DOCSLIB.ORG

Development and Validation of a Phenomenological Diesel Engine Combustion Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development and Validation of a Phenomenological Diesel Engine Combustion Model Development and validation of a phenomenological diesel engine combustion model Citation for published version (APA): Seykens, X. L. J. (2010). Development and validation of a phenomenological diesel engine combustion model. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR656995 DOI: 10.6100/IR656995 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2010 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 Development and validation of a phenomenological diesel engine combustion model PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 1 februari 2010 om 16.00 uur door Xander Lambertus Jacobus Seykens geboren te Helmond Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: prof.dr.ir. R.S.G. Baert Copromotoren: dr.ir. L.M.T. Somers en dr.ir. F.P.T. Willems Voor mijn ouders Copyright © 2009 by X.L.J. Seykens All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Cover design: Paul Verspaget Grafische Vormgeving-Communicatie Printed by the Eindhoven University Press. This project was co-funded by TNO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek). A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology Library ISBN: 978-90-386-2133-3 Table of contents Table of contents v Summary ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.2.1 Addition of new technologies 3 1.2.2 Engine combustion and engine controller complexity – need for combustion models 4 1.3 Combustion model types 5 1.3.1 State-of-the-art combustion models for controller development 6 1.4 Objectives and requirements 8 1.4.1 Regulated versus modelled emissions 9 1.4.2 Used modeling approach 9 1.5 Overview of combustion model 9 1.5.1 Combustion model inputs 11 1.5.2 Combustion model outputs 11 1.5.3 Combustion model components 11 1.5.4 Measured versus predicted heat release rate 12 1.6 Outline of thesis 12 1.7 References 12 2 Diesel engine combustion 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The diesel engine combustion process 15 2.3 The fuel spray – phenomenology of oxidizer entrainment 18 2.4 Conceptual model of diesel combustion 19 2.5 NO formation mechanisms in combustion 22 2.6 Soot formation 24 2.6.1 Phenomenology of soot formation 24 2.6.2 Soot formation in combusting diesel fuel sprays 25 2.7 Influence of engine operating variables 26 2.8 Summary 31 2.9 References 32 v Table of contents 3 Fuel injection model 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Fuel mass injection model 36 3.2.1 The fuel injector 36 3.2.2 Injection delays 37 3.2.3 Reconstruction of injection rate profile 39 3.2.4 Nozzle hole flow model 40 3.3 Fuel mass injection rate measurements 42 3.3.1 Fuel injection system 42 3.3.2 Measurement method 43 3.3.3 Error estimation 44 3.3.4 Measurement results 45 3.4 Momentum flux measurements 47 3.4.1 Variations between individual nozzle holes 49 3.5 Nozzle flow coefficients 49 3.5.1 Nozzle hole momentum coefficient 50 3.5.2 Nozzle hole discharge coefficient 51 3.6 Reconstructed fuel injection rate profiles 52 3.7 Comparison with single-cylinder engine data 52 3.8 Conclusions 54 3.9 References 54 4 NO formation model 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Historical background to NO formation modeling 56 4.3 Modeling concept and main model assumptions 58 4.4 Combustion product package initialization 59 4.4.1 Hydrocarbon combustion and adiabatic flame temperature 61 4.4.2 Reactant temperature – Evaporative cooling 62 4.4.3 Dissociation 63 4.4.4 Hot soot particle radiative cooling 64 4.4.5 Turbulence effects – flame strain 68 4.4.6 Overview of adiabatic temperature corrections 79 4.5 Combustion product package evolution 80 4.5.1 Combustion product package thermodynamics 80 4.5.2 Hot gas radiation 81 4.5.3 Mixing model 82 4.6 NO postprocessor 90 4.6.1 Considered NO formation pathways 91 4.6.2 Chemical equilibrium assumption 92 4.6.3 NO postprocessor validation 93 4.6.4 NO2 formation 96 4.7 Summary 96 4.8 References 98 5 