ICTP: A Year in Review

1 2020: A Year in Review

2 Contents

Foreword 4

Science During a Pandemic 6

ICTP Research 8

ICTP Impact 16

2020 Timeline 20

Governance 30

Donors 31

Scientific and Administrative Staff 2020 32

2020: A Year in Review The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics

Compiled by the ICTP Public Information Office Designed by Jordan Chatwin Photos: Roberto Barnabà, ICTP Photo Archives, unless otherwise specified

Public Information Office The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Strada Costiera, 11 I – 34151 Trieste Italy e-mail: [email protected] www.ictp.it

ISSN 1020–7007

3 Foreword

Looking back on the unusual year of 2020 throughs at the frontiers of science. We is an occasion for reflection as well as for will aim to expand a broader ‘International renewed optimism. The trying circum- Science Alliance’ that can help overcome stances of the pandemic have underlined the barriers of geography, gender, class or the magnitude of some of the great chal- ethnicity by building capacity in advanced lenges facing the world, as well as the im- sciences, especially in developing coun- portance of science in addressing them tries, through novel initiatives for online effectively and the need for international and regional connectivity. We will seek to cooperation transcending geographic bor- increase ICTP’s role as an international fo- ders. It was also an occasion to witness cal point for scientific research, education, the enormous goodwill that ICTP enjoys and outreach, with active engagement in around the world. ICTP has a unique global science advocacy and international coop- mandate and therefore a special responsi- eration. bility in this regard to play a leading role in promoting `Science without Borders’ in the The pandemic starkly brought home the years to come. importance of ICTP’s mission in a world that faces new obstacles that can accentuate On this backdrop, ICTP’s new five-year fragmentation and the intellectual isolation Strategic Plan was presented to and en- of scientists. ICTP successfully continued thusiastically endorsed by its Scientific its Postgraduate Diploma Programme with Council and approved by its Steering Com- students coming in from more than 30 mittee in November. The plan was in the different countries to the Trieste campus. making for almost a year, building upon We also continued successfully online with input from the entire ICTP community to most of our major scientific schools and identify priority areas important for the fu- conferences. It was heartening to see this ICTP Director Atish Dabholkar at ture success of ICTP. resolve and resilience under difficult cir- the 2020 Postgraduate Diploma Programme graduation ceremony. cumstances. I am proud of ICTP’s scientists Due to COVID-19 restrictions, the The new Strategic Plan emphasises ICTP’s and staff who have worked tirelessly to ceremony was held as a hybrid event, with most students following special global mission to promote scientif- ensure that ICTP maintains its level of ex- the ceremony online. A small ic excellence around the world, especially cellence and engagement with the global number of faculty and student in developing countries, and to bridge the community of scientists, especially those representatives attended in person, following strict guidelines for social knowledge divide and advance internation- from disadvantaged countries. distancing and wearing masks. al cooperation. In the coming five years, we will aim to enhance the nurturing environ- Atish Dabholkar ment at ICTP to enable even greater sci- Director, ICTP entific accomplishments and new break-

4 5 Science During a Pandemic: How the ICTP Community Rose to the Challenge

As the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the world in 2020, ICTP took swift action to protect its staff and visitors from the growing international health emergency. By early March, the institute had suspended all on- site activities and staff began teleworking. Courses for Postgraduate Diploma students became 100% virtual, with professors teaching online from their home offices or living rooms. Science for Policy COVID Prevention Science Never Sleeps Adapting to Abrupt Staying Connected ICTP took additional steps to ensure that its ICTP on regional COVID ICTP SciFabLab creates How ICTP’s partner Changes ICTP scientists find scientific community could remain connected data task force informing facial shields for local institutes prevail ICTP’s Diploma innovative way to and overcome isolation as the world entered policymakers civil protection agency during COVID-19 students on studying create virtual, random national lockdowns. It quickly embraced online, during a pandemic encounters interactive platforms like Zoom to deliver its seminars and colloquia, providing expanded, Researchers in ICTP’s Quantitative ICTP’s SciFabLab, a hub of do- In the face of enormous challenges They arrived at ICTP in August ICTP is well known for its ability to interactive access to ICTP’s rich programme Life Sciences (QLS) section it-yourself innovation, put their with the COVID-19 pandemic, 2019, eager to embark on a year bring scientists together, whether of lectures by staff scientists and invited participated in a regional scientific expertise to work in response to ICTP’s partner institutes in Brazil, of intense academic study. By it is in a lecture hall, a corridor or at speakers (all colloquia were recorded and can task force to ensure the integrity a scarcity of personal protection China, Mexico and Rwanda have spring 2020, ICTP’s Postgraduate its beloved coffee bar. When the be watched on ICTP’s YouTube channel). While of data being used in efforts to equipment for local civil protection discovered ways to overcome the Diploma students found themselves COVID pandemic made impromptu, most of ICTP’s Scientific Calendar activities fight the spread of the coronavirus. workers on the frontlines of difficulties imposed by lockdowns in lockdown as the COVID-19 encounters impossible, ICTP (conferences, schools and workshops) for Matteo Marsili, head of the QLS the COVID-19 pandemic. After and social distancing. But longer- pandemic took hold. Isolated from researcher Mehrdad Mirbabayi 2020 were postponed or cancelled, some, like section, and his colleague Jacopo consulting its Maker community as term consequences loom: “As their classmates and professors, devised a virtual solution. the Summer School on Superstring Theory Grilli used models to simulate well as technical assistants from universities and institutes across the not to mention their families and Related Topics, went online as well, the consequences of policies Trieste Hospital, the Lab produced country go virtual, researchers are thousands of kilometres away, the offering livestreamed talks by the world’s aimed at reducing the number of 90 re-useable facial shields. scrambling to protect their funding students relied on perseverance Read more ↗ top string theorists to some 149 registered infections. Their goal, and that and their careers,” said Zhang Min, and virtual learning to continue participants from 32 countries plus thousands of the task force, was to help coordinator of the ICTP-Asia Pacific their studies. Read how ICTP helped more who watched the proceedings online. policymakers find ways to intervene Read more ↗ (ICTP-AP) in Beijing. Read how the the young scholars cope with the ahead of COVID-19 infections, to four partner institutes have coped. pandemic restrictions by minimizing “The mission of a global institute like ICTP minimize the enormous social and interruptions to their learning. Photo: A coordinator of a perhaps has an even greater relevance economic disruption caused by local civil protection agen- and urgency in this crisis, which could outbreaks. “It’s important to give cy inspects the SciFabLab ↗ facial shields. Photo credit: Read more accentuate intellectual isolation in different an informed view to policymakers, unknown. Read more ↗ parts of the world,” said ICTP Director Atish with a clear quantification of Dabholkar, adding, “Perhaps this adversity the uncertainties so that they Photo: ICTP Diploma is also an opportunity to think of new ways understand what data are needed students (clockwise from to deliver on this mission. Using interactive to monitor the situation,” says Grilli. top left): Prakash Timsina, Muhammad Saleem, Amna technology is one way ICTP can help diminish Mohsin Abdalla and Vali- the intellectual isolation many of us are soa Rakotonirinjanahary. experiencing during this coronavirus crisis.” Read more ↗

