Journal of Advanced Trends in Basic and Applied Science Vol.1, No.1:106-113, 2017 (Print ISSN: 2537-0537, Online ISSN:2537-0618)

www.JATBAS.com

A record of the rare false killer whale dolphin Pseudorca crassiderns of Abo-Gallum marine protecting area, south Sinai, Egypt

1Midhat A. EL-Kasheif, 1Hanan S. Gaber 2Seham A. Ibrahim , 3Aliaa M. A. EL- kasheif

1-National Institute of Oceanography and Fishing, Cairo, Egypt 2-Zoology Department Faculty of Science , Benha University , Egypt 3-Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Egypt Abstract

The false killer whale (Pseudorca. crassidens) is one of the lesser-known large odontocetes. These are large members of the delphinid family. One male of 5meter total length (TL) and one-ton body weight (BW), characterized by 6pairs of long slits and a single short dorsal fin of P. crassiderns, incidentally found (caught) by fishermen in Red sea (6Km nearest Abo-Gallum protectorate) of South Sinai on 7 April, 2017 is documented here being a rare record from Egypt. These specimens are unknown from Egyptian waters from Red sea and Mediterranean Sea regions possibly appear in unspecified area in Saudi and Yemen and AL-Aqaba bay, but only published record was from Abo-Gallum. The present record appears to be the first published from Egypt with detailed collection data. Unusual mortality events are usually unexpected and infrequent. As discussed below, unusual Environmental conditions are probably responsible for most unusual mortality events and marine Mammal die off.

Key words: Dolphin, Pseudorca crassiderns, South Red Sea, Abo-Gallum protection, Distribution Ecology, biometric, behavior

Introduction and fired upon by fishermen in several parts of their range, including Japan where they are a target of the annual drive- hunt fisheries. (Pseudorca. crassidens), The false killer whale (Pseudorca. crassidens) is one Other name : False pilot whale Blackfish of the lesser-known large odontocetes. These are large Maximum length : Male: 6m, Famale: 4.5m, Calf: 2m members of the delphinid family, adult males reaching 6 m, Maximum weight: Male: 2, 200kg [4]. while adult females reach 5 m in length. The skull is similar to Famale: 1, 200 kg . that of Orcinus orca, but the two species don't seem to be Calf: unknown closely related. The color is largely black or dark grey, with a P. crassidens generally does not range beyond 50° latitude in white blaze on the ventral side between the flippers. The head either hemisphere [5] and is found world-wide in tropical and is rounded, without a beak, the body shape elongate, the dorsal warm-temperate waters. It ranges north to Maryland, Scotland, fin falcate and positioned in the middle of the back. In males, Japan, Hawaii, and Alaska and south to Patagonia in the melon protrudes farther forward than in females (Fig.1)[1]. Argentina, Cape Province, South Australia, Tasmania, South The jaws of P. crassidens hold 8-11 pairs of thick teeth and Island of New Zealand, Chatham Islands, and southern Chile have an overhang, with the upper jaw protruding forward past [6]. Although there are numerous records of animals seen in the lower jaw. The thin sickle shaped dorsal fin of the false cool temperate waters, these appear to be outside the normal killer whale is also slightly tapered and can measure as much range. Wanderers have been recorded as far afield as Norway as 40cm tall [2][3]. and Alaska [7] False killer whales are known for their depredation of fishing loglines and this behavior has resulted in being hunted JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 107

Although widely distributed, the species is not really abundant water. Mass-stranded herds have about equal numbers of anywhere. There is no estimate of global abundance or of males and females of various sizes. False killer whales may global or regional population trends [1][6]. associate with other species, e.g. bottlenose dolphins and other small cetaceans, possibly indicating shared or overlapping feeding grounds [9]. Long-term bonds between individuals have been documented in Hawaiian water [8].

Reproduction: The false killer whale is suspected to be using a polygynandrous or promiscuous mating systems where any member of a single sex can breed with any member of the opposing sex [10]. Pseudorca crassidens can breed throughout the year without dependence on any season [5] although there is a peak in December and January which is followed again by another peak in March [3]. female false killer whales Fig 1 Pseudorca . crassidens continuously ovulate until conception occurs. Sexual maturity occurs at 8-11 years in females and 8-10 years in males; females are not reproductively active beyond 45 years old [3]. After giving birth females do not breed for about 7 years afterwards [10]. This species has been known to mate with Tursiops truncatus (common bottlenose dolphin), to produce a reproductively viable hybrid offspring referred to as a wholphin [11].

