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An Excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version 7.2 (July 2011)

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An Excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version 7.2 (July 2011) Vertical Surfaces An excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version 7.2 (July 2011) Produced and Published by the Marble Institute of America 380 East Lorain Oberlin, Ohio 44074 Telephone: 440-250-9222 Fax: 440-774-9222 www.marble-institute.com © 2011 Marble Institute of America All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the Marble Institute of America (MIA). VERTICAL SURFACES - 1.2.1 Restraint and relief are achieved by using a combination of lateral ties (straps, INSTALLATION NOTES split-tail anchors, welded tees, or other positively engaged mechanical anchorage approved by a qualified design professional) 1.0 VERTICAL SURFACES and gravity relief supports. INSTALLATION SYSTEMS Vertical Stone Surfaces are installed with a 1.2.2 Each stone panel is restrained by variety of conventional and proprietary mechanical anchorage attached to the back up systems. A brief discussion of the more wall substrate (building structure, masonry common types is below: backup, stud framing assembly, miscellaneous steel, and etc.). The stone panels and 1.1 Independently Supported Veneer associated anchorage are designed to accommodate lateral loads only (wind and 1.1.1 Each stone panel is independently seismic forces) as required by governing codes supported (relieved and restrained) by and/or project specifications. These loads are mechanical anchorage attached to the back up transferred directly to the back up wall wall substrate (building structure, masonry substrate through the stone anchorage. backup, stud framing assembly, miscellaneous Relieving supports (i.e., continuous angles or steel and etc.). clips) are designed to accommodate the cumulative vertical load of the stone veneer 1.1.2 The stone panels and associated units “stacked” between the relief support and anchorage are designed to accommodate expansion or control joint above, typically a vertical loads (stone unit self weight) and live load joint at a floor/slab line. Relief lateral loads (wind and seismic forces) as supports are typically provided over all required by governing codes and/or project openings and at each story height (or specifications. Each of these loads is maximum vertical spacing of 20'). Within a transferred directly to the back up wall “stack”, vertical loads are typically transferred substrate through the stone anchorage. Joints from one stone to another using load-bearing between each stone are designed to shims or mortar. The joints are typically filled accommodate thermal expansion and with a non-staining sealant or mortar adequate differential movement between stone units, to meet the performance requirements for the and therefore, must remain free of shims, project. mortar, or any other rigid material that would transfer load from one stone to another. The 1.2.3 Consideration of weeps and flashing is joints are typically filled with a non-staining recommended when continuous relief angles sealant that possesses compressive and tensile are utilized. capacities adequate to meet the performance requirements for the project. A minimum 1.3 Adhered Installation joint width of 3/8" is recommended for exterior stone veneer. Larger joints may be 1.3.1 Thin Stone. Adhered installation is to required to accommodate specific project be used for thin stone only (¼" to ½" demands. Note: This system can also be thickness) of heights not exceeding 15’-0” installed as a rainscreen or open-joint façade (4.5 m). omitting joint sealant between stone veneer units. 1.3.2 Units shall not exceed 36 inches (914 mm) in the greatest dimension nor more than 2 1.2 “Stacked” Veneer With Relieving 720 square inches (0.46 m ) in total area and Supports shall not weigh more than 15 pounds per Ó 2011 Marble Institute of America (version 7.2) Vertical Surfaces/General Notes • Page 15-1 square foot (73 kg/m2) unless approved by 1.4 Other systems include a variety of the local governing officials and the engineer prefabricated and proprietary systems of record. commonly known as: 1.3.3 Thin-Set Mortar [Thin Bed (ANSI 1.4.1 “Grid” systems, commonly A118.1)]. See Chapter 13, section 3.1.2. composed of vertical and horizontal support framing of varying corrosion-resistant 1.3.4 Latex-Portland Cement Mortar materials, such as aluminum, mild steel, cold- [Thin Bed (ANSI A118.4)]. See Chapter formed steel, or stainless steel. The framing is 13, section 3.1.3. typically pre-installed in the stone setting cavity to the substrate or support wall. Stone 1.3.5 Epoxy Mortar (ANSI A118.3). See supports are typically integrated in the system Chapter 13, section 3.1.4. design. 