How Does Mobile Page Speed Shape In-Between Touchpoints in the Customer Journey? a Research Regarding the Most Trusted Retailers in Romania

Article How Does Mobile Page Speed Shape in-between Touchpoints in the Customer Journey? A Research Regarding the Most Trusted Retailers in Romania

Eliza Nichifor *, Radu Constantin Lixăndroiu , Ioana Bianca Chit, u, Gabriel Brătucu and Adrian Trifan

Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Bra¸sov,

Colina Universităt, ii Street no. 1, Building A, 500068 Bra¸sov, Romania; [email protected] (R.C.L.); [email protected] (I.B.C.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (A.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: In the digital age, retailers face umpteen challenges, finding it increasingly difficult to fulfil the customer requirements. Studying the most trusted online stores in Romania, the authors aimed to identify the opportunities and the challenges for retailers in the connected consumer’ journey, analyzing the page load speed of the in-between touchpoints in the pre-check-out phase on smartphones. In this regard, comparative analysis and content analysis were performed, taking into consideration eight performance indicators, namely, first content paint, first input delay, largest contentful paint, cumulative layout shift, performance score, speed index, time to interactive, and total blocking time. Three platforms were used to run the tests, the generated data allowing the identification of the necessary enhancements to ensure a continuous consumer journey. The study revealed that the selected in-between touchpoints need major improvements to provide a satisfying Citation: Nichifor, E.; Lix˘androiu, consumer experience on a smartphone. The scientific contribution of this article consists of presenting R.C.; Chit,u, I.B.; Br˘atucu,G.; Trifan, A. 14 opportunities designed for retailers. By implementing them, for every 0.1 s saved, the conversion How Does Mobile Page Speed Shape rate can increase by 8% due to emotional mitigation with technological performance improvements. in-between Touchpoints in the The page speed shapes the customer journey, the retailers gaining the users’ trust by avoiding a long Customer Journey? A Research waiting time between the touchpoints. Regarding the Most Trusted Retailers in Romania. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16, 1369–1389. Keywords: mobile page speed; in-between touchpoints; customer journey; mobile commerce; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050077 connected consumer; consumer experience; optimization

Academic Editor: Dan-Cristian Dabija

Received: 19 March 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 15 April 2021 The digital age’s connected consumer easily switches the real world with the virtual Published: 19 April 2021 world, accessing mixed touchpoints in the interaction with retailers, consumer journeys becoming progressively compounded and generating the distortion of traditional marketing Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral funnels. The increased number of channels and touchpoints is putting pressure on retail- with regard to jurisdictional claims in ers [1–3] and the ‘word of retailing’ is in a continuous change due to customer-interfacing published maps and institutional affil- retail technologies [4]. iations. The junction point between Information and Communications Technology and the Internet on mobile devices accelerates the evolution and provides consumers with the occasion to access the desired products and services, becoming more and more difficult to reach and fill with satisfaction the potential customer. This bouncing type of consumer Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. is currently the heart of the digital world. Citing the fact that the public is conquered by Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. digital informers and digital shoppers [5], their decisions shape the marketing funnels, the This article is an open access article consumer journeys, and the complex buying behaviors, these representing real challenges distributed under the terms and for retailers. At the same time, the increasing availability of smartphones and high-speed conditions of the Creative Commons Internet drove their growingly use to make purchases [6–8]. The new generation of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// electronic commerce, mobile commerce [9], has become a mega-trend, with regular growth creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ in the number of consumers [10–13]. 4.0/).

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16, 1369–1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050077 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jtaer J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1370

To survive in a highly competitive market, retailers are concerned with creating a strong customer journey experience and understanding the role of customer experiences at each stage of this journey [14–17]. The customer journey received less attention from specialists until a few years ago [18] and includes several stages, like creating desire, searching for information, evaluation of alternatives, obtaining satisfaction, and sharing experience [19] at all touchpoints from firms and customers [18]. Starting from Lemon’s cite of creating and delivering a positive experience [15], the authors of this paper tried to analyze the experience of the connected consumer on smartphones during the purchase journey. To achieve this goal, the model of total consumer experience, developed by Chatzopoulos [20], was taken into consideration. It includes two key concepts, namely, touchpoints and in-between touchpoints. Touchpoints are verbal or non-verbal incidents an individual perceives and consciously relates to a given firm or brand [1] but also, they are considered well-defined time points when consumers interact with a company or an asset of it [20,21]. On the other hand, the in-between touchpoint is defined as the period between two touchpoints [20]. The model involves the introduction of the in-between touchpoints as the period between two touchpoints that includes the non-touchpoints in the process of total consumer experience. This theory was chosen to be developed because it says that the occurrence of issues from one touchpoint to another can change and influence consumer opinion and satisfaction. The consumer experience can be challenging if the retailers’ assets do not respond or adapt to consumer requirements. Based on this concept, this paper aims to analyze the page load speed on smartphones of the in-between touchpoints in the pre-checkout phase, considering all the performance indicators for loading, interactivity, and visual stability [22]. So, with this research, it is desired to add value to the proposed model [20] and to identify the challenges and the opportunities to develop mobile commerce in Romania. The contribution of the paper in the literature is to extend the theory of total consumer experience with its periods, by introducing the page load speed on smartphones as a non-touchpoint, deliberating it as an asset of the retailer. To understand how the connected consumer reacts to the technological performance of the online store pages, two types of analysis were performed. The first one is an indirect method, a content analysis, based on secondary data, followed by a comparative analysis used to rank the online stores. The study highlighted the cases of the most experienced and certified retailers in Romania, according to Trusted.ro, who sell services and products on the Internet. Derived from the study’s objectives, the online stores’ technological performance was tested to identify how they operate. The results qualified the analyzed cases and favored the creation of a list of challenges and opportunities. The results show a lack of performance, demonstrating that the retailers do not meet the needs of users in the pre-checkout phase. The slow page load speed on smartphones ruins the consumer’s journey because it is not in their attention, registering a low rating value to online stores, which requires major improvements in both 3G and 4G networks. To achieve the intended purpose, the paper is structured into six sections. After the introduction and the review of the scientific literature, the research methodology was introduced, followed by the presentation of the results of the study, the final part being allocated to the discussions and conclusions.

2. Literature Review The present incorporates Experience Economy as the central aspect of the management philosophy to encourage competitiveness on the market [23]. Retailers are concerned with providing the most memorable experience to consumers [24]. They need to approach the total consumer shopping experience to achieve the goal of gaining their trust through an evolutionary relationship, provoking sensory, emotional, and rational reactions. An authentic experience is inﬂuenced by touchpoints (points of interaction between the consumer and the retailer), context (available resources), and qualities (consumer responses J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1371

and reactions to the interaction with the retailer) [25]. It certainly depends on the time spent completing a purchase on an app, a long time leading to a negative consumer perceived experience [26]. Therefore, the shopping journey is marked by four periods: initiation, touchpoints, in-between touchpoints, and finalization. The riskiest of them is represented by the in-between touchpoints period because, in its course, the interaction between them is missing, the consumer’s behavior being difficult to directly influence. At this stage, the resources provided play a particularly important role in how they can be adapted and meet the demanding requirements of consumers [20]. In this context, more and more retailers are moving towards mobile commerce, the commercial activity that is performed on a mobile phone or a tablet [27], even if some SMEs may consider this step risky [28], due to concerns about optimizing the conversion rate [29] and consumer retention to achieve increased sales and reduced costs [30]. On the other hand, from the consumers’ perspective, the transition from e-commerce to m-commerce is favored by technical progress, respectively by the increasingly advanced and accessible technology but also by the value perceived by them [31]. Although promising, e-commerce is only a small part of the global e-commerce market today [32]. It depends on the development of technologies [33] and consumer trust in such transactions [34]. The literature draws attention to consumer behavior and decisions that can be influenced by a myriad of factors such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, value- added and service functionality [35,36], behavioral intention, as a result for ‘perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and privacy and security’ [37], the screen size of smartphones [26], but also impulsivity and positive impact on improving the satisfying experience [30]. For example, a study that, in trying to understand the factors that influence m-commerce adoption in India, took into account variables such as perceived transaction risk, cost, compatibility of use, ease of use, perceived usefulness, intent to use, and actual use, reached to the conclusion that all factors less cost have a positive influence on the intention to use m-commerce [8]. However, specialized studies note the need to evaluate m-commerce applications [38]. A study of Chinese consumers showed that website quality significantly influences the utility perceived by the consumer for m-commerce apparel. The characteristics of the website must meet the needs of consumers, to facilitate the search, the perceived usefulness and the ease of use of an m-commerce site, resulting in a positive consumer attitude [39]. A successful m-commerce application must take into account ‘usability, native look and feel, high-resolution graphics, predictable and easy navigation, and trustworthiness that the application reflects’ [40] (p. 3). Extra seconds needed to load pages on mobile devices can cost retailers a lot, but a performing loading speed can also have a positive impact on performance indicators related to business revenue [41] (p. 15), only for those who are aware of the sensitivity of users to the loading time, especially in the pre-checkout phase. Consumers want their needs to be met as soon as possible, so minimizing the duration of consumers’ journey and the emotional mitigation during it are necessary actions [20]. The conversion rate drops dramatically if the speed between the time the users leave the product page and the time the product is added to the cart is not as expected [42]. One second delay can affect mobile conversions by up to 20% [43] and people who have a negative mobile experience are 62% less likely to make a purchase in the future, no matter how attractive or data-driven their marketing campaigns are [44]. Retailers have begun to embrace the perspective that the purchasing decision-making process can be isolatedly approached from the pre-acquisition phase’s viewpoint. Considering the extended impact of technological performance on the consumer’s journey, they initiate the technological capabilities adjustment to the needs of the connected consumer, who buys with a smartphone [45].