Soot formation model 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Soot formation modeling 103 vi Table of contents 5.3 Soot formation model 104 5.3.1 Modeling concept 104 5.3.2 Soot formation rate 106 5.3.3 Soot oxidation rate 109 5.4 Adaptations to the original soot model 110 5.4.1 Soot from premixed burned fuel 110 5.4.2 Available fuel mass for soot formation 111 5.4.3 Soot formation and oxidation during the burn-out phase 112 5.4.4 Influence of residual gasses - EGR 115 5.5 Conclusions 117 5.6 References 118 6 Emission model identification and validation 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.1.1 Overview of identification and validation process 122 6.1.2 Outline of the chapter 123 6.2 Emission model inputs 125 6.2.1 Trapped in-cylinder conditions 125 6.2.2 Heat release rate from measured pressure curve 126 6.2.3 Accuracy of NO prediction 127 6.3 The single-cylinder engine measurement set-up 128 6.3.1 Single-cylinder engine set-up 129 6.3.2 Single-cylinder engine measurement matrix 131 6.3.3 Fuel injection equipment characterization 131 6.3.4 Fuel spray characterization 131 6.4 NO model results – Identification and validation 132 6.4.1 NO model results – Temperature of reaction zone 133 6.4.2 NO model results – Oxidizer entrainment 139 6.4.3 NO model results – NO formation kinetics 143 6.5 Single-cylinder engine soot model results 145 6.5.1 Determination of measured soot mass emission 146 6.5.2 Spray cone angle 146 6.5.3 The burn-out phase – Introduced model parameters 147 6.5.4 Injection timing and EGR variation 150 6.5.5 Injection pressure variation 150 6.5.6 Engine speed variation 152 6.6 Multi-cylinder engine 153 6.6.1 Multi-cylinder engine set-up 153 6.6.2 Measurement matrix 154 6.6.3 FIE and spray characterization 155 6.6.4 Model inputs 155 6.6.5 NO model results 155 6.6.6 Soot model results 155 6.6.7 Individual cylinder emission formation prediction 156 6.7 Emission model results analysis 157 6.7.1 NO emission error map 158 6.7.2 Soot emission error map 159 6.7.3 NO reducing phenomena 160 vii Table of contents 6.7.4 Influence of oxidizer entrainment on NO formation 163 6.7.5 Inclusion of the N2O-intermediate pathway 165 6.8 Summarizing conclusions 166 6.9 References 167 7 Heat release rate model 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Reaction rate model principles 172 7.3 Premixed combustion phase 174 7.3.1 Premixed heat release rate model 174 7.3.2 Available fuel mass for premixed combustion 175 7.3.3 Mean equivalence ratio of premixed burned mixture 178 7.4 Mixing controlled combustion phase 178 7.4.1 Mixing controlled heat release rate model 178 7.4.2 Adaptations to original model 179 7.4.3 Transition between premixed and mixing controlled heat release rate 181 7.5 Results 182 7.5.1 Tuning of model parameters 182 7.5.2 Reconstruction of fuel injection rate 183 7.5.3 Single-cylinder engine results 184 7.5.4 Multi-cylinder engine results 187 7.5.5 Combustion phasing control – CA50 189 7.6 NO and soot emission using predicted ROHR 190 7.6.1 Reconstruction of in-cylinder pressure 191 7.6.2 NO emission using predicted ROHR 191 7.6.3 Soot emission using predicted ROHR 193 7.7 Recapitulation 195 7.8 References 196 8 Conclusions and recommendations 197 8.1 General observations 197 8.2 Conclusions 198 8.3 Recommendations 201 Nomenclature 203 A Liquid length model 207 B In-cylinder pressure signal pegging procedure 209 C Diesel fuel properties 213 Samenvatting 215 Curriculum Vitae 217 Dankwoord 219 viii Summary Development and validation of a phenomenological diesel engine combustion model Reduction of engine development time and cost is of primary interest for combustion engine manufacturers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pertonix Catalog
