
    EGU2020-21212 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21212 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Estimation of paleo-discharge of the lost Saraswati River, north west India Zafar Beg, Kumar Gaurav, and Sampat Kumar Tandon Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Earth and Environment Sciences, India ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ) The lost Saraswati has been described as a large perennial river which was 'lost' in the desert towards the end of the 'Indus-Saraswati civilisation'. It has been suggested that this paleo river flowed in the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, parallel to the present-day Indus River. Today, in this interfluve an ephemeral river- the Ghaggar flows along the abandoned course of the ‘lost’ Saraswati River. We examine the hypothesis given by Yashpal et al. (1980) that two Himalayan-fed rivers Sutlej and Yamuna were the tributaries of the lost Saraswati River, and constituted the bulk of its paleo-discharge. Subsequently, the recognition of the occurrence of thick fluvial sand bodies in the subsurface and the presence of a large number of Harappan sites in the interfluve region have been used to suggest that the Saraswati River was a large perennial river. Further, the wider course of about 4-7 km recognised from satellite imagery of Ghaggar-Hakra belt in between Suratgarh and Anupgarh in the Thar strengthens this hypothesis. In this study, we have developed a methodology to estimate the paleo-discharge and paleo- width of the lost Saraswati River.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Model for the Vulnerability Assessment of Springs in the Indian Himalayas
    climate Article Conceptual Model for the Vulnerability Assessment of Springs in the Indian Himalayas Denzil Daniel 1 , Aavudai Anandhi 2 and Sumit Sen 1,3,* 1 Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; [email protected] 2 Biological Systems Engineering Program, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-1332-284754 Abstract: The Indian Himalayan Region is home to nearly 50 million people, more than 50% of whom are dependent on springs for their sustenance. Sustainable management of the nearly 3 million springs in the region requires a framework to identify the springs most vulnerable to change agents which can be biophysical or socio-economic, internal or external. In this study, we conceptualize vulnerability in the Indian Himalayan springs. By way of a systematic review of the published literature and synthesis of research findings, a scheme of identifying and quantifying these change agents (stressors) is presented. The stressors are then causally linked to the characteristics of the springs using indicators, and the resulting impact and responses are discussed. These components, viz., stressors, state, impact, and response, and the linkages are used in the conceptual framework to assess the vulnerability of springs. A case study adopting the proposed conceptual model is discussed Citation: Daniel, D.; Anandhi, A.; for Mathamali spring in the Western Himalayas. The conceptual model encourages quantification Sen, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Condition of the Yamuna River - an Overview of Flow, Pollution Load and Human Use
    Current condition of the Yamuna River - an overview of flow, pollution load and human use Deepshikha Sharma and Arun Kansal, TERI University Introduction Yamuna is the sub-basin of the Ganga river system. Out of the total catchment’s area of 861404 sq km of the Ganga basin, the Yamuna River and its catchment together contribute to a total of 345848 sq. km area which 40.14% of total Ganga River Basin (CPCB, 1980-81; CPCB, 1982-83). It is a large basin covering seven Indian states. The river water is used for both abstractive and in stream uses like irrigation, domestic water supply, industrial etc. It has been subjected to over exploitation, both in quantity and quality. Given that a large population is dependent on the river, it is of significance to preserve its water quality. The river is polluted by both point and non-point sources, where National Capital Territory (NCT) – Delhi is the major contributor, followed by Agra and Mathura. Approximately, 85% of the total pollution is from domestic source. The condition deteriorates further due to significant water abstraction which reduces the dilution capacity of the river. The stretch between Wazirabad barrage and Chambal river confluence is critically polluted and 22km of Delhi stretch is the maximum polluted amongst all. In order to restore the quality of river, the Government of India (GoI) initiated the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) in the1993and later YAPII in the year 2004 (CPCB, 2006-07). Yamuna river basin River Yamuna (Figure 1) is the largest tributary of the River Ganga. The main stream of the river Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Bandar Punch (38o 59' N 78o 27' E) in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6320 meter above mean sea level in the district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal).