3. Materials and Methods Starting from the concepts presented in the introduction, the authors perpetuate the m-commerce growth by improving the consumer experience from the perspective of the page load speed of the in-between touchpoints on smartphones. In this way, the theory of J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1372

total consumer experience [20] is extended and the page load speed is introduced as a factor that influences the customer journey. According to Tueanrat [46], technological disruption is a theme related to it, divided into two sub-themes, namely, innovative touchpoints and technology adoption The authors used these concepts and they analyzed the perceived utility and the perceived ease of use [47], with qualitative marketing research, based on both secondary and primary data. A secondary dataset was used to select retailers and two primary data sets were used for two different types of analysis. To ‘provide a collective insight’ and to ‘generate reliable findings due to the structured and consistent procedures’ [48,49], a content analysis was performed based on real field data. In this way, crucial moments during the customer journey and potential opportunities were identified. The second analysis was performed using laboratory data, to try to compare the selected online stores, using the hierarchy by the method of diameters [50].

3.1. Research Objectives and Hypotheses The research aims to extract information about the technological performance of the online stores’ pages on smartphones of the most trusted retailers in Romania. To achieve this purpose, the authors set the following objectives: (1) the analysis of certified online stores in Romania from the perspective of the site load speed on smartphones, (2) testing the touchpoints’ pages load speed to measure the loading time of the in-between touchpoints, (3) taking the Core Web Vitals assessment to test technological performance, (4) comparing the performance of selected online stores by the diameter method, (5) naming the recurring challenges identified among the retailers studied, and (6) promoting opportunities to mitigate the challenges identified at point (5). The hypotheses were formulated in synchrony with the research objectives, these being described by the following statements: 1. The online stores with a poor rating for site speed loading on mobile do not show any change regarding the speed performance in the last month. 2. In most cases, the loading speed of the in-between touchpoints’ pages increases as the user approaches the checkout. 3. Most online stores successfully pass the Vitalis Web assessment. 4. The research will highlight a sufficient number of opportunities that retailers can take advantage of to develop m-commerce and improve the consumer experience in terms of loading speed.

3.2. Methodology In the first stage, the information published by the National Program for the Certifica- tion of Online Stores in Romania [51] was taken into consideration. At the date of the study, according to the platform, 207 electronic stores categorized according to 16 fields of activity were registered with the Trusted.ro trademark. In the second stage, the authors considered the date on which the activity was started to select one online store from each category that had the longest experience on the Romanian market. After listing the 16 entities to be introduced in the study, the presence of the shopping cart on the site was analyzed, through which was the possibility of direct purchase of products or services. In situations where the oldest retailer did not present the possibility to add the desired product to the cart, the choice of the next one from the same category that met this condition was taken. Finally, a list of 16 online stores was obtained who presented a certification on consumer trust, with significant experience of selling products or services via the Internet on the Romanian market and who integrated a shopping cart as a tool for purchasing on the site. A content analysis was elaborated, based on real field data, whose structure was created based on the parameters related to the two platforms used to generate the primary data detailed below. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the sites was performed using the diameter method. It was based on laboratory data, used in the ranking of the 16 selected retailers. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1373

3.2.1. Page Speed Insights (PSI) PSI reports a page’s performance on both mobile and desktop devices, giving more suggestions on how the page can be improved. The test generates two types of page data, real-world ﬁeld data and lab data. Both types of data were used to conduct complete research without the limit of real-world ﬁeld data that includes a small number of metrics.

Real-World Field Data The role of using this type of data in research is to generate the values for the performance score of mobile pages, but also the ones for First Content Paint (FCP), First Input Delay (FID), Largest Contentful Paint (LCP), and Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS), in field conditions, generated with real-world data that reflect the user experience. Performance score. The value that shows the performance of the site is displayed at the beginning of the report. It has values between 0 and 100, any value above 90 is considered a good score, 50–90 is a score that needs improvement, and below 50 is considered a poor score. FCP is the user-centered value, included in the research for the analysis of perceived loading speed, with a particularly important role in analyzing the consumer experience because this variable measures the time from the beginning of page loading to the moment when a part of the page content is displayed on the screen, marking the first point in the page load history. A fast FCP shows that the users understand that something is going to happen, assuring them of the page’s functionality. FID is a user-centered value, included in the research because of its ability to measure responsiveness, as it quantifies the experience users have when trying to interact with unresponsive pages. So, this variable complements the site’s ability to ‘paint’ the pixels with the importance of how responsive the site is when users interact with those pixels. FID contributes to measuring the first impression about the interactivity and responsiveness of the site. The FID value of fewer than 100 milliseconds helps ensure the users that the page is useful. LCP, a user-centric value, has a special role in research because it complements the FCP by measuring the perceived loading speed when the main content of the page has been loaded. Displaying LCP content in the first 2.5 s of loading ensures a good user experience, its speed assuring the user that the page is useful. The CLS variable was introduced in the content analysis because it measures the visual stability and provides the verdict of the analyzed page in terms of the frequency of unexpected changes in appearance. A CLS less than 0.1 assures the user that the page is delightful and visually stable. The platform integrates these variables in the Web Core Vitals assessment, the Google initiative that aims to generate and analyze opportunities for key quality signals for an excellent user experience. Site owners are advised to measure vital elements. Data are distributed by the product in three categories describing the experiences considered good, the ones that need to be improved or poor, depending on the thresholds based on the analysis of the Chrome User Experience (CrUX) dataset, which provides user experience values for how the real world is experiencing popular destinations on the web. Values are marked with green, orange, and red bars and represent an aggregate view of all page loads in the previous collection period of 28 days. Above the distribution bars, PSI reports the 75th percentile for all values, so that developers can identify unpleasant user experiences. For these reasons, the evaluation was considered useful by the authors, the PSI test generating values for each variable mentioned and explained above by copying and pasting the online store’s link of each retailer in the platform to identify the main challenges and opportunities that they face.

Lab Data To complete the list of metrics presented in the case of real-world ﬁeld data, the laboratory data set of the PSI test was used. Their role in the research is represented by their J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1374

establishment as a basis in the comparative analysis performed by the diameter method. In addition to the different approaches to FCP, LCP, and CLS, laboratory data also includes Speed Index (SI), Time to Interactive (TTI), and Total Blocking Time (TBT). SI is one of the six components of the performance section of the Lighthouse report. This indicator measures how quickly the content is visually displayed while the page is loading. The speed index is generated using Lighthouse which uses the Speedline Node.js module, calculating the visual progression between frames using the structural similarity index. The performance of a site is rendered by the loading time in the three intervals 0–4.3 s (SI score between 75–100) representing a fast rating (green), 4.4–5.8 s (SI score between 50–74) moderate rating (orange), and over 5.8 s (SI score between 0–49) slow rating (red). TTI, like SI, is a metric included in the Performance section of the Lighthouse report, its measurement being imperative because some sites choose to optimize visibility at the expense of interactivity. In other words, the loaded page may seem ready to use because the content is visible, but when the user wants to interact with it, nothing happens. TTI thus measures the time it takes for a page to be fully loaded. The interpretation of this score is performed according to the specified intervals. Between 0–3.8 s, the site loads quickly (green), between 3.9–7.3 s, the site receives a moderate rating (orange), and over 7.3, the site loads slowly (red). TBT joins the other metrics in the Performance section and according to web.dev is a lab metric, measuring the responsiveness of the task, as it helps quantify the severity of how a page is noninteractive before it becomes reliably interactive. In other words, TBT measures the time between FCP and TTI. A low TTB helps ensure the use of the page. The intervals in which the metric falls are represented by the values 0–300 milliseconds (fast, green), 300–600 milliseconds (moderate, orange), and over 600 milliseconds (slow, red). Metrics were used in the comparative analysis to rank online stores using the diameter method. For the hierarchy of variants, the method takes into account the degree of homo- geneity of the variant concerning all criteria. To avoid the compensations, two functions are defined based on which the hierarchy of variants will be made: an appreciation function and a diameter function. Thus, a variant is all the more homogeneous, the smaller its diameter and the better the appreciation. The algorithm of the method is as follows: Step 1. Define the appreciation function: A : V → R

n A(Vi) = ∑ m − loc Vi, Cj · pj, i = 1, 2, . . . , m , (1) j=1

where P = (p1, p2,..., pn) represents the vector of weights (subjective, objective, or aggregate), and loc Vi, Cj = k, that is, the value of the variant Vi for criterion j it occupies the place k in the hierarchy of the m values associated with criterion j. Step 2. Deﬁne the diameter function: D : V → N D(Vi) = max loc Vi, Cj − min loc Vi, Cj , i = 1, 2, . . . , m, j = 1, 2, . . . , n (2) j j

