DOCSLIB.ORG

Curriculum Vitae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Curriculum Vitae Andrew Hippisley CURRICULUM VITAE Name Andrew Hippisley Position Professor of Linguistics, Chair of Linguistics, University of Kentucky Contact [email protected] http://linguistics.as.uky.edu/users/arhipp2 ADMINSTRATIVE POSITIONS 2016- Inaugural Chair of the Linguistics Department, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky. 2015-17 Co-Director, 2017 Linguistic Society of America Linguistic Institute 2014-16 Chair of University Senate, University of Kentucky 2010-16 Director of Linguistics Program, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky 2012-13 Director of Graduate Studies, Linguistics Program, Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky. 2006-7 Director of Graduate Studies, Computing Department, School of Engineering, University of Surrey ACADEMIC POSITIONS 2012- Professor of Linguistics, English Department and Linguistics Department, University of Kentucky 2010-12 Associate Professor, English Department, University of Kentucky. 2007-10 Assistant Professor, English Department, University of Kentucky. 2004-05 Associate Lecturer, Linguistics Department, Cambridge University, United Kingdom. 2000- 2007 Lecturer, Computing Department, School of Engineering, University of Surrey, United Kingdom. 1997-2000 Research Fellow, Department of Linguistic & International Studies, University of Surrey. 1995-1997 Associate Lecturer, Department of Linguistic & International Studies, University of Surrey.. 1992-1995 Research Fellow, Department of Linguistic & International Studies, University of Surrey. ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS 1992-97 PhD in linguistics, University of Surrey. Principal supervisor Prof. Greville G Corbett (Fellow of the British Academy, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences), external examiner Prof. Andrew Spencer. 1991-92 MA in Russian Language & Literature (major) and Computational Linguistics (minor), School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, and Royal Holloway, University of London. Thesis awarded with distinction. 1987-1991 BA (Hons) in Russian Language & Literature (major) and Ancient Greek Andrew Hippisley (minor), School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. FELLOWSHIPS • Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America • Fellow of the American Council on Education • Fellow of the Southeastern Conference Academic Leadership Development Program EXTERNAL PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Editorial o General Co-Editor, Edinburgh Studies in Theoretical Linguistics Conference organization o 2017 Linguistic Institute https://lsa2017.uky.edu o Conference Patterns of Alignment in Indo-Iranian Languages: towards a typology, University of Michigan, June 2013 (with Greg Stump) http://lsa2013.lsa.umich.edu/workshops/ o Workshop Defaults in Morphological Theory, University of Kentucky, May 2012 (with Nik Gisborne) http://linguistics.as.uky.edu/defaults TEACHING University of Kentucky o Syntax (transformational and non-transformational), typology, computational linguistics, historical linguistics, research methods, introduction to linguistics; at undergrad and graduate levels University of Michigan o Measuring and Modeling Paradigms (2013 Summer Linguistic Institute) University of Surrey o Language engineering, software globalization, cognitive processes, systems analysis & design, Russian syntax, Russian morphology, ab initio Russian Cambridge University o Morphology (undergraduate) GRADUATE ADVISING AND EXAMINING Advising o Numerous MA committees, chair and member, University of Kentucky; University of Surrey o Chair, PhD committee, for two students at the University of Surrey Examining o PhD in Philosophy, University of Kentucky o PhD in Communications, University of Kentucky o PhD in Linguistics, University of Calgary o PhD in Linguistics, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan 2 Andrew Hippisley SERVICE (see resume for details) University of Kentucky • University Senate Chair, 2014-2016 • University Senate Council, from January 2013; • Teaching Effectiveness Steering Group, co-chair, 2015-2016 • Diversity and Inclusion Workgroup, 2015-2016; co-chair faculty committee • Administrative Rules Provost Committee, 2014-16 • Curriculum Management Steering Group, chair, 2014-16 • Office for Faculty Advancement Advisory Group, 2014-16 • University Graduate Council, from 2011-2104 • University Senate, from 2010-2016 • University