Effect of Bottom Stirring on Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
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Society, Materials, and the Environment: the Case of Steel
metals Review Society, Materials, and the Environment: The Case of Steel Jean-Pierre Birat IF Steelman, Moselle, 57280 Semécourt, France; [email protected]; Tel.: +333-8751-1117 Received: 1 February 2020; Accepted: 25 February 2020; Published: 2 March 2020 Abstract: This paper reviews the relationship between the production of steel and the environment as it stands today. It deals with raw material issues (availability, scarcity), energy resources, and generation of by-products, i.e., the circular economy, the anthropogenic iron mine, and the energy transition. The paper also deals with emissions to air (dust, Particulate Matter, heavy metals, Persistant Organics Pollutants), water, and soil, i.e., with toxicity, ecotoxicity, epidemiology, and health issues, but also greenhouse gas emissions, i.e., climate change. The loss of biodiversity is also mentioned. All these topics are analyzed with historical hindsight and the present understanding of their physics and chemistry is discussed, stressing areas where knowledge is still lacking. In the face of all these issues, technological solutions were sought to alleviate their effects: many areas are presently satisfactorily handled (the circular economy—a historical’ practice in the case of steel, energy conservation, air/water/soil emissions) and in line with present environmental regulations; on the other hand, there are important hanging issues, such as the generation of mine tailings (and tailings dam failures), the emissions of greenhouse gases (the steel industry plans to become carbon-neutral by 2050, at least in the EU), and the emission of fine PM, which WHO correlates with premature deaths. Moreover, present regulatory levels of emissions will necessarily become much stricter. -
Calcium-Looping Performance of Steel and Blast Furnace Slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power Plants
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by idUS. Depósito de Investigación Universidad de Sevilla Calcium-Looping performance of steel and blast furnace slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power plants Jose Manuel Valverde a*, Juan Miranda-Pizarroa,c, Antonio Perejónb,c, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménezc, Luis A. Pérez-Maquedac aFacultad de Fisica, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. bDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Prof. García González 1, Sevilla 41071, Spain. cInstituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (C.S.I.C. - Universidad de Sevilla). C. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain. Abstract The Calcium Looping (CaL) process, based on the carbonation/calcination of CaO, has been proposed as a feasible technology for Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. The CaL process usually employs limestone as CaO precursor for its very low cost, non-toxicity, abundance and wide geographical distribution. However, the multicycle activity of limestone derived CaO under relevant CaL conditions for TCES in CSP plants can be severely limited by pore plugging. In this work, the alternative use of calcium-rich steel and blast furnace slags after treatment with acetic acid is investigated. A main observation is that the calcination temperature to regenerate the CaO is significantly reduced as compared to limestone. Furthermore, the multicycle activity of some of the slags tested at relevant CaL conditions for TCES remains high and stable if the treated samples are subjected to filtration. This process serves to remove silica grains, which helps decrease the porosity of the CaO resulting from calcination thus mitigating pore plugging. -
Effects of Copper on the Cupellation of Silver
Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1908 Effects of copper on the cupellation of silver Charles A. Baker Miles Sedivy Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Baker, Charles A. and Sedivy, Miles, "Effects of copper on the cupellation of silver" (1908). Bachelors Theses. 240. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/240 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. bl.':~M J1IJ!(JWI.'.~1.. ""'~tlION T ,~~. ][VI'ECTS Ol~ COPP}1~H OU TIm CUPlilJJJAT Ion OF SI J~VER • Charles A. Baker Miles Sedivy. MSM til~ t~lCrlt. \lYj,M.cmloi\l (1) ::.:.. :.. : -~..-. : ...... "' .. " : .. ~ --- The ob~iect of this work is to rind--t-he effec't o~ coppa- in - .. = : : .... : - - .. tbe cupellation of silver. - .. Our Method of attack was: 1st. To find the effect of varying the amount of copper with constant lead and constant temperature. 2nd. Effect in cupel"' ation of varying the temperature and the lead in the presence of a constant amount of copper. 3rd. To detecnine the rate at which the copper is removed during cupellation. R.W.Lodge in his book on Assaying states,"If a lead button contains much copper,CuO will be formed with the PbO and this,when absorbed by the cupel,seems to take silver with it into the cupe1.· 2 ~ a.... -