Image credit: Markus Spiske, Unsplash 6 7 ICTP Research ICTP Research in Numbers 2020

In spite of the upheaval caused by the COVID Number of Number of pandemic, ICTP research flourished in 2020. A Mathematics researchers countries record 546 papers were published, representing a ICTP’s Mathematics section empha- represented 7% increase over the number of papers published sizes two core functions: the creation Staff, consultants, by ICTP researchers in 2019. ICTP is proud of its of new mathematical knowledge and by ICTP longterm visiting long research tradition, which began in 1964 when its global dissemination, in particular scientists, researchers Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam founded the centre. to developing countries. Research by postdoctoral fellows Over the decades, ICTP has stayed true to its ICTP’s mathematicians reflects the im- 166 40 roots, maintaining a strong presence of theoretical portant synergy between mathemat- physics research. At the same time, the Centre has ics and physics, as well as the role of Region of ICTP’s quality had the foresight to branch out into new research mathematics in driving the rapid de- origin, ICTP research areas that address key sustainability concerns, such velopment of technological advances. 43% researchers as Earth system physics and renewable energy. Developing More than 75% of ICTP Countries research is published ICTP’s unique strength lies in its ability to bring Earth System Physics 10% in the most-cited 14% 79% together large numbers of gifted scientists Understanding the various components Least Developed journals, an indication Q2 Q1 from developing and developed countries to of the Earth system, including their Countries 47% of the quality of ICTP participate in joint research. From its early focus interactions and processes, forms the Developed research. The pie chart Countries shows ESI quartiles' 5% on theoretical high energy physics, the Centre’s basis of research by ICTP’s Earth System frequencies for ICTP Q3 research areas have evolved in response to the Physics section (ESP). From building papers produced 2% needs of physicists and mathematicians from the and using models of climate change from 2015 to 2019. Q4 developing world, and now include the areas below. and its impacts to deciphering the me- chanics of earthquakes and volcanoes, 500 ESP research covers a wide spectrum. Number of High Energy, Cosmology and 400 papers produced Astroparticle Physics The High Energy, Cosmology and Quantitative Life Sciences within ICTP 300 Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) Scientists in ICTP’s Quantitative Life 200 section at ICTP is studying some Sciences (QLS) section are uncov- of the most exciting areas in ering the underlying physics in the 100 physics today, from string theory broad domain of life sciences that to physics at large energy colliders, encompasses disciplines ranging from neutrino phenomenology from molecular and cell biology to 1971 1981 1991 2011 1977 1974 1972 1976 to alternative cosmologies. terrestrial and oceanic ecology, and 1975 1973 1978 1979 1997 1987 1970 1967 2017 1985 1988 1982 1965 1968 1986 1983 1989 1995 1998 1966 1992 1969 1996 1993 1999 2015 2018 2012 1980 2016 1984 2013 2019 1964 1990 1994 2001 2010 2014 2007 2005 2008 2002 2020 2006 2003 2009 2000 2004 economics and quantitative finance. 30000 25,000 25000 Total number Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Applied Physics 20,000 20000 of citations Strange and unexpected behaviours From archaeology to X-ray imaging, of ICTP papers 15,000 may emerge when large numbers of and from optics and lasers to satellite 15000 particles collect together. Research- navigation and turbulent fluid 10,000 ers in the Condensed Matter and flows, ICTP’s Applied Physics section 10000 Statistical Physics (CMSP) section encompasses diverse areas of research 5,000 5000 at ICTP are tackling this challenging that respond to the most critical needs realm with a variety of analytical and of the ICTP scientific community. The 0 numerical techniques, with a particu- areas are, in fact, among the activities 1971 1981 1991 2011 1977 1974 1972 1976 1975 1973 1978 1979 1997 1987 1970 1967 2017 1985 1988 1982 1965 1968 1986 1983 1989 1995 1998 1992 1966 1969 1996 1993 1999 2015 2018 2012 1980 2016 2013 1984 2019 1964 1990 1994 2001 2010 2014

2007 lar focus on the development of new for which the demand in developing 2005 2008 2002 2020 2006 2003 2009 2000 2004 methods of numerical simulation. countries is enormous and growing.

8 9 ICTP Research Highlights 2020

High Tech, Low Cost New book by ICTP scientists High Performance aims to bridge the ICTP Success in Climate Research digital divide Quantum Information ICTP partners with ICTP scientist awarded supercomputing centre Google Computer Quantum Simulators Developing countries that for climate modelling Science prize for Gauge Theories lack reliable power supplies or A new approach to the technology infrastructures risk study of the fundamental A New Description The international success and being left behind in the use ICTP senior research scientist forces of nature of Black Holes reputation of ICTP’s regional of technologies such as the Rosario Fazio, head of the New research applies the climate modelling require enormous Internet of Things that could Centre’s Condensed Matter holographic principle amounts of computing power help their development. A book and Statistical Physics (CMSP) A study by ICTP and SISSA and and storage space. Thanks to a by ICTP scientist Marco Zennaro section, is among the recipients published in Physical Review partnership with Italy’s CINECA, and ICTP Simons Associate of the Google Faculty Research X shows how atomic physics Describing black holes has always one of the top supercomputing Bharat Chaudhari proposes low- Awards, dedicated to outstanding experiments allow for simulation of been a complex question: Are these centres in the world, ICTP can power and low-cost solutions. researchers in computer science the forces that govern our Universe mysterious cosmic objects spherical, participate in worldwide climate and related fields. Fazio’s research more efficiently than traditional smooth, and simple according to projects such as the Coordinated on quantum information is in calculators do. To simulate in the theory of relativity? Or are Regional Climate Downscaling Read more ↗ line with Google’s interests a laboratory what happens in they extremely complex and full of Experiment (CORDEX), performing in supporting research into particle accelerators has been information as Stephen Hawking modelling exercises that quantum algorithms and quantum an ambitious goal in the study of proposed? New research published ultimately inform policy decisions computing applications. the fundamental forces of nature in Physical Review X by ICTP, SISSA related to climate change. pursued by high-energy physicists and INFN proposes a surprising new for many years. Now, thanks to this possibility that incorporates these Read more ↗ study, that goal is closer to reach. seemingly disparate descriptions. Read more ↗ ↗ Read more ↗ Read more ↗

Photo: Marco Zennaro and Image credit: Image credit: Bharat Chaudhari (first and Gerd Altmann, Pixabay Gerd Altmann, Pixabay second from right) during a workshop at MIT World Peace University, Pune, India in 2019. (Photo credit: unknown) 10 11 ICTP Research Highlights 2020