Senate New Programs Committee, from 2010; chair from 2011-2014 • Director of Linguistics Program, from 2010; DGS for Master’s of Arts in Linguistic Theory & Typology, from 2012-2013 • Executive Committee, English, from 2010-2011; 2012-13 • External Chair Search Committee, 2010 • Faculty Merit Evaluation Review committee member, from 2009-2011 • Linguistics Program member, from 2007 LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT 2016-17 Fellow of the American Council on Education Fellowship Program 2017 Council on Advancement & Support of Education 2014-15 Fellow of the Southeastern Conference’s Academic Leadership Development Program RESEARCH My main area of research is in morphosyntax where I have explored the role of morphology in relation to syntax and the rest of the grammar, syntax-morphology dissociations such as deponency, and morphology’s role in word formation. I have used the Network Morphology framework as a space to set the problems that I have been working on, and to attempt to work out their solutions. Books Defaults in Morphological Theory. (2017). Oxford University Press. (with Nikolas Gisborne.) ISBN 9780198712329 The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology. (2016). Cambridge University Press. (with Gregory Stump.) ISBN 9781107038271 Network Morphology: a Defaults-Based Theory of Word Structure. (2012). Cambridge University Press. (with Dunstan Brown.) ISBN 9781107005747 Deponency and morphological mismatches. (2007). Oxford University Press. (with Matthew Baerman, Greville Corbett and Dunstan Brown.) ISBN 0197264107 3 Andrew Hippisley Peer reviewed articles and proceedings Grammatical typology and frequency analysis: number availability and number use. (2013) Journal of Language Modeling 1 (2). 1-15. (with Brown, Dunstan; Greville G. Corbett; Sabastian Fedden, Andrew Hippisley and Paul Marriott) Valence sensitivity in Pamirian past-tense inflection: a realizational analysis. (2011) In: Agnes Korn, Pollet Samvelian and Geoffrey Haig (eds) Topics in Iranian Linguistics. 103-115. Reichert. (with Gregory Stump) Paradigmatic realignment and morphological change: diachronic deponency in Network Morphology. (2010) In: Franz Rainer, Wolfgang Dressler, Dieter Kastovsky and Hans Christian Luschützky (eds) Variation and Change in Morphology. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 310. 107-127. John Benjamins. A declarative approach to language change: regularization as realignment. (2010) In: Max Bueno et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society Vol. 44. 261-275. Chicago: CLS. The basic colour terms of Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian and their typological relevance. (2008) Studies in Language 32 (1). 56-92. (with Ian Davis and Greville Corbett) Evolving secondary colours: evidence from Sorbian. (2006) In: Biggam, Carole P.; and Christian J. Kay (eds) Progress in Colour Studies. Vol 1: Language and Culture. 127-144. Benjamins. (with Ian Davis) The Head Modifier Principle and Multilingual Term Extraction. (2005) Natural Language Engineering 11 (2).129-157. (with David Cheng and Khurshid Ahmed) A Method for Automating the Extraction of Specialized Information from the Web. (2005) In: Yue Hao et al. (eds) IEEE Computational Intelligence and Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3801. 489-494. (with Lin, Ling; Liotta, Antonio) A typological database of suppletion. (2005) In: Geert Booij et al. (eds) Morphology and Linguistic Typology: Proceedings of the Fourth Mediterranean Morphology Meeting. 35-44. Catania. (with Corbett, Greville, G.; Brown, Dunstan; Chumakina, Marina) Suppletion: frequency, categories and distribution of stems. (2004) Studies in Language 28 (2). 389-421. (with Chumakina, Marina; Corbett, Greville and Dunstan Brown) Исторические изменения в русской лексике: случай чередующегося супплетивизма [Historical changes in the Russian lexicon: alternating suppletion]. (2004) Russian Linguistics 28.281-315. (with Chumakina, Marina; Corbett, Greville) A natural language approach to information management: tracking scientific advances through the structure of words. In: Marai Teresa Lino et al. (eds) Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. 1321-1324. (with Karavasili, Chara) Chinese special languages and the notion of headedness. (2002) In: Merja Koskela, Chrisetr Laurén, Marianne Nordman and Nina Pilke (eds) Proceedings of the University of Vaasa, Porta Scientiae vol 1. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopisto. 