DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Secure Your Website

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How to Secure Your Website How to Secure Your Website th 5 Edition Approaches to Improve Web Application and Website Security April 2011 IT SECURITY CENTER (ISEC) INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION AGENCY, JAPAN Both English and Japanese edition are available for download at: http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/english/third.html#websecurity (English web page) http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/vuln/websecurity.html (Japanese web page) Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Organization of This Book .......................................................................................................... 3 Intended Reader .......................................................................................................................... 3 What is Revised in the 5th Edition ............................................................................................ 3 Fixing Vulnerabilities ................................................................................................................. 4 －Fundamental Solution and Mitigation Measure－ ............................................................... 4 1. Web Application Security Implementation ............................................................................ 5 1.1 SQL Injection .................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 OS Command Injection .................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Unchecked Path Parameter / Directory Traversal ....................................................... 13 1.4 Improper Session Management ..................................................................................... 16 1.5 Cross-Site Scripting ....................................................................................................... 22 1.6 CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) .............................................................................. 29 1.7 HTTP Header Injection .................................................................................................. 33 1.8 Mail Header Injection .................................................................................................... 37 1.9 Lack of Authentication and Authorization ................................................................... 40 2. Approaches to Improve Website Security ............................................................................ 42 2.1 Secure Web Server.......................................................................................................... 42 2.2 Configure DNS Security ................................................................................................ 43 2.3 Protect against Network Sniffing .................................................................................. 44 2.4 Secure Password ............................................................................................................. 45 2.5 Mitigate Phishing Attacks ............................................................................................. 47 2.6 Protect Web Applications with WAF ............................................................................. 50 2.7 Secure Mobile Websites ................................................................................................. 56 3. Case Studies ........................................................................................................................... 63 3.1 SQL Injection .................................................................................................................. 63 3.2 OS Command Injection .................................................................................................. 69 3.3 Unchecked Path Parameters ......................................................................................... 72 3.4 Improper Session Management ..................................................................................... 74 3.5 Cross-Site Scripting ....................................................................................................... 77 3.6 CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) .............................................................................. 88 3.7 HTTP Header Injection .................................................................................................. 93 3.8 Mail Header Injection .................................................................................................... 94 Postface .......................................................................................................................................... 97 References ...................................................................................................................................... 98 Terminology ................................................................................................................................. 100 Checklist ...................................................................................................................................... 101 CWE Mapping Table ................................................................................................................... 105 Preface Preface Various websites provide a variety of services on the Internet. According to “Communications Usage Trend Survey”1, as of 2011, it is estimated that more than 90 million people use the Internet in Japan and social interaction through the websites is expected to keep growing. Meanwhile, the number of security incidents exploiting “security holes” (vulnerabilities) in the websites is also on the rise. Recently, they have become for-profit and are getting more vicious. More than 6,500 website vulnerabilities have been reported2 to Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA) since it started receiving the reports in 2005. Especially, “SQL Injection” is one of the most popular vulnerabilities reported and seen as a cause of personal information leakage via websites and virus infection of web pages. To maintain the safety of your website, you need to take appropriate security measures on each website component. For operating systems or software, you could refer to the security practices common to all users provided by the vendors and make sure to securely configure the settings or apply security patches. Web applications, however, tend to be uniquely customized for each website and you need to secure each web application accordingly. If any security problems are found in a web application already in operation, it is usually difficult to fix them at the design level and you may need to settle for ad-hoc solutions. Nevertheless, remember that the best solution is to try not to create security holes when developing a web application in the first place and achieve the fundamental solution of “vulnerability-free” as much as possible. This book makes use of vulnerability information on the software products and web applications reported to IPA, picking up the vulnerabilities frequently called to attention or with serious impact, and suggests the fundamental solutions and mitigation measures against them. In addition, it provides some references on how to improve the security of the websites and a few case studies to illustrate where developers may fail to secure web applications. We hope this book will help you secure your website. 