Sensing the Unknown Neanderthal Mystery ICTP scientist leads New study narrows research on dark theories of Neanderthal energy theories Searching by Smell Air Pollution and demise Research from ICTP’s COVID-19 Mortality Quantitative Life Study estimates 15% The first direct observation of Sciences section Microbial Modelling of COVID-19 deaths An analysis of three milk teeth gravitational waves by the LIGO belonging to Neanderthal children explores optimizing New research identifies worldwide could be and Virgo Scientific Collaboration who lived between 70,000 and collective behaviour macroecological laws of attributed to air pollution in 2015 offered scientists a new variation and diversity 45,000 years ago in north-eastern tool to investigate the Universe Italy showed that their weaning and its many undiscovered Nature has inspired many new Not everyone’s risk of dying of age was very similar to modern secrets, including that of dark technologies: for example, robots The natural world is astonishingly COVID-19 is the same, and now a humans. The discovery disproves energy. Knowing more about dark designed to search the air for complex. After centuries of study, paper has linked long-term exposure theories that differences in energy is one of the main goals traces of bombs or other volatile scientists still have much to learn to air pollution to a much higher child development and nursing of contemporary cosmological chemicals use strategies developed about how all the species in an risk of death. The paper’s authors strategies contributed to the research, given its relevance in the by moths searching for mates ecosystem coexist, for example. have estimated, for the first time, Neanderthals’ demise. Results overall composition of the Universe. by following their smell. Those New research by ICTP biological the proportion of deaths from the of the analysis, which was For ICTP scientist Paolo Creminelli, strategies are quite efficient, but physicist Jacopo Grilli on microbial coronavirus that could be attributed carried out by a consortium of observing the Universe with this Antonio Celani, an ICTP physicist communities published in Nature to air pollution in every country in research institutes including new ‘instrument’ “means having who studies animal behaviour, Communications helps light the the world. Andrea Pozzer, a scientist ICTP, were published in the infinite analysis possibilities and wondered what strategies would way to answering this fundamental in ICTP’s Earth System Physics 2 November edition of the infinite new questions to answer.” emerge if they didn’t just search question in ecology. “What I wanted section, led the collaboration Proceedings of the National individually, but worked collectively. to know is, sure communities are with scientists at the Max Planck Academy of Sciences (PNAS). A paper published in Physical Review very complicated, there are many Institute for Chemistry and the Read more ↗ E explores the possibility of how species interacting, but if we try University Medical Centre Mainz. working together could make the to describe the most important Read more ↗ searching process more efficient. forces shaping this community, what are they?” asks Grilli. Read more ↗

Read more ↗ Read more ↗

Image credit: Image credit: Image credit: CC BY 2.0 Keith Roper CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 [email protected] Wikimedia Commons

12 13 ICTP Research Publication Highlights Highlights 2020

High Energy, Cosmology and Mathematics Earth System Physics Astroparticle Physics Arezzo, C.; Della Vedova, A., Big and Abid M. A.; Ashfaq M.; Kucharski F.; Dabholkar, A.; Putrov, P.; Witten, E., Duality and Nef Classes, Futaki Invariant and Evans K. J.; Almazroui M., Tropical mock modularity, SciPost Phys. 9 (2020) 5, 072. Resolutions of Cubic Threefolds, Progress Indian Ocean mediates ENSO Order and Disorder in in Mathematics 333, Birkhauser, 1-16. influence over Central Southwest Asia Bellazzini, B.; Elias Miro, J.; Rattazzi, during the wet season, Geophysical Crystalline Ice Explained R.; Riembau, M.; Riva, F., Positive Göttsche, L.; Kool, M., Virtual refinements Research Letters, 47:e2020GL089308, A new theoretical Moments for Scattering Amplitudes, of the Vafa-Witten formula, Comm. DOI:10.1029/2020GL089308. Alpine Glaciers Melting e-print: 2011.00037 [hep-th]. Math. Phys. 376 (2020), 1–49. model enlightens Di Sante F.; Coppola E.; Giorgi F., Future New research warns that the structure and the Gorghetto, M.; Hardy, E.; Villadoro, Guo, M.; Ohmori, K.; Putrov, P.; Wan, Z.; Wang projections of river floods over the 92% of Alpine glaciers are G., More Axions from Strings, J., Fermionic Finite-Group GaugeTheories European region using EURO-CORDEX Earthquake Insights electrical properties of e-print: 2007.04990 [hep- ph]. and Interacting Symmetric/Crystalline simulations, International Journal of at risk of disappearing by Orders via Cobordisms, Commun. Climatology, doi: 10.1002/joc-7014. ICTP study highlights the pure and doped ice ATLAS Collaboration incl. Aad, G.; Acharya, Math. Phys. 376 (2020) 2, 1073-1154. the end of this century B.S. et al., Evidence for ttˉttˉttˉttˉ production Vicic B.; Aoudia A.; Borghi A.; Momeni S.; mechanics of seismic in the multilepton final state in proton– Rodriguez Villegas F. (with Radchenko Vuan A., Seismicity rate changes and A fascinating substance with unique events in central Italy proton collisions at √s=13 TeV with the D.), Independence polynomials and geodetic transients in Central Apennines, “All Alpine glaciers will continue properties, ice has intrigued humans ATLAS detector, arXiv:2007.14858 [hep- hypergeometric series, arXiv:1908.11231 Geophysical Research Letters, 47:22. from 2009 to 2018 to decrease over the next few since time immemorial. Unlike most ex], Eur.Phys.J. C80 (2020) no.11, 1085. Zebre M.; Colucci R. R.; Giorgi F.; Glasser N. F.; decades, and in fact most are in other materials, ice at very low Recoviteanu A. E.; Del Gobbo C., 200 years of In 2009, a violent 6,3 magnitude danger of disappearing completely temperature is not as ordered as it equilibrium line-altitutude variability across the European Alps (1901-2100), Climate earthquake centred in Italy’s by the end of the century,” warns could be. ICTP scientists were part Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05525-7. Abruzzo region precluded other ICTP climatologist Filippo Giorgi. of a collaboration that made new seismic events that took place Giorgi was one of the authors of a theoretical inroads on the reasons in the following months and new open-access research study why this happens and on the way Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Applied Physics Quantitative Life Sciences years along the central part of published in Climate Dynamics, in which some of the missing order Protopopov, I. V.; Panda, R. K.; Parolini, T; Zennaro, M.; Pietrosemoli, E.; Rainone, Grilli, J., Macroecological laws the Apennine chain. A new study one of the most influential peer- can be recovered. In that ordered Scardicchio, A.; Demler, E.; Abanin, D. A., M.; Trinchero, D.; Poletti, M.; Colucci, G., describe variation and diversity published in Geophysical Research reviewed scientific journals state the team of scientists have Non-Abelian Symmetries and Disorder: A TROPPO LoRa: TROPospheric Personal in microbial communities, Nature Letters provides insight on the in the field of meteorological described a relatively obscure and Broad Nonergodic Regime and Anomalous Observatory using LoRa signals, Communications, 11, 4743 (2020). Thermalization, Phys. Rev. X 10, 011025 (2020). FRUGALTHINGS’20: Proceedings of the 1st genesis and the mechanics of and atmospheric sciences. yet fundamental property of very Workshop on Experiences with the Design Barbier, J.; Rush, C.; Macris, N., All-or- these seismic sequences and low temperature ice, ferroelectricity. Nguyen, T. K. T.; Kiselev, M. N., Thermoelectric and Implementation of Frugal Smart nothing statistical and computational Transport in a Three-Channel Charge Kondo Objects, September 2020, 24–29, https:// phase transitions in sparse spiked their interactions. The study is The results, published in PNAS, are Circuit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 026801 (2020). doi.org/10.1145/3410670.3410856. matrix estimation, Neural Information the result of years of research Read more ↗ likely to extend to ice surfaces, a Processing Systems NeurIPS, 2020. carried out by a multidisciplinary possibility that could be relevant Poli, E.; Jong, K.; Hassanali, A., Charge Zennaro, M.; Pelsser, C.; Albinet F.; Manzoni, transfer as a ubiquitous mechanism P., Evaluating the performance of NRENs Durve, M.; Piro, L.; Cencini, M.; Biferale, team of scientists coordinated to the agglomeration of ice in determining the negative charge in deploying IoT in Africa: the case for L.; Celani, A., Collective olfactory by ICTP’s Abdelkrim Aoudia in the particles in interstellar space. at hydrophobic interfaces, Nature TTN, Proceedings of CCNC 2020: 2020 IEEE search in a turbulent environment , Communications 11, 901, (2020). 17th Annual Consumer Communications Physical Review E 102 (1), 012402. framework of a project funded by & Networking Conference (CCNC). Generali Group and Generali Italia. Surace, F. M.; Mazza, P.P.; Giudici, G.; Touzo, L.; Marsili, M.; Merhav, N.; Roldan, Lerose, A.; Gambassi, A.; Dalmonte, Mannatunga, K. S.; Ali, S. H. M.; Crespo, M. E., Optimal work extraction and the Read more ↗ M., Lattice Gauge Theories and String L.; Cicuttin, A.; Samarawikrama, J. G., High minimum description length principle, Dynamics in Rydberg Atom Quantum Performance 128-Channel Acquisition J. Stat. Mech. 2020 (9), 093403 (2020). ↗ Simulators, Phys. Rev. X 10, 021041, (2020). System for Electrophysiological Signals, Read more IEEE Access, vol. 8, 122366–122383, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007082, https:// ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9133110.