329-342. (with David Cheng and Khurshid Ahmed) Word Formation Rules in a default inheritance framework: a Network Account of Russian personal nouns. (2001) In: Jaap van Marle and Geert Booij (eds) Yearbook of Morphology 1999 (=Morphology). Dordrecht: Kluwer.221-261. Basic BLUE in East Slavonic. (2001) Linguistics.1039-1124. Suppletion, Frequency and Lexical Storage. (2001) In: Andronis, Mary; Christopher Ball, Heidi Elston and Sylvain Neuvel (eds) Papers from the 37th Meeting of Chicago Linguistics Society. Vol. 1. Chicago: CLS. 201-14. Hierarchical data and the derivational relationship between words. (2001) In: Bird, Steven; Buneman, Peter and Mark Lieberman (eds) Proceedings of the Institute for Research into Cognitive Sciences Workshop on Linguistic Databases, Penn University.125-133.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phonological Optimization and Syntactic Variation: the Case of Optional That*
    BLS 32, No 1 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v32i1.3453 (published by the Berkeley Linguistics Society and the Linguistic Society of America) Phonological Optimization and Syntactic Variation: The Case of * Optional That T. FLORIAN JAEGER Stanford University 1. Introduction The principle of Phonology-Free Syntax (see papers in Zwicky 1969) states that syntax should not be influenced by phonological constraints. This predicts that choice in syntactic variation should not be affected by phonological constraints, such as the avoidance of identical adjacent elements (Frisch et al. 2004; Leben 1973). Only a few studies have investigated the extent to which phonological encoding can influence syntactic encoding and they have come to conflicting results (see Bock and Eberhard 1993; Haskell and MacDonald 2003; MacDonald et al. 1993). I investigate the influence of phonological optimization at different levels of linguistic form on so called optional that, as in the following comple- 1 ment clauses (CC*s) and relative clauses (RC*s): (1a) You would think [CC* (that) there's no place for capital punishment in a ci- vilized western country]. (1b) I heard [CC* (that) that’s the second happiest day of your life]. (2a) I mean [NP any drugs [RC* (that) you want _ ]]. (2b) I mean [NP the way [RC* (that) it vibrates _ ]]. * I am grateful for the discussions that lead to this paper. I would like to thank D. Pesetsky, N. Richards, and A. Marantz for raising the question whether optional that is allomorphy rather than syntactic variation. I am particularly thankful to A. Antilla and L.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonological Evidence for Exemplar Storage of Mul Tiword Sequences
    SSLA. 24. 215-221 DOl 111.1111; S02722ti:llll21111211til PHONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EXEMPLAR STORAGE OF MULTIWORD SEQUENCES Joan Bybee University of New Mexico Phonological evidence supports the frequency-based model pro­ posed in the article by Nick Ellis. Phonological reduct1on occurs ear­ lier and to a greater extent in high-frequency words and phrases than in low-frequency ones. A model that accounts for this effect needs both an exemplar representation to show phonet1c variation and the ability to represent multiword combinations. The maintenance of alternations conditioned by word boundaries. such as French liai­ son, also provides evidence that multiword sequences are stored and can accrue representational strength. The reorganization of pho­ netic exemplars in favor of the more frequent types prov1des evidence for some abstraction in categories beyond the simple registration of tokens of experience. Ellis's review article paints a very different landscape for linguistic knowledge from that provided by structural theories of language. In this landscape, fre­ quency of use is not a constraint added to an otherwise structural or genera­ tive architecture (as in Hammond, 1999), nor is it just invoked when the facts do not yield entirely to structural analysis (see, e.g., Kaisse, 1985, p. 59). Rather, the picture that emerges from the array of studies that Ellis cites is one in which linguistic knowledge is based firmly on experience with language, and frequency of use is a foundational determinate of grammatical properties of language. The article demonstrates that there is a major convergence of re­ search from many different perspectives-corpus-based analysis, computational linguistics, discourse, cognitive and functional linguistics, and psycholinguis­ tics-that all point to a new theory of grammar with its attendant theory of language acquisition.