1 Communications Usage Trend Survey, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/statistics/statistics05.html (Japanese Only) 2 Appointed by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), IPA serves as a national contact to receive reports on security vulnerabilities from the vendors and the general public. For more information, please visit: http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/vuln/report/index.html (Japanese Only) 2 Preface Organization of This Book This book mainly covers the computer software security issues that IPA, as the reporting point and analyzing agency designated in the Information Security Early Warning Partnership framework, has regarded as “vulnerability”. This book consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 “Web Application Security Implementation” addresses 9 types of vulnerabilities, including SQL injection, OS command injection and cross-site scripting, and discusses threats these vulnerabilities may pose and the characteristics of the websites that might be most susceptible to these vulnerabilities. It also provides fundamental solutions that aim to eliminate the vulnerability altogether and mitigation measures that try to reduce the damage of attacks exploiting the vulnerability. Chapter 2 “Approaches to Improve Website Security” addresses 7 topics, including web server security and anti-phishing measures, and discusses how to improve the security of the websites mainly from operational perspective. Chapter 3 picks up 8 types of vulnerability addressed in Chapter 1 and presents case studies, illustrating what may happen to the vulnerable websites with code examples, what is wrong with them and how to fix them. In the appendix of this book, you will find a checklist you could use to assess the security of your website and a CWE mapping table. Please note that each solution shown in this book is one example of many other possible solutions and we do not mean to force the use of them. We have performed the simple tests to evaluate the effectiveness of the solutions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Learning to Program in Perl
    Learning to Program in Perl by Graham J Ellis Languages of the Web Learning to Program in Perl version 1.7 Written by Graham Ellis [email protected] Design by Lisa Ellis Well House Consultants, Ltd. 404, The Spa, Melksham, Wiltshire SN12 6QL England +44 (0) 1225 708 225 (phone) +44 (0) 1225 707 126 (fax) Find us on the World Wide Web at: http://www.wellho.net Or contact us at: [email protected] Copyright © 2003 by Well House Consultants, Ltd. Printed in Great Britain. Printing History May 1999 1.0 First Edition February 2000 1.1 Minor additions June 2000 1.2 Compliation of modules October 2000 1.3 Name change, revisions April 2002 1.4 Added modules September 2002 1.5 Added modules January 2003 1.6 Updated modules February 2003 1.7 Updated modules This manual was printed on 21 May 2003. Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this manual, including interior design, may be reproduced or translated into any language in any form, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of Well House Consultants except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For more information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact Graham Ellis at Well House Consultants. This manual is subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent, incomplete nor in any form of binding or cover other than in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Secure Your Web Site Picked up SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting As Sample Cases of Failure Because These Two Are the Two Most Reported Vulnerabilities
    How to Secure your Website rd 3 Edition Approaches to Improve Web Application and Web Site Security June 2008 IT SECURITY CENTER (ISEC) INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION AGENCY, JAPAN This document is a translation of the original Japanese edition. Please be advises that most of the references referred in this book are offered in Japanese only. Both English and Japanese edition are available for download at: http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/english/third.html (English web page) http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/vuln/websecurity.html (Japanese web page) Translated by Hiroko Okashita (IPA), June 11 2008 Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Organization of This Book ........................................................................................................... 3 Intended Reader ......................................................................................................................... 3 Fixing Vulnerabilities – Fundamental Solution and Mitigation Measure - .................................... 3 1. Web Application Security Implementation ............................................................................... 5 1.1 SQL Injection .................................................................................................................... 6 1.2
    [Show full text]
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Installing, Managing, and Removing User-Space Components
    Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Installing, managing, and removing user-space components An introduction to AppStream and BaseOS in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Last Updated: 2021-06-25 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Installing, managing, and removing user-space components An introduction to AppStream and BaseOS in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Legal Notice Copyright © 2021 Red Hat, Inc. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL ® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Perl DBI API Reference
    H Perl DBI API Reference This appendix describes the Perl DBI application programming interface. The API consists of a set of methods and attributes for communicating with database servers and accessing databases from Perl scripts. The appendix also describes MySQL-specific extensions to DBI provided by DBD::mysql, the MySQL database driver. I assume here a minimum version of DBI 1.50, although most of the material applies to earlier versions as well. DBI 1.50 requires at least Perl 5.6.0 (with 5.6.1 preferred). As of DBI 1.611, the minimum Perl version is 5.8.1. I also assume a minimum version of DBD::mysql 4.00. To determine your versions of DBI and DBD::mysql (assuming that they are installed), run this program: #!/usr/bin/perl # dbi-version.pl - display DBI and DBD::mysql versions use DBI; print "DBI::VERSION: $DBI::VERSION\n"; use DBD::mysql; print "DBD::mysql::VERSION: $DBD::mysql::VERSION\n"; If you need to install the DBI software, see Appendix A , “Software Required to Use This Book.” Some DBI methods and attributes are not discussed here, either because they do not apply to MySQL or because they are experimental methods that may change as they are developed or may even be dropped. Some MySQL-specific DBD methods are not discussed because they are obsolete. For more information about new or obsolete methods, see the DBI or DBD::mysql documentation, available at http://dbi.perl.org or by running the following commands: % perldoc DBI % perldoc DBI::FAQ % perldoc DBD::mysql The examples in this appendix are only brief code fragments.