Ng C. L.; Reaz, M. B. I.; Crespo, M. L.; Cicuttin, A.; Chowdhury, M. E., Characterization of capacitive electromyography biomedical Image credit: Image credit: Image credit: sensor insulated with porous medical Abdelkrim Aoudia Aberystwyth University Lasave, Koval, Laio, Tosatti - bandages, Scientific Reports 10, 14891, “String of proton-ordered water DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71709-0. molecules caught in motion”

14 15 ICTP Impact

ICTP supports research and training activities of physicists and mathematicians living and working in developing countries, Belarus primarily by providing assistance C for regional activities. Such support France complements the training and research M Croatia N that is provided to developing-country Armenia China scientists at ICTP. Our goal is to boost C the scientific level of individuals, groups Romania C N M Iran or institutes in developing countries South Korea N Nepal to an international level through Tunisia N C

North-South collaboration, and to Morocco C Pakistan S S S C stimulate networking of scientists C M Egypt in the developing regions to reach a Mexico C M M critical mass of researchers through India South-South collaboration. N Cuba Philippines N M ICTP also provides funds for graduate Cameroon schools to support student grants, C Uganda Indonesia S fellowships for young researchers, Colombia M visits of research collaborators N M Tanzania and other activities. Assistance Rwanda M is coordinated by ICTP’s Office of S C External Activities (OEA), and is carried out through ICTP Affiliated Mauritius Centres (there were 11 in 2020 M in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin Brazil South Africa America) through which ICTP S S directly supported 22 postdoctorate students (due to COVID-19 restrictions, two of these students have still not managed to start their Argentina course). The OEA also supported C M 7 research group networks in 2020, as well as 54 grants for scientific meetings in 34 countries ICTP regional centres ICTP Partner Institutes 04 ( due to the pandemic, only 11 of excellence of these scientific meetings S ICTP Schools and Workshops 07 could actually take place). In Mexico: Brazil: Rwanda: China: addition, the OEA supported The Meso-American The ICTP South American Inaugurated in 2018, the In Beijing, the International ICTP-OEA Affiliated Centres 11 25 visiting scholars and Institute for Sciences Institute for Fundamental East African Institute of Center for Theoretical Physics- C consultants (due to the COVID-19 (MAIS) was established Research (ICTP-SAIFR), Fundamental Research Asia Pacific (ICTP-AP) is hosted pandemic, only two visits in collaboration with the is a regional centre (EAIFR), based at the at the University of the Chinese Universidad Autónoma for theoretical physics University of Rwanda’s Academy of Sciences (UCAS) ICTP-OEA Networks 07 actually took place in 2020). de Chiapas (UNACH) as created in collaboration Kigali campus, offers an and provides opportunities N a regional headquarters with the State University important educational for advanced training, of ICTP in Mexico, of Sao Paulo (UNESP) and and research hub for research and education in Central America and the the Sao Paulo Research the region and for theoretical physics and related M ICTP-OEA Scientific Meetings 11 Caribbean. Funding Agency (FAPESP). Africa. interdisciplinary areas.

16 17 ICTP: A Hub for ICTP Activities in Education ICTP Education Numbers, 2020 in 2020 Global Scientific & Training

Excellence As an international hub of scientific excellence, ICTP 2946 131 offers a unique environment for scientists at all stages of 105 44 Why do scientists from around the world come to ICTP? scientific visitors, nations their careers to advance their knowledge in physics and students enrolled countries The reasons are many: to participate in the annual including those who represented mathematics. From the Centre’s Postgraduate Diploma in masters, PhD, represented programme of high-level conferences; to meet in person participated remotely Programme, an intense, year-long course of study that Diploma, and STEP (including 12 least- programmes developed countries) some of the world’s top physicists; to form an interna- gives young scientists from developing countries the tional network of collaborators. Since ICTP’s opening boost they need for acceptance into doctoral programmes in 1964, about 150,000 scientists from 188 countries anywhere in the world, to the Centre’s Associates Scheme, have participated in ICTP programmes, including more 21 which supports sabbatical visits of established scientists, than a hundred Nobel Laureates. For those who can’t conferences, schools ICTP provides a lifeline for a lifetime of learning. come to its Trieste campus, ICTP also organises activ- and workshops 61 ities throughout the developing world, including at its Today, ICTP alumni can be found throughout the world, scientists from 19 partner institutes in Brazil, China, Mexico and Rwanda. serving as science ambassadors in their home countries and countries engaged in sharing their knowledge with new generations of scientists. career development Scientists also visit ICTP to congratulate the winners programmes of its yearly prizes and medals, most of which are given For a detailed account of ICTP’s education and (Associates, TRIL, Affiliates, and Elettra) to top physicists and mathematicians from developing 27% 7 training programmes during 2020, please see our countries. Its Dirac Medal, one of the most prestigious Full Technical Report below: of visitors were training activities medals in the field of theoretical physics, can be women in developing countries considered as a barometer for future success: five View Full Technical Report ↗ medallists have proceeded to win Physics Nobel Prizes.