1.3.6 Limestone Setting Mortar. See 1.4.2 “Strut” systems are commonly Chapter 13, section 3.1.5. composed of vertical support framing of varying corrosion-resistant materials such as 1.3.7 Setting Bed. White portland cement aluminum, mild steel, cold-formed steel or with low alkali content is required for all light stainless steel. The framing is typically pre- colored stone varieties. installed in the stone setting cavity to the substrate or support wall. Non-integrated 1.3.8 Petroleum-based organic stone supports are typically attached in a adhesives should be avoided because they method similar to Independently Supported may stain the stone. Veneer or “Stacked” Veneer with Relieving Supports. 1.3.9 Recommended substrate materials are masonry and cementitious 1.4.3 Integrated Stone Curtain Wall. backer board. Stone veneer installed in glazing channels of glazed curtain wall members, in similar 1.3.10 Exterior Vertical Surfaces. When manner to metal spandrel panels or stone adhesive installation methods are used for veneer installed in structurally glazed curtain exterior vertical surfaces, the stone shall be walls, in a similar manner to glass. back buttered to achieve, as close as practical, 100% adhesive contact between the stone and 1.4.4 Panelized dimension stone the backup. Remove freshly installed tiles cladding, which may include independently periodically during installation to verify supported veneer, “stacked” veneer with adhesion level. relieving supports, adhered veneer, or a combination of these methods. This is also 1.3.11 When thin stone tiles are installed known as a truss system. on exterior vertical surfaces, they are fully reliant upon the backup and substrate for 1.5 Consideration should be given to the performance. Use of unstable backup various features of each system in making a materials should be avoided. selection for a specific installation. See detailed illustrations of examples at the close 1.3.12 Substrates to receive adhered of this section. veneer using thin-set adhesive methods shall be held to a tolerance of 1/8” variation in 10’- 0”. Page 15-2 • Vertical Surfaces/General Notes Ó 2011 Marble Institute of America (version 7.2) 1.6 Venting of Exterior Stone Veneers 2.1.1 Anchor Size. Anchor sizing is dependent upon materials, codes, and physical 1.6.1 Existing Methods. The existing conditions of the structure. Anchors should be methods of installing exterior thin stone engineered separately for each. veneer have evolved through the years. For the most part, the standards were developed 2.1.2 Anchor Placement. Under typical when the joints were filled with portland conditions, standard practice provides for a cement mortar and the building interiors were minimum of 4 anchors per piece of stone up not temperature- and humidity-controlled. to 12 sq ft of surface area, and 2 anchors for each additional 8 sq ft. Weight, size, shape, 1.6.2 Additional Techniques. With and type of stone may dictate deviations from today’s improved construction techniques, it the foregoing. IBC currently prescribes is possible to produce structures that are minimum anchorage quantities for non- highly resistant to natural weather conditions. engineered “stone veneer” and “slab type Joints can be sealed with resilient sealants and veneer” based on the surface area of the stone the building interior can be temperature- and panels. Due to varying loads, stone humidity-controlled. Venting of the cavity is properties, and anchor capacities, this may not recommended to prevent moisture problems. necessarily be adequate, particularly when It is recommended that a vapor barrier be public or occupant safety may be installed at the exterior face of the backup compromised. It is recommended that wall. The back face of the stone should not be exterior stone cladding systems be reviewed sealed. by an experienced stone cladding engineer to verify anchor and panel capacities. In all 1.6.3 Veneer Cavities. Solid grouting of cases, anchorage shall be compliant with the stone veneer cavities that would permit project specifications, requirements of the passage of moisture through the wall from engineer of record, and/or applicable codes. exterior to interior, and interior to exterior, is inadvisable. Windblown rain would be 2.1.3 Anchor Types. Anchors shall be of forced through the wall, and water vapor non-staining, corrosion resistant metals. would move from exterior to interior and Stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, and brass reverse, forced by the temperature and wire and straps, and copper wire are humidity differentials from outside to inside. preferred for their corrosion resistance. (See illustrations of typical anchors and accessories 1.7 Relieving Supports at the close of this chapter). In exterior cladding systems, stainless steel (series 304) is 1.7.1.1 Relieving angles should be provided the most common. Copper is commonly over all openings and at each story height (or limited to interior applications. maximum vertical spacing of 20'). Angles should have ¼" weep holes every 2'. When 2.1.3.1 Copper Wire Tie Anchorage is stone liners are used, they are fastened by a historically effective method of anchoring stainless steel dowels and epoxy to the back of stone panels, but is to be used within the the finished stone facing and are supported on following limitations: these angles.
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