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Treatment of Swine Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor*

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Treatment of Swine Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor* Research Paper EAEF 4(2) : 47-53, 2011 Treatment of Swine Wastewater using Sequencing Batch Reactor* Mohammad N. ISLAM*1 Keum J. PARK*2 Md. J. ALAM*3 Abstract The swine wastewater from Sunchon swine farm was decomposed using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The reactor body was fabricated using a plexi glass cylinder and its total volume was 20L with 15L of working volume. Each operating cycle consisted of five phases (fill, react, settle, draw and idle) with a total cycle time of 8 hours, thus resulting in three cycles per day (with 5 days of hydraulic retention time and 41 days of solid retention time). The cycles of the SBR system were controlled by a designed on-site computer and custom software. The results showed removal efficiencies of 85.5%, 80.3% and 87.2% for BOD, COD and TP respectively. It was found however that there were some - non-satisfactory results, only attaining removal efficiencies of 61.0%, 31.2% and 54.5% for TN, NH3-N and NO3 -N respectively. This was possibly due to the lack of enough carbon source and the inadequate aeration rate. It was also observed that removal efficiencies of 61.4%, 62.8%, 77.6% and 73.2% could be obtained for TS, TVS, TSS and TVSS respectively. The study showed that the SBR system could be used to attain good removal efficiencies of BOD, COD and nutrients in swine wastewater treatment if it is supplied with sufficient carbon source for de-nitrification and optimum aeration for nitrification. [Keywords] sequencing batch reactor (SBR), COD removal, BOD removal, swine wastewater, wastewater treatment, removal efficiency I Introduction de-nitrification using alternation of oxic and anoxic periods. Due to its operational flexibility, it is simple to increase The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) has gained wide SBR efficiency in treating wastewater by changing the acceptance for the removal of the biochemical oxygen timescale of each phase. Several researchers have used demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and SBR to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, COD and BOD from different nutrients from wastewater (Imura et al., 1993, swine wastewater (Bicudo et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2000; Rusten and Eliassen, 1993). Wastewaters from pig farms Kim et al., 2004; Tilche et al., 1999). Despite this SBR is are characterized by their high BOD, COD and other not widely utilized to treat swine farm wastewater in Korea. nutrient contents. Many pig farms in Korea typically use an This research was conducted to evaluate the performance activated sludge treatment system for the decomposition of of an oxic-anoxic SBR system according to a specific time wastewaters. The activated sludge system however has schedule in terms of reduction of COD, BOD and nutrients problems with high energy consumption and biomass in treating slurry manure from swine farm. production, leading to a relatively high operation cost and the disposal of a large amount of sludge. It has been found II Materials and Methods that biological processes based upon a sequencing batch 1. SBR construction and set-up reactor (SBR) are effective for organic nutrient removal in The experiment was carried out using a lab scale domestic and industrial wastewater (A Mohseni and Bazari, sequencing batch reactor (SBR), having a total volume of 2004). In recent years sequencing batch reactors have 20L with a working volume 15L. The SBR system was become of great interest for wastewater treatment due to installed at the farm power lab in Sunchon National their simple configuration (all necessary processes take University, Korea. The SBR body was fabricated using a place within a single time sequence in a single basin). SBR transparent plexi glass cylinder with an inner diameter of can achieve nutrient removal by the nitrification and 190mm. * This paper was supported by Sunchon National University Research fund in 2007. *1 Department of Industrial Machinery Engineering, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, South Korea *2 KSAM Member, Corresponding author, Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Engineering, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, South Korea, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +82-617503267 Fax: +82-617503260 *3 Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, South Korea 48 Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food Vol. 4, No. 2 (2011) LabVIEW data logger Air pump Mixer Influent pump Mixer Draw pump Effluent tank Air flow controller Influent tank Surplus sludge Fig. 1 A schematic diagram of the experimental arrangements for the sequencing batch reactor treatment system. The system