Trend in ICTP Programmes 1750 and Enrollment 160

Attendance at 1500 Master in High ICTP Conferences, Performance Workshops and Schools Computing 1250 by Field, 2020* Master of Advanced 120 Studies in 1000 Medical Physics

Joint PhD Programme, Participants Earth Science and 750 Fluid Mechanics 80 Person-months ICTP-UniTS Joint 500 Masters in Physics (ended in 2019) *All Mathematics conferences were cancelled for 2020 250 Joint ICTP-SISSA PhD Programme in Physics and Mathematics 40

ICTP-STEP Fellows’ visits ESP HECAP HPC QLS AP CMSP

16 151 211 246 451 1438 Postgraduate 1.06 59.57 63.71 138.22 176.91 517.64 Diploma Students 1991–92 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16 2020–21

18 19 2020 Timeline

January February

Salam Distinguished Spirit of Abdus MHPC Graduation ICO/ICTP Gallieno Lecture Series 2020 Salam Award Denardo Award Twelve students of the joint ICTP- ICTP’s 2020 edition of its Salam The family of ICTP founder and SISSA master’s programme in High ICTP and the International Distinguished Lectures Series Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam Performance Computing (MHPC) Commission for Optics announced featured theoretical physicist Marc revealed the winners of the graduated after a year and a half the recipient of the 2020 ICO/ Mézard, Director of l’École normale 2020 Spirit of Abdus Salam of intense studies and thesis ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award: supérieure, Paris, France. Professor Award. Announced annually preparation. ICTP’s support was Kok Sing Lim from the Photonics Mézard delivered three lectures on 29 January—Abdus Salam’s once again crucial for the presence Research Centre, University of on topics ranging from artificial birthday—the award recognizes of four students from developing Malaya, Malaysia. Dr. Lim was intelligence to statistical physics of those who, like Salam himself, countries among the graduating recognized “for his achievements inference and machine learning. The have worked tirelessly to promote class: Federico Barone (Argentina), in the field of optical fibre sensing lectures were recorded and can be the development of science and Herbert Nguruwe (Zimbabwe), and optical communications, viewed on ICTP’s YouTube channel. technology in disadvantaged parts Florentino Silva (Brazil), and Jesús and his substantial contributions of the world. The 2020 recipients Espinoza Valverde (Costa Rica). to sustainable development in were: M.S. Narasimhan, former Malaysia through promoting the head of ICTP’s Mathematics use of optics-based technologies section and a member of the in the industrial sector.” Scientific Council, and Erio Tosatti, a co-founder and senior member of ICTP’s Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section.

Top: ICTP scientist Sandro Scandolo (left) and HPC specialist Ivan Girotto (far Top: Marc Mézard right) with MHPC graduates Federico Barone, Jesús Espinoza Valverde, Florentino Right: ICTP Director Atish Silva, and Herbert Nguruwe. Dabholkar presents the Spirit of Salam prize certificate to Erio Tosatti (left), and Right: 2020 ICO/ICTP to M.S. Narasimhan, who Gallieno Denardo Award watches from the screen. recipient Kok Sing Lim.

20 21 2020 Timeline

March June “The Stochastic Thermodynamics Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium The Stochastic of Computation” Thermodynamics of Computation

Professor David Wolpert Santa Fe Institute Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: USA

David Wolpert Wednesday 3 June at 16.00 Advance registration at: Santa Fe Institute, USA WEBINAR link

“Computational Molecular ICTP COLLOQUIA 2020 Computational molecular medicine: Medicine: from Neurobiology from neurobiology to Covid-19

COVID-19 lockdown begins Professor Paolo Carloni Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS) to COVID-19” Strada Costiera, 11 - 34151 - Trieste - Italy • Tel. +39 0402240111Strada • Fax. Costiera, +39 040224163 11 - 34151 • [email protected] Trieste - Italy • Tel.• www.ictp.it +39 0402240111 • Fax. +39 040224163 •Jülich, [email protected] • www.ictp.itGermany ICTP is governed by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCOICTP Category is governed 1 Institute by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute

Italy imposes strict COVID-19 lockdown; ICTP Colloquium: Wednesday 10 June at 15.00 Advanced registration at: ICTP staff switch to teleworking. Paolo Carloni WEBINAR Link Juelich Research Center, Germany

April “Epidemic Control of COVID-19 Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium Epidemic Control of COVID-19 Through Instantaneous Contact Tracing: GENERIC REGULARITY Through Instantaneous Contact The Case for a Mobile App-based Solution July “Generic Regularity in IN OBSTACLE PROBLEMS Obstacle Problems” Tracing: The Case for a Mobile Professor Luca Ferretti Big Data Institute, University of Oxford App-based Solution” UK

Photo © École polytechnique – J.Barande Friday 24 April at 14:00 Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: ALESSIO FIGALLI FIELDS MEDALLIST 2018, ETH ZÜRICH Advance registration at: The classical obstacle problem consists of finding the Where: equilibrium position of an elastic membrane whose Pre-registration is required at the link https://zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_hVd-EXGk- boundary is held fixed and which is constrained to lie https://sissa-it.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_ above a given obstacle. By classical results of Caffarelli, ca93G01TQ6eO0zn99mkp-g SMeZIhp0nzwTjQ ∞ the free boundary is C outside a set of singular points. After registering, you will receive a confirmation email Alessio Figalli, Fields Medallist Explicit examples show that the singular set could be in containing information about joining the webinar. general (n-1)-dimensional — that is, as large as the regular set. In a recent paper with Ros-Oton and Serra we show When: July 2nd 2020, 4PM that, generically, the singular set has zero Hn-4 measure (in particular, it has codimension 3 inside the free boundary), solving a conjecture of Schaeffer in dimension n ≤ 4. The ICTP Colloquium: Forschungsinstitut für aim of this talk is to give an overview of these results. Luca Ferretti Mathematik, Switzerland Oxford University, UK

“Quantum Computational ICTP COLLOQUIA 2020 Quantum Computational Supremacy Strada Costiera, 11 - 34151 - Trieste - Italy • Tel. +39 0402240111Strada • Fax. Costiera, +39 040224163 11 - 34151 • [email protected] Trieste - Italy • Tel.• www.ictp.it +39 0402240111 • Fax. +39 040224163 • [email protected] • www.ictp.it May “Computational Epidemiology JointICTP is governed ICTP-SISSA by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCOICTP Category is governed 1 Institute by UNESCO, Colloquium IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute Supremacy and its Applications” and its Applications Computational Epidemiology at the time of COVID-19 Professor Scott Aaronson at the Time of COVID-19” University of Texas at Austin USA ICTP Colloquium: Professor Alessandro Vespignani NETsi, Northeastern University Re-scheduled to: USA Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: Scott Aaronson Wednesday 29 July at 16:00 hrs Advanced registration at: WEBINAR Link Alessandro Vespignani Wednesday 6 May at 15:00 University of Texas at Austin, USA Advance registration at: Northeastern University, USA WEBINAR link

“Scaling Down the Laws Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium Scaling Down the “Digital Herd Immunity of Thermodynamics” Laws of Thermodynamics Digital Herd Immunity and Covid-19

and COVID-19” Professor Chris Jarzynski University of Maryland, Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: USA Professor Shivaji Sondhi Strada Costiera, 11 - 34151 - Trieste - Italy • Tel. +39 0402240111Strada • Fax. Costiera, +39 040224163 11 - 34151 • [email protected] Trieste - Italy • Tel.• www.ictp.it +39 0402240111 • Fax. +39 040224163 • [email protected] • www.ictp.it ICTP is governed by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCOICTP Category is governed 1 Institute by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute Wednesday 15 July Princeton University Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: USA Chris Jarzynski at 16.00