    [Show full text]
  • Perl Variables Scalar ($) Array (@) Hash (%)
    Practical Extraction and Report Language « Perl is a language of getting your job done » « There is more than one way to do it » Larry Wall VI, October 2006 Page 1 Perl Outline : History Structure of a simple Perl script Perl variables scalar ($) array (@) hash (%) Operators (numeric, string & logical) Statement modifiers (if/elsif/else, for/foreach, while) VI, October 2006 Page 2 Practical Extraction and Report Language http://perl.oreilly.com " Perl is both a programming language and an application on your computer that runs those programs " VI, October 2006 Page 3 Perl history A few dates: 1969 UNIX was born at Bell Labs. 1970 Brian Kernighan suggested the name "Unix" and the operating system we know today was born. 1972 The programming language C is born at the Bell Labs (C is one of Perl's ancestors). 1973 “grep” is introduced by Ken Thompson as an external utility: Global REgular expression Print. 1976 Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak found Apple Computer (1 April). 1977 The computer language awk is designed by Alfred V. Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, and Brian W. Kernighan (awk is one of Perl's ancestors). VI, October 2006 Page 4 Perl history 1987 Perl 1.000 is unleashed upon the world NAME perl | Practical Extraction and Report Language SYNOPSIS perl [options] filename args DESCRIPTION Perl is a interpreted language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal).
    [Show full text]
  • OTRS Developer Manual Release 8.0
    OTRS Developer Manual Release 8.0 OTRS AG Jul 08, 2020 Contents 1 Getting Started 3 1.1 Development Environment ..................................... 3 1.1.1 Obtain the Source Code .................................. 3 1.1.2 Useful Tools ......................................... 3 1.1.3 Linking Expansion Modules ................................ 4 1.2 Architecture Overview ........................................ 4 1.2.1 Directories .......................................... 7 1.2.2 Files ............................................. 7 1.2.3 Core Modules ........................................ 7 1.2.4 Front End Handle ...................................... 8 1.2.5 Front End Modules ..................................... 8 1.2.6 CMD Front End ....................................... 8 1.2.7 Generic Interface Modules ................................. 8 1.2.8 Scheduler Task Handler Modules ............................. 9 1.2.9 Database .......................................... 10 2 OTRS Internals - How it Works 11 2.1 Config Mechanism .......................................... 11 2.1.1 Defaults.pm: OTRS Default Configuration ...................... 11 2.1.2 Automatically Generated Configuration Files ....................... 11 2.1.3 XML Configuration Files .................................. 11 2.1.4 Accessing Config Options at Runtime .......................... 20 2.2 Database Mechanism ........................................ 21 2.2.1 SQL ............................................. 21 2.2.2 XML ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Perl Review
    The Perl Review Volume 0 Issue 6 November 1, 2002 Like this issue? Support The Perl Review with a donation! http://www.ThePerlReview.com/ Letters i Community News ii Short Notes iii Simple RSS with Perl 1 brian d foy Delightful Languages: Ruby 7 Mike Stok Who’s Doing What? Analyzing Ethernet LAN Traffic 18 Paul Barry Book Reviews 24 Staff Like this issue? Support The Perl Review with a donation! http://www.ThePerlReview.com/ Web Access http://www.ThePerlReview.com/ Email [email protected] Publisher brian d foy Editor Andy Lester Technical Editors Kurt Starsinic, Adam Turoff Copy Editors Beth Linker, Glenn Maciag, Chris Nandor Contributors David H. Adler, Paul Barry, Neil Bauman, brian d foy, Andy Lester, Mike Stok, Betsy Waliszewski The Perl Review print $_ $_[0] for @$self;. We incorrectly used Letters $_[1] and apologize for the confusion. Send your letters, comments, and suggestions to [email protected] Write for TPR TPR Subscriptions Have something to say about Perl? The Perl Re- view wants first person accounts about using Perl. If I’d like to subscribe to The Perl Review. However, you cannot write a complete article you can write a I prefer not to use PayPal. If you tell me where to “Short Note”. Want to tell everyone about a book send a check or cash, I’d be happy to do so. you have read? Write a book review! Were you at a Perl function? Give us a trip report! – Gregor Dodson We would like to get articles or “Short Notes” on brian writes: A lot of people have said something similar, and at the moment we do not have a better way to take money.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiketöintijärjestelmän Käyttöönotto
