PRX QUANTUM 2, 017003 (2021) Roadmap Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities Ehud Altman,1 Kenneth R. Brown,2 Giuseppe Carleo,3,† Lincoln D. Carr ,4,* Eugene Demler,5 Cheng Chin,6 Brian DeMarco,7 Sophia E. Economou,8 Mark A. Eriksson,9 Kai-Mei C. Fu,10 Markus Greiner,5 Kaden R.A. Hazzard,11 Randall G. Hulet,11 Alicia J. Kollár,12 Benjamin L. Lev,13 Mikhail D. Lukin,5 Ruichao Ma,14 Xiao Mi,15 Shashank Misra,16 Christopher Monroe,12 Kater Murch,17 Zaira Nazario,18 Kang-Kuen Ni,19 Andrew C. Potter,20 Pedram Roushan,15 Mark Saffman,9 Monika Schleier-Smith,13 Irfan Siddiqi,1 Raymond Simmonds,21 Meenakshi Singh,4 I.B. Spielman,12 Kristan Temme,18 David S. Weiss,22 Jelena Vuckoviˇ c,´ 23 Vladan Vuletic,´ 24 Jun Ye,25 and Martin Zwierlein24 1 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Carolina 94720, USA 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA 3 Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA 4 Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA 5 Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 6 Department of Physics, Chicago University, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA 7 Department of Physics and IQUIST, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA 8 Department of Physics, Virgina Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA 9 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 10 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA 11 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA 12 Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA and IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA 13 Department of Physics and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA 14 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 15 Google, Inc., Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA 16 Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA 17 Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA 18 IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA 19 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 20 Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA 21 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA 22 Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 23 Department of Electrical Engineering and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA 24 Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 25 JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA (Received 20 December 2019; accepted 21 October 2020; published 24 February 2021) *[email protected] †Present address: Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. 2691-3399/21/2(1)/017003(19) 017003-1 Published by the American Physical Society EHUD ALTMAN et al. PRX QUANTUM 2, 017003 (2021) Quantum simulators are a promising technology on the spectrum of quantum devices from special- ized quantum experiments to universal quantum computers. These quantum devices utilize entanglement and many-particle behavior to explore and solve hard scientific, engineering, and computational prob- lems. Rapid development over the last two decades has produced more than 300 quantum simulators in operation worldwide using a wide variety of experimental platforms. Recent advances in several physical architectures promise a golden age of quantum simulators ranging from highly optimized special purpose simulators to flexible programmable devices. These developments have enabled a convergence of ideas drawn from fundamental physics, computer science, and device engineering. They have strong potential to address problems of societal importance, ranging from understanding vital chemical processes, to enabling the design of new materials with enhanced performance, to solving complex computational problems. It is the position of the community, as represented by participants of the National Science Foundation work- shop on “Programmable Quantum Simulators,” that investment in a national quantum simulator program is a high priority in order to accelerate the progress in this field and to result in the first practical applica- tions of quantum machines. Such a program should address two areas of emphasis: (1) support for creating quantum simulator prototypes usable by the broader scientific community, complementary to the present universal quantum computer effort in industry; and (2) support for fundamental research carried out by a blend of multi-investigator, multidisciplinary collaborations with resources for quantum simulator soft- ware, hardware, and education. This document is a summary from a U.S. National Science Foundation supported workshop held on 16–17 September 2019 in Alexandria, VA. Attendees were charged to identify the scientific and community needs, opportunities, and significant challenges for quantum simulators over the next 2–5 years. DOI: 10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.017003 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY National leadership in quantum information science and engineering can be significantly bolstered by advanc- Recent technical advances have brought us closer to ing this technology toward platforms that tackle pressing realizing practical quantum simulators: engineered quan- fundamental and applied problems. We envision the cre- tum many-particle systems that can controllably simulate ation of a robust ecosystem in this area that spans all complex quantum phenomena. Quantum simulators can sectors. Academic researchers will excel at stimulating address questions across many domains of physics and technical and scientific breakthroughs, industry will lead scales of nature, from the behavior of solid-state mate- transitioning research to commercial-scale systems for rials and devices, to chemical and biochemical reaction widespread availability, while national laboratories will dynamics, to the extreme conditions of particle physics and contribute to shaping a large-scale research and develop- cosmology that cannot otherwise be readily probed in ter- ment effort, across the boundaries of traditional disciplines. restrial laboratories [1]. These state-of-the-art experiments Industry, universities, and national labs will collaborate involve the control of up to millions of quantum elements to focus on problems aligned with the long-term inter- and are implemented on a wide variety of atomic, molec- ests of end users and society. Successful realization of this ular, optical, and solid-state platforms. Each architecture unique opportunity requires a dedicated national quantum is characterized by strengths and weaknesses for solving simulator program. particular classes of quantum problems. Simulators run the gamut from special purpose to highly programmable We believe that realizing the ultimate potential of quan- devices. These systems have the potential to fill a critical tum simulators requires creating such a national pro- gap between conventional supercomputers—which cannot gram centered around two main pillars. (1) Early proto- efficiently simulate many-particle quantum systems—and type quantum simulators will support the development, fault-tolerant scalable digital quantum computers, which realization, and deployment of complementary quantum may be decades away. At the same time, there are sig- simulator prototypes. They will leverage—rather than nificant opportunities for codevelopment of the science duplicate—the substantial industrial investment in tech- and technology underlying both quantum simulators and nologies and software for digital quantum computing fault-tolerant quantum computers. toward realistic, near-term simulator machines. This strat- Many years of progress by single investigators have egy will promote and establish access to the most mature evolved the field to a tipping point where investing architectures, and the software to operate them, by the in programs that bring together experimental scientists, broader scientific community to foster and accelerate prac- theorists, computer scientists, and engineers will yield tical quantum simulations. (2) New, emerging quantum increasingly high returns and transformational outcomes. simulators will support creative, cutting-edge research 017003-2 QUANTUM SIMULATORS... PRX QUANTUM 2, 017003 (2021) in science and engineering to uncover new paradigms, environmental isolation are opening new directions of advance nascent hardware platforms, and develop new study in these systems, including far-from-equilibrium algorithms and applications for a new generation of quan- many-body physics and large-scale entanglement. For tum simulators. This effort