Advance registration at: Shivaji Sondhi Wednesday 13 May at 16.00 University of Maryland, USA WEBINAR link Advance registration at: Princeton University, USA WEBINAR link

22 23

Strada Costiera, 11 - 34151 - Trieste - Italy • Tel. +39 0402240111Strada • Fax. Costiera, +39 040224163 11 - 34151 • [email protected] Trieste - Italy • Tel.• www.ictp.it +39 0402240111 • Fax. +39 040224163 • [email protected] • www.ictp.it ICTP is governed by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCOICTP Category is governed 1 Institute by UNESCO, IAEA, and Italy, and it is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute 2020 Timeline

August 2020 Dirac Medal gravitons or the famous Higgs known as the “Virasoro algebra”, a “In my country, building Winners Announced boson. On the other hand, fermions complex Lie algebra widely used a research career is are particles with half-integer spin in two-dimensional conformal very hard. There is a ICTP awarded its 2020 Dirac Medal (1/2, 3/2, 5/2 and so on, measured field theory and in string theory. lack of funding and and Prize to three distinguished in units of Planck’s constant), such This work was of great interest researchers to work with, so I am excited to physicists – André Neveu of as electrons, protons and quarks. also from the point of view of have the opportunity University of Montpellier, Pierre pure mathematicians, as it is an to explore research Ramond of University of Florida, infinite-dimensional Lie algebra, topics and work with and Miguel Virasoro of Universidad while until then Lie algebras were the great researchers Nacional de General Sarmiento – “for normally finite-dimensional. here at ICTP.” their pioneering contributions to Poetri Tarabunga the inception and formulation of André Neveu and Pierre Ramond, Indonesia string theory which introduced André Pierre Miguel on the other hand, are responsible new Bosonic and Fermionic Neveu Ramond Virasoro for the inclusion of the Fermionic symmetries into physics”. degrees of freedom in the theory. In the late 1960s, Miguel Virasoro Much of the work done by Virasoro String theory is physicists’ latest started working on an ambitious was in fact dedicated to Bosonic proposal for a unified theory project in the field of theoretical strings, the first ones to be studied of physics, attempting to put physics, at first with Gabriele in the field of string theory. Neveu together Einstein’s general theory Veneziano and then later on and Ramond expanded these of relativity, that describes his own. This work was mainly works, extending the calculations gravity, and quantum mechanics, focussed on the development of to include the other portion of that describes the fundamental the so-called “Veneziano model”, a matter, made up by fermions. elements of matter. String theory is mathematical model characterized of great importance in addressing by specific properties that later The work done by Andrè Neveu several questions in fundamental made it the first recognized string in the early 1970s, together with physics, and has been applied in model. Inspired by the work of John Schwarz, and independently various fields, such as the study Veneziano, that described ‘open by Pierre Ramond, is now known Among the diverse group Postgraduate Diploma of black holes, the early universe, strings’, Virasoro developed his as the RNS formalism, after the of students who completed condensed matter, and so on, and own model, later recognized as initials of its three originators. This the 2019-2020 Postgraduate Programme Graduation Diploma Programme and has favoured major developments a ‘closed string’ model. At the time was the initial development of have been accepted into Some 43 students completed their in pure mathematics, thanks to its these studies were performed, a superstring theory, generalizing PhD programmes were (from left to right): studies and were awarded an ICTP complex and rigorous formulation. theory of strings was not yet the Virasoro algebra - which Diploma at a hybrid ceremony. This fully or clearly developed, and is the symmetry algebra that Poetri Tarabunga year’s Diploma graduates faced The first developments of the these models were only years describes boson strings - to an Indonesia challenges above and beyond the theory came into being in the later recognized as perfectly algebra that could also describe Sergio Aguilar standard rigor of completing ICTP’s late 1960s, when it immediately describing the physics of strings. fermions, thanks to the property of El Salvador year-long intense educational appeared as a promising candidate supersymmetry. This formulation Olivia Vashti Ayim programme: in March, the Centre for a quantum theory of gravity. Virasoro continued giving allowed to model all particles and Ghana was forced to close its premises Its earliest version was a Bosonic important contributions to the fundamental forces in the Universe Aziza Yusupova due to the COVID crisis, and string theory, that is, a formulation field by studying the mathematical as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric Uzbekistan all classes were moved online. that described only the class of properties of these models, and strings, thus the name of Alain Didier The transition went smoothly, particles called bosons. Bosons are noticed that they featured some “superstring” theory, accounting Noutchegueme however, as ICTP is well equipped particles which have integer spin (0, symmetries, characteristic of the for both fermions and bosons. Cameroon for delivering online content. 1, 2 and so on, measured in units of model. He identified and formalized Planck’s constant), such as photons, these symmetries, that are now

24 25 2020 Timeline

September Ramanujan Prize EuroScience Open 2020 Announced Forum 2020 and Science in the City Festival ICTP awarded the 2020 Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians From 2 to 6 September, ICTP’s home “The development of the “Trieste from Developing Countries to city of Trieste hosted the 2020 System” – which the birth of the Carolina Araujo of the Institute Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF), the International Center for Theoretical for Pure and Applied Mathematics largest interdisciplinary conference Physics (ICTP), together with the (IMPA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. in Europe focused on science and other institutes, research centers The prize is in recognition of her its links with society. The event […] helped to make so significant outstanding work in algebraic offered a rich selection of more – represents a unique model of geometry, as well as her key role in than 170 events, including seminars, international collaboration and promoting women in mathematics talks, workshops and plenary “scientific diplomacy.” Yes, because and in the organization of important sessions; many were streamed live. diplomacy, coexistence, is also mathematical activities. pursued through the powerful ICTP played a key role in helping to tools of scientific knowledge. organise the event, and was visible ICTP Delegation Diploma Programme during the week through numerous In my opinion, this peculiar trait Visits the IAEA Launches New science talks and panel discussions. of Trieste’s identity can still Academic Year constitute an example today for a An ICTP delegation led by ICTP ICTP also organised public outreach European strategy of international Director Atish Dabholkar was given a In the annual cycle of events at ICTP, activities, such as the “World Science development cooperation, aimed warm welcome at the International none is more eagerly anticipated Café” , where ICTP scientists sat at fostering solid and peaceful Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) than the yearly welcome of new at the tables of the historical Caffè relations between countries, in Vienna to discuss continued Postgraduate Diploma Programme Tommaseo (respecting COVID social based on constant dialogue collaborations and future plans students who arrive from all corners distancing), talking with the public between scientific communities with IAEA Director General Rafael of the world to commence a year about their research, in a multitude and on the more fruitful Mariano Grossi. ICTP has enjoyed the of intense study. In spite of this of languages, from Spanish to Hindi. circularity of knowledge. […] support and partnership of the IAEA year’s pandemic, 2020 was no from the Centre’s very beginning. different. Thanks to extraordinary The Maker Faire Trieste was held Every time, you see, that the Although ICTP now operates under precautions implemented by the during ESOF and co-organised meeting point is the common a tripartite agreement between Centre, with guidance from health by ICTP scientists Carlo Fonda, interest in the progress of humanity the Italian Government, the IAEA authorities, more than half of Enrique Canessa, and Sandro and the construction of peace, and UNESCO, the IAEA continues to the class of 2021’s 50 students Scandolo. Unlike in past years when Trieste can be our model. Quoting be deeply involved in the Centre’s had arrived to the campus by it was held on ICTP’s campus, this Abdus Salam (founder of the international programmes. the start of the programme. edition was held in Piazza Unità ICTP), “scientific thought and ICTP Director Atish Dabholkar d’Italia in the centre of Trieste. its creation is the common and presents the 2020 Ramanujan Above: ICTP DIrector Atish Under ICTP’s strict COVID shared heritage of humanity.”” Prize to Carolina Araujo at Dabholkar (left) and IAEA guidelines, the students had to a virtual prize ceremony. ESOF’s closing ceremony was Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi. (Photo Credit: self-isolate for two weeks. ICTP’s full of talks by high profile public — Italian Prime Minister Dean Calma / IAEA) Galileo Guesthouse was prepared figures in Italy and prominent Giuseppe Conte for their stay: all students had scientists. Most prominently, Right: New ICTP Diploma separate rooms with private Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe students attending a virtual facilities; meals were delivered Conte gave a speech, mentioning welcome session with ICTP Director Atish Dabholkar to their doors, as were books ICTP as a symbol of excellence and Diploma staff. from the Marie Curie Library. in international collaboration:

26 27 2020 Timeline

October ICTP Unveils Permanent “How TinyML Could Help ICTPICTP QLS COLLOQUIA & AP Colloquium 2017 How TinyML Could Help Exhibit at Local Developing Countries” Developing Countries

Speaker Pete Warden Science Museum Google ICTP Colloquium: Tuesday 13 October 2020 at 16.00 Zoom webinar Register in advance for this webinar: ICTP, along with other Trieste Pete Warden WEBINAR link After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.

Should you not be able to join the Webinar, the Colloquium is also available in live streaming at: science institutes, designed and Google Research ictp.it/livestream donated a permanent exhibit for Trieste’s science centre, Immaginario Scientifico. The ICTP exhibit includes Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium a spiral representing a journey in the “A Random Walk Through A Random Walk Through dimensions of the world that we Physics To The Nobel Prize” Physics To The Nobel Prize

know, from the microscopic realm of Professor John Michael Kosterlitz Nobel Laureate, Physics Brown Univeristy particles and matter to the cosmic Joint ICTP-SISSA Colloquium: USA Wednesday 14 October distances of galaxies and beyond. John Michael Kosterlitz, at 16:00

Advance registration at: Brown University, USA WEBINAR link

Filippo Giorgi Awarded Climate Change Prize

ICTP COLLOQUIA 2020 ICTP scientist Filippo Giorgi, head of November “Mathematical Mysteries Mathematical Mysteries of the Earth System Physics section, of Deep Neural Networks” Deep Neural Networks

was awarded the 2020 Premio Professor Professor Stéphane Mallat Collège de France, Paris Motumundi for his contributions ICTP Colloquium: Wednesday 25 November 2020 at 16.00 Advance registration at: to the understanding of climate Stéphane Mallat WEBINAR link change and environmental issues. Collège de France Giorgi is an international expert in climate modelling and climate change research. The newly established prize was awarded in the context of the first Motumundi festival, with December “Materials and Molecules ICTP COLLOQUIA 2020 MATERIALS AND MOLECULES THROUGH a focus on environmental issues. Through In-silico Lenses” IN-SILICO LENSES

Professor Giulia Galli University of Chicago & Argonne National Laboratory, USA ICTP Colloquium:

Recipients of 2020 ICTP Giulia Galli Wednesday 2 December 2020 at 16.00 Advanced registration at: Prize Announced University of Chicago, USA WEBINAR Link

Top right: ICTP’s permanent The 2020 ICTP Prize was awarded to exhibit at Immaginario Dibyendu Roy of the Raman Scientifico. Photo credit: ICTPICTP MathsCOLLOQUIA Colloquium 2017 Giovanni Panizon Research Institute, Bangalore, “Algebraic Geometry Algebraic Geometry and Beyond India and Mehdi Kargarian of Sharif and Beyond” Middle right: Filippo University of Technology, Tehran, Professor Caucher Birkar University of Cambridge, UK Giorgi, head of ICTP’s Earth Iran, for their groundbreaking ICTP Maths Colloquium: 2018 Fields Medallist System Physics section. On occasion of the Ramanujan Prize Ceremony work in non-equilibrium properties Caucher Birkar Wednesday 09 December 2020 at 16.30

Advanced registration at: Bottom right: ICTP Prize 2020 of mesoscopic systems and University of Cambridge, UK WEBINAR Link recipients Dibyendu Roy topological phases and strongly (left) and Mehdi Kargarian. correlated electrons, respectively.

28 29 Governance Donors

ICTP operates under a tripartite agreement between ICTP also has a Scientific Council that comprises the Italian Government, the International Atomic Energy distinguished specialists in disciplines relevant Agency (IAEA), and the United Nations Educational, to the Centre’s activities who represent a broad Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Each geographical range. The Council advises ICTP on its party has a representative on the Centre’s Steering programmes of activities, taking into consideration Committee, which sets general guidelines for the major academic, scientific, educational and Centre’s activities, determines budgeting levels, cultural trends relevant to the Centre’s objectives. and considers proposals from the Director for the ICTP is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute. programme, work plans, financial plans, and budget.

ICTP Steering Committee

UNESCO: IAEA: Italian Government: + AIKO S.r.l., Torino, Italy and Applied Physics, UK Shamila Nair-Bedouelle Najat Mokhtar Fabio Zwirner + Centro Interdipartimentale di + Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Assistant Director-General Deputy Director General, Department Department of Physics and Ricerca sulle Digital Humanities Nucleare (INFN), Italy Natural Sciences Sector of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Astronomy, University of Padua DHMoRe, Modena, Italy + Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia + Comune di Trieste, Italy e Geofisica Sperimentale, Italy + Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche + Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca -Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Italy Metrologica, Italy ICTP Scientific Council + Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche + King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia -Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Italy + Kuwait Foundation for the William Bialek Michele Parrinello + Consiglio Nazionale delle Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) Department of Physics Department of Chemistry and Applied Ricerche -Istituto per lo Studio dei + Laboratoire de Physique Theorique Princeton University, USA Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy et Modeles Statistiques, Univ. Paris + Dept. of Science & Technology, India Sud/Paris Saclay, France Edouard Brézin Mercedes Pascual + ENEL Italia S.r.l., Italy + Middle East Federation of Organizations Laboratoire de Physique Théorique Department of Ecology and Evolution, + Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, of Medical Physics, Qatar de l’ENS, France University of Chicago, USA l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico + Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università Sostenibile (ENEA), Italy e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy Ngô Bao Châu Lisa Randall + European Commission + Ministry of Science and Department of Mathematics Department of Physics, + European Photonic Industry, France Technology, Pakistan University of Chicago, USA Harvard University, USA + European Space Agency, + Monton MMS, Croatia The Netherlands + Optical Society of America (OSA), USA Elfatih A.B. Eltahir Valery A. Rubakov + Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy + Politecnico di Torino, Italy Department of Civil and Russian Academy of Sciences + Forschungszentrum Julich + Psi-k - Daresbury Laboratory, UK Environmental Engineering Institute For Nuclear Research, GmbH, Germany + Regione Autonoma Friuli Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Russian Federation + Howard University, USA Venezia Giulia, Italy + Imperial College of London, UK + Simons Foundation, USA David Gross Gang Tian + Indian Institute of Science, India + Sincrotrone Trieste Società Kavli Institute for Theoretical Department of Mathematics + Institute for Anthropological Consortile per Azioni, Italy Physics, UC Santa Barbara, USA Princeton University, USA Research, Croatia + SISSA, Italy + Institute of International + Tampere University of Jeffrey A. Harvey Cumrun Vafa Education, USA Technology, Finland Department of Physics, Enrico Department of Physics + Institute of Physics and + The Changchun Inst. of Optics, Fine Fermi Institute, USA Harvard University, USA Engineering in Medicine, UK Mechanics & Physics, China + International Atomic Energy Agency + The International Society for Luciano Maiani (Chair) Peter Zoller + International Commission Optical Engineering (SPIE), USA Dipartimento di Fisica University of Innsbruck Institute for for Optics, USA + UNESCO Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy Theoretical Physics and IQOQI, Austrian + International Telecommunication + Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy Academy of Sciences, Austria Union, Switzerland + Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy Marc Mézard + International Union of + Università degli Studi École Normale Supérieure, France Crystallography, UK Milano Bicocca, Italy + International Union of Pure + Université Paris Saclay, France