Step 3. Calculate the aggregate function: A & D : V → R

A(V ) + (m − D(V )) A & D(V ) = i i , i = 1, 2, . . . , m (3) i 2

Step 4. The hierarchy of variants is given by the decreasing values of the A&D function. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1375

3.2.2. Mobile Site Speed Test (MSST) Under the auspices of the Think with Google program, the MSST platform [52] was used in the study to generate information about the loading speed of touchpoints pages in the 3G and 4G networks. Based on the CrUX dataset and using Lighthouse technology, the platform uses real- world user-generated data to evaluate the speed of mobile pages and generate personalized recommendations to enhance the user experience on mobile devices. The purpose of integrating the MSST platform into the research is to use its capacity in determining retailers to initiate collaboration with the technical team to implement the optimization plan. Using the links of the online stores, a report was generated for the 3G and 4G networks on the pages corresponding to each touchpoint to analyze the loading time evaluated by the expected seconds until the content display, the rating, and the monthly trend. The loading speed generated in the report places the site in one of three categories of rating good (0–2.5 s), needs improvement (2.5–4 s), and poor (over 4 s), defined by LCP and the site pages in the same categories, but framed in different time intervals, being defined by FCP, good (0–1 s), needs improvement (1–2.5 s), and poor (over 2.5 s). The monthly trend is calculated taking into account whether in the current month the LCP is faster, slower, or unchanged. Since the data source is the same (CrUX) being updated monthly, the variable is constantly updated. All data generated by the reports were entered in the content analysis, focused on the pre-checkout process, analyzing the home pages, the pages of the first product displayed on the site, and the shopping cart page. Two variables were introduced to highlight the results after evaluating the loading speed. One of them is represented by the distance from the time of purchase, coded from 3 for the farthest touchpoint to 1, for the nearest and the other is the impact rate on the purchase, set as 10% for the home page, 30% for the product page, and 60% for the shopping cart page. The content analysis was performed by interpreting the results horizontally and vertically, to obtain the set of information necessary for the discussion and conclusions sections of this paper.

4. Results Following through the research, the results induced notable opportunities for m- commerce growth in Romania. The analysis assessed data about the page load speed, the rating for each touchpoint, the perceived loading speed, as well as visual stability. The data interpretation engendered continuing controversy about the satisfying experience for connected consumers, carefully presented in the Discussion section.

4.1. Content Analysis with Real-World Field Data 4.1.1. Mobile Site Speed Test (MSST) Running the MSST, a set of data was centralized in the content analysis in a classified way and according to the predominant networks in Romania, the 3G and 4G. Loading speed. Testing the touchpoints’ load speed, the MSST was running to account for how long a user has to wait for the content to load. Depending on the number of seconds recorded, is acknowledged the usefulness of the page and perceived the straightforward modus operandi. In the 3G network, the uppermost situations are represented by the online stores that show a fluctuating loading speed from one touchpoint to another. Specifically, the waiting time becomes longer as the users leave the home page and land on the product page and it shortens as they are moving forward from the product page to the shopping cart. Even if the loading time lessens as the users draw near the checkout, the load speed of the shopping cart page is slower than the average load site speed in all situations (Figure1 ). The slightest difference between the value of the average site load speed and the value of JTAER 2021, 16JTAER, FOR 2021 PEER, 16 REVIEW, FOR PEER REVIEW 8 8

of secondsof recorded, seconds recorded,is acknowledged is acknowledged the usefulness the usefulness of the page of andthe pageperceived and perceivedthe the straightforwardstraightforward modus operandi. modus operandi. In the 3G network,In the 3G the network, uppermost the uppermost situations aresituations represented are represented by the online by storesthe online that stores that show a fluctuatingshow a fluctuating loading speed loading from speed one touchpoint from one touchpoint to another. to Specifically, another. Specifically, the waiting the waiting time becomestime longer becomes as the longer users as leave the users the home leave pagethe home and land page on and the land product on the page product and page and J. Theor. Appl. Electron.it Commer.shortens Res.it as shortens2021 they, 16 are as moving they are forward moving from forward the product from the page product to the page shopping to the cart.shopping Even cart. Even1376 if the loadingif the time loading lessens time as thelessens users as draw the users near drawthe checkout, near the thecheckout, load speed the load of the speed shop- of the shopping cart pageping iscart slower page than is slower the average than the lo adaverage site speed load sitein all speed situations in all (Figuresituations 1). (FigureThe 1). The slightest differenceslightest differencebetween the between value ofthe the value average of the site average load speed site load and speedthe value and ofthe the value of the the shopping cart load speed is showcased by the pentruanimale.ro, where the average site shopping cartshopping load speed cart load is showcased speed is showcased by the pentruanimale.ro, by the pentruanimale.ro, where the whereaverage the site average site load speed is 4.1 s, the shopping cart recording 5.2 s. load speedload is 4.1 speed s, the is shopping 4.1 s, the cartshopping recording cart 5.2recording s. 5.2 s.

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about the performance of the sites, but unforcedly it does not provoke a misperception about a certain deficiency of ease of use or other barriers in the journey. Thus, their experience is not affected and if there is already a purchase decision, the conversion rate does not decrease and the users will fluidly journey to the checkout. The same cannot be conveyed, however, for three retailers that show the increased loading speeds’ values as the J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021distance, 16 between the touchpoints shortens and the impact rate becomes increasingly sig-1377 nificant. The users that experience blockades during the loading process change their perception of ease of use, especially when they access the shopping cart touchpoint and it loads slow. In case they wanted to make a purchase, this does not happen anymore, the conversionconversion rate isis reducedreduced byby 20%20% for for each each delayed delayed second. second. Only Only two two exposed exposed a decreasinga decreas- ingloading loading speed speed during during the journey,the journey, but none but none of them of presentedthem presented an optimal an optimal value forvalue the for 3G thenetwork 3G network (less than (less 2.5 than s). 2.5 s). ImprovementsImprovements were observed in the 4G network (Appendix A A).). TheThe variancevariance forfor eacheach retailerretailer is is displayed in in Figure 33 andand thethe mostmost enlighteningenlightening isis forfor thethe ofﬁcedirect.roofficedirect.ro thatthat indicates a decreased cart’s loading speed by 9 s. Even so, having a loading time of 10 s for indicates a decreased cart’s loading speed by 9 s. Even so, having a loading time of 10 s the cart page in this network, the retailer encounters problems in terms of user experience. for the cart page in this network, the retailer encounters problems in terms of user experi- Being four times slower than the recommended speed, most likely the potential buyer will ence. Being four times slower than the recommended speed, most likely the potential give up the desired purchase if it lands on the shopping cart page and he has to wait so buyer will give up the desired purchase if it lands on the shopping cart page and he has long to load and display the content on the screen. In the same situation is cusutsibrodat.ro, to wait so long to load and display the content on the screen. In the same situation is which decreased the loading speed of the product page by 9.4 s, the user reaching the cusutsibrodat.ro, which decreased the loading speed of the product page by 9.4 s, the user content in 8.6 s. In this case, the user may not even reach the shopping cart page, because reaching the content in 8.6 s. In this case, the user may not even reach the shopping cart his experience is affected by the interaction with the information about the product, being page, because his experience is affected by the interaction with the information about the determined to give up his buying journey. If, for other reasons, it continues to search, the product, being determined to give up his buying journey. If, for other reasons, it continues retailer’s site is at risk of being perceived as less useful and difﬁcult to use. to search, the retailer’s site is at risk of being perceived as less useful and difficult to use.

Figure 3. TheThe differences differences between 3G and 4G ne networkstworks regarding loading page speed.