Food: Although false killer whales eat primarily fish and cephalopods, they also have been known to attack small cetaceans and, on one occasion, even a humpback whale [5]. Depending on location, stomach contents included salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.), squid (Berryteuthis magister or Fig 2 Distribution of the false killer whale Gonatopsis borealis), sciaenid and carangid fish, bonito Pseudorca crassidens. (Sarda sp.), mahi mahi or dolphin-fish (Coryphaena hippurus), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), yellowtail Habitat: P. crassidens is mainly seen in deep, offshore waters (Pseudosciana spp.), perch (Lateolabrax japonicus), mackerel, (and some semi-enclosed seas such as the Red Sea and the herring and smelt [9]. Mediterranean) and sometimes in deep coastal waters. It seems to prefer warmer temperatures [7]. Off Hawaii, Koen-Alonso et al. [12] examined the stomachs of false killer individuals were only infrequently encountered, and while whales from both coasts of the Strait of Magellan, Chile. The found in depths from 38 to 4,331 m, sighting rates were most important prey was the oceanic and neritic-oceanic greatest in depths >3,000 m [8]. With the exception of squids Martialia hyadesi and Illex argentinus, followed by the sightings from the eastern tropical Pacific, data on distribution neritic fish Macruronus magellanicus. The prey species were are lacking for most oceanic areas [9]. subantarctic, with two antarctic species, abundant over the Patagonian shelf and adjacent oceanic waters around Tierra Behaviour: The false killer whale readily approaches boats del Fuego. There are reports that Pseudorca fed on and chased and is an exceptionally active and playful animal, especially other dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific during chase and for its large size [7]. backdown operations of tuna purse seine fishing, a habit that has also been attributed to the pygmy killer whale (Feresa Schooling: Sightings of groups of 10-20 individuals are attenuata) [9]. common and group sizes as high as 300 have been reported, presumably forming when food is abundant. Herd size in recent mass stranding ranged from 28 to over 1,000 animals, and a mean herd size of 55 has been reported from Japanese JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 108

Threats false killer whales within the Palmyra Atoll EEZ in the Hawaii-based longline fishery is estimated at 1.2 animals per Direct catch: Pseudorca are occasionally taken in Japan for year [17]. There was 1 reported fisheries-related stranding of a food and at St. Vincent Island in the Caribbean for meat and false killer whale in the Gulf of Mexico during 1999-2006 cooking oil [5][9]. [18]. Stuck in the mangroves, most of the animals either died or had to be euthanized. Despite their threatening name, false In a molecular monitoring of 'whalemeat' markets in the killer whales largely feed on fish and cephalopods and are part Republic of South Korea, false killer whale meat was detected. of the dolphin family. The mammals are known to travel in Significant inconsistencies were found in the expected large groups. On Saturday, officials found 95 of them stranded frequencies of products from most species, including a large near the western boundary of Everglades National Park, north over-representation of false killer whales [13]. of Highland Beach. They ranged from young calves to mature adults, which can weigh about 1,500 pounds. Incidental catch: Incidental take of small numbers of false Efforts to herd the animals into deeper water were killer whales in gill nets has occurred off northern Australia, unsuccessful, as the mammals had become deeply embedded the Andaman Islands, and the southern coasts of Brazil and in in the mangroves, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric tuna purse seines in the eastern tropical Pacific. Dolphin Administration said. Of the 95 whales spotted, 82 have died: entrapment in tuna purse seine nets may be providing artificial Most died on their own, while about 10 beached animals were feeding opportunities for Pseudorca on other marine mammals euthanized by scientists after being found in "extremely poor" [9][ 14]. condition. As of Monday, 13 animals remained unaccounted for. Ocean Noise Pollution Ocean noise pollution from such things as military sonar, seismic surveys and vessel traffic imperils marine wildlife. To decrease the incidence of cetacean strandings and other ecological tragedies, Sea Shepherd Legal works to bolster protective laws, demand enforcement and respond to activities that add to the deafening roar.