consisted of the reactor body, two peristaltic Table 1 Basic properties of the influent wastewater fed pumps (7524-45, Cole-Parmer Instrument Co.) for feeding into the sequencing batch reactor. influent and discharging effluent and 3 probes for the Parameters Concentration measurement of pH, temperature and the dissolved oxygen content (DO). Air was supplied into the reactor via two pH 7.47 porous stone diffusers. Supplemental mixing was provided Biochemical oxygen demand, mg/L 1500 by turbine stirrers with four blades (radius 6 cm). The SBR Chemical oxygen demand, mg/L 1972 system operation and data acquisition were accomplished Total phosphorus (TP), mg/L 1058 by an on-site computer using LabVIEW software (National Total nitrogen(TN), mg/L 1720 - Instrument Corporation). A schematic diagram of the Nitrate-nitrogen(NO3 -N), mg/L 377 design of the SBR system is shown in Fig. 1. Ammonia-nitrogen(NH3-N), mg/L 948 Total solids(TS), % 1.20 2. Collection of swine wastewater Total volatile solids(TVS), % 0.67 Wastewater for the experiment was collected from Total suspended solids(TSS), % 0.67 Suncheon swine farm located near Suncheon city. The Total volatile suspended solids 0.33 collected wastewater was sieved to remove coarse materials (TVSS), % o (particles greater than 600 µm) and then stored at 4 C if not used immediately. The original wastewater had about 7% of 3. Sampling and analytical method total solids (TS), so it was diluted seven times with fresh During the experimental period (June 20–July 31; 2009), water to decrease the quantity of total solids for this sampling was carried out every day for the first four days, experiment. The characteristic compositions of the diluted one time every two days from the 5th to the 27th day and wastewater are presented in Table 1. once every three or four days after that. ISLAM, PARK, ALAM : Treatment of Swine Wastewater using Sequencing Batch Reactor 49 FILL REACT SETTLE DRAW IDLE 40 min 360 min 40 min 20 min 20min Oxic Anoxic Anaerobic (40 min) (20 min) Fig. 2 The time frame for one cycle tested on the SBR. All analytical measurements were undertaken according to this sludge was removed during the IDLE phase to keep the the standard methods of the American Public Health SRT of 41 days. In the DRAW phase, the supernatant was Association (APHA, 1998). The parameters analyzed removed by the peristaltic pump with a flow rate of 50 include: total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total mL/min resulting in 5 days of HRT. Finally, the decanted suspended solids (TSS), total volatile suspended solids effluent was collected and analyzed. A detailed operating (TVSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), time frame for one cycle is shown in Fig. 2. chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate III Results and Discussion - - nitrogen (NO3 -N). The COD, TP, TN, NH3-N, NO3 -N contents were measured using a DR/2800 1. BOD removal spectrophotometer (“Hach company”, 1993). Suspended The BOD concentration is used to assess the organic solids were measured using a glass micro fiber filter (Cat. 5 matter removal (Zhu et al., 2006). Because the experiment No. 1822-047, Whatman). The pH, temperature and the started after filling 14 L of raw wastewater into the SBR dissolved oxygen content (DO) of the mixed liquor in the tank, effluent concentrations for all items during the first 5 SBR tank were measured manually every day using days had high values and decreased continuously towards CX-401(Sechang, Korea). constant values. In this present study, the influent had a BOD5 concentration of 1500 mg/L. This reduced to 190 4. Experimental procedure mg/L by the 9th day and fluctuated from 110 mg/L to 390 The SBR experiment was performed for 41 days at mg/L during the rest of the testing period with a mean of 23.7±1oC liquid temperature. At the beginning the SBR was 216.9 mg/L as shown in Fig. 3. The removal rates of the filled with 14 L of influent wastewater and started regular effluents were obtained using the data from the 9th day to operation according to the time schedule. Previous research the end of the experiment. indicates that the cycle regime and hydraulic retention time (HRT) are the two critical parameters that affect the performance and economics of an SBR. The HRT was 5 days for this experiment, following that indicated by previous research (Ra et al., 2000). Each operating cycle consisted of five phases, i.e. FILL, REACT, SETTLE, DRAW and IDLE, and lasted for a total of 8 hours, thus resulting in three cycles per day. During the FILL phase, the main reactor received influent wastewater from the storage basin at a feeding rate of 25 mL/min resulting in a fill rate of 1 L of influent per cycle. The REACT phase was composed of an oxic-anoxic process. The liquid in the tank was mixed by a 4 bladed propeller and air was supplied (1-1.5 L/min) during the oxic period in the reaction basin.
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