Additionally, the 4G network presents a page load speed that increases as the consumer approaches the checkout. Compared to the 3G network, the situation is changed in the case of helloholidays.ro, which in the 4G network, maintains the speed for the home page and the product page at 3.6 s, increasing the speed of the shopping cart to 3.9 s. On the

other hand, ofﬁcedirect.ro shows a very big difference when switching from the product page (5.4 s) to the shopping cart (10 s), even if this time the values are lower. The generated effect on users is negative. Within this network some retailers have a changing loading speed, oscillating between increases and decreases in loading time. Seven of them present a changing speed generated by the increment of the number of seconds when switching from JTAER 2021, 16, FOR PEER REVIEW 10

Additionally, the 4G network presents a page load speed that increases as the consumer approaches the checkout. Compared to the 3G network, the situation is changed in the case of helloholidays.ro, which in the 4G network, maintains the speed for the home page and the product page at 3.6 s, increasing the speed of the shopping cart to 3.9 s. On the other hand, officedirect.ro shows a very big difference when switching from the product page (5.4 s) to the shopping cart (10 s), even if this time the values are lower. The J. Theor. Appl. Electron.generated Commer. Res. effect2021 ,on16 users is negative. Within this network some retailers have a changing 1378 loading speed, oscillating between increases and decreases in loading time. Seven of them present a changing speed generated by the increment of the number of seconds when switching fromthe the home home page page to theto the product produc page,t page, followed followed by by a decrease a decrease of of the the shopping shop- cart page’s ping cart page’sload load speed. speed. This is maintainedThis is only maintained in the case only of intwo, the marosbike.ro case of two, marosbike.roand buy4baby.ro. and buy4baby.ro.The ideal The ideal case in whichcase it decreases in which as it the decreases user approa as theches user the approaches checkout theis for checkout a single is online for a singlestore online store (cafelepremiate.ro.(cafelepremiate.ro. However, every However, touchpoint every of touchpoint this retailer of presents this retailer a page presents speed athat page speed that needs improvementsneeds improvements because of its because high ofvalues. its high Therefore, values. Therefore, a good example a good example can be de- can be described scribed in thein situation the situation illustrated illustrated in Figure in Figure4. There,4. There,the process the process of the user of the who user accesses who accesses the the www.pentruanimale.ro’swww.pentruanimale.ro’s website website[53] and [53 reaches] and reaches the shopping the shopping cart cartpage page is pre- is presented. The sented. The shoppingshopping cart touchpointtouchpoint hashas a a good good rating rating compared compared to previousto previous touchpoints, touch- presenting points, presentingthe recommended the recommended loading loading speed speed during during the customer the customer journey. journey.

Figure 4. The customer journey for pentruanimale.ro’s users regarding loading page speed of studied Figure 4. The customertouchpoints. journey for pentruanimale.ro’s users regarding loading page speed of studied touchpoints. All other retailers have a product page and shopping cart load speed over 2.5 s, All othergenerating retailers have a poor a product rating thatpage needs and shopping improvement cart load to meet speed users’ over expectations. 2.5 s, gen- Therefore, erating a poorthe rating authors that consideredneeds improvement it necessary to meet to mention users’ expectations. the rating that Therefore, predominates the in both 3G authors consideredand 4G it networks. necessary to mention the rating that predominates in both 3G and 4G networks. Rating. In the 3G network, there are three situations with results that show a strong Rating. Inneed the to3G implement network, there improvements. are three situations These are with represented results that by show the average a strong speeds of the need to implementsites and improvements. not by any analyzed These are touchpoint. represented This by allows the highlightingaverage speeds the factof the that no studied sites and not bytouchpoint any analyzed can meet touchpoint. the requirement This allows of usershighlighting to load fastthe fact and that generate no studied satisfaction in user touchpoint canperception. meet the requirement The fact that of 100% users of to retailers load fast have and a generate low rating satisfaction in the 3G network,in user creates the perception. Theopportunity fact that 100% to improve of retailers the consumerhave a low experience rating in the by 3G reducing network, loading creates time. the Inamedical- opportunity tosport.ro, improve marosbike.ro, the consumer and experience manier.ro haveby reducing a rating loading that needs time. improvements Inamedi- regarding calsport.ro, marosbike.ro,the site’s load and speed, manier.ro but when have it comesa rating to that the performanceneeds improvements of the touchpoints’ regard- pages, the ing the site’s loadperformance speed, but is when non-existent. it comes On to the the performance other hand, inof the 4Gtouchpoints’ network, pages, inamedicalsport.ro the performanceand is manier.ro non-existent. no longer On the show other the hand, need in forthe site4G network, improvements, inamedicalsport.ro presenting a good rating and manier.ro(2.2 no andlonger 2.5 s).show Cafelepremiate.ro, the need for site with improvements, a loading speed presenting of 2.5 s,a good and heliumking.ro, rating with (2.2 and 2.5 s).2.3 Cafelepremiate.ro, s, also join with awith good a loading rating, sospeed exist of four 2.5 retailerss, and heliumking.ro, that have an with optimal site load 2.3 s, also joinspeed. with Onlya good one rating, has a so slow exist loading four retailers speed and that it have is rated an withoptimal a poor site rating.load This is the speed. Only onecase has of auto-soft.ro a slow loading retailer, speed which and has it is a site-levelrated with loading a poor speed rating. of 4.3This s. is The the rating and the case of auto-soft.rolong waiting retailer, time which represented has a site by-level the number loading of speed seconds of 4.3 discovered s. The rating in the and analysis, led the the long waitingauthors time to represented identify solutions by the tonu improvember of theseconds touchpoints discovered pages in loadthe analysis, speed included in the study. The monthly trend. The unfavorable situation of the retailers studied from the point of view of the satisfaction of connected consumers is underlined by one that was discovered, registering changes in the last month regarding the performance of the site in terms of speed loading This is f64.ro, which shows a fast loading speed, the performance at the site level is improved by 6 s in the 3G network. Unfortunately, in the 4G network, it no longer records this performance, like the others that do not show any change in both the 3G network and the 4G. This result convinced the authors that they do not continuously increase performance, to seek to improve the user experience and thus optimization of the customer journey. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1379

The evaluation generated reports that all retailers received recommendations in two directions, for marketers and developers. For marketers, the report presents opportunities to improve the loading speed, to deploy customization, and give access to a fast purchase process. A checklist was exported for developers based on how they can make improvements to the studied pages. Regarding the improvement of page load speed, the report generated opportunities to update images, reducing their size, generating faster loading performance. Loading images offscreen is another opportunity to enhance the loading speed, as well as clean up code which involves removing unused code and minimizing JavaScript and CSS resources. It was also recommended to maintain a monthly routine for testing and measuring the elements that work to improve the condition of the site’s pages in terms of loading speed. In addition, 40% of users are willing to spend more than they planned if they en- counter personalized experiences at a high level. Therefore, the report generated presents four opportunities that retailers have to improve the user experience. Use the Optimize platform to continuously improve a personalized user experience, implement experiments using A/B tests, re-engaging users with push notifications with relevant content, and use Progressive Web Apps (PWA) to facilitate site access, even offline. According to reports, to ensure fast access to the purchase process, the online stores must allow authentication with a Google account, using the Autofill option for an easier checkout process. How the payment is made can be a challenge for retailers, being often the main barrier in mobile transactions, determined by the massive abandonment in the checkout process. By creating an easy environment for concluding transactions during this touchpoint, users will convert more. Developers can use the available checklist exported after running the PSI test. It consists of seven key points in increasing mobile loading speed: 1. Optimize the quality of your user experience by focusing on the metrics that matter most according to Core Web vitals 2. Improve the site speed with the custom recommendations from report 3. Check if the site is an installable and exemplary PWA 4. Implement Google Optimize to run server-side experiments against variants. 5. Enable Google Identity Services and Autofill to build a system that allows seamless sign-in 6. Add GPay to your existing payments processing stack to offer simpler, more secure checkout Connect the web pages to the app pages with deep linking for both Android (App links) and iOS (Universal links).