Marine Pollution

Congested with pollution ranging from plastics to derelict Fig 3 A total of 95 false killer whales were stranded fishing gear, the oceans have become a veritable minefield for near the Florida Everglades marine species. Sea Shepherd Legal aims to address these concerns by working to strengthen responsive laws, enhance In 2013, 30 of the dolphins beached themselves in shallow enforceability and discourage irresponsible practices. sands in northeastern Brazil, halfway between the cities of Fortaleza and Natal. In June 2015, Hurghada Misdemeanour Court affirmed a six- Climate Change month-imprisonment sentence for a boat captain for harassing Climate change exacerbates all other threats to marine wildlife dolphins. and habitats - disastrously skewing ocean temperatures, The captain was also fined on charges of disturbing dolphins, ecological cycles, and food sources. Sea Shepherd Legal is threatening their lives and compelling them to flee areas where committed to ensuring that decisionmakers take the impacts of they take care of their young, violating the Natural climate change into consideration when determining the Protectorates law. adequacy of marine species protections. Yang et al. [15] Established in 1983, Law No 102 for Nature Protectorates reported on by-catch rates in Chinese coastal fisheries (trawl, forbids catching, transporting, killing or disturbing wildlife, and stipulates that an aggressor will be fined between EGP gill and stow net) which may number in the hundreds per year 500-5000 with the possibility of imprisonment for up to a for P. crassidens alone. Between 1994 and 2006, 24 false year. For repeat offenders, the fine reaches between EGP killer whales were observed hooked or entangled in Hawaii- 3000-10,000. based longline fisheries, with approximately 4-34% of all Little is known about false killer whales, the fourth-largest effort observed. Fifteen additional unidentified cetaceans, member of the dolphin family, which lives in warm, deep which may have been false killer whales based on the waters in all three major oceans. Stranding of false killer observer's descriptions, were also taken (hooked or entangled) whales has happened before, with the largest occurring in in this fishery [16]. The rate of mortality and serious injury to JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 109

1946 when an estimated 835 became stranded near an transportation to take the dead dolphin to where it will be Argentinean beach. buried in the protectorate[37]. The pod of dolphins beached in Florida was first spotted on The protectorate, headed by Ahmed al-Sadeq, took the Saturday in a remote site near Hog Key, a stretch of the necessary samples needed for studies. Its skeleton will be mainland that sits amid a dense network of islands off taken to an Egyptian museum for scientific research purposes. southwest Florida, according to the Miami Herald. After the The cause of the death is, so far, unknown[37].. Coast Guard confirmed the sighting of the black dolphins, While the area is diverse with marine creatures, dolphins are efforts to herd the mammals into deeper waters failed on quite the sight roaming around the Red Sea. However, Saturday and Sunday, Ms. Mase of NOAA told reporters. pollution and disruption often endanger the ecosystem The dolphins – in a group which included adults, juveniles, In June 2015, Hurghada Misdemeanour Court affirmed a six- and calves – were “deeply embedded in some of the month-imprisonment sentence for a boat captain for harassing mangroves, making response efforts extremely difficult,” dolphins. Mase told the Herald. Rescuers ended up euthanizing nine The captain was also fined on charges of disturbing dolphins, dolphins too sick to survive, while 72 died on their own by threatening their lives and compelling them to flee areas where Sunday, said Mase. Because of insufficient data, it is they take care of their young, violating the Natural unknown how many false killer whales there are worldwide, Protectorates law. according to the IUCN Red List, one of the most Taxonomy comprehensive databases of the conservation status of animal Kingdom:Animalia and plant species. Pods in the northern Gulf of Mexico Phylum:Chordata number 1,038, according to a 2004 study that IUCN Class:Mammalia (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Order:Cetacea resources) cites, IUCN (also cites a 2006 study that found that Family:Delphinidae false killer whales, like beaked whales, are “likely to be Genus:Pseudorca vulnerable to loud anthropogenic sounds, such as those Species: crassidens generated by navy sonar and seismic exploration.” The specimen was transported to the Abu Galum protectorate, As NOAA plans to study samples of the dead dolphins to where it was photographed and measured to (0.1 cm). determine why they swam ashore, previous stranding offer different clues

January 17, 2017 —in the largest recorded stranding of false killer whales in Florida history, at least 81 of the large black dolphins died after they became trapped over the weekend near a mangrove-filled shoreline in the Gulf of Mexico. April, 2017 one specimen of P. crassiderns was record by fishermen in the Red sea South Sinai-Egypt. The specimen is fully documented here along with data for other Egyptian specimens. Material and Methods