    [Show full text]
  • Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and Language Use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Phonology http://journals.cambridge.org/PHO Additional services for Phonology: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and language use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii +238. Janet Pierrehumbert Phonology / Volume 19 / Issue 03 / December 2002, pp 459 - 463 DOI: 10.1017/S0952675703214445, Published online: 04 July 2003 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0952675703214445 How to cite this article: Janet Pierrehumbert (2002). Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and language use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii+238.. Phonology, 19, pp 459-463 doi:10.1017/S0952675703214445 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/PHO, IP address: 129.105.215.146 on 09 Mar 2015 Phonology 19 (2002) 459–463. f 2002 Cambridge University Press DOI: 10.1017/S0952675703214445 Printed in the United Kingdom Reviews Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and language use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii+238. Janet Pierrehumbert Northwestern University The functionalist viewpoint in linguistics can take different forms. A caricature of functionalist thinking is the notion that the structure of language is opti- mised, or nearly so, for its function as a means of human communication. This notion has met with widespread scepticism because of its lack of predictiveness in the face of typological variation. Either it leads to the prediction that all languages are en route to some single ‘Utopian’ (even if they have not quite achieved it) or it leads one to posit so many contradictory functional goods that the nature of possible languages is not effectively restricted.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Computational Model of Grammaticalization and Lexical Diversity
    Towards a computational model of grammaticalization and lexical diversity Christian Bentz Paula Buttery University of Cambridge, DTAL University of Cambridge, DTAL 9 West Road, CB3 9DA 9 West Road, CB3 9DA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract To model these processes Section 2 will Languages use different lexical inven- present a quantitative measure of lexical diver- tories to encode information, ranging sity based on Zipf-Mandelbrots law, which is from small sets of simplex words to also used as a biodiversity index (Jost, 2006). large sets of morphologically complex Based on this measure we present a prelimi- words. Grammaticalization theories nary computational model to reconstruct the argue that this variation arises as gradual change from lexically constrained to the outcome of diachronic processes lexically rich languages in Section 3. We whereby co-occurring words merge therefore use a simple grammaticalization al- to one word and build up complex gorithm and show how historical developments morphology. To model these pro- towards higher lexical diversity match the vari- cesses we present a) a quantitative ation in lexical diversity of natural languages measure of lexical diversity and b) a today. This suggests that synchronic variation preliminary computational model of in lexical diversity can be explained as the out- changes in lexical diversity over several come of diachronic language change. generations of merging higly frequent The computational model we present will collocates. therefore help to a) understand the diver- sity of lexical encoding strategies across lan- guages better, and b) to further uncover the 1 Introduction diachronic processes leading up to these syn- All languages share the property of being car- chronic differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Crosslinguistic Structural
    CROSSLINGUISTIC STRUCTURAL PRIMING AS A MECHANISM OF CONTACT-INDUCED LANGUAGE CHANGE: EVIDENCE FROM PAPIAMENTO-DUTCH BILINGUALS IN ARUBA AND THE NETHERLANDS Gerrit Jan Kootstra Hülya Şahin Centre for Language Studies, Radboud Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen University Nijmegen Studies on language contact suggest that cross-language interactions in individual language use may lead to contact-induced change at the community level. We propose that the phenomenon of crosslinguistic structural priming may well drive this process. We investigated this by focusing on dative sentence production by Papiamento speakers in Aruba and in the Netherlands. In experi - ment 1, Papiamento speakers in Aruba and in the Netherlands described dative events. The speak - ers in the Netherlands produced more Dutch-like structures than the speakers in Aruba, especially younger speakers. In experiment 2, speakers from the same populations heard a Dutch prime sen - tence before describing a dative event in Papiamento. Syntactic choices were influenced by the Dutch prime sentences, and, again, especially younger speakers in the Netherlands produced more Dutch-like dative structures. This combination of results suggests that Papiamento syntactic pref - erences in the Netherlands are changing as a function of contact with Dutch, and that crosslinguis - tic structural priming is a likely mechanism underlying this change.* Keywords : crosslinguistic priming, structural priming, contact-induced language change, bilin - gualism, dative alternation 1. Introduction. When multiple languages are spoken in the same situation and/or by the same people, this can lead to interaction between these languages, also called lan - guage contact. Language contact can be divided into ‘synchronic’ processes, like cross- language effects in bilingual language processing (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternatives to the Combinatorial Paradigm of Linguistic Theory Based on Domain General Principles of Human Cognition1
    Alternatives to the combinatorial paradigm of linguistic theory based on domain general principles of human cognition1 JOAN BYBEE AND JAMES L. MCCLELLAND Abstract It is argued that the principles needed to explain linguistic behavior are do- main-general and based on the impact that specific experiences have on the mental organization and representation of language. This organization must be sensitive to both specific information and generalized patterns. In addition, knowledge of language is highly sensitive to frequency of use: frequently-used linguistic sequences become more frequent, more accessible and better inte- grated. The evidence adduced is mainly from phonology and morphology and addresses the issue of gradience and specificity found in postulated units, cat- egories, and dichotomies such as regular and irregular, but the points apply to all levels of linguistic analysis including the syntactic, semantic, and discourse levels. Appropriate models for representing such phenomena are considered, including exemplar models and connectionist models, which are evolving to achieve a better fit with linguistic data. The major criticism of connectionist models often raised from within the combinatorial paradigm of much existing linguistic theory – that they do not capture ‘free combination’ to the extent that rule-based systems do, is regarded as a strength rather than a weakness. Re- cent connectionist models exhibit greater productivity and systematicity than earlier variants, but still show less uniformity of generalization than combina- torial models do. The remaining non-uniformity that the connectionist models show is appropriate, given that such non-uniformity is the rule in language structure and language behavior. 1. This article reflects initial stages of a dialogue between the authors, and the order of authorship is alphabetical.