4.1.2. Page Speed Insights (PSI) The PSI test ran to identify the characteristics related to the loading speed, especially the one perceived by users, interactivity, visual stability, and perceived utility. All data were centralized in the content analysis and were interpreted according to its structure. The performance score generated by running the test includes almost the entire set of retailers analyzed in the range 0–49, which means that they have a poor rating of site performance. The only pentruanimale.ro has a performance score related to the need for improvement, with a performance score of 53. This score reﬂects the performance of the following features. In the case of all studied retailers, FCP is over the limit of users’ expectations, registering between 1 s (cafelepremiate.ro) and 4.8 s (auto-soft.ro). Given the role for which this parameter was introduced in the analysis, namely that it analyzes the perceived loading speed, measuring the time from the beginning of loading the content until its appearance on the screen, the results show that most studied touchpoints are perceived as less useful. For example, auto-soft.ro records the following timeline when loading content (Figure5). JTAER 2021, 16, FOR PEER REVIEW 12

JTAER 2021, 16, FOR PEER REVIEW 12

The performance score generated by running the test includes almost the entire set of retailers analyzed in the range 0–49, which means that they have a poor rating of site performance.The performance The only pentruscore generatedanimale.ro by has running a performance the test includesscore related almost to the needentire for set improvement,of retailers analyzed with a performancein the range 0–49,score whichof 53. Thismeans score that reflects they have the performancea poor rating of of the site followingperformance. features. The only pentruanimale.ro has a performance score related to the need for improvement,In the case withof all astudied performance retailers, score FCP of is 53. over This the score limit reflects of users’ the expectations, performance regis- of the teringfollowing between features. 1 s (cafelepremiate.ro) and 4.8 s (auto-soft.ro). Given the role for which this parameterIn the was case introduced of all studied in the retailers, analysis, FCP namely is over that the it limit analyzes of users’ the expectations,perceived loading regis- speed,tering measuring between 1 sthe (cafelepremiate.ro) time from the beginning and 4.8 sof (auto-soft.ro). loading the content Given the until role its for appearance which this onparameter the screen, was the introduced results show in thatthe analysis, most stud namelyied touchpoints that it analyzes are perceived the perceived as less useful.loading Forspeed, example, measuring auto-soft.ro the time records from thethe beginningfollowing timelineof loading when the contentloading untilcontent its appearance(Figure 5). on the screen, the results show that most studied touchpoints are perceived as less useful. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021For, 16example, auto-soft.ro records the following timeline when loading content (Figure1380 5).

Figure 5. The chronology of content loading for auto-soft.ro.

FigureCompared 5. The chronologyto cafelepremiate.ro, of content loading which for has auto-soft.ro. the performance of displaying content Figure 5. The chronology of content loading for auto-soft.ro. faster, it happens that auto-soft.ro loses conversions from the first contact with users. On Compared to cafelepremiate.ro, which has the performance of displaying content the other hand, sdhouse.ro manages to display the content almost instantly (Figure 6), at faster,Compared it happens to that cafelepremiate.ro, auto-soft.ro loses which conversions has the fromperformance the first contactof displaying with users. content On thefaster,the first other ittouch. happens hand, The sdhouse.ro thatchronology auto-soft.ro manages of the loses content to displayconv loadedersions the content isfrom shown the almost infirst the contact instantly following with (Figure figure. users.6), On at thethe other first touch. hand, Thesdhouse.ro chronology manages of the to content display loaded the content is shown almost in the instantly following (Figure figure. 6), at the first touch. The chronology of the content loaded is shown in the following figure.

Figure 6. The chronology of content loading for sdhouse.ro. Figure 6. The chronology of content loading for sdhouse.ro. LCP. By completing the FCP and measuring the perceived loading speed when the mainLCP. content By completing of the page the has FCP been and loaded, measuring the analyzed the perceived indicator loading guides speed the when authors the to Figure 6. The chronology of content loading for sdhouse.ro. mainidentify content the necessaryof the page improvements has been loaded, so that the users analyzed perceive indicator from the guides first interactionsthe authors theto identifyusefulnessLCP. the By necessary and completing ease ofimprovements use the of FCP mobile and so online measuringthat us storeers perceive the pages. perceived Thefrom values theloading first under interactionsspeed 2.5 when s of the thisthe indicator places the f64.ro, inamedicalsport.ro, and heliumking.ro in favorable positions usefulnessmain content and of ease the ofpage use hasof mobilebeen loaded, online thstoree analyzed pages. Theindicator values guides under the 2.5 authors s of this to from this point of view towards users, while the rest of the retailers face the opposite indicatoridentify theplaces necessary the f64.ro, improvements inamedicalsport.ro, so that us anders perceiveheliumking.ro from the in favorablefirst interactions positions the situation, in which the pages are difficult to access. fromusefulness this point and of ease view of towards use of mobile users, whileonline th storee rest pages. of the Theretailers values face under the opposite 2.5 s of sit-this FID. Although most of them face the challenge of displaying the content on the uation,indicator in which places the the pages f64.ro, are inamedicalsport.ro, difficult to access. and heliumking.ro in favorable positions accessed page as soon as possible, the first impression that they provide to users is a good fromFID. this Although point of view most towards of them users,face the while chal thlengee rest of of displaying the retailers the face content the opposite on the ac- sit- one, assuring them of the functionality and usefulness of the page. The experience that cesseduation, page in which as soon the as pages possible, are difficult the first to impr access.ession that they provide to users is a good users feel at the moment of interaction with the first pixels is the factor that determines one, assuringFID. Although them of most the functionalityof them face theand chal usefulnesslenge of ofdisplaying the page. the The content experience on the that ac- them to wait further, until the moment of displaying the content (FCP). This was concluded userscessed feel page at the as soonmoment as possible, of interaction the first with impr theession first pixelsthat they is the provide factor to that users determines is a good by the authors, because the FID values obtained are in the optimal range, representing an themone, toassuring wait further, them of until the functionalitythe moment ofand displaying usefulness the of contentthe page. (FCP). The experienceThis was con- that opportunity in the customer journey. cludedusers feelby theat theauthors, moment because of interaction the FID valuwithes the obtained first pixels are inis thethe optimalfactor that range, determines repre- sentingCLS. an opportunity Unfortunately, in 12the retailers customer recorded journey. CLS values outside of the optimal range and themone of to them wait (f64.ro) further, shows until athe very moment high value of displaying (3.32.). This the indicates content the (FCP). need This to implement was con- cludedthe opportunities by the authors, and solutions because the that FID the onlinevalues storesobtained need. are The in the best optimal ones in range, terms ofrepre- this sentingindicator an have opportunity values between in the customer 0–0.6. The journey. range provided the opportunity to conclude that users consider that the site’s cellini.ro, pentruanimale.ro, and marosbike.ro are visually stable and attractive. These being mentioned, according to the Core Web Vitals assessment, no retailer out of the 16 studied passed the evaluation. Taking into consideration the distance of each

touchpoint from the point of purchase and the impact rate assigned, the authors state that there are online stores that do not carefully drive the users to the checkout. Their attention to the performance of technological features must be ampliﬁed. If the performance of the loading speed improved, the results regarding the completion of the customer journey would not hesitate to appear. Moreover, the number of conversions would increase, and the bounce rate, but also of the shopping cart, would decrease, which would be reﬂected positively on the business income. To propose concrete solutions in the Discussion section, 14 recommendations given by Google were highlighted to improve the experience on mobile devices by reducing the J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1381

seconds required to display the content, their implementation determining a certain saving of the speciﬁc loading time (Table1).

Table 1. The opportunities for retailers and time savings once implemented.

Time Savings (Seconds) Frequency Opportunity Min Max (Retailers) 1 Remove unused JavaScript 0.45 4.05 16 2 Remove unused CSS 0.3 0.9 16 3 Eliminate render-blocking resources 0.3 2.66 15 4 Defer offscreen images 0.15 5.55 15 5 Serve images in next-gen formats 0.15 47.1 14 6 Reduce initial server response time 0.58 2.97 9 7 Properly size images 0.15 2.4 8 8 Use HTTP/2 0.15 11.6 7 9 Efﬁciently encode images 0.29 34.4 7 10 Minify JavaScript 0.15 0.39 6 11 Preload key requests 1.98 4.08 2 JTAER 2021, 16, FOR PEER REVIEW Avoid serving legacy JavaScript to 14 12 0.15 0.45 2 modern browsers 13 Preload Largest Contentful Paint image 3.18 1 14 Enable text compression 0.15 1 4.2.1. Hierarchy Based on Performance Calculated by the Diameter Method First, the web.dev application provides a performance level calculated based on 6 sub-indicators:Creating First Contentful the Pareto diagram,Paint, Speed on the Index, horizontal Largest axis Contentful were located Paint, the Time resulted to In- opportu- teractive,nities Total after Blocking running Time the, tests.and Cumulative According Layout to the information Shift. The authors presented tried in to the obtain table above, new scoresFigure by7 the illustrates method thatof diameters relatively thro 80%ugh of which the effects they producedcan order bythe the 16 sites implementation consid- of ered. opportunities are caused by 20% of them.

Figure 7.Figure Pareto 7. diagramPareto diagramfor the identified for the identiﬁed opportunities. opportunities.