30 31 Scientific and Administrative Staff 2020

High Energy, Cosmology Condensed Matter Director and Astroparticle Physics and Statistical Physics

Section Head: Long-term Visiting Scientists: Section Head: Long-term Visiting Scientists: Atish Dabholkar Paolo Creminelli Marina Cobal Rosario Fazio Stefano Chesi Yasaman Farzan Wenbin He Bobby Acharya Kaniba Mady Keita Nadia Binggeli Pengfei Liang Mehrdad Mirbabayi Giancarlo Panizzo Marcello Dalmonte Elisabetta Paladino Joan Elias Miro Michele Pinamonti Ralph Gebauer Nawaz Qaisrani Director’s Office Kyriakos Papadodimas Kate Shaw Ali Hassanali Sayed Reza Safdari Pavel Putrov Mohammad Sheikh-Jabbari Mikhail Kiselev Yingdan Wang Scientific Consultants: George Thompson Vladimir Tello Sandro Scandolo Luciano Bertocchi Giovanni Villadoro Oscar Zapata Norena Antonello Scardicchio Scientific Consultants: Joe Niemela Nicola Seriani Pasquale Calabrese Renato Padovani Emeritus Scientists: Research Staff Associates: Asja Jelic Sandro Maria Radicella Kumar S. Narain Leopoldo Pando Zayas Emeritus Scientist: Alessandro Laio Tahir Shah Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi Ravi Sheth Vladimir E. Kravtsov Giuseppe Santoro Erio Tosatti Goran Senjanovic Erio Tosatti Claudio Tuniz Alexei Smirnov Scientific Consultants: Distinguished Staff Associate: Francesco Benini Boris Altshuler Scientific Collaborators: Post-doctoral Fellows: Edi Gava Giuseppe Mussardo Jian Peng Ang Andrea Romanino Research Staff Associate: Mauro Sellitto Marco Celoria Alexander Nersesyan Alessandro Silva Francesca Ferrari Administrative Professional Staff Nayara Fonseca Long-term Visiting Scientists/ James Ingoldby Boltzman Senior Fellows: SDU Coordinator Oliver Janssen Alejandro Rodriguez Garcia Enrique Canessa Olga Papadoulaki Natasa Stojic Arnab Rudra Technician, SDU Arturo R. Sanchez Pineda Post-doctoral Fellows: Carlo Fonda Leonid Serkin Adriano Angelone Jiahua Tian Khatereh Azizi Human Resources Officer Ida Zadeh Giuliano Chiriaco Svetlana Gorodetskaya Ricardo Franklin Mergarejo Pierre Martin Fromholz System and Network Analyst Sukanya Ghosh Clement Onime Paule Gonzalo Manzano Ana Laura Gramajo Head, ICTS Karen Hovhannisyan Ulrich Singe Tiago Mendes Santos Elham Moharramzadeh Goliaei IT Engineer, ICTS Uriel Nicolas Morzan Snezana Stantic Victor Naden Robinson Andrei Pavlov Public Information Officer Samare Rostami Mary Ann Williams Shraddha Sharma Piotr Sierant In addition, ICTP employed 114 Scott Richard Taylor General Service staff in 2020 Nandhakumar Velankanni

32 33 Scientific and Administrative Staff 2020

Earth System Quantitative Mathematics Applied Physics Physics Life Sciences

Section Head: Maria Liz Crespo Section Head: Section Head: Claudio Arezzo Yenca Olivia Migoya Orué Filippo Giorgi Matteo Marsili Bruno Nava Emanuel Carneiro Marco Zennaro Abdelkrim Aoudia Jean Barbier Lothar Göttsche Erika Coppola Antonio Celani Stefano Luzzatto Long-term Visiting Scientists: Riccardo Farneti Jacopo Grilli Pavel Putrov Katy Alazo Cuartas Graziano Giuliani Édgar Roldán Estebanez Fernando Rodriguez Villegas Federico Bernardini Fred Kucharski Werner Florian Samayoa Andrea Pozzer Research Staff Associates: Distinguished Staff Associate: Moez Altayeb Alhag Adrian Tompkins Mahesh Bandi Don B. Zagier Seid Salahadin Fakteh Ghanbarnejad Giacomo Vinci Staff Associates: Rami Pugatch Post-doctoral Fellows: In Sik Kang Massimo Vergassola Tarig Abdelgadir Scientific Consultants: F. Molteni Yasser Roudi Rashtabadi Jian Peng Ang Humberto Cabrera Morales J. Shukla Riccardo Zecchina Andrea Olivo Ermanno Pietrosemoli Alejandra Rincón Hidalgo Sandro Radicella Post-doctoral Fellows: Consultants: Zakarias Jon Sjöström Dyrefelt Marco Rainone S. Abba Omar Chris Mathys Claudio Tuniz M. A. Abid Fernanda de Castro Reis Long-term Visiting Scientists: J. Ciarlo Gonzalez Riquelme Technical Assistant: Sushant Das Post-doctoral Fellows: Oscar Emilio Quesada Herrera Andres Cicuttin Laetitia Foundotos Roman Belousov M. Garcia-Valdecasa Ojeda Alessandro Ingrosso Scientific Consultants: Postdoctoral Fellow: Russell Glazer Andrea Mazzolini Giovanni Bellettini Mary-Jane Sule S. K. Mueller Manuel Saenz Francesco Pappalardi Rita Nogherotto Anjan Roy Emanuela Pichelli Silvia Zaoli Francesca Raffaele Marco Reale Susanna Strada Jose Abraham Torres Alavez Blaž Vicic

Scientific Consultants: Anna Pirani C. Solidoro S. Saeed

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