Algoma Central Railway Passenger Rail Service
Algoma Central Railway Passenger Rail Service ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT August 13, 2014 To: Algoma Central Railway (ACR) Passenger Service Working Group c/o Sault Ste. Marie Economic Development Corporation 99 Foster Drive – Level Three Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 5X6 From: BDO Canada LLP 747 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 5N7 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................ 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................... 2 Purpose of the Report .................................................................................. 2 Revenue and Ridership ................................................................................ 2 Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 3 Socio-Economic Impact ................................................................................ 4 Economic Impact ........................................................................................... 4 Social Impact ............................................................................................... 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. -
Enhancing the Flotation Recovery of Copper Minerals in Smelter Slags
Heliyon 6 (2020) e03135 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon Research article Enhancing the flotation recovery of copper minerals in smelter slags from Namibia prior to disposal V. Sibanda a, E. Sipunga a, G. Danha b, T.A. Mamvura b,* a School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa b Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Namibia Custom Smelters (NCS) process a range of copper concentrates in their three furnaces, namely; top Metallurgical engineering submerged lance, copper converter and reverberatory furnaces, in order to produce mattes and fayalitic slags. The Materials characterization copper content of the slags range between 0.8 to 5 wt. % and this is considered too high for disposal to the Degradation environment. Currently, the slags are sent to a milling and flotation plant for liberation and recovery of residual Metallurgical process copper. The copper recoveries realized in the plant are much lower than expected and it has been postulated that Metallurgy fi fl fi Materials property some copper minerals may be occurring in forms that are more dif cult to oat like oxides or ne disseminations Top submerged lance in the gangue matrix. Mineralogical analysis of the slag samples was done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Converter slag Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The analysis did not reveal the presence of copper oxide min- Reverbetory furnace slag erals, however most scans showed copper sulphide minerals as free grains and some finely disseminated in Copper recovery fayalite gangue. -
Flotation of Copper Sulphide from Copper Smelter Slag Using Multiple Collectors and Their Mixtures
International Journal of Mineral Processing 143 (2015) 43–49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Mineral Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijminpro Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures Subrata Roy a,⁎, Amlan Datta b, Sandeep Rehani c a Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India b Formerly with Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India. c Birla Copper, Dahej, Gujarat, India article info abstract Article history: Present work focuses on the differences in the performances obtained in the froth flotation of copper smelter Received 14 August 2014 slag with multiple collector viz. sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX), sodium di-ethyl dithiophosphate (DTP) Received in revised form 11 February 2015 and alkyl hydroxamate at various dosages. Flotation tests were carried out using single collectors as well as var- Accepted 20 August 2015 ious mixtures of the two collectors at different but constant total molar concentrations. Flotation performances Available online 28 August 2015 were increased effectively by the combination of collectors. The findings show that a higher copper recovery (84.82%) was obtained when using a 40:160 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with di-ethyl Keywords: Flotation dithiophosphate compared to 78.11% with the best single collector. Similar recovery improvement (83.07%) Copper slag was also observed by using a 160:40 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with alkyl hydroxamate. Sodium isobutyl xanthate The results indicate that in both cases DTP and alkyl hydroxamate played important role as co-collector with SIPX Hydroxamate for the recovery of coarse interlocked copper bearing particles and has an important effect on the behaviour of Dithiophosphate the froth phase. -
Algoma Steel Inc. Site-Specific Standards