Starting4.2. Comparative from Table Analysis 2, the matrix of Selected of LOC1 E-Commerce places is Sites built, where: 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑉,𝐶=𝑘, that is, the value Inof thisthe analysis,variant V thei for authors criterion tried j occupies to compare the place the selected k in the sites hierarchy from two of the perspectives, m values associatedusing a hierarchy with criterion by the methodj (Table 3). of diameters. The ranking of the 16 sites proposed from the perspective was made: Table 2.1. The valuesPerformance of the sub-indicators calculated bycalculated the diameter by web.dev. method based on 6 sub-indicators: First First ContentfulContentful Speed Index Paint, Largest Speed Contentful Index, Time Largest to Interactive Contentful Total Blocking Paint, Time Time toCumulative Interactive, Total Performance Paint (s) Blocking(s) Time andPaint Cumulative (s) Layout(s) Shift. (ms) Layout Shift 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 3 72. Performance, 19.3 Accessibility, 39.4 Best Practices, 43.2 and SEO. 1510 0.847 2 f64.ro 4 5.6 19.5 18.7 26.3 2980 0.437 3 sdhouse.ro 17 3 12.7 16 24.6 4690 0.007 4 auto-soft.ro 20 4.7 7.8 15.7 12.8 740 1.504 5 cellini.ro 6 5.8 12.7 13.2 20.4 1410 0.55 6 directbooking.ro 30 3.1 9.8 4.4 11.6 2190 0.001 7 inamedicalsport.ro 32 3.6 18.7 3.6 22.2 880 0.388 8 pentruanimale.ro 37 2.9 6.4 4 12.4 1210 0.293 9 marosbike.ro 23 4.1 10 8.2 12.8 620 1.023 10 officedirect.ro 21 4.7 8.9 7.3 10 800 0.794 11 cafelepremiate.ro 4 5.9 14.7 26.4 18.6 7250 0.804 12 manier.ro 8 8.4 11.7 13.5 16.7 1890 0.002 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 12 3.8 8.3 13 23.9 2580 1.441 14 buy4baby.ro 35 4.5 8.5 9.8 10.4 420 0.097 15 heliumking.ro 16 3.8 8.7 13 19.6 2340 0.002 16 sancogrup.ro 7 6.4 10.1 12.7 14.8 2060 0.315

Table 3. The 1st place matrix for performance sub-indicators.

First Contentful Speed Index Largest Contentful Time to Interactive Total Blocking Time Cumulative Layout Retailer Paint (s) (s) Paint (s) (s) (ms) Shift 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 15 15 16 16 8 13 2 f64.ro 11 16 14 15 14 9 3 sdhouse.ro 2 11 13 14 15 4 4 auto-soft.ro 9 2 12 5 3 16 5 cellini.ro 12 12 10 11 7 10

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1382

4.2.1. Hierarchy Based on Performance Calculated by the Diameter Method First, the web.dev application provides a performance level calculated based on 6 sub-indicators: First Contentful Paint, Speed Index, Largest Contentful Paint, Time to Interactive, Total Blocking Time, and Cumulative Layout Shift. The authors tried to obtain new scores by the method of diameters through which they can order the 16 sites considered. Starting from Table2, the matrix of LOC1 places is built, where: loc Vi, Cj = k, that is, the value of the variant Vi for criterion j occupies the place k in the hierarchy of the m values associated with criterion j (Table3).

Table 2. The values of the sub-indicators calculated by web.dev.

First Largest Time to Total Cumulative Speed Performance Contentful Contentful Interactive Blocking Layout Index (s) Paint (s) Paint (s) (s) Time (ms) Shift 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 3 7 19.3 39.4 43.2 1510 0.847 2 f64.ro 4 5.6 19.5 18.7 26.3 2980 0.437 3 sdhouse.ro 17 3 12.7 16 24.6 4690 0.007 4 auto-soft.ro 20 4.7 7.8 15.7 12.8 740 1.504 5 cellini.ro 6 5.8 12.7 13.2 20.4 1410 0.55 6 directbooking.ro 30 3.1 9.8 4.4 11.6 2190 0.001 7 inamedicalsport.ro 32 3.6 18.7 3.6 22.2 880 0.388 8 pentruanimale.ro 37 2.9 6.4 4 12.4 1210 0.293 9 marosbike.ro 23 4.1 10 8.2 12.8 620 1.023 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 21 4.7 8.9 7.3 10 800 0.794 11 cafelepremiate.ro 4 5.9 14.7 26.4 18.6 7250 0.804 12 manier.ro 8 8.4 11.7 13.5 16.7 1890 0.002 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 12 3.8 8.3 13 23.9 2580 1.441 14 buy4baby.ro 35 4.5 8.5 9.8 10.4 420 0.097 15 heliumking.ro 16 3.8 8.7 13 19.6 2340 0.002 16 sancogrup.ro 7 6.4 10.1 12.7 14.8 2060 0.315

Table 3. The 1st place matrix for performance sub-indicators.

First Largest Time to Total Speed Index Cumulative Retailer Contentful Contentful Interactive Blocking (s) Layout Shift Paint (s) Paint (s) (s) Time (ms) 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 15 15 16 16 8 13 2 f64.ro 11 16 14 15 14 9 3 sdhouse.ro 2 11 13 14 15 4 4 auto-soft.ro 9 2 12 5 3 16 5 cellini.ro 12 12 10 11 7 10 6 directbooking.ro 3 7 3 3 11 1 7 inamedicalsport.ro 4 14 1 12 5 8 8 pentruanimale.ro 1 1 2 4 6 6 9 marosbike.ro 7 8 5 6 2 14 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 10 6 4 1 4 11 11 cafelepremiate.ro 13 13 15 9 16 12 12 manier.ro 16 10 11 8 9 2 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 5 3 8 13 13 15 14 buy4baby.ro 8 4 6 2 1 5 15 heliumking.ro 6 5 9 10 12 3 16 sancogrup.ro 14 9 7 7 10 7

Calculate the appreciation function of each electronic store A, according to relation (1), the diameter function D, according to relation (2), and the aggregate A&D function given by relation (3). This calculation was made based on Tables4 and5 provided by the web.dev. The results obtained are: J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1383

Table 4. Performance hierarchy by diameter method vs. initial web.dev hierarchy.

Retailer A(Vi) D(Vi) A&D(Vi) New Hierarchy Web.Dev Hierarchy 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 2.45 8 5.225 14 16 2 f64.ro 2.25 7 5.625 11 14 3 sdhouse.ro 4.75 13 3.875 16 8 4 auto-soft.ro 9.05 14 5.525 12 7 5 cellini.ro 6 5 8.5 3 13 6 directbooking.ro 10.5 10 8.25 5 4 7 inamedicalsport.ro 9.6 13 6.3 9 3 8 pentruanimale.ro 12.8 5 11.9 1 1 9 marosbike.ro 10.4 12 7.2 8 5 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 10.9 10 8.45 4 6 11 cafelepremiate.ro 2.4 7 5.7 10 15 12 manier.ro 5.8 14 3.9 15 11 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 6.85 12 5.425 13 10 14 buy4baby.ro 11.9 7 10.45 2 2 15 heliumking.ro 7.45 9 7.225 7 9 16 sancogrup.ro 6.9 7 7.95 6 12

Table 5. The share of performance indicators given by web.dev.

Title Weight First Contentful Paint 15% Speed Index 15% Largest Contentful Paint 25% Time to Interactive 15% Total Blocking Time 25% Cumulative Layout Shift 5%

Analyzing Table4, we notice that the ﬁrst two places are identical both in the hierarchy of performances made by the diameter method and the initial one made by web.dev, being occupied by pentruanimale.ro and buy4baby.ro. At the level of cellini.ro, the biggest difference is observed because in the ranking made by the diameter method, the 3rd place was obtained, and in the initial ranking, it was the 13th place.

4.2.2. Ranking Based on Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO The web.dev application provides a level of Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO (Tables6 and7). We tried to obtain a ranking by the method of diameters for the 16 sites considered (Table8). Starting from Table6, the matrix of LOC2 places is built, where: loc Vi, Cj = k, that is, the value of the variant Vi for criterion j occupies the place k in the hierarchy of the m values associated with criterion j. Calculate the appreciation function of each electronic store A, according to relation (1), the diameter function D, according to relation (2), and the aggregate A&D function given by relation (3). This calculation was made based on the considered weights of Performance of 0.4, Accessibility of 0.2, Best Practices of 0.1, and SEO of 0.3. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1384

Table 6. The values of the indicators calculated by web.dev.

Retailer Performance Accessibility Best Practices SEO 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 3 81 53 82 2 f64.ro 4 73 73 99 3 sdhouse.ro 17 81 67 84 4 auto-soft.ro 20 64 60 85 5 cellini.ro 6 85 60 79 6 directbooking.ro 30 56 53 75 7 inamedicalsport.ro 32 63 53 84 8 pentruanimale.ro 37 55 67 82 9 marosbike.ro 23 67 60 80 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 21 78 73 89 11 cafelepremiate.ro 4 67 60 65 12 manier.ro 8 89 60 89 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 12 75 60 82 14 buy4baby.ro 35 77 60 84 15 heliumking.ro 16 73 60 86 16 sancogrup.ro 7 66 67 84

Table 7. The 2nd place matrix for Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO indicators.