    [Show full text]
  • Team ( For) Team ( Against) Topic Slot JUDGES Mississipi
    Team ( for) Team ( Against) Topic Slot JUDGES Are parents to be held responsible for the actions of their Mississipi - thames Kaveri children? 10:00-10:30 Aparna-Ananya Should MLAs and MPs should have a minimum level of Yamuna - tapi Krishna educational qualification? 17 apil- 10:00-10:30 prashasti-jay sandhiya- Mahanadhi Tigris Is Indian culture decaying? 5:00- 5:30 shailendra Should we make cartoons and TV a part of the educational Koshi Narmada process in elementary school? 10:45-11:15 shrishty-shivam Homework at school: should be banned or it is an essential Rupnarayan Sindhu part of our studies that teaches us to work independently. 11:30-12:00 Aparna-Ananya Jordan Jhelum - Indus Social media has improved human communication and reach. 11:30-12:00 prashasti-jay Patriotism is doing more harm than good when it comes to sandhiya- Danube Betwa International relations. 12:15-12:45 shailendra Government shouldn't have the access to personal information Colorado Brahmaputra of citizens through the linking of Adhaar. 12:15-12:45 shrishty-shivam Alknanda Tista Does 'NOTA' option in elections really make sense? 1:00-1:30 Aparna-Ananya Tests on animals: should animals be used for scientific Godavari Shinano achievements 1:00-1:30 Prashasti-jay sandhiya- Amazon Irtysh Film versions are never as good as the original books. 1:30-2:00 shailendra Sutlej Gandak Zoos should be banned. 1:30-2:00 shrishty-shivam Ganga Umngot Online system of education is a boon than a bane. 2:00-2:30 Aparna-Ananya zambezi- WILD CARD Team Team Winning Slot Jugdes Topics Social media comments should be Mississipi + Thames Kaveri Kaveri (A) 12:00- 12:30 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Brink: Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana By
    Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana August 2010 For copies and further information, please contact: PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 178-F, Pocket – 4, Mayur Vihar, Phase I, Delhi – 110 091, India Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development PEACE Institute Charitable Trust P : 91-11-22719005; E : [email protected]; W: www.peaceinst.org Published by PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 178-F, Pocket – 4, Mayur Vihar – I, Delhi – 110 091, INDIA Telefax: 91-11-22719005 Email: [email protected] Web: www.peaceinst.org First Edition, August 2010 © PEACE Institute Charitable Trust Funded by Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD) under a Sir Dorabji Tata Trust supported Water Governance Project 14-A, Vishnu Digambar Marg, New Delhi – 110 002, INDIA Phone: 91-11-23236440 Email: [email protected] Web: www.watergovernanceindia.org Designed & Printed by: Kriti Communications Disclaimer PEACE Institute Charitable Trust and Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD) cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. All rights reserved. Information contained in this report may be used freely with due acknowledgement. When I am, U r fine. When I am not, U panic ! When I get frail and sick, U care not ? (I – water) – Manoj Misra This publication is a joint effort of: Amita Bhaduri, Bhim, Hardeep Singh, Manoj Misra, Pushp Jain, Prem Prakash Bhardwaj & All participants at the workshop on ‘Water Governance in Yamuna Basin’ held at Panipat (Haryana) on 26 July 2010 On the Brink... Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana i Acknowledgement The roots of this study lie in our research and advocacy work for the river Yamuna under a civil society campaign called ‘Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan’ which has been an ongoing process for the last three and a half years.