    Quality Products for Over 40 Years 2015 We are excited to present our 2015 catalog with many new applications and updates. The development of a smaller form factor Ignitor III has allowed us to add many new applications in all our served markets. We’ve expanded our “Stock Look” Cast Distributors offering to include many new popular engine families. Get the original look plus improved performance levels without the hassle of points. Don’t forget to check out our new coils for GM LS engines, custom fit Flame-Thrower 8mm wire sets for late model applications and HEI III 4-pin ignition module. Our customers are our biggest asset and we would like to thank you for your continued support of the PerTronix Performance Brands! The Pertronix Performance Brands sponsored Hairston Motorsports and Racing Pro-Mod GTO is the Quickest quarter mile Small Block door car in history running 5.91 seconds and the Fastest Small Block in drag racing history Period 252.38 MPH! TABLE OF CONTENTS ELECTRONIC IGNITION CONVERSIONS IGNitor / IGNitor II / IGNitor III FEATURES ................................................ 2-3 AUtomotiVE IGNitor ELECtroNIC IGNITION ........................................... 4-18 ELECtroNIC IGNITION SERVICE PARTS ....................................................... 18 IGNITION ACCESSORIES .................................................................................. 19 MARINE IGNitor ELECtroNIC IGNITION ..................................................... 20-22 INDUSTRIAL IGNitor ELECtroNIC IGNITION ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • In Board Crusader
    CRUSADER Model Identification/Ignition System ➀18-5250D BOARD IN 18-5250 18-5251 TUNE-UP KIT TUNE-UP KIT —CONTAINS— —CONTAINS— Part # Description Part # O.E. # Description 18-5311 Contact Set 18-5314 20117 Contact Set 18-5345 Condenser 18-5338 12530 Condenser 18-5418 Rotor 18-5404-1 20223 Rotor Delco 4 & 6 cyl. Mallory 8 cyl. Tall Cap 18-5252 18-5255 TUNE-UP KIT TUNE-UP KIT —CONTAINS— —CONTAINS— Part # O.E. # Description Part # O.E. # Description 18-5310 12525 Contact Set 18-5303 41058 Contact Set 18-5344 12526 Condenser 18-5345 41057, 705787 Condenser — 12527 Rotor 18-5407 41059 Rotor Delco 8 cyl. Prestolite 8 cyl. ➀ Items ending in "D" are Display Packaged - Regular number is Non-Display 486 CRUSADER Ignition System ➀18-5258D 18-5256 TUNE-UP KIT 18-5258 —CONTAINS— TUNE-UP KIT Part # O.E. # Description —CONTAINS— 18-5314 20117 Contact Set Part # O.E. # Description 18-5338 12530 Condenser 18-5303 41058 Contact Set 18-5411 12531 Rotor 18-5347 — Condenser Mallory 8 cyl. Flat Cap 18-5407 41059 Rotor ➀18-5260D 18-5259 18-5260 TUNE-UP KIT TUNE-UP KIT —CONTAINS— —CONTAINS— Part # O.E. # Description Part # O.E. # Description 18-5303 41058 Contact Set 18-5303 41058 Contact Set 18-5347 — Condenser 18-5345 41057, 705787 Condenser 18-5429 — Rotor 18-5403 — Rotor 18-5269 TUNE-UP KIT —CONTAINS— Part # Description 18-5311 Contact Set 18-5266 18-5345 Condenser 18-5418 Rotor TUNE UP KIT 18-5386 Distributor Cap IN Fits: Flame Thrower Distributors 18-5481, 18-5482 and 18-5483 GM V-6 — Single Point BOARD 18-5270 18-5271 TUNE-UP KIT TUNE-UP KIT —CONTAINS— —CONTAINS— Part # O.E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Energy Systems Commons Recommended Citation Darzi, Mahdi, "A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4019. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4019 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Energy Systems Commons A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi Dissertation submitted to Benjamin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Master of Engineering Thesis Modelling a Novel Orbital Ic
    Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha Telephone: +64-3-366 7001 Private Bag 4800 Facsimile: +64-3-364 2078 Christchurch 8020, New Zealand Website: www.mech.canterbury.ac.nz MASTER OF ENGINEERING THESIS MODELLING A NOVEL ORBITAL IC ENGINE TO AID FURTHER DESIGN By Lindsay Muir BE (Hons) 31 August 2014 Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Approved by: Dr Dirk Pons, Project Supervisor 1 COPYRIGHT LINDSAY MUIR 24/10/2015 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Scenario ............................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Scope ................................................................................................................. 14 2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 15 2.1 The Radial and Rotary engine .......................................................................... 15 2.1.1 History ............................................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Multi-row radials .............................................................................................. 18 2.1.3 Diesel radials .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MAX-120AXRING It Is of Vital Importance, Before Attempting to Operate Your Model Engines Generate Considerable Preferably, Use an Electric Starter