    TIKETÖINTIJÄRJESTELMÄN KÄYTTÖÖNOTTO LAHDEN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU Tekniikan ala Tietotekniikka Tietoliikennetekniikka Opinnäytetyö Kevät 2013 Janne Nummela Lahden ammattikorkeakoulu Tietotekniikan koulutusohjelma NUMMELA, JANNE: Tiketöintijärjestelmän käyttöönotto Tietoliikennetekniikan opinnäytetyö, 41 sivua Kevät 2013 TIIVISTELMÄ Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli kartoittaa, valita ja asentaa avoimeen lähdekoodiin perustuva palvelupyyntöjen kirjausjärjestelmä eli tiketöintipalvelu. Tämän lisäksi työssä alustettiin ITIL-viitekehyksen käyttöönottoa yrityksessä. Työn toimeksiantajana oli LahtiNetwork Oy, joka on lahtelainen ict-palveluja tarjoava yritys. Työssä pyrittiin ottamaan huomioon LahtiNetworkin tarpeet ohjelmiston suhteen. Aikaisemmin yrityksen käytössä ei ollut tiketöintijärjestelmää, joten tulleita palvelupyyntöjä ei kirjattu järjestelmällisesti. Tiketöintijärjestelmä mahdollistaa palvelupyyntöjen järjestelmällisen kirjaamisen ja hallinnan. Tiketöintijärjestelmä tarjoaa palvelupyyntöjen vastaanotto-, kirjaus-, hallinta- ja muokkauspalvelut. Tiketöintijärjestelmä koostuu palvelimesta ja siihen asennettavasta ohjelmistosta. Ohjelmistot jakautuvat ilmaisiin avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmiin ja maksullisiin ohjelmistoihin. Ohjelmia löytyy markkinoilta lukuisia aina pienestä pelkästään tiketöintiin perustuvasta ohjelmasta isoon koko help desk -prosessin käsittävään ohjelmaan. Yhteistä kaikilla ohjelmilla on kuitenkin se, että ydinajatus on tallentaa ja seurata järjestelmään tullutta palvelupyyntöä. Palvelupyyntö voi olla virheilmoitus,
    [Show full text]
  • The Bugzilla Guide
    The Bugzilla Guide Matthew P. Barnson [email protected] This is the documentation for Bugzilla, the Mozilla bug−tracking system. The Bugzilla Guide Table of Contents Chapter 1. About This Guide.............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Purpose and Scope of this Guide......................................................................................................1 1.2. Copyright Information......................................................................................................................1 1.3. Disclaimer.........................................................................................................................................2 1.4. New Versions....................................................................................................................................2 1.5. Credits...............................................................................................................................................2 1.6. Contributors......................................................................................................................................3 1.7. Feedback...........................................................................................................................................3 1.8. Translations.......................................................................................................................................3 1.9. Document Conventions.....................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Perl Baseless Myths & Startling Realities