    [Show full text]
  • Ganga As Perceived by Some Ganga Lovers Mother Ganga's Rights Are Our Rights
    Ganga as Perceived by Some Ganga Lovers Mother Ganga’s Rights Are Our Rights Pujya Swami Chidanand Saraswati Nearly 500 million people depend every day on the Ganga and Her tributaries for life itself. Like the most loving of mothers, She has served us, nourished us and enabled us to grow as a people, without hesitation, without discrimination, without vacation for millennia. Regardless of what we have done to Her, the Ganga continues in Her steady fl ow, providing the waters that offer nourishment, livelihoods, faith and hope: the waters that represents the very life-blood of our nation. If one may think of the planet Earth as a body, its trees would be its lungs, its rivers would be its veins, and the Ganga would be its very soul. For pilgrims, Her course is a lure: From Gaumukh, where she emerges like a beacon of hope from icy glaciers, to the Prayag of Allahabad, where Mother Ganga stretches out Her glorious hands to become one with the Yamuna and Saraswati Rivers, to Ganga Sagar, where She fi nally merges with the ocean in a tender embrace. As all oceans unite together, Ganga’s reach stretches far beyond national borders. All are Her children. For perhaps a billion people, Mother Ganga is a living goddess who can elevate the soul to blissful union with the Divine. She provides benediction for infants, hope for worshipful adults, and the promise of liberation for the dying and deceased. Every year, millions come to bathe in Ganga’s waters as a holy act of worship: closing their eyes in deep prayer as they reverently enter the waters equated with Divinity itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Yamuna River Water Pollution-A Review Pankaj
    ISSN XXXX XXXX © 2019 IJESC Research Article Volume 9 Issue No. 5 Yamuna River Water Pollution-A Review Pankaj. V. Sharma1, Monika Bhadauriya2 Department of Environmental Science Government Science College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Abstract: This paper reviews the impact of industrial pollution on Yamuna River based on studies over the past few years. It Engenders from Yamunotri glaciers in the lower Himalayas at an elevation of approximately 6387 meters. River can be divided into five segments on the foundation of hydrological and ecological situation. The river is contaminated by both point and non-point sources, where National Capital Territory (NCT) – Delhi is the main Helper, followed by Agra and Mathura. The Delhi segment is the most polluted as the river gets severely affected by the impediments of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural advances. In addition to municipal sewage, a large number of diverse industries like pulp and paper, steel plants, chemicals, rubber, sugar, tannery, glass, engineering, plastics, and food processing directly Release their wastes into it. There 22 industrial units in Haryana, 42 units in Delhi and 17 units in Uttar Pradesh which were found to be directly discharging and polluting the Yamuna River. This is due to discharge of environmental pollutants or effluents into water bodies without treatment. Water pollution affects the whole biosphere, including not only the individual species but also their natural biological denomination. It results in the death of much of the aquatic life inhabitant inside the defective water body. Pollution levels in the Yamuna River have arise. Average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels at this point are 1.2 mg/l and 11.7 mg/l respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Riverriver
    Reviving River Yamuna An Actionable Blue Print for a BLUEBLUE RIVERRIVER Edited by PEACE Institute Charitable Trust H.S. Panwar 2009 Reviving River Yamuna An Actionable Blue Print for a BLUE RIVER Edited by H.S. Panwar PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 2009 contents ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... v PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 Fact File of Yamuna ................................................................................................. 9 A report by CHAPTER 2 Diversion and over Abstraction of Water from the River .............................. 15 PEACE Institute Charitable Trust CHAPTER 3 Unbridled Pollution ................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 4 Rampant Encroachment in Flood Plains ............................................................ 29 CHAPTER 5 There is Hope for Yamuna – An Actionable Blue Print for Revival ............ 33 This report is one of the outputs from the Ford Foundation sponsored project titled CHAPTER 6 Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan - An Example of Civil Society Action .......................... 39 Mainstreaming the river as a popular civil action ‘cause’ through “motivating actions for the revival of the people – river close links as a precursor to citizen’s mandated actions for the revival
    [Show full text]
  • PPT on Yamuna
    PPT ON REJUVENATION OF RIVER YAMUNA THE IMPACT OF THE YAMUNA ON LIFE AND LIVING IN DELHI The Yamuna is the most important tributary of the Ganga and its source is the Yamunotri glacier. Important pilgrimage centers like Yamunotri, Paonta Sahib, Mathura, Vrindavan, Bateshwar & Allahabad ( now Prayagraj) are located on the banks of the river. In Indian mythology Yamuna is referred as the daughter of the Sun and sister of Yama. The baby Krishna is believed to have been born on the bank of this river and is said to have freed Yamuna from “Kalia Nag.” The Yamuna’s basin is one of the most fertile and high grain yielding river basins in the country and a boon for agriculture. Apart from the Capital city Delhi, many large urban hubs and cities like Yamuna Nagar,Panipat, Sonepat, Gautam Budh Nagar, Faridabad, Mathura, Agra and Etawah are situated on the river’s banks.The challenge lies in harnessing the river to boost environmentally safe and sustainable activities. RIVER YAMUNA’S IMPORTANCE FOR LIFE AND LIVELIHOODS ➢ Yamuna as a Life Line The river water is used for drinking and agriculture by the basin states of Uttarakhand,* Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi & Rajasthan. The share of each state has been decided by a Memorandum of Understanding signed by all the states in 1994 and is being regulated by the Upper River Yamuna Board (MoWR, RD&GR.) ➢ Ground water recharge: The river helps replenish the water table by recharging it with flood water and performing important ecological functions. It sustains aquatic biodiversity and brings with it nutrient rich alluvial sedimentation full of minerals and organic matter, during the monsoon months.