Retailer Performance Accessibility Best Practices SEO 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 12 3 14 10 2 f64.ro 9 8 1 1 3 sdhouse.ro 2 4 3 6 4 auto-soft.ro 10 13 6 5 5 cellini.ro 11 2 7 14 6 directbooking.ro 15 15 15 15 7 inamedicalsport.ro 6 14 16 7 8 pentruanimale.ro 5 16 4 11 9 marosbike.ro 1 10 8 13 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 3 5 2 2 11 cafelepremiate.ro 4 11 9 16 12 manier.ro 13 1 10 3 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 7 7 11 12 14 buy4baby.ro 8 6 12 8 15 heliumking.ro 14 9 13 4 16 sancogrup.ro 16 12 5 9

Table 8. Ranking based on Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO.

Retailer A(Vi) D(Vi) A&D(Vi) Ranking 1 cusutsibrodat.ro 6.2 11 5.6 12 2 f64.ro 10.4 8 9.2 3 3 sdhouse.ro 12.3 4 12.15 2 4 auto-soft.ro 7.3 8 7.65 7 5 cellini.ro 6.3 12 5.15 15 6 directbooking.ro 1 0 8.5 6 7 inamedicalsport.ro 7.1 10 6.55 8 8 pentruanimale.ro 7.1 12 5.55 13 9 marosbike.ro 8.9 12 6.45 9 10 ofﬁcedirect.ro 13 3 13 1 11 cafelepremiate.ro 6.5 12 5.25 14 12 manier.ro 8.7 12 6.35 10 13 magazinulcolectionarului.ro 7.1 5 9.05 4 14 buy4baby.ro 8 6 9 5 15 heliumking.ro 6.1 10 6.05 11 16 sancogrup.ro 4 11 4.5 16 J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1385

5. Discussion The results presented in the paper confirm the studies mentioned in the literature review and refine the significance of the in-between touchpoints from the customer journey. The page load speed might be marked as a non-touchpoint that shapes the total consumer experience [20] of the engaged connected customer in the purchase process. Reflecting on the negative perceived experience due to the long waiting time to make a purchase [26], the retailers must deploy technological performance enhancements to positively influence both the behavior and decisions during the purchase process on smartphones. In this way, those who consider this step risky [28] will be able to clear and solve their concerns about optimizing the conversion rate [29]. Gaining the users’ trust by avoiding the long waiting time between touchpoints, the online stores might reach with swiftness the emotional mitigation and the customer journey duration minimization. The adapted assets vigorously strengthen and ensure the perceived usefulness and ease of use of an m-commerce site, resulting in a positive consumer attitude [35,36,39]. Understanding the magnitude of the website performance [45] and the perspective of approaching an isolated pre-checkout process, might be obtained the drop of bounce rate and the positive impact on performance indicators related to business revenue [41]. The retailers learning approach to explore touchpoint testing lies with keeping the prospect engaged with content enriching to mitigate the sensitivity to loading page speed. To overcome long waiting times, the retailer should engage in active and tailored content revision to prove vigilance toward customer concerns during the journey, which is the value-added per se. The gain is twofold. Both customers and retailers overcome technology flaws and gain insights about mobile purchase process improvement. Technology trust antecedents construct is under scrutiny when it comes to mobile marketing environment design. Recalling competing forces (the authors’ ‘challenges and opportunities’ affecting mobile marketing performance: gaining from a variety with omnichannel and continuous vigilance over reputation flaws from increasing exposure, the retailer has to focus on delivering value to overcome loading page speed negative influence. In terms of tech performance, the loading speed metric, more often than not, is not influenced by the retailer but affects both retailer and customer technology trust. Instead, research has to provide a mobile marketing toolkit to benefit from increased exposure of the retailer who has to exploit signals along the mobile journey to forge customer commitment, despite technological flaws. Emotional mitigation by optimizing the touchpoints load speed is the main opportunity that retailers can take advantage of because the waiting loading time is a real challenge for them. The authors’ first hypothesis has been confirmed and the online stores that present a poor rating do not show a notable performance in terms of speed in the last month. According to the results, the attention that they pay to the evolution of performance tends to zero, even if they need to implement enhancements is imperative. In this case, the characteristics of the retailers’ websites do not meet the needs of consumers and do not facilitate the search, highlighting the negative influence of the in-between non-interaction touchpoints on the decision-making process [20]. The authors expected the shopping cart page to be treated with high interest by retailers, given that users’ sensitivity to loading time, especially in the pre-checkout phase. In contrast, all studied cases present a cart load speed greater than 2.5 s, in some cases reaching a doubled load speed when users are moving forward to the product page or the shopping cart page, reaching values extremely high (up to 19.8 s). The need for the customer journey’s duration minimization occurs in theory [26,42,43], but in practice, according to the results of the analysis, a single retailer has a decrease in the number of seconds needed to load pages during the process. Even in this case, the effect on satisfying an immediate user requirement is negative because the loading speed is not fast and demands improvements in both 3G and 4G networks. Content loading, interactivity, and visual stability were analyzed for site evaluation according to CoreWeb Vitals criteria. Unfortunately, no retailer was able to pass the J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16 1386

assessment. The real challenges that might be encountered are represented by the perceived loading speed (FCP), which has registered a loading speed for all online stores beyond the limits of users’ expectations. The high values of LCP generate the risk of a misperception of users about the site usefulness and CLS whose values have shown that users consider the visited pages unattractive and visually unstable, the retailers indirectly determining the consumers not to add the brand on their perception map, becoming the ones who leave the site and never return to it. The users’ negative experience not only drives away the potential consumers but also reduces conversions by up to 20% for every second delay. The return on evidence reveals that a qualified pilot sample of Romanian retailers fails to deliver upon mobile customer journey expectations, due to significant flaws with processing capturable opportunities within the mobile purchasing environment. What is not captured becomes knowledge waste, which competition will capture. The recorded site load speed presents a need for improvement, the in-between touchpoints’ loading time showing that seconds are increasing as much as the distance to the moment of purchase decreases, none of the online stores pass the evaluation of Core Web Vitals. All these represent real challenges for retailers, which is why they are the starting point for proposing the solutions.

6. Conclusions With this research, the authors attempt to enrich the scientific knowledge by introducing the touchpoints’ loading speed as a positive factor of the total consumer experience optimization. Approaching an isolated pre-checkout process perspective, the page load speed is marked as a non-touchpoint that shapes the customer journey, with which the retailers have the opportunity to gain the users’ trust by avoiding the long waiting time on smartphones and mitigating the emotional fluctuations with technological performance enhancements. The theoretical implications are characterized by the creation of continuous learning programs for specialists to provide the needed advice to retailers to develop their assets, the expansion of the universities activity to provide knowledge and assistance about specified consumers requirements, and the encouragement of academic employees to work directly with the online stores to develop mobile commerce in Romania. The managerial implications regarding the development of m-commerce are represented by the implementation of the opportunities that this paper underpins. Fourteen opportunities have been identified, in the form of specific actions with which managers, developers, and marketers can enhance the user experience in the purchase process on smartphones to achieve a low site bounce rate and an increase in revenue by improving the conversion rate. A first limit of the elaborated research is the secondary character of the data source (The National Research Program of Online Stores [51]). The retailers included in the study are among those already concerned with consumer perception and the generated results may be characterized as subjective. Another limit is the lack of testing of online stores from the perspective of real people, the primary data being generated entirely by the software. In addition, given the qualitative nature of the research, the sample considered in this study is not representative of the research population. The research perspectives proposed by the authors are closely related to the limits of the research, but also the results achieved. They want to conduct quantitative research, through which to analyze the indicators of Core Web Vitals evaluation with eye-tracking technology to identify the type of content and where it should first appear on the smartphone to reach user satisfaction immediately. At the same time, it is necessary to elaborate quantitative marketing research to quantify the opinions and attitudes of the consumers regarding the perception about the loading speed of the different touchpoints of the Ro- manian retailers to ensure a representative study of the researched population. It is also necessary to perform an analysis to identify the level of optimization of web pages on smartphones to complete the present study. Finally, a qualitative focus group research is JTAERJTAER 20212021,, 1616,, FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 1919 JTAER JTAER 20212021,, 1616,, FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 1919 JTAER JTAERJTAER 202120212021,,, 1616,,, FORFORFOR PEERPEERPEER REVIEWREVIEWREVIEW 1919 JTAER 2021, 16, FOR PEER REVIEW 19