    2 CYCLE ENGINE 600917300000 MAX-120AXRING It is of vital importance, before attempting to operate your Model engines generate considerable Preferably, use an electric starter. The wearing of engine, to read the general 'SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS heat. Do not touch any part of your safety glasses is also strongly recommended. AND WARNINGS' in the following section and to strictly engine until it has cooled. Contact with Discard any propeller which has become split, adhere to the advice contained therein. the muffler (silencer), cylinder head or cracked, nicked or otherwise rendered unsafe. exhaust header pipe, in particular, may Also, please study the entire contents of this Never attempt to repair such a propeller: destroy it. instruction manual, so as to familiarize yourself with result in a serious burn. Do not modify a propeller in any way, unless you are the controls and other features of the engine. A weakened or loose propeller may disintegrate or highly experienced in tuning propellers for specialized SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS ABOUT YOUR O.S. ENGINE be thrown off and, since propeller tip speeds with competition work such as pylon-racing. powerful engines may exceed 600 feet(180 metres) Remember that your engine is not a " toy ", but a Take care that the glow plug clip or battery leads do per second, it will be understood that such a highly efficient internal-combustion machine whose not come into contact with the propeller. Also check power is capable of harming you, or others, if it is failure could result in serious injury, (see 'NOTES' the linkage to the throttle arm.
    [Show full text]
  • Parts Catalog Pc-306-7
    TEXTRON AIRCRAFT ENGINES I Lycoming 0-360-B20 Wide Cylinder Flange Crankcase Model Engines PARTS CATALOG PC-306-7 :~:s(IllI i': iijiliiiid~ r~e: I II II I II Li~8SiLI ''il' 0 II ,I II 83i xil ai I SEPTEMBER 1994 Lycoming Reciprocating Epgine Dlvisionl 652 Oliver Street Subsidiary of Textron Inc. Williamsport, PA 17101 U.S.A. j IliCCI~T·I:I Lycoming 0-360-BZC PARTS CATALOG WIDE CYLINDER FLANGE CRANKCASE MODEL ENGINES 0-360-B2C wide This illustrated parts catalog contains a complete parts listing fortheTe~ctron Lycoming cylinder flange crankcase model aircraft engines. sections in the Major assembly and sub-assembly parts of the engines are listed in the Group Assembly gen- eral sequence of engine build up. A Service Kits section and Oversize and Undersize Parts List are included to aid in ordering parts as necessary during overhaul. known. The Numerical Index is provided for convenience in finding parts when only the part number is be found in the Parts coverage of Vendor Accessories used on Textron Lycoming engines may appropriate latest edition of Vendor's Parts Catalog. A list of addresses of where to obtain these publications appears in the Service Letter No. L114. NOTE The illustrations, pictures and drawings shown in the publication are typical of the subject matter they portray. This catalog, when used in conjunction with the appropriate overhaul manual, shall be used for parts identifica- installation document. tion only. Under no circumstances shall this catalog be used as an assembly or number Any reference in this document to a suppliers/parts manufacturer's product, by name, trademark, part and does not indicate or infer that Textron Lycoming or other description is solely for the purposes of identification Textron accepts responsibility for quality control and/orairworthiness of parts which do not pass through the Lycoming quality control system.