Research area Fig 4. South Sinai, Abu-Galum Abu Galum is a Managed Resource Protected Area that covers an area of about 400km², situated on the east coast of South Sinai, right between Dahab and Nuweiba. It protects various Observations and Discussion coastal and mountain ecosystems that are unique to the Gulf of Aqaba. The coral reef is mostly undisturbed with a high The specimen was a male of 5meter total length (TL) and one- diversity of reef fish, whose richness of its flora and fauna is ton body weight(BW), characterized by 6pairs of long slits overwhelming. (Fig 4) and a single short dorsal fin (Fig. 5 ). The dorsal body surface A one-ton and five-meter dolphin was found dead on the coast was bluish-grey with dark spots, the ventral surface being of Abu Galum, a protectorate in Southern Sinai [37]. The Environment Ministry dubbed it one of the biggest uniformly white (Fig 5).The upper jaw teeth were sharp, can dolphins in the world, comparing its size to the Killer Whale, in –like without serrations, whereas the lower jaw teeth were or Orca, according to Egypt Independent. incisor-like with outwardly angled. Serrations, being thought The administration for South Sinai protectorates provided to be a characteristic of P. crassiderns support to the Abu Galum team with the help of the local community there, Egypt Independent reported. Sheikh Salama Masmah, head of al-Hayawat tribe, provided safe JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 110

element,”even if it is ill or injured, and therefore is not stranded [21]. Accordingly, because death usually occurs at sea, beached animals almost always occur individually, whereas stranding can occur singly or as a group or mass stranding defined by [22] as three or more individuals of the same species stranded in the same general area at approximately the same time. Mass stranding events usually involve social odontocetes including pilot whales (Globicephala) and Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus). Stranding frequency varies geographically and population sizes and nearness to shore are among the factors that are thought to influencing stranding patterns.