    [Show full text]
  • A River and the Riverfront: Delhi's Yamuna As an In-Between Space
    ARTICLE IN PRESS City, Culture and Society ■■ (2015) ■■–■■ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect City, Culture and Society journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ccs A river and the riverfront: Delhi’s Yamuna as an in-between space Awadhendra Sharan * Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, 29, Rajpur Road, Delhi 110054, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This essay examines the presence of Yamuna in the city of Delhi, from two perspectives: (i) understand- Available online ing riverscapes as simultaneously aquatic and terrestrial and (ii) understanding these as conjoining issues of environment and technology. With events over the course of the last century as its backdrop, the essay Keywords: focuses on the last few decades of the twentieth century, to examine the relation of land and river in Yamuna Delhi; the interface of people and projects, especially the issue of slums; and the risks posed to the river Pollution on account of waste and pollution. All these featured prominently in the events leading up to the staging River of the Commonwealth Games in Delhi in October 2010, which provides the most immediate context for Nature Sustainability this essay. In conclusion, I propose that the current strategies of rejuvenating the river are limited, often Planning anti-poor and far from sustainable. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction elsewhere, was a means to brand the city and to manufacture solidarities around an urban place ‘by Over the last decade and more Delhi aspired to imbuing it with an affective charge, a structure of transit from a ‘walled city’ to a ‘world city’.1 In the feeling that is generated by the scale, compression process, it attempted, or at least its elite groups en- and celebratory content of the event itself’ (Baviskar, deavoured, to reshape spatial arrangements, 2011b).
    [Show full text]
  • Rejuvenating Yamuna River by Wastewater Treatment and Management
    In ternational Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 2020; 5(1): 14-29 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijees doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20200501.13 ISSN: 2578-9538 (Print); ISSN: 2578-9546 (Online) Rejuvenating Yamuna River by Wastewater Treatment and Management Natarajan Pachamuthu Muthaiyah Department of Centre for Climate Change, Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur, India Email address: To cite this article: Natarajan Pachamuthu Muthaiyah. Rejuvenating Yamuna River by Wastewater Treatment and Management. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020, pp. 14-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20200501.13 Received : July 12, 2020; Accepted : November 13, 2020; Published : MM DD, 2020 Abstract: Yamuna is the most important tributary of Ganga River originating from the Yamunotri glacier of Himalaya, the ‘Asian Water Tower ’. Since Yamuna is fed by the above glacier, the Ganga River supplies water perennially. The catchment area of Yamuna River is 3, 45,848km 2 which is the largest among the other tributaries of Ganga. Surface water resource of the Yamuna River is 61.22km 3 and the net groundwater availability is 45.43km 3. Total sewage generation per annum from domestic and industrial sources in Yamuna River basin is about 9.63km 3. Due to the mixing of the above human influenced sewage, the waterways of this basin are stinking in many reaches and almost dead near Delhi. The pollution loads of the stinking and dead reaches of this river pollute the groundwater of the Yamuna River basin in many reaches. To treat and recycle the above sewage load about 1,320 sewage treatment plants are necessary.
    [Show full text]