ABSTRACT Comments and supporting documentation regarding the concerns of ERO proposals to extend the expiry date for Algoma Steel Inc. (ASI) Site-Specific Standards (SSS) and the time required to complete necessary environmental work to reduce current benzene emissions from the facility. Selva Rasaiah Submitted to: Environmental Registry of Ontario Submitted by: Selva Rasaiah Submitted: December 13, 2020 (ERO 019-2301) December 20, 2020 (ERO 019-2526) ALGOMA STEEL INC. *Revised: December 21, 2020 SITE-SPECIFIC STANDARDS ERO PROPOSAL EXTENSION CONCERNS P a g e | 1 ENVIRONMENTAL REGISTRY OF ONTARIO ERO PROPOSAL 019-2301 P a g e | 2 P a g e | 3 P a g e | 4 P a g e | 5 ERO PROPOSAL 019-2301 As a former certified emissions auditor of the coke oven batteries at Algoma Steel Inc. (ASI) in 2018, I would encourage the province to reject the proposal (ERO# 019-2301) for an extension of the current site-specific-air standard (SSS). The extension is requested by the MECP since the original targets set for Benzene for 2021 (2.2 ug/m3) in the current ERO# 012-4677 (2016) will not likely be achieved. BENZENE The deficiency in the MECP’s plan for ASI to meet its intended target by 2021 is partly because the SSS for benzene that was set in 2016 (5.5 ug/m3) was only a 7.4% decrease from their modelled value in 2015 (5.94 ug/m3) according to ASI’s Emission Summary Dispersion Model (ESDM) report. Although, ASI is currently below their current SSS for Benzene (5.5 ug/m3), the data from ASI ESDMs’ from 2017-2019 shows an increasing trend of values closer to their current limit over time, rather than a gradual trend down towards their 2021 limit of 2.2 ug/m3 before ERO #012-4677 expires. -
Xstrata Technology Update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building Plants That Work
xstrata technology update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building plants that work You have to get a lot of things it takes another operator to get them right to build a plant that works. right. Someone who has lived through the problems, had to do the maintenance, operated during a midnight power Of course the big picture must be right – doing the right project, in the right place, failure, cleaned up the spill. Someone at the right time. who has “closed the loop” on previous designs; lived with previous decisions After that, the devil is in the detail. You and improved them, over and over. need a sound design, good execution, good commissioning, and ongoing This is why Xstrata Technology provides support after commissioning. You need a technology “package”. Just as a car to operate and maintain your plant in is more than an engine, technology is the long run, long after the construction more than a single piece of equipment. company has left. That’s when all the Technology is a system. All the elements “little” details become important – how of the system have to work with each easy is it to operate, how good is the other and with the people in the plant. maintenance access, what happens in We want our cars designed by people a power failure, where are the spillage who love cars and driving. So should points and how do we clean them our plants be designed by people with up? Are the instruments reliable and experience and passion to make each is the process control strategy robust one work better than the last. -
Characterization and Recovery of Copper from Smelting Slag
CHARACTERIZATION AND RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM SMELTING SLAG A. P. GABRIEL*, L. R. SANTOS*, A.C. KASPER*, H. M. VEIT* * Materials Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazi SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. EXPERIMENTAL. 2.1 Hazardousness test. 2.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 2.3 Leaching 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Hazardousness Test. 3.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 3.3 Leaching. 4. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES. 1. INTRODUCTION The generation of industrial solid waste constitutes an environmental problem that requires efforts for adequate disposal. Currently, in Brazil, solid waste management is standardized, with a classification determining the management according to its hazardous characteristics. ABNT NBR 10004 is a Brazilian Standard to solid waste and classifies its as: Class I (hazardous), Class II - A (non - hazardous and non - inert) and Class II - B (non - hazardous and inert) according to the concentration of elements that have potential risks to the environment and public health (ABNT NBR 10,004, 2004) A process with a large generation of wastes is the production of copper. Several studies in the last decades investigated routes to recovery copper and other metals of interest from the slag (solid waste from the foundry). In the case of primary production, the slag has copper contents between 0.5 and 2% and the volume generated is twice the refined metal (Schlesinger et al., 2011) In addition to primary copper production, there is a significant rate of the copper production from scrap/waste metal. Secondary copper production in Brazil in 2014 reached 23,600 tons, representing around 9% of domestic production. -