    [Show full text]
  • Explanation in Typology
    Explanation in typology Diachronic sources, functional motivations and the nature of the evidence Edited by Karsten Schmidtke-Bode Natalia Levshina Susanne Maria Michaelis Ilja A. Seržant language Conceptual Foundations of science press Language Science 3 Conceptual Foundations of Language Science Series editors Mark Dingemanse, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics N. J. Enfield, University of Sydney Editorial board Balthasar Bickel, University of Zürich, Claire Bowern, Yale University, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, University of Helsinki, William Croft, University of New Mexico, Rose-Marie Déchaine, University of British Columbia, William A. Foley, University of Sydney , William F. Hanks, University of California at Berkeley, Paul Kockelman, Yale University, Keren Rice, University of Toronto, Sharon Rose, University of California at San Diego, Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington, Wendy Sandler, University of Haifa, Dan Sperber Central European University No scientific work proceeds without conceptual foundations. In language science, our concepts about language determine our assumptions, direct our attention, and guide our hypotheses and our reason- ing. Only with clarity about conceptual foundations can we pose coherent research questions, design critical experiments, and collect crucial data. This series publishes short and accessible books that explore well-defined topics in the conceptual foundations of language science. The series provides a venue for conceptual arguments and explorations that do not require the traditional book-length treatment, yet that demand more space than a typical journal article allows. In this series: 1. Enfield, N. J. Natural causes of language. 2. Müller, Stefan. A lexicalist account of argument structure: Template-based phrasal LFG approaches and a lexical HPSG alternative 3. Schmidtke-Bode, Karsten, Natalia Levshina, Susanne Maria Michaelis & Ilja A.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Determinants of Prefabs: a Corpus-Based, Experimental Study of Multiword Units in the Lexicon." (2013)
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2013 Quantitative determinants of prefabs: A corpus- based, experimental study of multiword units in the lexicon Clayton Beckner Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds Recommended Citation Beckner, Clayton. "Quantitative determinants of prefabs: A corpus-based, experimental study of multiword units in the lexicon." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds/3 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Clayton Beckner Candidate Linguistics Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Jill Morford, Chairperson Joan Bybee William Croft Andrew Wedel ii QUANTITATIVE DETERMINANTS OF PREFABS: A CORPUS-BASED, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MULTIWORD UNITS IN THE LEXICON by CLAYTON BECKNER B.A., Physics, Bradley University, 1994 M.S., English, Illinois State University, 1999 M.A., Linguistics, University of New Mexico, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Linguistics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 2013 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many individuals, both personally and academically. I thank, first of all, the many participants who generously volunteered their time for my studies, since I could not pursue empirical research without their help.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Change Joan Bybee Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02016-0 — Language Change Joan Bybee Frontmatter More Information Language Change How and why do languages change? This new introduction offers a guide to the types of change at all levels of linguistic structure, as well as the mechanisms behind each type. Based on data from a variety of methods and a huge array of language families, it examines general patterns of change, bringing together recent findings on sound change, analogical change, grammaticalization, the creation and change of constructions, as well as lexical change. Emphasizing crosslinguistic patterns and going well beyond traditional methods in historical linguistics, this book sees change as grounded in cognitive processes and usage factors that are rarely mentioned in other textbooks. Complete with questions for discussion, suggested readings, and a useful glossary of terms, this book helps students to gain a general understanding of language as an ever- changing system. joan bybee is Distinguished Professor Emerita of Linguistics at the University of New Mexico. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02016-0 — Language Change Joan Bybee Frontmatter More Information CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n.v. smith Language Change © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02016-0 — Language Change Joan Bybee Frontmatter More Information In this series: r. cann Formal Semantics j. laver Principles of Phonetics f.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Typology 2019; 23(2): 263–302