    [Show full text]
  • CPSC Activities to Address CO Poisoning Hazard of Portable Generators
    CPSC Activities to Address CO Poisoning Hazard of Portable Generators National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Construction Sector Council meeting November 6, 2014 Janet Buyer Project Manager, Portable Generators U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission The material contained in this presentation is that of the CPSC staff and it has not been reviewed or approved by, and may not necessarily reflect the views of, the Commission. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission1 Overview 2 • What Is the CPSC? • Generators: Why CPSC Is Concerned • CPSC Activities to Address Generator CO Hazard – Participation in Development of UL 2201 – Technology Demonstration of Low CO Emission Prototype using Existing Emission Control Technology – Investigations of Shutoff Strategies • Strategy: Limiting Engine’s CO Emission Rate • Q & A U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 3 • Independent federal agency • Created in 1972 • Responsible for consumer product safety including imported consumer products • Five Commissioners, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate CPSC Mission 4 Protecting the public against unreasonable risks of injury from consumer products through education, safety standards activities, regulation, and enforcement. CPSC – Addressing Hazards 5 • Hazard identification • collection and analysis of injury and death data • research on emerging and potential product hazards • Hazard reduction • developing voluntary consensus safety standards with industry • adopting and enforcing mandatory standards • Enforcement • market and import
    [Show full text]
  • Compilation of State, County, and Local Anti-Idling Regulations EPA420-B-06-004 April 2006
    Office of Transportation EPA420-B-06-004 and Air Qulaity April 2006 Compilation of State, County, and Local Anti-Idling Regulations EPA420-B-06-004 April 2006 Compilation of State, County, and Local Anti-Idling Regulations Transportation and Regional Programs Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency The following compilation of state and local vehicle idling laws represents the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s best efforts to catalogue, in one location, the variety of existing and proposed idling laws in their entirety. This document is for reference purposes only; please refer to the actual laws for requirements and compliance. This compilation may not include every state or local law, and you should enquire about your own jurisdiction’s regulations on idling. We will make every effort to update this document when we are aware of new idling laws or changes to existing idling laws. For more information on state and local idling reduction laws, please visit the SmartWay Transport Partnership Web site at: www.epa.gov/smartway/idle-state.htm. Table of Contents Existing Regulations: Arizona 1 California 6 Colorado 29 Connecticut 32 Delaware 35 District of Columbia 36 Georgia 37 Hawaii 38 Illinois 39 Louisiana 40 Maine 42 Maryland 43 Massachusetts 44 Minnesota 46 Missouri 47 Nevada 48 New Hampshire 50 New Jersey 51 New York 62 Ohio 76 Oregon 77 Pennsylvania 79 Rhode Island 87 South Carolina 88 Texas 89 Utah 91 Vermont 92 Virginia 93 Washington 95 Wisconsin 97 Wyoming 98 Arizona State Codes ARIZONA REVISED STATUTES § 11-876. Engine idling restrictions; exemptions; applicability; civil penalty; definition A.
    [Show full text]
  • CARBURETORS CARBURETOR REFERENCE MANUAL This Reference Manual Contains Information on the Various Types of Carburetors Used on Kohler Engines
    CARBURETORS CARBURETOR REFERENCE MANUAL This reference manual contains information on the various types of carburetors used on Kohler engines. Sections 1-3 give correct information for replacing the Kohler Adjustable Carburetors with Walbro Carburetors. Section 1 is a part number cross reference to assist you in selecting the proper replacement carburetor or carburetor kit. Section 2 contains recommended carburetor adjustment procedures for Kohler and Walbro carburetors, and preliminary needle settings for Magnum and K-Series Engine Models. Section 3 is the service parts listing for those same Engine Models. The sections following these fi rst three contain current service parts information on current products. These sections are set up to show the carburetor number embossed on the mounting fl ange of the carburetor. (This number is for reference only. These part numbers are not available for service.) The tables show the serviceable parts available for that carburetor number. Some of these carburetors still have piece parts available and some of them are serviced with kits only. The cross reference listing will be periodically updated to refl ect part number supersessions. All information in this manual is subject to change. For additional service and repair information see the appropriate service manual for your model engine. Section 1 Carburetor Cross Reference How To Use This Cross Reference 1. Prior to the serial breaks listed, use an original 3. Locate the carburetor part number (from step 2) Kohler adjustable jet carburetor when available from in either the “Walbro Fixed Jet Carb” column or Distributor’s stock. “Walbro Adj Jet Carb” column. Use the corresponding carburetor kit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tiny Engines Storm America