Iron and Steel: Introduction
Iron and Steel: Introduction Iron is cheap and strong and the most used metal in the world. Iron, as produced in the blast furnace is called pig iron. This is brittle because it contains about 4% carbon and other non-metal impurities. Most of this iron is converted into a variety of steels by removing nearly all the carbon, and adding small quantities of different metals. The different steels are alloys which are mixtures of metals. They have different properties such as toughness, hardness, corrosion resistance, etc. Some background The method of using carbon to reduce iron oxide to iron was very probably discovered accidentally in prehistoric camp fires. Here, charcoal would have been the source of carbon. The iron was used to make tools and weapons and gave its name to the Iron Age. Early in the 18th century, Abraham Darby in Shropshire discovered a method of converting coal to coke as a source of carbon. This led to the modern blast furnace. In the mid-19th century, Henry Bessemer developed a steel-making process that used oxygen to burn off some of the carbon in cast iron. The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking process was introduced in the 1950s and now accounts for about two-thirds of steel production. Did you know? Stainless steel contains about 18% chromium. About three-quarters of food and drinks cans are made of steel. A car tyre contains over ½ kg of steel wire. About 400 million tonnes of steel are recycled every year worldwide. Iron and Steel: Introduction | 1 . -
ARCHAEOLOGY DATASHEET 302 Steelmaking
ARCHAEOLOGY DATASHEET 302 Steelmaking Introduction A single forging produced ‘shear steel’, a second operation Although an important aspect of medieval and earlier resulted in ‘double shear steel’ and so-on. societies, the manufacture of steel was industrialised during Furnace design changed over time, and also appears to the post-medieval period. Many complementary techniques have shown some regional variation. The first English steel were developed which often operated at the same time on furnaces were built at Coalbrookdale (Shropshire) by Sir the same site; there were also close links with other Basil Brooke in c1615 and c1630. These were circular in ironworking processes. This datasheet describes pre-20th plan with a central flue. They probably contained a single century steelmaking processes in the UK, their material chest and would have had a conical chimney. Other 17th- remains and metallurgical potential. century cementation furnaces were located in and around Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Stourbridge and Bristol, but Carbon steel and other alloys none of these have been excavated. The north-east became Until the late 19th century, steel was, like other types of the main area of cementation steelmaking in the late 17th iron, simply an alloy of iron and carbon (HMS datasheet and early 18th centuries. Ambrose Crowley established 201). There was considerable variation in the nature of several cementation steelworks, and others followed. Of ‘steel’ and in the properties of individual artefacts. Cast these, the oldest standing structure is at Derwentcote iron, smelted in the blast furnace usually had a carbon (County Durham), built in 1734. Unlike the West Midlands content of 5-8%, making it tough but brittle. -
Collective Agreement
COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT April 1, 2016 Between ALGOMA STEEL INC. -and- THE UNITED STEELWORKERS ON BEHALF OF ITSELF AND ITS LOCAL 2724 Sault Ste. Marie Ontario, Canada COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT INDEX ARTICLE PAGE Agreement Duration ................................................................ 20 49 Assignment & Reassignment .................................................. 7.08 25 Bargaining Unit Seniority ........................................................ 7.01.10 21 Bereavement Pay ................................................................... 15.10 44 “C” Time .................................................................................. 14.03 37 Contracting Out Committee .................................................... 1.02.11 11 Departments ........................................................................... 7.04 23 Departments - New ................................................................. 7.13 27 Discipline – Justice & Dignity .................................................. 9 28 Discrimination ......................................................................... 3 14 Dues (Union) ........................................................................... 2 13 Employees—New ................................................................... 1.08 13 Establishment ......................................................................... 7.02 22 Existing Jobs — Union Recognition ........................................ 1.01-1.02 9 Funeral Pay ...........................................................................