For a review of the occurrences and causes of marine mammal Fig . 5 Pseudorca. Crassiderns on the coast of Abu mass strandings see [23] [24]. The occurences of several Galum, a protectorate in Southern Sinai. recent mass strandings of beaked whales have been correlated with military uses of LFA sonar systems. Panic flight Pseudorca crassiderns or false killer whales are a large responses to predators (including humans); cohesive social toothed whale that lives in the tropical and sub-tropical open bonds causing the entire herd to follow one strander; and near- ocean. Migration is not well documented, although it has been shore disorientation of echolocation or geomagnetic signals suggested that closely related globicephalid whales including used for navigation. The latter explanation is based on an Globicephala, Pseudorca and Grampus species in the western assumption that odontocetes are capable of detecting and North Pacific move from warmer, southern waters in winter to responding to the Earth’s magnetic field direction or intensity cooler, northern waters in summer. Apparent seasonal or both. Biological magnetic detectors (small crystals of a movements in the western North Pacific may be related to magnetic form of iron oxide, magnetite) have been found in prey distribution. False killer whales have been seen travelling diatoms, intertidal mollusks [25], and sharks and rays [26] and in line formation, and one large herd of about 300 individuals have been suggested for insects and birds [27] and fin whales was distributed over an area several km long and about one [28]. Magnetic material has been found in the brains, bone, km wide. Reported travelling speeds are 3-6 knots and as high blubber, and muscle of the bottlenose dolphin, Cuvier’s as 10 knots [9]. beaked whale, Dall’s porpoise, and the humpback whale [29]. Pseudorca have long-term bonds. They share their prey, not Magnetite crystals are thought to continually orient themselves only with their companions, but also with humans. in line with the earth’s magnetic field, just like a compass. By A Pseudorca that was alone in British Columbia and sensing changes in the orientation of these crystals, the host Washington from the late 1980s until a few years ago, far animal is thought to be able to determine the direction in from their normal range of Mexico, repeatedly caught large which it is traveling, a useful ability during extended open- salmon and would offer them to boaters. ocean migrations. Normally, the natural magnetic force fields run north to south at an even intensity. In some places, The terms “beached”and “stranded”often are used however, the field is distorted by certain types of geological interchangeably in regard to marine mammals.However,for formations, such as those rich in iron. Such distortions are the purpose of this discussion, we will follow the definitions called geomagnetic anomalies. of [19], using the term “beached”to refer to any dead marine mammal that washes up on shore, and “stranded” to refer Because some live strandings of whales occur in areas where more restrictively only to live cetaceans or sirenians that swim geomagnetic anomalies are present, it has been suggested [30, onto or are unintentionally trapped onshore by waves or 31, 32] that these strandings may be the result of navigational receding tides. Animals outside of their “normal” habitat are mistakes on the part of whales attempting to use their also sometimes considered “stranded” even though they may magnetic sense. not have beached themselves [20]. For shorelines with high human usage, a live pinniped, sea otter, or polar bear found The behavioral association between yellowfin tuna and several ashore may be considered stranded if it is seen as a potential species of dolphins (particularly Stenella attenuata, S. threat to human health or safety. Other wise,in the United longirostris, and Delphinus delphis) in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) is not well understood. However, it has long States,it is considered by the NMFS to be “in its JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 111 been used by the tuna purse seine fishery to locate and catch Sometimes lasting change takes a lot longer than it should. yellowfin tuna [33]; small quantities of skipjack and big eye Consider, for example, the U.S. Navy's testing and training tuna are also taken in this way. When tuna seiners sight with heavy explosives and high-intensity sonar in species-rich dolphin schools and yellow fin tuna, nets are set around all of coastal waters around the world. the animals and the net circle is then tightened and closed, trapping both tuna and dolphins. Dolphins killed in these sets Baird[1] suggests that local marine mammal species, such are easily counted; however, an additional unobserved as the region’s resident pilot whales, may be used to the mortality of dependent calves separated from their mothers is sound of the sonar, and thus less affected by it. Baird[1] estimated to be about 10% of observed deaths [34]. By 1970, speculates that Hawai‘i’s resident whale and dolphin populations have become accustomed to the sound of 200,000 300,000 dolphins were being killed each year in tuna – sonar. If the frequency of sonar events in certain purse seine operations. Throughout the 1960s and into the Hawaiʻian water is significantly reduced, Baird[1] says, early 1970s, the U.S. fleet dominated this fishery and was it’s feasible that local animal populations might become responsible for more than 80% of the dolphin mortality for increasingly alarmed by the noise as it becomes less example, 133,174 dolphins were killed in the tuna fishery familiar. This speculation is based on his own knowledge [35]. and experience, but he thinks that the tracking data they’re collecting and analyzing now will eventually Michael Greshko, 2 0 1 7 [writes online science news support this assumption. stories on everything from animal behavior to space and the environment]. Dozens of false killer whales have Of course, not all scientists agree with Baird’s theory (2009). died under mysterious circumstances after stranding themselves on a remote shoreline in Florida’s Everglades Diane Claridge[38], executive director of the Bahamas National Park. Marine Mammal Research Organisation, acknowledges that whales that are accustomed to sonar are less likely to The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration strand themselves and die when they hear the noise. But (NOAA) Fisheries Service reports that 95 false killer whales she says the noise can disrupt their feeding, which can stranded themselves at Hog Key, on Florida’s southwestern coast. Since the U.S. Coast Guard spotted the animals on cause lactating females to lose a calf. To that end, it’s her Saturday, 82 of the animals have died. The Miami Herald opinion that the limitations might increase whale reports that the stranding was the largest for false killer whales survival. ever recorded in the state. IUCN also cites a 2006[36] study that found that false killer False killer whales are the fourth-largest members of whales, like beaked whales, are “likely to be vulnerable to Delphinidae the family of aquatic mammals comprising loud anthropogenic sounds, such as those generated by navy dolphins and can grow between 16 to 20 feet long. They look sonar and seismic exploration.” similar to killer whales but lack orcas’ distinctive white spots. While false killer whales have been spotted as far north as As NOAA plans to study samples of the dead dolphins to Alaska and western Canada, they are primarily found in the tropics. They are highly social, typically found in groups of 10 determine why they swam ashore, previous strandings offer to 20 that comprise schools numbering in the hundreds. different clues.

In an interview with the Miami Herald, Blair Mase, the Conservationists have fought the Navy’s use of sonar and coordinator of NOAA’s mammal stranding network, described explosive testing for years because, they argue, it interferes the stranding as a rare occurrence. The last known stranding with marine mammals’ migration and communication occurred in 1986, when three whales in a pod of 40 stranded patterns, as well as their ability to find feeding and breeding themselves at Cedar Key, along Florida’s western coast. Six locations. years before, 28 whales stranded off of Key West. And a January 1970 report from southeastern Florida describes a The future of marine mammal conservation requires better stranding that may have included 150 to 175 individuals, information on the population status and ecological though researchers at the time could not confirm these estimates. relationships of marine mammals with their ecosystems as well as greater understanding of the effects of human-induced These numbers pale in comparison to the largest stranding on activities. record, when 835 false killer whales beached themselves on Argentina’s shores in 1946. JATBAS,Vol.1,No.1:106-113 ,2017 p ISSN:2537-0537,e ISSN:2537-0618 112

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