    Linguistic Typology 2019; 23(2): 263–302 Joan Bybee and Shelece Easterday Consonant strengthening: A crosslinguistic survey and articulatory proposal https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2019-0015 Received April 16, 2018; accepted December 07, 2018 Abstract: Given the common intuition that consonant lenition occurs more often than fortition, we formulate this as a hypothesis, defining these sound change types in terms of decrease or increase in oral constriction. We then test the hypothesis on allophonic processes in a diverse sample of 81 languages. With the hypothesis confirmed, we examine the input and output of such sound changes in terms of manner and place of articulation and find that while decrease in oral constriction (weakening) affects most consonant types, increase in oral constriction (strengthening) is largely restricted to palatal and labial glides. We conclude that strengthening does not appear to be the simple inverse of weakening. In conclusion we suggest some possible avenues for explaining how glide strengthening may result from articulatory production pressures and speculate that strengthening and weakening can be encompassed under a single theory of sound change resulting from the automatization of production. Keywords: phonology, consonant strengthening, lenition and fortition, allopho- nic variation, sound change, automatization 1 Introduction It is generally agreed that lenition is much more common than fortition in sound changes as well as phonological processes across the languages of the world.1 This asymmetry suggests the need for special attention to fortition in order to determine if it is the simple inverse of lenition or a different phenomenon. The Author Contribution Statement: Joan Bybee and Shelece Easterday contributed equally to the data collection, analysis, and writing of this paper 1 See Section 3 for references and discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: HOW EFFICIENCY SHAPES HUMAN LANGUAGE 1
    Running head: HOW EFFICIENCY SHAPES HUMAN LANGUAGE 1 How Efficiency Shapes Human Language Edward Gibson1,∗, Richard Futrell2, Steven T. Piantadosi3, Isabelle Dautriche4, Kyle Mahowald, Leon Bergen5, & Roger Levy1,∗ 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2University of California, Irvine, 3University of California, Berkeley, 4University of Edinburgh, 5University of California, San Diego, ∗Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Cognitive science applies diverse tools and perspectives to study human language. Recently, an exciting body of work has examined linguistic phenomena through the lens of efficiency in usage: what otherwise puzzling features of language find explanation in formal accounts of how language might be optimized for communication and learning? Here, we review studies that deploy formal tools from probability and information theory to understand how and why language works the way that it does, focusing on phenomena ranging from the lexicon through syntax. These studies show how a pervasive pressure for efficiency guides the forms of natural language and indicate that a rich future for language research lies in connecting linguistics to cognitive psychology and mathematical theories of communication and inference. Keywords: language evolution, communication, language efficiency, cross-linguistic universals, language learnability, language complexity HOW EFFICIENCY SHAPES HUMAN LANGUAGE 2 How Efficiency Shapes Human Language Why do languages look the way they do? Depending on how you count, there are 6000-8000 distinct languages on earth. The differences among languages seem pretty salient when you have to learn a new language: you have to learn a new set of sounds, a new set of words, and a new way of putting the words together; nevertheless, linguists have documented a wealth of strong recurring patterns across languages [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Contents Notes on Contributors vii Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Language Emergence 1 Brian MacWhinney Part I Basic Language Structures 33 1 The Emergence of Phonological Representation 35 Patricia Donegan 2 Capturing Gradience, Continuous Change, and Quasi-Regularity in Sound, Word, Phrase, and Meaning 53 James L. McClelland 3 The Emergence of Language Comprehension 81 Maryellen C. MacDonald 4 Anaphora and the Case for Emergentism 100 William O’Grady 5 Morphological Emergence 123 Péter Rácz, Janet B. Pierrehumbert, Jennifer B. Hay, and Viktória Papp 6 Metaphor and Emergentism 147 Zoltán Kövecses 7 Usage-Based LanguageCOPYRIGHTED Learning MATERIAL 163 Nick C. Ellis, Matthew Brook O’Donnell, and Ute Römer Part II Language Change and Typology 181 8 Emergence at the Cross-Linguistic Level: Attractor Dynamics in Language Change 183 Joan Bybee and Clay Beckner 9 The Diachronic Genesis of Synchronic Syntax 201 T. Givón vi Contents 10 Typological Variation and Efficient Processing 215 John A. Hawkins 11 Word Meanings across Languages Support Efficient Communication 237 Terry Regier, Charles Kemp, and Paul Kay Part III Interactional Structures 265 12 Linguistic Emergence on the Ground: A Variationist Paradigm 267 Shana Poplack and Rena Torres Cacoullos 13 The Emergence of Sociophonetic Structure 292 Paul Foulkes and Jennifer B. Hay 14 An Emergentist Approach to Grammar 314 Paul J. Hopper 15 Common Ground 328 Eve V. Clark 16 The Role of Culture in the Emergence of Language 354 Daniel L. Everett Part IV Language Learning 377 17 Learnability 379 Alexander Clark 18 Perceptual Development and Statistical Learning 396 Erik Thiessen and Lucy Erickson 19 Language Emergence in Development: A Computational Perspective 415 Stewart M.
    [Show full text]