    http://xkcd.com/224/ Perl Baseless Myths & Startling Realities by Tim Bunce, July 2008 Prefer ‘Good Developers’ over ‘Good Languages’ “For all program aspects investigated, the performance variability that derives from differences among programmers of the same language—as described by the bad-to-good ratios—is on average as large or larger than the variability found among the different languages.” — An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl. IEEE Computer Journal October 2000 Who am I? - Tim Bunce - Author of the Perl DBI module - Using Perl since 1991 - Involved in the development of Perl 5 - “Pumpkin” for 5.4.x maintenance releases - http://blog.timbunce.org ~ Myths ~ ~ Myths ~ - Perl is dead - Perl is hard to read / test / maintain - Perl 6 is killing Perl 5 ~ Myths ~ - Perl is dead - Perl is hard to read / test / maintain - Perl 6 is killing Perl 5 Perl 5 - Perl 5 isn’t the new kid on the block - Perl is 21 years old - Perl 5 is 14 years old - A mature language with a mature culture Buzz != Jobs - Perl5 hasn’t been generating buzz recently - It’s just getting on with the job - Lots of jobs - - just not all in web development Guess the Languages “web developer” Yes, Perl is growing more slowly than others but these are just “web developer” jobs “software engineer” Perl is mentioned in many more software engineer/developer jobs. “foo developer” Perl is the primary focus of more developer jobs. Want a fun new job? Become a Perl developer! Massive Module Market - Large and vibrant developer community - Over 15,000 distributions (58,000 modules) - Over 6,700 ‘authors’ (who make releases) - One quarter of all CPAN distributions have been updated in the last 4 months! - Half of all updated in the last 17 months! Top Modules -Many gems, including..
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Perl. 5Th Edition [PDF]
    Learning Perl ,perlroadmap.24755 Page ii Tuesday, June 17, 2008 8:15 AM Other Perl resources from O’Reilly Related titles Advanced Perl Programming Perl Debugger Pocket Intermediate Perl Reference Mastering Perl Perl in a Nutshell Perl 6 and Parrot Essentials Perl Testing: A Developer’s Perl Best Practices Notebook Perl Cookbook Practical mod-perl Perl Books perl.oreilly.com is a complete catalog of O’Reilly’s books on Perl Resource Center and related technologies, including sample chapters and code examples. Perl.com is the central web site for the Perl community. It is the perfect starting place for finding out everything there is to know about Perl. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in document- ing the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit conferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online refer- ence library for programmers and ITprofessionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Subscribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Bookshelf from cover to cover or sim- ply flip to the page you need. Try it today with a free trial. main.title Page iii Monday, May 19, 2008 11:21 AM FIFTH EDITION LearningTomcat Perl™ The Definitive Guide Randal L. Schwartz,Jason Tom Brittain Phoenix, and and Ian brian F. Darwin d foy Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo Learning Perl, Fifth Edition by Randal L.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch 13: Attacking Users: Other Techniques (Part 2) Other Client-Side Injection Attacks HTTP Header Injection
    CNIT 129S: Securing Web Applications Ch 13: Attacking Users: Other Techniques (Part 2) Other Client-Side Injection Attacks HTTP Header Injection • User-controlled data in an HTTP header • Most commonly the Location and Set-Cookie headers Injecting Another Header Exploiting Header Injection • See if %0d and %0a return decoded as carriage- return and line-feed • If only one works, you may still be able to exploit it • If they are blocked or sanitized, try these bypasses Injecting Cookies • Cookies may persist across browser sessions Delivering Other Attacks • HTTP header injection allows an attacker to control the entire body of a response • Can deliver almost any attack • Virtual website defacement • Script injection • Redirection HTTP Response Splitting • Inject a second complete page into the headers • Must inject carriage returns and line feeds • Fixed in modern servers (link Ch 13d) Poisoning the Cache on a Proxy Server Preventing Header Injection • Don't insert user-controllable input into headers • If you must, use • Input validation (context-dependent) • Output validation: block all ASCII characters below 0x20 Cookie Injection • Attacker sets or modifies a cookie in the victim user's browser • This may be possible if: • App has functionality that takes a name and value from parameters and sets those within a cookie, such as "Save user preferences" • HTTP header injection vulnerability Cookie Injection • Setting a malicious cookie via XSS • XSS in related domains can be leveraged to set a cookie on the targeted domain, from any of
    [Show full text]