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Author Contributions:pletepleteplete the thethe list listlistConceptualization, of ofof future futurefuture directions directionsdirections E.N., research. research.research. R.C.L., I.B.C., G.B. and A.T.; methodology, E.N., R.C.L., G.B.;AuthorAuthor literature Contributions:Contributions: review, I.B.C., Conceptualization,Conceptualization, analysis and writing E.N.,E.N., the R.C.L.,R.C.L., results, I.B.C.,I.B.C., E.N. G.B.G.B. and andand R.C.L.; A.T.;A.T.; discussion methodology,methodology, E.N.,E.N., AuthorAuthor Contributions:Contributions: Conceptualization,Conceptualization, E.N.,E.N., R.C.L.,R.C.L., I.B.C.,I.B.C., G.B.G.B. andand A.T.;A.T.; methodology,methodology, E.N.,E.N., and conclusions,AuthorAuthorR.C.L.,AuthorR.C.L., E.N., G.B.;Contributions: G.B.;Contributions:Contributions: R.C.L., literatureliterature I.B.C., revi revi Conceptualization, Conceptualization,Conceptualization, G.B.,ew,ew, A.T.; I.B.C.,I.B.C., writing—original analysisanalysis E.N., E.N.,E.N., andand R.C.L., R.C.L.,R.C.L., writingwriting draft I.B.C., I.B.C.,I.B.C., the preparation,the re G.B.re G.B.G.B.sults,sults, and andand E.N.E.N. I.B.C.;A.T.; A.T.;A.T.; andand methodology, methodology,methodology, writing— R.C.L.;R.C.L.; discussiondiscussion E.N., E.N.,E.N., R.C.L.,R.C.L., G.B.;G.B.; literatureliterature revireview,ew, I.B.C.,I.B.C., analysisanalysis andand writingwriting thethe reresults,sults, E.N.E.N. andand R.C.L.;R.C.L.; discussiondiscussion review andR.C.L.,R.C.L., editing,andR.C.L.,and conclusions,conclusions, G.B.; G.B.;G.B.; A.T.; literature literatureliterature visualization, E.N.,E.N., revi revi reviR.C.L.,R.C.L.,ew,ew,ew, A.T.; I.B.C., I.B.C.,I.B.C., supervision, analysisG.B., analysisG.B.,analysis A.T.;A.T.; G.B.;and andand writing—originalwriting—original writing writingwriting project the administration,thethe re reresults,sults,sults, draftdraft E.N. E.N.E.N. preparation,preparation, G.B.; and andand R.C.L.; fundingR.C.L.;R.C.L.; I.B.C.;I.B.C.; discussion discussiondiscussion writ-writ- andand conclusions,conclusions, E.N.,E.N., R.C.L.,R.C.L., I.B.C.,I.B.C., G.B.,G.B., A.T.;A.T.; writing—originalwriting—original draftdraft preparation,preparation, I.B.C.;I.B.C.; writ-writ- acquisition,andanding—reviewand G.B.ing—review conclusions, conclusions,conclusions, All authors andand E.N., haveE.N., editing,E.N.,editing, R.C.L.,read R.C.L.,R.C.L., A.T.;A.T.; and I.B.C., I.B.C.,I.B.C., visualization,visualization, agreed G.B., G.B.,G.B., to A.T.;the A.T.;A.T.; A.T. publishedA.T. writing—original writing—originalwriting—original;; supervision,supervision, version G.B.; ofG.B.; draft draftdraft the projectproject manuscript. preparation, preparation,preparation, administration,administration, I.B.C.; I.B.C.;I.B.C.; writ- writ-writ- G.B.;G.B.; ing—reviewing—review andand editing,editing, A.T.;A.T.; visualization,visualization, A.T.A.T.;; supervision,supervision, G.B.;G.B.; projectproject administration,administration, G.B.;G.B.; ing—reviewing—reviewfundinging—reviewing—reviewfunding acquisition,acquisition, and andandand editing, editing,editing,editing, G.B.G.B. A.T.; A.T.;AllA.T.;AllA.T.; authorsauthors visualization, visualization,visualization,visualization, havehave readread A.T. A.T.A.T.A.T. andand;; ;; supervision, supervision,supervision,supervision, agreedagreed toto the the G.B.; G.B.;G.B.;G.B.; publishedpublished project projectprojectproject administration, administration, administration,versionadministration,version ofof thethe manu- manu- G.B.; G.B.;G.B.;G.B.; Funding: Thisfundingfunding research acquisition,acquisition, was funded G.B.G.B. by AllAll the authorsauthors Transilvania havehave readread University andand agreedagreed of Brasov. toto thethe publishedpublished versionversion ofof thethe manu-manu- fundingfundingscript.fundingfundingscript. acquisition, acquisition,acquisition,acquisition, G.B. G.B.G.B.G.B. All AllAllAll authors authorsauthorsauthors have havehavehave read readreadread and andand agreed agreedagreed to toto the thethe published publishedpublished version versionversion of ofof the thethe manu- manu-manuscript.script. Institutionalscript.script.script. Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Funding:Funding: ThisThis researchresearch waswas fundedfunded byby thethe TrTransilvaniaansilvania UniversityUniversity ofof Brasov.Brasov. Funding:Funding: ThisThis researchresearch waswas fundedfunded byby thethe TrTransilvaniaansilvania UniversityUniversity ofof Brasov.Brasov. Informed ConsentFunding:Funding:Funding: Statement: This ThisThis research researchresearchNot was was applicable.was funded fundedfunded by byby the thethe Tr TrTransilvaniaansilvaniaansilvania University UniversityUniversity of ofof Brasov. Brasov.Brasov. InstitutionalInstitutional ReviewReview BoardBoard Statement:Statement: NotNot applicable.applicable. InstitutionalInstitutional ReviewReview BoardBoard Statement:Statement: NotNot applicable.applicable. Data AvailabilityInstitutionalInstitutionalInstitutional Statement: Review ReviewReviewThe Board BoardBoard data presented Statement: Statement:Statement: in Not NotNot thisNot applicable. applicable. studyapplicable.applicable. are available online at http://bit.ly/ InformedInformed ConsentConsent Statement:Statement: NotNot applicable.applicable. 3qSa4M0 (accessedInformedInformed on ConsentConsent 16 April Statement: 2021).Statement: NotNot applicable.applicable. InformedInformedInformed Consent ConsentConsent Statement: Statement:Statement: Not NotNotNot applicable. applicable.applicable.applicable. DataData AvailabilityAvailability Statement:Statement: TheThe datadata presentedpresented inin thisthis studystudy areare availableavailable onlineonline atat Conflicts ofDataData Interest: AvailabilityAvailabilityThe authors Statement:Statement: declare no conflictTheThe datadata of interest. presentedpresented inin thisthis studystudy areare availableavailable onlineonline atat DataDatahttp://bit.ly/3qSa4M0Datahttp://bit.ly/3qSa4M0 AvailabilityAvailabilityAvailability Statement:Statement:Statement: (accessed(accessed on onTheTheThe 1616 AprilAprildatadatadata 2021) 2021)presentedpresentedpresented andand inin theintheinin supplementarythissupplementarythisthis studystudystudy areareare materials. materials. availableavailableavailable onlineonlineonline atatat http://bit.ly/3qSa4M0http://bit.ly/3qSa4M0 (accessed(accessed onon 1616 AprilApril 2021)2021) andand inin thethe supplementarysupplementary materials.materials. http://bit.ly/3qSa4M0http://bit.ly/3qSa4M0http://bit.ly/3qSa4M0 (accessed (accessed(accessed on onon 16 1616 April AprilApril 2021) 2021)2021) and andand in inin the thethe supplementary supplementarysupplementary materials. materials.materials. AppendixConflicts AConflicts ofof Interest:Interest: TheThe authorsauthors declaredeclare nono conflictconflict ofof interest.interest. ConflictsConflicts ofof Interest:Interest: TheThe authorsauthors declaredeclare nono conflictconflict ofof interest.interest. ConflictsConflictsConflicts of ofof Interest: Interest:Interest: The TheThe authors authorsauthors declare declaredeclare no nono conflict conflictconflict of ofof interest. interest.interest. AppendixAppendix AA AppendixAppendix AA Table A1. TheAppendixAppendixAppendix loading speed A AA in the consumer’s journey. TableTable A1.A1. TheThe loadingloading speedspeed inin thethe consumer’sconsumer’s journey.journey. TableTable A1.A1. TheThe loadingloading speedspeed inin thethe consumer’sconsumer’s journey.journey. Loading Speed in TableTableTable A1. A1.A1. The TheThe loading loadingloading Touchpoint’sspeed speedspeed in inin the thethe consumer’s consumer’sconsumer’s Loading Speed journey. journey.journey. 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