    From: Bill Mohrbacher The Tiny Engines Storm America Note: In the late 40s-early 50s the 3 major model airplane magazines were Air Trails (AT), Flying Models (FM), and Model Airplane News(MAN). Very similar or identical ads ran in all 3. For the purpose of this article, I am using almost exclusively references to MAN. Even though he had already used a glow plug as early as 19081, Ray Arden didn’t market one until 1947. He had passed some around at the Nationals that year and finally advertised them in the Nov. 1947 MAN. Larsen Royal 05 (rear) and Royal 05 Scale (front) Bob Einhaus collection As you see, the Royals used Arden glow plugs and the plugs give you a good idea of the size of the engines. Larsen may have had thoughts of commercializing his tiny masterpieces, but future developments changed his plans: MAN Nov. 1947: 41. Now a model engine could be run without a set of points, condenser, coil, and heavy batteries. All of this equipment was weight the model had to carry into the air and that generally meant models had to be rather large. Of course diesels could do the same thing, but although there were several excellent diesels in the USA, they just didn’t catch on as they did in most of the rest of the world. But now since models could be smaller, engines could also be smaller. In 1948, a Boeing machinist, Elmer Larsen, designed a tiny .049 glow engine. Larsen made a small number of these for modelers in the Seattle, WA area, but never commercially produced them.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Propulsion C Fayette Taylor
    SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT AIRCRAFT PROPULSION C FAYETTE TAYLOR %L~^» ^ 0 *.». "itfnm^t.P *7 "•SI if' 9 #s$j?M | _•*• *• r " 12 H' .—• K- ZZZT "^ '! « 1 OOKfc —•II • • ~ Ifrfil K. • ««• ••arTT ' ,^IfimmP\ IS T A Review of the Evolution of Aircraft Piston Engines Volume 1, Number 4 (End of Volume) NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM 0/\ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN ANNALS OF FLIGHT VOLUME 1 . NUMBER 4 . (END OF VOLUME) AIRCRAFT PROPULSION A Review of the Evolution 0£ Aircraft Piston Engines C. FAYETTE TAYLOR Professor of Automotive Engineering Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON • 1971 Smithsonian Annals of Flight Numbers 1-4 constitute volume one of Smithsonian Annals of Flight. Subsequent numbers will not bear a volume designation, which has been dropped. The following earlier numbers of Smithsonian Annals of Flight are available from the Superintendent of Documents as indicated below: 1. The First Nonstop Coast-to-Coast Flight and the Historic T-2 Airplane, by Louis S. Casey, 1964. 90 pages, 43 figures, appendix, bibliography. Price 60ff. 2. The First Airplane Diesel Engine: Packard Model DR-980 of 1928, by Robert B. Meyer. 1964. 48 pages, 37 figures, appendix, bibliography. Price 60^. 3. The Liberty Engine 1918-1942, by Philip S. Dickey. 1968. 110 pages, 20 figures, appendix, bibliography. Price 75jf. The following numbers are in press: 5. The Wright Brothers Engines and Their Design, by Leonard S. Hobbs. 6. Langley's Aero Engine of 1903, by Robert B. Meyer. 7. The Curtiss D-12 Aero Engine, by Hugo Byttebier.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment 2 15-Day Modifications to the Original Proposal CALIFORNIA EVALUATION PROCEDURE for NEW AFTERMARKET DIESEL PARTICULA
    Attachment 2 15-Day Modifications to the Original Proposal California Environmental Protection Agency AIR RESOURCES BOARD CALIFORNIA EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR NEW AFTERMARKET DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS INTENDED AS MODIFIED PARTS FOR 2007 THROUGH 2009 MODEL YEAR ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES NOTE: This is a new Evaluation Procedure. For clarity the original text is shown in normal type. New deletions and additions to the proposed language are shown in strikethrough and underline format, respectively. Adopted: [INSERT DATE] Note: This document is incorporated by reference in section 2222(k), title 13, California Code of Regulations. It contains the criteria the Air Resources Board (ARB) will use to evaluate whether new aftermarket diesel particulate filters intended as modified parts for 2007-2009 model year on-road heavy-duty diesel engines qualify for exemptions from California Vehicle Code section 27156. An ARB exemption is required before any new aftermarket diesel particulate filter can be installed, sold, offered for sale, or advertised on a 2007-2009 model year on-road heavy-duty diesel engine operating in California. Table of Contents (a) APPLICABILITY ......................................................................................................... 1 (b) DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 1 (c) REQUIREMENTS FOR EXEMPTION ........................................................................ 6 (d) APPLICATION PROCESS ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]